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  • Electronic Resource  (12,134)
  • 1985-1989  (6,696)
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  • Agrobacterium
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  • Electronic Resource  (12,134)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 369-372 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Bialaphos ; Neurospora crassa ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Conidia of Neurospora crassa are sensitive to the herbicide bialaphos at concentrations of 160 mg/1 in Westergaard's or Fries' minimal media. Plasmid pJA4 was constructed by inserting a truncated bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus fused to the his-3 promoter from N. crassa into pUC19. The bar gene in plasmid pJA4 confers resistance to bialaphos when transformants are selected on a medium containing bialaphos. The bar gene can be used as an additional dominant selectable marker for transformation of fungi.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: γ-Tocopherol ; Transformation ; α-Tocopherol ; Ratten ; Generationsversuch ; γ-tocopherol ; transformation ; α-tocopherol ; rats ; generation-experiment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The biosynthesis of α-tocopherol, the most effective vitamer among the vitamin E-group, is found only in higher plants and microorganisms. Due to the lack of the shikimate pathway, animals are not able to synthesize α-tocopherol. Also not found is a whole enterai synthesis; only the conversion of dimethyletocol to trimethyletocol seems to be possible. Using four generations of rats, we sought to determine: Is a transformation of γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol in the animal body possible? Are there any differences in the transformation rates in organs, tissues, or in the entire body along the generations? Does gut flora play any role in the conversion of γ-tocopherol? Is it possible to increase the efficiency of the transformation by supplying additional CH3-groups? Wistar rats were fed a semisynthetic basal diet, supplemented with 78.8 mg DL-γ-tocopherol/kg in the first three generations (F1–F3). In the fourth generation (F4), some of the animals were fed a vitamin E-free diet and γ-tocopherol (approx. 1.5 mg on alternate days) was injected s.c. Two other groups of animals received the basal diet containing additional methionine (0.25 %) or choline (0.45 %), as well as γ-tocopherol (as in F1–F3). α- and γ-tocopherol were analyzed by HPTLC in the whole body and in serum, liver, heart, lung, gut, gonads, and feces. The ratio of α-/γ-tocopherol (μg/μg) as transformation rate and vitamin E-biopotency (μg α-tocopherol equivalents/g) were calculated. Growth and fertility were normal until the fourth generation; no abnormal developments could be recognized. α-tocopherol was found in the whole-body as well as in all tissues and organs. In the whole-body, vitamin E-biopotency decreased 25–70 % in F2 and F3. On the other hand, the increase of the transformation rate of γ- to α-tocopherol amounted to 23 % (F2) and 168 % (F3). Highest conversion rates were found in F2 and F3 for feces, followed by gonads and lungs; the lowest rates were found for serum and liver. Due to the s.c.-injection of γ-tocopherol, feces showed a four-times lower transformation rate in F4 than in F3. There was an increase in heart, gut, lung and serum for both transformation rate and vitamin E-biopotency. These parameters could be improved also by the additional supplements of methionine and choline. Both methyl-group-donators revealed nearly the same positive effect. The results show that the animal organism can adapt to γ-tocopherol supply over generations. γ-tocopherol seems to be a direct precursor for the α-tocopherol synthesis. The methylation of γ-tocopherol in the organs and tissues occurs, presumably, according to their specific α-tocopherol requirement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Biosynthese des α-Tocopherols, des wirksamsten Vitamins innerhalb der Vitamin-E-Gruppe, ist beschränkt auf höhere Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen. Wegen des Fehlens des Shikimatweges vermag der tierische Organismus das α-Tocopherol nicht zu bilden. Auch eine vollständige enterale Synthese ist nicht bekannt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Umwandlung im Tierkörper von Dimethyltocol zum Trimethyltocol möglich sei. In einem Experiment an Ratten über vier Generationen wurde folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Findet eine Umwandlung von γ- zu α-Tocopherol statt? Ändert sich die Effizienz der Transformation auf Gewebs- und Organebene bzw. im gesamten Körper über die Generationen? Welche Rolle spielt die Darmflora? Kann die Effizienz der Transformation durch zusätzliche Gaben an CH3-Gruppen verbessert werden? Über vier Generationen erhielten Wistarratten eine halbsynthetische Grunddiät mit 78,8 mg DL-γ-Tocopherol/kg (F1–F3). In F4 erhielt ein Teil der Tiere die tocopherolfreie Grunddiät, γ-Tocopherol (ca. 1,5 mg, alle zwei Tage) wurde den Tieren subkutan verabreicht. Weitere zwei Kollektive bekamen mit dem Grundfutter γ-Tocopherol (wie in F1–F3) und zusätzlich Methionin (0,24 %) bzw. Cholin (0,45 %) oral verabreicht. In einer Ganzkörperanalyse in F1–F3 und in Serum, Erythrozyten, Leber, Herz, Lunge, Darm, Gonaden und Kot wurden α- und γ-Tocopherol mittels HPTLC bestimmt. Das Verhältnis α-γ-Tocopherol (μg/μg) und die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit (μg α-Tocopheroläquivalente/ml bzw. g FS od. g TS) wurden errechnet. Bis zur 4. Filialgeneration waren Wachstum und Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit normal; keine äußeren oder anatomischen Abnormitäten wurden beobachtet. Im Gesamtkörper und in Geweben und Organen der Generationen F1–F4 wurde α-Tocopherol gefunden. Gemessen an den Ergebnissen der Ganzkörperanalyse nahm die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit in F2 um 25 % und in F3 um 70 % ab. Die Effizienz der γ-Tocopheroltransformation stieg dagegen um 23 % in F2 und 168 % in F3. Höchste Transformationsraten wurden in F2 und F3 für Kot, gefolgt von Gonaden und Lunge, festgestellt, die niedrigsten für Serum und Leber. Durch die subkutane γ-Tocopherolapplikation war die Transformationsrate im Kot in F4 um Faktor 4 schlechter als in F3. Die Effizienz der Transformation und die Vitamin-E-Wirksamkeit nahmen in Herz, Dickdarm, Lunge und Serum zu. Ebenso besser fielen die Werte für diese Parameter unter der Mehrzufuhr an Methionin und Cholin, wobei sich mit beiden Methylgruppendonatoren die gleiche positive Wirkung erzielen ließ. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß sich der Körper an eine γ-Tocopherolzufuhr über Generationen adaptieren kann. γ-Tocopherol dient auch im tierischen Organismus als unmittelbare Vorstufe der α-Tocopherolsynthese. Dieser Syntheseschritt erfolgt wahrscheinlich über eine Transmethylierungsreaktion in den verschiedenen Geweben und Organen gemäß ihrem spezifischen Bedarf an α-Tocopherol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Methods in cell science 12 (1989), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: polyethylene glycol ; transformation ; protoplasts ; Nicotiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyethylene glycol can be used to induce DNA uptake into plant protoplasts. Procedures for isolation, culture and transformation ofN. tabacum protoplasts are described and can be adapted for other dicot and monocot species. Criteria for proof of transformation are discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; auxins ; roots ; oncogenes ; grapevine ; iaa genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of root-inducing iaa gene set was cloned from the Ti plasmid of the biotype III Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain Tm-4. These iaa genes are characterized by a very low DNA homology with the well-characterized iaa gene set, iaaM and iaaH, of the “common DNA” region of the biotype I strain Ach5 and by a low root-inducing activity. The biological activities of both iaa gene sets were compared by transferring each into a disarmed Ti vector and by testing the resulting strains on Nicotiana rustica leaf discs, decapitated Datura stramonium stems, tomato plants and Kalanchoë daigremontiana. Tm-4 iaa genes have a reproducibly weaker root-inducing ability on Nicotiana rustica, induce very little tumour growth on decapitated Datura plants or on tomato plants and do not induce roots on Kalanchoë daigremontiana. The Tm-4 iaa region was mapped by λ:: Tn5 transposon mutagenesis and tested on Nicotiana rustica. These tests combined with complementation experiments map the iaa genes to a 4.5-kb region. The Tm-4 iaa genes were able to complement the corresponding Ach5 iaa genes on Nicotiana rustica, indicating that the differences between these genes are quantitative rather than qualitative. Complementation experiments on Kalanchoë showed the iaaM gene of Tm-4 responsible for the overall weak auxin activity of the intact iaa set. In view of the observed structural and functional differences we propose to call the Tm-4 iaa genes TB-iaaM and TB-iaaH and the Ach5 iaa genes A-iaaM and A-iaaH.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: agroinfection ; Agrobacterium ; strains ; maize streak virus ; Gramineae ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parameters affecting the efficiency of agroinfection of maize streak virus (MSV) in maize have been determined. Monomeric units, cloned at a number of sites in the MSV genome were not infectious but multimeric units containing partial duplications were equally as infectious as complete tandem dimeric clones. Inoculation of tandem dimeric units conjugated into different strains of Agrobacterium showed that both A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes were able to transfer DNA to maize and this ability was Ti (or Ri) plasmid-specific. Nopaline strains of A. tumefaciens and both agropine and mannopine A. rhizogenes strains efficiently transferred MSV DNA to maize. A number of strains were capable of MSV DNA transfer to other members of the Gramineae, providing information which may be essential for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocotyledonous plants.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; border sequence ; T-DNA ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Charon 4A phage library, containing insert DNA isolated from a morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis) plant genetically transformed by Ri T-DNA from Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4, was used to isolate a lambda clone that contains part of the Ri TL-DNA and the complete TR-DNA. The two Ri T-DNAs were recovered adjacent to each other in a tail-to-tail configuration (i.e. with the TR-DNA inverted with respect to the TL-DNA). Comparison of nucleotide sequences from this lambda clone with the corresponding sequences from the Ri plasmid allowed us to determine the location of the T-DNA/plant junction for the right end of the TL-DNA and the left and right ends of the TR-DNA. We located, near each of these borders, a 24 bp sequence that is similar to the 24 bp consensus sequence found near the pTi T-DNA extremities. In addition, sequences similar to the “core” overdrive sequence from pTi are located near each right border. Hybridization and nucleotide sequence analysis of the DNA adjacent to the TL/TR junction shows that no plant DNA is located between the TL and TR-DNAs and suggests that the plant DNA adjacent to the end of the TR-DNA may have been rearranged during the integration into the plant genome.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; plant cell transformation ; plant tumor induction ; plant vector systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: conformational energy ; amino acid substitution ; P21 protein ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Substitutions of amino acids for Gly 12 or Gly 13 in theras oncogene-encoded P21 proteins have been demonstrated to produce unique structural changes in these proteins that correlate with their ability to produce cell transformation. For example, the P21 proteins with Arg 12 or Val 13 are both known to be actively transforming. Recent site-specific mutagenesis experiments on the transforming Arg 12 protein have found that the substitution of Val for Gly 10 has no effect on transforming activity whereas the substitution of Val for Gly 13 led to a loss of transforming activity. In this study, we examine the structural effects of these substitutions on the amino terminal hydrophobic decapeptide (Leu 6-Gly 15) of P21 using conformational energy analysis. The results show that the transforming proteins with Gly 10 and Arg 12 or Val 10 and Arg 12 can both adopt the putative malignancy-causing conformation, whereas, for the nontransforming protein with Arg 12 and Val 13, this conformation is energetically disallowed. These results further support the theory that due to structural changes the transforming P21 proteins are unable to bind to some regulatory cellular element which may be the recently identified binding protein responsible for the induction of increased GTPase activity in normal P21 compared with transforming mutants.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-glucuronidase (gusA) gene ; maize ; protoplasts ; stable co-transformation ; transformation ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient co-transformation protocol using polyethylene glycol was developed for Zea mays L. (cv. A188 × BMS) protoplasts isolated from suspension culture cells. Co-transformation was accomplished by using plasmid constructions containing β-glucuronidase (gusA) or neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene coding sequences; both were under control of the CaMV 35S promoter. Protoplast culture and transformation conditions were optimized to assure efficient recovery of transformed cells. The overall efficiency of transformation was 1 × 10−4 (calculated per viable protoplast plated). Among kanamycin-resistant lines, 50% showed a high level of GUS activity (above one unit). Southern blot hybridization confirmed the presence of numerous gusA and neo coding sequences in the maize genome. In two analyzed lines, integrated sequences appeared to be organized in tandem head-to-tail repeats. Results also indicated that the integrated sequences were partially methylated.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; adventitious shoot regeneration ; transformation ; homozygous potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transformed potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants were obtained from homozygous diploid potato by using a transformation procedure in combination with an adventitious shoot regeneration method. Leaf and stem explants were inoculated with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain which contained a binary vector (pVU 1011) carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase gene. Shoot regeneration most effectively on stem explants, occurred within six weeks directly from the explants without introducing a callus phase. A strong seasonal influence on transformation efficiencies was observed. Analysis of a number of randomly selected regenerated shoots for their ability to root and form shoots on kanamycin-containing medium shows that over 90% of the regenerated shoots obtained are transformed. In a number of shoots transformation was confirmed by a test for the presence and expression of the NPT-II gene.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; hairy roots ; T-DNA ; geotropism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Single and multiple infections of carrot discs were carried out with Agrobacterium strains harbouring different segments of pRi1855 TL-DNA cloned in the binary vector Bin 19 and with a strain carrying the TR-DNA from the same Ri plasmid. Roots induced by the various co-inoculations were cultured and their growth patterns were followed. Abundant roots could be induced by TL-DNA rol genes A, B and C as a single insert (rolA+B+C) and by rolB alone provided an extended segment beyond its 5′ noncoding region was included in the construction. A depression of rooting capability was caused by the inclusion of rolC together with rolB (rolB+C). In all cases co-inoculation with the Agrobacterium carrying TR-DNA-borne auxin genes was necessary for root induction since none of the rol constructions was in itself capable of eliciting any response; an exceeding majority of these roots were however shown to contain rol genes but no TR-DNA. Rooting was also elicited if rol constructions were co-inoculated with a strain carrying TL-DNA genes 13 and 14 (ORF13+14) instead of the TR-DNA strain. These roots were shown to contain both rol genes and ORF13+14. Striking differences in growth properties were shown by roots containing different complements of TL-DNA genes. Typical hairy root traits, high growth rate, branching and, most noticeably, absence of geotropism, were shown by roots containing rolB alone, while roots with rolA+B+C were geotropic as normal carrot roots. Hairy root traits were conferred to rolA+B+C roots by the concomitant presence of ORF13+14 and by the addition of auxin to the culture medium. A model is presented which attempts to rationalize the growth patterns by assigning interplaying roles to the various TL-DNA genes involved.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; binary vectors ; bleomycin ; phleomycin ; selective markers ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tobacco cells are sensitive to bleomycin and phleomycin. The Tn5 and the Streptoalloteichus hindustanus (Sh) bleomycin resistance (‘Ble’) genes conferring resistance to these antibiotics have each been inserted into two plant expression vectors. They are flanked by the nopaline synthase (nos) or the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoters on one side, and by the nos polyadenylation signal on the other. These four chimaeric genes were introduced into the binary transformation vector pGA 492, which were thereafter mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404. The resulting strains were used to transform Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc using the leaf disc transformation procedure. In all cases, phleomycin- and bleomycin-resistant tobacco plants were regenerated from transformed cells under selective conditions; however the highest frequency of rooted plants was obtained when transformation was carried out with the ‘Sh Ble’ gene under the control of the 35S promoter. Phleomycin resistance was stably transmitted to sexual offspring as a dominant nuclear trait as confirmed by Southern blotting.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: herbicide ; mutant ; photosystem II ; psbA gene ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutations conferring herbicide resistance in 3 mutant strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6714 have been characterized by gene cloning and sequencing. The mutants display very different phenotypes: DCMU-IIA is DCMU-resistant and atrazine-resistant, DCMU-IIB is DCMU-resistant and atrazine-sensitive, and Az-V is DCMU-sensitive, atrazine-resistant and presents particular photoinhibition properties. These mutants were originally obtained either by one-step selection (DCMU-IIA) or by two-step selection (DCMU-IIB and Az-V). psbA copies carrying herbicide resistance have been identified by transformation experiments as psbAI in all cases. Sequences of the psbAI copy of each mutant have been compared to the wild-type sequence. In the single mutant DCMU-IIA, a point mutation at codon 264 (Ser→Ala) results in resistance to both DCMU and atrazine. In the double mutants DCMU-IIB and Az-V, two point mutations were found. DCMU-IIB was derived from DCMU-IIA and had acquired a second mutation at codon 255 (Phe→Leu) resulting in a slight increase in DCMU resistance and complete abolition of atrazine resistance. Az-V contains two changes at codons 211 (Phe→Ser) and 251 (Ala→Val) resulting in high atrazine resistance but only slight DCMU resistance.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; C4 photosynthesis ; Flaveria ; regeneration ; ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the successful transformation, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection, and regeneration of two species of the genus Flaveria: F. brownii and F. palmeri. We document the expression of a C3 plant gene, an abundantly expressed ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit gene isolated from petunia, in these C4 plants. The organ-specific expression of this petunia gene in Flaveria brownii is qualitatively identical to its endogenous pattern of expression.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Auxin and thiophene in roots ; Root culture ; Root morphology ; Tagetes ; Thiophene ; Transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Roots of marigold (Tagetes patula L.) accumulate thiophenes, heterocyclic sulfurous compounds with strong biocidal activity. In detached roots cultured in vitro, the thiophene content was 5 μmol·(g fresh weight)-1 which is 25-times higher than in roots attached to the plant. In roots derived from tissues transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, the morphology and thiophene content varied with the bacterial strain used. Transformation stimulated the elongation of the root tips and the formation of lateral roots but lowered the thiophene level to 20–50% relative to the concentration in untransformed detached roots. A negative correlation was found between the number of laterals in a root system and the thiophene content. Extensive branching and a decrease in thiophene accumulation was evoked in untransformed roots by indole-3-acetic acid (1–10 μmol·l-1) added to the medium. Within the roots, the highest thiophene concentrations were found in the tips. The results indicate that auxin directly or indirectly plays a role in the regulation of the thiophene level in root tips.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Somatic Embryogenesis ; Electroporation ; β-Glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Daucus carota hypocotyl sections were transformed withAgrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing CaMV 35S promoter, β-glucuronidase coding sequence and the nopaline synthase (Nos) poly adenylation sequences in Bin 19. Sliced sterile seedling hypocotyl segments were preincubated for 2 days, co-cultivated withAgrobacterium for an additional 2 days, and then transferred to medium containing 100ug/ml of kanamycin and 400ug/ml carbenicillin. In 6 weeks kanamycin resistant calli were obtained in 5.8% of the explants from one variety. Calli were subcultured on solid medium, and in 4 weeks introduced into suspension culture. NPTII and Southern blot analysis confirmed that three selected lines were transformed with 1–3 copies of the GUSII construction. GUS activity in transformants was 5 to 250 fold over background.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Hairy root ; T-DNA ; Glucuronidase gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Root differentiation could be elicited on carrot discs by transformation with the agropine Ri plasmid rolB gene cloned in the binary vector Bin19, provided two conditions were met. Firstly, an adequate auxin supply had to be provided. This was achieved by co-inoculation with a strain carrying only the auxin synthetic genes of the TR-DNA. Most of the resulting roots were then shown to harbour only rolB and no aux genes. Secondly, an extended non-coding region (∼1200 bp) at the 5′ end of rolB had to be included in the construction. A shorter (∼300 bp) 5′ region, including TATA and CCAAT boxes, was not sufficient to trigger root differentiation. Both the extended (B1185) and reduced (B310) 5′ regions of rolB were then cloned upstream of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and infections carried out both on the apical and on the basal side of carrot discs. Strong expression of GUS, visualized histochemically as an intense blue colouring of transformed cells was observed with B1185-GUS constructions on the apical side of the discs. Only occasionally could coloured cells be observed on the basal side of the discs with B1185-GUS and on both apical and basal sides with B310-GUS constructions. Strong GUS expression was, on the contrary, achieved on cells of both auxin-rich (apical) and auxin-depleted (basal) sides of the discs with the strong constitutive viral promoter, CaMV35S. These results indicate the presence of an upstream regulatory region which confers polar expression to the rolB gene and suggest a role for auxin in its activation.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: In vitro shoots ; Pisum sativum ; Meristematic cells ; Shoot apices ; Transformation ; Agrobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Different tissues in cultured pea shoots were inoculated withAgrobacterium tumefaciens wild types C 58 and ACH 5 andA. rhizogenes wild type 9402. The C 58 and 9402 bacteria induced the formation of tumours and hairy roots respectively while the ACH 5 was inactive. The younger the tissue the more rapidly it responded to the active bacteria. The shoot apex was the most reactive organ and developed into a tumour, theA. rhizogenes tumours subsequently giving rise to transformed hairy roots. Histological examination showed that transformed cells (including those within the apical dome) initially became highly vacuolate before dividing rapidly to form a tumour. These changes were accompanied by cell division in surrounding tissues.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; 6b gene ; Agrobacterium host range ; Oncogenes ; Plant growth regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The T-region located 6b gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been found to interfere with cytokinin effects produced by the cotransferred ipt gene. We have compared the biological activity of three different 6b genes: A-6b from Ach5 (octopine, biotype 1), C-6b from C58 (nopaline, biotype 1) and T-6b from Tm4 (octopine, biotype III) by using different biological assays. Each 6b gene was inserted into a disarmed vector and tested on tobacco stems in coinfection experiments with the Ach5 cytokinin (ipt) gene (A-ipt). A-ipt/C-6b coinfections produced tumours with shoots, A-ipt/A-6b coinfections green tumours and A-ipt/T-6b coinfections tumours with a necrotic surface. The tumour phenotypes obtained were independent of the 6b/A-ipt coinfection ratios, indicating that the strain-specific 6b effects result from the activity of a non-diffusible 6b encoded product. Studies with ipt-less Tm4 mutants showed that 6b genes affect other tumour genes besides the ipt gene and pointed to an influence of T-6b on auxin effects resulting from the Tm4 iaa system. T-iaa/T-6b coinfection experiments showed that T-6b did indeed strongly increase tumour formation by the Tm4 iaa genes. The three 6b genes also have effects which do not require other T-region genes. The complex role of the 6b gene in crown gall induction and Agrobacterium host range will be discussed.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 220 (1989), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Transformation ; Single-stranded DNA ; Agrobacterium ; Transient expression ; Extrachromosomal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transfer of the Agrobacterium T-DNA to plant cells involves the induction of the Ti plasmid virulence genes. This induction results in the generation of linear single-stranded (ss) copies of the T-DNA inside Agrobacterium and such molecules might be directly transferred to the plant cell. A central requirement of this ss transfer model is that the plant cell must generate a second strand and integrate the resulting double-stranded (ds) molecule into its genome. Here we report that incubating plant protoplasts with ss or ds DNA under conditions favouring DNA uptake results in transformation. The frequencies of transformation are similar and analysis of ss transformants suggests that the introduced DNA becomes double stranded and integrated. Analysis of transient expression from introduced ss DNA suggests that generation of the second strand is rapid and extrachromosomal.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; IS elements ; Ti plasmid ; T-region ; Bacterial evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A large number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains of the biotype III group carry two to ten copies of two related IS elements, IS866 and IS867. A study of the distribution and localization of these elements in 54 strains showed that one IS866 and two IS867 copies are always found at characteristic sites on the octopine/cucumopine and vitopine Ti plasmids, whereas varying amounts of IS866 and IS867 copies occur at different positions on the chromosome. By comparison of the IS patterns, an evolutionary tree could be deduced which shows the phylogenetic relationships between 23 different types of Agrobacterium strains. The structures of the T-regions of the different strains were also compared. Within the octopine/cucumopine group, eight T-region patterns could be defined. These patterns were found to be correlated with the chromosomal IS patterns. This strongly suggests that the IS866 and IS867 containing Ti plasmids are stably associated with their bacterial hosts. The possible role of the IS866 and IS867 elements in Ti plasmid evolution is discussed.
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  • 22
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    Springer
    Methods in cell science 12 (1989), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: transformation ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; vectors ; cocultivation ; leaf disc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Agrobacterium tumefaciens naturally transfers DNA into plant cells and is clearly one of the most effective methods of directed DNA transfer presently available. Two kinds of vectors are commonly used. Cointegrative vectors have the foreign genes incorporated directly into the Ti plasmid. Binary vectors carry two plasmids; the main Ti plasmid where most of the T-DNA has been removed, and a second plasmid containing the foreign genes between the usual border sequences. The vir genes on the main plasmid function to mobilize the foreign genes into a plant cell. Most plant transformation methods follow the procedure of cocultivating wounded tissue with vir-gene-induced bacteria. The cocultivation step is followed by transfer to a selective medium containing antibiotics to kill the bacterium and to allow only growth of transformed tissue. Several selectable markers are available that include resistance to antibiotics, herbicides, or drugs. In addition, several scorable markers such as the bacterial glucuronidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and the Agrobacterium opine genes are used to verify transformation. Southern blotting and inheritance of transferred genes are ultimately used to demonstrate stable transformation.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; gene transfer ; somatic embryos ; walnut ; β-glucuronidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic embryos have been successfully used as a target tissue for transformation and regeneration of transgenic walnut plants. Walnut somatic embryos, initiated originally from developing zygotic embryos, proliferate numerous secondary embryos from single cells in the epidermal layer. These single cells in intact somatic embryos are susceptible to transformation by genetically engineeredAgrobacterium tumefaciens and provide a means to regenerate nonchimeric transgenic plants. This gene transfer system has been made more efficient using, a) vector plasmids containing two marker genes encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS) and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APH(3′)II) and B) a more virulent strain ofAgrobacterium. This system should be applicable to any crop that undergoes repetitive embryogenesis from singleAgrobacterium-susceptible cells.
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  • 24
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    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 281-296 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: maize cells ; transformation ; kanamycin electroporation ; nurse cells ; hygromycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two chimaeric genes, containing the promoter of the 35S gene of cauliflower mosaic virus coupled to neomycin phosphotransferase (35S-NPT-NOS) or to hygromycin phosphotransferase (35S-HPT-NOS) have been stably transferred to maize (Zea mays cv. Black Mexican sweet) cells by electroporation. Transformation frequencies of 7.6×10-4 and 8×10-4, respectively, (based on the number of surviving cells that divided) were obtained with four pulses of 1 ms duration using 400 V capacitive discharge. Cells transformed to kanamycin-resistance and hygromycin-resistance subsequently multiplied to form callus. Southern blot analysis demonstrated the integration of the selectable marker genes, neomycin or hygromycin phosphotransferase, with single or multiple copy numbers. The blots from DNA of hygromycin-resistant calli also suggested the formation of plasmid concatemers.
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  • 25
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 26
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloartenol (4), a natural plant sterol, was shown to be an effective membrane reinforcer; this was attributed to its conformation. We now present a conformational analysis of 4 by molecular modeling and NMR. Molecular modeling suggests that two conformations I and II coexist, differing mainly at the level of ring C, and of nearly equal energy, I and II each having ring A and B in a chair and half-chair conformation, respectively, with ring C 1,3-diplanar in I (solid-state structure as determined by X-ray crystallography) and in chair conformation in II. A complete assignment of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of 4 and the entire coupling network in rings A and B is determined by various modern NMR techniques. The conformation of rings A and B thus determined is in agreement with conformations I and II. Low-temperature NMR experiments show a fast equilibrium between two conformations, presumably I and II. It is concluded, therefore, that the cyclopropane ring of 4 produces a flexibility at the level of ring C which may be important for the membrane properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dienyl acetates 2 lacking a geminal disulfone or a malonate group cyclize selectively to (E)-l-methylidene-2-styrylcyclopentanes 4 in the presence of 7 mol-% of [Pd(PPh3)4].
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 28
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the Influence of the Acceptor Part of the Chromophor of Dimethinemerocyanine Dyes upon the Aggregation Tendency in Aqueous SolutionA series of novel long-chain alkyl-dimethinemerocyanine dyes containing sulfonate groups is synthesized in good yield and their aggregation tendency in H2O and in organic solvent/H2O mixtures investigated. The merocyanine dyes 11 and 15 only exhibit an intense, red-shifted absorption band due to J-aggregation in H2O without addition of salt. The influence of cationic and anionic tensides and other compounds as urea, glucose, and polysaccharides upon the J-aggregation tendency is investigated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituted methylidenecyclopropanes 12a-d, being easily available from 1,1-dibromo-2-(phenylthio)-cyclopropane (9a), are attractive precursors of triafulvene (2-methylidene-1-cyclopropene; 1). Both the sulfoxide 12b and the sulfone 12c react with an excess of alkoxides (t-BuOK and NaOMe) to give 12e and 12f, respectively, while the sulfinyl group of 12b may be replaced by the PhCH2S substituent in the presence of PhCH2SH/t-BuOK. These reactions (Scheme 4) may be explained by assuming 1 as a reactive intermediate, although an alternative sequence including carbene 20 (Scheme 6) is not completely ruled out. D-labelling experiments (Scheme 5) do not give conclusive evidence due to D scrambling, but deprotonation/methylation sequences show that H—C(2) of 12a-c is the most acidic proton. Final evidence for 1 results from the reaction of 12d with cyclopentadienide (Scheme 7): the reaction of 1 with cyclopentadiene produces the expected [4 + 2]-cycloaddition product 23, while some mechanistic insight results from the sequence 12d → 24 → 25.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction between the chiral allenic acid (+)-(S)-1 and the carbodiimides 2a-d and the keten-imine 6 gives, under mild conditions, the tricyclic compounds 3-5, 7, and 8. Low diastereoselectivity and a partial loss of optical activity are observed. A stepwise mechanistic pathway via a biradical intermediate is postulated.
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  • 31
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Competition of Endoperoxide and Hydroperoxide Formation in the Reaction of Singlet Oxygen with Cyclic, Conjugated DienesRose-bengal-sensitized photooxygenation of (-)-(R)-α-phellandrene (1) in MeOH at room temperature yielded a complex mixture of products, contrary to previous reports describing cis-(3S, 6R)-epidioxy-p-menthene (2) and trans-(3R, 6S)-epidioxy-p-menthene (3) as the only products. The mixture was separated by prep. HPLC (silica gel, pentane/Et2O 9:1). Besides the known endoperoxides 2 (yield 39%) and 3 (26%), all those hydroper-oxides, which can be deduced from an ene reaction of 1O2 with 1, were isolated, i.e. 4β-p-mentha-2,5-dien-1β-yl hydroperoxide (4) (14%), 4β-p-mentha-2,5-dien-1α-yl hydroperoxide (5) (9%), (2R, 4R)-p-mentha-1(7), 5-dien-2-yl hydroperoxide (6) (2,1%), (2S, 4R)-p-mentha-1(7),5-dien-2-yl hydroperoxide (7) (1,5%) and (1R)-p-mentha-3,6-dien-yl hydroperoxide (8; 1,5%; Scheme 1). Furthermore, the constant cis/trans ratio for all diastereoisomeric pairs (2/2, 4/2, 6/2) was striking. With the help of the two possible conformers 1a and 1b of the starting material a model of a common first step for endoperoxide as well as for hydroperoxide formation is developed. A photooxygenation at -50° supports this model. The absolute value of the cis/trans ratio changes in the same way for the endoperoxides and the hydroperoxides.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempted Synthesis of Calicene from Trisubstitued Cyclopropanes and CyclopentenoneThe Li carbenoids 4, prepared by treatment of substituted 1,1-dihalocyclopropanes with BuLi, are reacted with cyclopent-2-enone under thermodynamic and kinetic control (Scheme 1). In general, the latter procedure gives better yields of cyclopropylcyclopentenols 5a-e, but the reaction seems to be controlled mainly by the steric and electronic properties of the substituent Y. So, with 4b and 4e, the main reaction is the attack of the carbenoid at C(1) of cyclopent-2-enone, while 4a (Y = PhS) predominantly deprotonates the ketone (Scheme 4). Whereas 5d and 5e can easily be converted to the dihydrocalicenes 6d and 6e (Scheme 6), the attempted elimination of H2O from 5a-c leads to the rearranged products 13-2 due to the opening of the cyclopropane ring (Scheme 5). Finally, the generation of the parent compound 2 from the silylated precursor 6d is attempted: treatment with MeO- gives the addition products 18A/18B, while the reaction with Br2 provides 19 by a bromination/dehydrobromination sequence (Scheme 7).
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Vinylindole (1a) and its donor- and acceptor-substituted (E)-derivatives 1b-e react highly locoselectively with dimethyl 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-3,6-dicarboxylate (3) to form the novel (indol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridazines 4a and 7 as well as the heterocyclic annellated pyridazines 4b, 5, and 6. The reactions of the structurally related 3-vinylindoles 2a-e with 3 also gave rise to new indol-3-ylpyridazines 8, 9, and 10. The locoselectivities of these Diels-Alder reactions were controlled mainly by steric effects.
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  • 34
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mechanistic evidence for the light-induced ring opening of thiophen-2(5H)-ones 1 in alcohols affording α, β-unsaturated mercapto esters 2 is presented. Regio-and stereochemical aspects of the ring closure of alkenylthio (type 3) radicals 15 and 17 to S-heterocycles 16 and 18, of 3-thiahex-5-enyl radicals 4 to (tetrahydrothien-3-yl)methyl radicals 6 and of (2,3-dihydrothien-3-yl)methyl radicals 30 (type 7, but-3-enyl radicals) to cyclopropane-methyl radicals 29 are discussed. Irradiation (λ 350 nm) of 1 in cyclohexane in the presence of 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene affords [2 + 2] cycloadducts 14 albeit in very low yields.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular cations of 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene (COT+·) and bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene (BCO+·) can be observed intact in γ-irradiated Freon glasses, as opposed to Ar matrices where ionization is accompanied by extensive rearrangements. This proves the superiority of the Freon-glass method for the generation of metastable primary cations. The electronic absorption (EA) spectra reveal a) that a previous analysis of the BCO+· electronic structure on the basis of the ultraviolet photoelectron (UP( spectrum of BCO was incomplete, and b) that COT undergoes planarization upon ionization, in accord with qualitative expectations and MNDO calculations. A previously proposed LCBO model was used to assess the influence of the above geometry change on the electronic structure of COT+·.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the indoles 7, 15, 16 with a 3-methoxyphenyl group, attached via an α-side chain of 1,2,or 3 CH2 units, is reported. These compounds, after appropriate protection at C(3), were transformed into the N-[(dimethylamino)methyl]indoles 22, 23, and 24, respectively. When treated with AcCl, these N-Mannich bases gave, in two cases, stable N-(chloromethyl)indoles 25 and 26. In the presence of SnCl4, ring closure occurred via electrophilic attack of 1-methylideneindolium ions on the methoxyphenyl group. Formation of seven-membered rings (→ 27, 28) and eight-membered rings (→ 29) was found to be a favorable process. Cyclization to six-membered rings did not occur within this series.
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  • 37
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 110-116 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of novel pppUd analogs substituted at position C(5) with tethered nitroxide radicals is reported. It is shown that these analogs can serve as good substrates for E. coli DNA polymerase (Pol I) and T-4 DNA polymerase using lambda-phage DNA as template. The template-dependent incorporation of the substrates was established by radio-labeling and ESR experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stereoselective Synthesis of Taxane DerivativesSubstituted racemic 4,8,12-trinortaxanes were prepared stereoselectively in several steps from the dienone 10. A variant of the de Mayo reaction with bicyclononenones 4 and cyclohexen produced the desired configuration at C(8) of the taxane framework. Retro-aldol cleavage of the tetracycle 5 led to the taxane skeleton 6. Stereoselective reduction followed by treatment with base afforded 7b. Hydrolysis of the acetal group and further reduction yielded 9 in which the relative configuration corresponds to the one of the natural products.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystalline complex 2b (MLn — TiCl4) shows a chelation of the carbonyl O-atom and the upper SO2 O-atom by TiCl4, a slightly pyramidal N-atom, and a π -face-stereoselective shielding of the C(α)-Si face by the CH2(3) group. The Ti-atom is in a pseudo-octahedral environment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray structures of the Cu2+ complexes of 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane derivatives with an ethylpro-pionate and diethylphosphonate group, 5 and 6, respectively, indicate that the metal ion is pentacoordinated by the four N-atoms of the macrocycle and one O-atom. In the case of 5, it is the carbonyl O-atom of the carboxylate group, whereas for 6 it is the phosphonyl O-atom of the phosphonate group. The hydrolysis kinetics of the functional group in the Cu2+ complexes with the 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanes 3-6 have been measured by pH-stat and stopped-flow techniques. The rate law for the hydrolysis of the carboxylates 3-5 is proportional to the complex concentration and to [OH-] up to pH 13, whereas that of the phosphonate 6 is proportional to [OH-] up to pH 11.5, becoming independent of [OH-] at pH 〉 11.5. The mechanisms of these two reactions are discussed, considering the possibility of an intra- or an intermolecular OH- attack and the results of the X-ray structure analyses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method for the preparation of (E)-3-acylprop-2-enoic acids ( = (E)-3-acylacrylic acids) of type II via acid-catalyzed isomerization of the corresponding 3-acylprop-2-ynal acetals of type I (Scheme 1) has been found. The described reaction gives a rapid and quite general access to these compounds known to exhibit a number of interesting biological activities. Some studies toward the elucidation of the reaction mechanism have been made, and a hypothetical mechanism is proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 6-Thia-l-aza-5λ5-phosphabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-enes and Isothiocyanatophosphine-sulfides from (Methylidenamino)phosphines, Carbon Disulfide, and Acetylene- or Ethylene Derivatives(Methylidenamino)phosphines react with carbon disulfide to 1,3,2-thiazaphosphete derivatives 2. Acetylenedicarboxylates give with 2 6-thia-l-aza-5λ5-phosphabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-3-enes 4a, b, and acrylates yield isothio-cyanatophosphin-sulfides 5a-c. The structures of 4a and 5a are proven by an X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: C45- and C50-Carotenoids: Synthesis of an Optically Active Cyclic C20-Building Block and of Decaprenoxanthin ( = (2R, 6R, 2′R, 6′R)-2,2′-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl)-∊, ∊-carotene)The synthesis of the optically active cyclic C20-building block (R, R)-15 and of the optically active C50-carotenoid (2R, 6R, 2′R, 6′R)-decaprenoxanthin (1) starting from (-)-β-pinene ((S)-2) is reported.
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  • 44
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Under O2, the Aspidosperma alkaloid tabersonine (1) was converted by a crude enzyme preparation from leaves of mature plants of Catharanthus roseus G DON into the trimeric 3-hydroxy-14′-(3α″-tabersonyl)voafrine B (4) which was easily reduced by NaBH4 to 14′-(3α″-tabersonyl)voafrine B ( = tertabersonine; 5). Compounds such as 4 and 5 are the first trimeric alkaloids in the series of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids.
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  • 45
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 158-164 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: μ-Carbonyl(Rh—Rh)di(η5-indenyl)[(2R,3S)-C,2,3,C-η-(2,3,4,5-tetramethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-one)]]-dirhodium(I)(Rh—Rh) (7) and cis-μ-[(2R,3S,5R,6S))-C,2,3,C-η:C,5,6,C-η-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-one)]bis[μ-carbonyldi(η5-indenyl)dirhodium(I)(Rh—Rh)] (8) have been prepared. Complex 7 reacts with Fe2(CO)9 in hexane/MeOH and gives cis-μ-[(2R,3S,5R,6S] (9), trans-μ-[(2R,3S,5S,6R)-C,2,3,C-η: C,5,6, C-η-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-one)-μ-carbonyldi(η5-indenyl)dirhodium(I)(Rh—Rh)-(tricarbonyliron) (10), and, μ-carbonyl(Rh—Rh)[(2R,3S)-C,2,3,C-η-(2,3-dimethyl-5,6-dimethylidenebicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-2-en-7-one)]di(η5-indenyl)dirhodium(I)(Rh—Rh) (11). Treatment of 7-oxa[2.2.1]hericene (4) with Fe2(CO)9 or (cyclooctene)2Fe(CO)3 gave a 1:2 mixture of cis-μ-[(2R,3S,5R,6S)-] (12) and trans-μ-[(2R,3S,5S,6R)-C,2,3,C-η:C,5,6,C-η-(2,3,5,6-tetramethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-one)]bis(tricarbonyliron)(13).
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  • 46
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 172-179 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Aminoazirine Reaction. Formation of 3,6-Dihydropyrazin-2(1H)-onesThe reaction of 3-(dimethylamino)-2H-azirines 1 and 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-oxazol-5(2H)-ones 5 in MeCN or THF at 50-80° leads to 5-(dimethylamino)-3,6-dihydropyrazin-2(1H)-ones 6 (Scheme 3). Reaction mechanisms for the formation of 6 are discussed: either the oxazolones 5 react as CH-acidic heterocycles with 1 (Scheme 4), or the azirines 1 undergo a nucleophilic attack onto the carbonyl group of 5 (Scheme 6). The reaction via intermediate formation of N-(trifluoroacetyl)dipeptide amide 8 (Scheme 5) is excluded.
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  • 47
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the assignment of the configuration at C(8) and C(15) of the natural oviposition-deterring pheromone 1 in Rhagoletis cerasi L., the four possible stereoisomers of 1 are synthesized. By condensing the C6 building blocks (5R)-4 and (5S)-4 with the boron enolates of the C10 building blocks (4S)-13 and (4R)-13, followed by decarboxylative dehydration, all stereoisomers of 16 are available (Scheme 5). Glucosylation of 16 followed by formation of the taurin amide gives, after deprotection, the four stereoisomers (8R,15S)-1, (8R,15R)-1, (8R,15S)-1, and (8S,15S)-1 (Scheme 6).
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  • 48
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 18-O-Methylchaenorpine (1a) and iso-18-O-methylchaenorpine (1b) two novel stereoisomeric spermine alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Aphelandra tetragona (VAHL) NEES. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic studies.
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  • 50
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 51
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 185-195 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,5,7-Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene as Reaction Medium: An Efficient One-Step Formation of Etioporphyrine from ProtoporphyrineHeating the commercially available protoporphyrine (4) in molten 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) at 200° for 4 h under exclusion of O2 produces etioporphyrine (6) in 60-70% yield by bisdecarboxylation and concomitant reduction of the two vinyl groups. Mesoporphyrine (5) is bisdecarboxylated to 6 in over 80% yield under these conditions in TBD as well as in DBU as the reaction medium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Employing thujone-derived intermediates, a series of achiral (9a-d; Scheme 1) and chiral (11b and 11d; Scheme 2) terpene analogues related to the biologically active ‘terpenoid’ hybrids have been prepared. The stereochemistry of the key epoxidation reaction was established by correlation of the product 11b with the previously reported alcohol (R)-20 of known absolute configuration (Scheme 3).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The β-C-lithiated acrylamide 3A has been proven to be an ideal pyruvate β-carbanion equivalent useful in a highly diastereoselective KDO synthesis. The starting material 3 was prepared from pyruvate diethyl acetal in four convenient steps. Direct lithiation with 2 equiv. of LDA generated the dilithiated species 3A quantitatively. Reaction with 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabinose (11) was highly D-manno-selective. The product 12 was obtained readily from the reaction mixture via crystallization. Ring closure to the butenolide 13, subsequent PhS-group removal with Bu3SnH and pyridinium bromide, and hydrogenolytic debenzylation afforded the known butenolide 19; this KDO precursor gives KDO in two convenient steps. Butenolide 19 was also transformed via two high-yielding steps into the 4,5:7,8-di-O-cyclohexylidene-KDO derivative 22, a valuable starting material for KDO α-glycoside syntheses.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reductive amination of 2,3,4,4′-tetramethoxtybiphenyl-2-carbaldehyde (4) with MeNH2 afforded methylamine 5 (Scheme 1), Hydroxymethylation of amine 8, prepared similarly from 4 by reductive amination with benzylamine followed by N-methylation, afforded alcohol 12 which was converted the 5-methyl-substituted methylamine 14 by conventional chemical reactions (Scheme 2), Methylamine 14 was also obtained from ester 16 after hydroxymethylation to alcohol 17 and conventional manipulation of alcohol and ester functions (Scheme 2). Both amines 5 and 14 as well as the 2′, 5-dimethyl-substituted biphenyl 26 prepared from the dialdehyde 25 by a Wolff-Kishner reduction, did not show noteworthy activity in the tubulin binding assay or as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization (Table). However, the 2′ethyl-substituted biphebyl 11 prepared from 4 by reaction with MeLi followed by dehyderation and catalytic reduction of styrene 10 (Scheme 1) showed appreciable activity in both assays, coming close to that of known phenyltropolone models. The X-ray analysis of 14·HCl and 11 showed significant difference in the orientation of the rings with respect to one another (Fig.).
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  • 55
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 247-253 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In higher plants, the two homoterpenes 4,8-dimethyinona-1,3,7-triene (1) and 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (2) are synthesized from the regular terpene alcohols nerolidol and geranyllinalool by fragmentation into the homoterpene and butenone. The biosynthetic pathway is evidenced by conversion of (2H)nerolidol in Hoya purpureo-fusca, Magnolia liliiflora nigra, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Philadelphus coronarius.
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  • 56
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that an unidentified nudibranch of Hawaiian waters contains a 26-membered macrolide, sphinxolide ((-)-1) with potent activity against the KB cell line. The structure of sphinxolide, a 2:1 mixture of (E/Z)-isomers at the formamide moiety, is established to be (-)-1 on the basis of extensive NMR and FAB-MS analysis, in combination with data for the products of mono- (→(-)-2) and diacetylation (→(+)-3).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A convergent diastereoselective synthesis of racemic aristoserratine ((±)-24) via an intramolecular iminium-ion cyclization is described. The pivotal imine (±)-19 was prepared by condensation of the two building blocks (± )-trans-8-amino-3-(2,6-difluorobenzyloxy)-1-p-menthene ((±)-11) and N-(p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)-3-indo-leacetaldehyde (18) which were synthesized from (±)-trans-1-p-menthene-3,8-diol ((±)-7) and 3-indoleacetic acid, respectively. On the route to the target (±)-24, two previously unknown indole alkaloids have been characterized, namely (±)-‘anti’-hobartin-15-ol ((±)-22) and (±)-‘anti’-aristotelin-15-ol ((±)-23).
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  • 58
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 264-270 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the α, β-epoxy-acylsilanes 1 and 2 starting from the allylic silyl alcohols (E)- and (Z)-3, respectively, by epoxidation with t-BuOOH/VO(acac)2 followed by oxidation with Collins reagent (CrO3/pyridine) in up to 70% overall yields, is described. The acid-catalyzed rearrangement of the epoxy-silyl alcohols 4A + B und 5A + B led to the novel unstable diastereoisomeric α-silyl-β-hydroxy-aldehydes 9 and 10, respectively. The structure of 10 was established by X-ray crystal-structure analysis of the corresponding alcohol 11.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polarized optical absorption and emission (spectra, decay times) of single crystals of [Pd(thpy)2] and [Pt(thpy)2] (thpy ≡ C(3′)-deprotonated form of 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine) at temperatures 1.9 K ≤ T ≤ 80 K are reported. The emission of [Pt(thpy)2] can be influenced strongly by applied magnetic fields (0 ≤ H ≤ 6 T). Depending on the central ions Pd and Pt, the lowest excited electronic states of the single complexes are ligand-centered (LC) states and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states, respectively. This difference leads to distinctly dissimilar properties of the emission of both compounds. The experimental data show that the emission of single crystals of [Pd(thpy)2] and [Pt(thpy)2] at T ≤ 30 K originates from several types of traps (defect states of symmetry 3B2-stabilized below the exciton band) with LC and MLCT character, respectively. In the Pt compound, the 3B2 is split by spin-orbit coupling into three states. The states B1′ and A2′, which determine the emission properties, are separated by Δv ∼ 13 cm-1. Both states can mix under the influence of an applied magnetic field yielding an increase of the emission intensity by a factor of ∼ 1.5 at H = 6 T.
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (1S, 4R, 5S, 6S)-5-exo, 6-exo-(Isopropylidenedioxy)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one ((-)-1) was transformed with high stereoselectivity to L-allose. Similarly, enantiomer (+)-1 was transformed into L-talose. The ketones (+)-1 and (-)-1 were derived from furan and 1-cyanovinyl (1S)-camphanate and 1-cyanovinyl (1R)-camphanate, respectively.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly regio- and stereoselective monohydroxylation of the C=C bond of (+)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one (8) was achieved via LiAlH4 reduction of the corresponding 5,6-exo-epoxy dimethyl acetal 9. The reaction gave exclusively (-)-(1R, 2R, 4S)-6,6-dimethoxy-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-exo-ol (10) which was transformed into 2,5-anhydro-3-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-D-ribo-hexonic acid (15) and 2,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-ribo-hexonic acid (6) via ozonolysis of (-)-(1R, 4S, 6R)-6-exo-benzyloxy-2-{[(tert-butyl)dimethylsilyl]oxy}-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (14). Cordycepin C (5) was derived from 6 and 4,5,6-triaminopyrimidine using CsF/DMF to generate the adenine heterocycle.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Absolute Configuration of Iridals and Cycloiridals of Different OriginNatural irones are known to occur in enantiomeric forms within Iris oils of different origin. They are formed by oxidative degradation of the cycloiridals (C31-triterpenoids) found in rhizomes of various Iris species. The absolute configuration of iridals from different varieties is determined by ozonolysis of the triterpenoids and comparison of their degradation products with authentic samples of known configuration. It is shown that the initial cyclization of squalene resulting in the formation of a monocyclic seco-ring-A iridal has the same stereo-chemical course throughout all Iris species studied. The subsequent cyclization of the homofarnesyl side chain of the iridals, however, produces cycloiridals with enantiomeric irone moieties within different subspecies of the sword lilies.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The potentiometric study of the complexation of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-l-acetic acid (1) with Cu2+ (I = 0.5 (KNO3), T = 25°) indicates the presence of the species [Cu(1)], [Cu(1)OH], [Cu(1)2], and [(Cu(1))2OH], the stability constants of which are determined. The two complexes [Cu(1)]ClO4 and [(Cu(1)2)OH]ClO4 were also characterized by X-ray structure analysis. In both cases, the Cu2+ ion is in a distorted square-pyramidal arrangement, penta-coordinated by the three N-atoms of the macrocycle, an O-atom of the carboxylate, and an additional O-atom either from a second carboxylate or from an OH-, acting as a bridge between two metal centres.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and complexation properties of 1,4-dimethyl-8-[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetra-decane (2) are described. This ligand forms with Cu2+ two complexes, one of which has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. The structural, spectral, and kinetic studies indicate that the two Cu2+ complexes are isomers with the macrocycle in the trans-III and trans-I configuration. The rate of the interconversion of the trans-I isomer to the thermodynamically more stable trans-III species is proportional to [OH-]. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The epimeric alkoxides 6a and 6b, generated in the gas phase by deprotonation of the stereospecifically deuterated isoborneols 5a and 5b, undergo loss of H2 and HD in a 1:1 ratio. This result, ruling out a concerted one-step process, establishes the intermediacy of an ion/molecular complex (‘solvated’ hydride ion) in the course of formation of enolates from the alkoxide anions in the gas phase.
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  • 66
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 295-306 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel Dimethinemerocyanine Dyes with the (Sulfobutyl)benzothiazole Group as Donor Part of the Chromophor and their Aggregation Tendency in Aqueous SolutionA series of novel dimethinemerocyanine dyes with the (sulfobutyl)benzothiazole group as the donor part of the chromophor is synthesized in good yield and their aggregation tendency in H2O without addition of salt investigated. The merocyanine dye 2b only gives J-aggregation in H2O. The dyes 1a-f and 2a exhibit an intense, red-shifted absorption band due to J-aggregation in H2O in the presence of Me4NCl. In contrast, the dyes 1g and 2c-f show a slightly red-shifted absorption band. The degree of aggregation in H2O is investigated by ultracentrifugation of the representative 2e. Indeed, the slightly red-shifted absorption band in H2O is due to aggregation of ‘oligomers’ of the dye. Contrary to the aggregation of ‘polymers’ of dyes (J-aggregation), we suggest the term ‘K’ band for the slightly red-shifted absorption band. The hemicyanine dye 5 gives the same absorption band in MeOH and in MeOH/H2O 1:3. The dye 11 shows an absorption band in H2O that is probably blue-shifted because of negative solvatochromism. The merocyanine dye 13 gives H-aggregation in H2O.
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  • 67
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 323-337 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solution chemistry of Cu(II) with a series of five planar tridentate nitrogen ligands, 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bzimpy, 1), 2,6-bis(l-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (mbzimpy, 2) 2,6-bis(benzothiazol-2-yl) pyridine (bzthpy, 3), 2,6-bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)pyridine (bzoxpy, 4), and 2,2′, 6′, 2″-terpyridyl (terpy, 5) is reported. Electronic and EPR spectra are consistent with the complexes [CuL]2+ having essentially tetragonal structure in solution, with the fourth coordination site in the plane of the ligand occupied by solvent. bzthpy and bzoxpy show smaller ligand-field splittings than bzimpy, mbzimpy, and terpy, and are easily decomplexed from the copper. Substitution of the coordinated solvent molecule in the plane of the ligand is observed with Cl- and OH- (provided that the ligand has no acidic protons) for all ligands except terpy. The reaction between [Cu(mbzimpy)]2+ and imidazole has been studied by potentiometric titration in MeCN/H2O 1:1 and shows strong binding of the imidazole in the plane (log K = 4.5 at 25°), and also the formation of an imidazolate-bridged dinuclear species.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (1R, 2R, 4R)-2-endo-Cyano-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl acetate ((-)-7) has been transformed into the all-cis-configurated 4L-4,5,6/0-trihydroxycyclohex-2-en-1-one derivatives (-)-12 and (-)-19. (-)-Conduritol C ((-)-3) was derived in a stereospecific manner from (-)-12.
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  • 69
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 348-352 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diels-Alder Reactions with 3-Cyclopropylideneprop-1-enyl Ethyl Ether as 1,3-DieneThe title compound undergoes readily Diels-Alder reactions with various dienophiles, especially with quinones. The resulting adducts constitute key intermediates in the synthesis of labdane diterpenoids.
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  • 70
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 361-364 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of (+)-Abscisic Acid.Starting from (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone (2), a short synthesis of the natural (+)-abscisic acid ((+)-1) has been accomplished.
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  • 71
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Access to 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone from 4-Oxoisophorone2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-2,4-dienone (1), a versatile starting material for the preparation of some carotenoids and several natural products, was efficiently (73% yield) prepared from oxoisophorone 3. After conversion of 3 to the alcohol 4 or the acetate 5, H2O was eliminated (4→1) under acidic distillative conditions, whereas AcOH could be eliminated (5→l) under Pd(O) catalysis.
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  • 72
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 370-376 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New Approaches to Some Aromatic RetinoidsStarting from 2,3,5-trimethylphenol (2), two pathways to ethyl (all-E)-9-(4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl)-3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate (1) and to some of its (Z)-isomers have been developed. The first one is based on a Pd(O)-catalyzed arylation of (Z)-3-methylpent-2-en-4-yn-l-ol (6) with 4-bromo-2,3,5-trimethylanisol (5). The acetylenic C15-alcohol 9 was transformed into the corresponding acetylenic phosphonium salt 10, which was catalytically hydrogenated to the olefinic Wittig salt. Wittig olefination led, then, to the (6Z, 8Z)- and (4Z, 6Z, 8Z)-isomers, 7 and 8, respectively. In a second approach, Friedel-Crafts reaction of 3-methylpent-l-en-4-yn-3-ol with the 2,3,5-trimethylanisol gave a C15-intermediate with a terminal C=C bond in the side chain. After deprotonation and reaction with a C5 aldehyd, the corresponding C20-intermediate could be isolated in high yield. Finally, further conversion led predominantly to the (all-E)-retinoid, accompanied by its (9Z)- and (13Z)-isomers.
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  • 73
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two gossypol analogues 2a and 2b were synthesized for biological evaluation as male contraceptive agents. The naphthol 8c was prepared by analogy with a known procedure starling from 3-isopropylcatechol (3). (t-Bu)2O2-Mediated phenolic coupling of 8c furnished the binaphthol 9c which, after pyrane ring closure, deprotection. and selective bisformylation with SnCl4/Cl2CHOCH3, gave the target compound 2a. The corresponding tetrahydroxy analogue 2b was prepared in a similar way.
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  • 74
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 377-382 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A synthetic route leading to bis-heteroleptic cyclometalated complexes is described. The complexes [2-(2′-thienyl)pyridinato-N, C-3′]{2-[3′-(trimethylsilyl)2′-thienyl]pyridinato-N, C3′}platinum(II) ([Pt(thpy) (TMS-thpy)]; I) and (l-phenylpyrazolato-N2, C2′)[2-(2′-thienyl)pyridinato-N, C3′]platinum ([Pt(Phpz)(thpy)]; II) are characterized by UV/VIS, NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Thermal and photochemical oxidative addition reactions yield two out of the 10 possible pairs of enantiomers of octahedral Pt(IV) compounds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 76
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 401-402 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical cation of bicyclo[2-2.1]hepta-2,5-diene (8,9,10-trinorborna-2,5-diene; 1) in CF2ClCFCl2, and CF3CCl3 matrices and that of bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene (2,3-dihydrobarrelene; 2) in CFCl3 and CF3CCl3 matrices have been studied by ESR and ENDOR spectroscopy. For \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 1}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document}, the coupling constants of the olefinic, methano-bridge, and bridgehead protons are -0.780 ±0.005, +0.304±0.002, and -0.049±0.002 mT, respectively. The hyperfine tensor for the methano-bridge protons is axial, Ax = +0.263 ± 0.002 and Ay = +0.386 ± 0.002 mT, while that for the olefinic protons is orthorhombic, Ax = -0.594 ± 0.005, Ay= -0.913 ± 0.005, and Az = -0.834 ± 0.005 mT (x parallel to C—H- z parallel to 2pπ axis). For \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 2}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document}, the coupling constants of the olefinic, ethano-bridge, and bridgehead protons are -0.68 ± 0.01, +0.162 ± 0.005, and -0.108 ± 0.005 mT, respectively. The hyperfine data for \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 1}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\bf 2}^{+ \atop \dot{}}$\end{document} fully support the presentation of their singly occupied orbitals as antisymmetric combinations, b2(π), of the two bonding ethene π-MO's.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Incubation of the geraniols (R)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-1 and (S)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-1 with microsomal cytochrome P-450Cath. from the subtropical plant Catharanthus roseus (L.)G. DON resulted in the formation of the chiral 8-hydroxygeraniols (S)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-2 and (R)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-2. Their absolute configuration was assigned on the basis of the 1H-decoupled 3H-NMR Spectra of the corresponding dicamphanates (S)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-9 and (R)-(8-2H1)[8-3H1]-9, of which the configurations are established in relation to the synthetic reference samples. The results clearly indicate retention of configuration during the allylic oxidation of 1.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical Decarboxylation of L-Threonine and Oligopeptide Derivatives with Formation of N-Acyl-N, O-acetals: Preparation of Oligopeptides with Amide or Phophonate C-TerminusDerivatives of α-amino acids with two stereogenic centers (cf. L-threonine) and of di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides are electrolyzed in MeOH or AcOH, with formation of N-acyl-N, O-acetals (1b-15b, 20b), in an anodic oxidative substitution of the COOH by an OR group. The amine ends of the oligopeptides may be benzyloxycarbonyl(Z)- or (tert-butoxy)carbonyl(Boc)-protected. With unprotected dipeptides, an electrolytic decarboxylative cyclization to imidazolidinones (18c, 19c) may also occur (in H2O/NH4OAc). The electrolyses are carried out in simple flasks with cooling jackets (‘undivided cell’), using constant current conditions and anodes of Pt or glassy C. The electrolyte is generated in situ by adding 10-20 mol-% of a tertiary amine. Mild acidic hydrolysis of electrolysis products thus obtained may lead to amino-acid amides or peptide amides (10c, 11c, 12c, 17c) with one amino acid less than the starting material. The N, O-acetals from L-threonine and the oligopeptides also react with organometallic nucleophiles such as Grignard compounds (→21-26, 29), with formation of products in which the original COOH group has been replaced by alkyl or allyl (sometimes even with moderate stereoselectivity). By treatment of the peptide-derived (open-chain) N, O-acetals with trialkyl or triaryl phosphites/TiCl4 the RO group is replaced by a phosphodiester group in a (non-diastereoselective) Michaelis-Arbuzov-type reaction (1d, 1e, 2d-9d, 5e). Thus, the two-step sequence of electrolysis and phosphonation converts an oligopeptide derivative to an analogue with a phosphonic-acid end group. The diastereoisomeric N-protected dimethyl and diethyl dipeptidephosphonates (also prepared from the corresponding diaryl esters by Ti(OR)4-mediated transesterification) could be separated by preparative HPLC (SiO2, Lichrosorb Si 60, 10 μm); the dextrorotatory isomers of 1d-3d were assigned L, D-, the laevoratory ones L, L-configuration by hydrolysis to and identification of the known amino and aminophosphonic acids. The results described demonstrate a new simple route leading, from a given oligopeptide, to pure peptide analogues of known configuration.
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetylenic acetals of type I (Scheme 1) and acetylenic ketones of type III (Scheme 1), 37 and 38 (Scheme 7) are versatile synthetic precursors for the synthesis of various heterocycles by acid-catalyzed cyclization reactions. By this way, substituted 3-halofurans of type II and IV (Scheme 1) and flavones and styrylchromones (Scheme 7) can be synthesized in good-to-excellent yields. The high degree of regioselectivity in the synthesis of the 3-halofurans (Scheme 4) is the result of the regioselective β-addition of HX (X = Cl, Br, I) to the acetylenic aldehyde and acetylenic ketone moieties. A possible mechanism is depicted in Scheme 5. Since 3-halofurans can easily be metalated and substituted, this approach constitutes a new synthesis of highly substituted furans.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Hormaomycin, a Novel Peptide Lactone with Morphogenetic Activity on StreptomycesA culture identified as Streptomyces griseoflavus (strain W-384) has been found to produce a novel peptide-lactone antibiotic designated hormaomycin (6). The empirical molecular formula of the compound is established to be C55H69ClN10O14. The constituent amino acids of the antibiotic are suggested to be allothreonine (1; 1), isoleucine (2; 1), 3-methyl-phenylalanine (3; 2), and, for the first time identified from a natural source, 4-[(Z)-prop-1-enyl]-proline (4; 1) and 3-(2-nitrocyclopropyl)-alanine (5; 2). The amino acids were delivered by acidic hydrolysis and assigned by high-resolution- GC/MS analysis (after transformation to derivatives) in combination with extended 2D-NMR experiments of the antibiotic itself. From the latter, it became plausible that the N-terminus of the peptide chain is acylated by a Cl-containing derivative of 1H-pyrrol-2-carboxylic acid. Hormaomycin is active against some Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the antibiotic exhibits potent aerial mycelium-inducing activity and effects the production of antibiotics.
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Further investigation of global extracts from cultures of the marine deuteromycete Dendryphiella salina leads to the isolation of three novel trinor-eremophilanes esterified by branched C9-carboxylic acids, dendryphiellin B(= (+)-(1R*,2S*,7R*,8aR*)-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxonaphthalen-2-yl (6R*, 2E, 4E)-6-hydroxy-6-methylocta-2,4-dienoate; (+)-2), dendryphiellin C (=(+)-(1R*, 2S*, 7R*, 8aR*)-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexa-hydro-7-hydroxy-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxonaphthalen-2-yl (6S, 2E, 4E)-6-methylocta-2,4-dienoate; (+)-3)), and dendryphiellin D (=(+)-(1R*, 2S*, 7R*, 8aR*)-1,2,6,7(8,8a-hexahydro-7-hydroxy-1,8a-dimethyl-6-oxonaphthalen-2-yl (6R*,2E,4E)-6-(hydroxymethyl)octa-2,4-dienoate; (+)-4). An intact eremophilane, dendryphiellin E (5), and its ethanolysis product dendryphiellin F whose absolute configuration is represented by structural formula (+)-6 are also isolated from the above extracts. Dendryphiellin E exists as an open form 5a in equilibrium with a closed form 5b. A similar equilibrium exists between the open form 8a and the closed form 8b of a non-esterified eremophilane, dendryphiellin G (8), which is isolated too from the above extracts and proves structurally related to the cyclic portion of 5. Finally, the free, branched C9-carboxylic acids dendryphiellic acid A ((+)-9) and B ((+)-10) which correspond to side chains of the above esterified terpenes are also isolated from the above extracts.
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  • 83
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 457-463 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Azepine-Ring SynthesisA new one-step synthesis of an azepine ring is described. The 2H-pyran-2-one ring of methyl cumalate (8) or cumalaldehyde (2) upon reaction with an 1-aminoacryl derivative, e.g. 1 or 6, is opened with subsequent decarboxylation to give a 1-aminobutadiene derivative that undergoes an electrocyclic ring closure to the azepine ring (Schemes 1 and 2).
    Notes: No abstract.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crude petroleum-ether extract of the root bark of Hypericum revolutum VAHL (Guttiferae) exhibited in vitro growth-inhibitory activity against the Co-115 human colon carcinoma cell line. Activity-guided fractionation of this extract resulted in the isolation of two new hyperforin derivatives 1 and 2. The structure of 1 (hyperevolutin A) was established by X-ray analysis as the 4-hydroxy-8-exo-methyl-5,7-exo-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1-(2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-8-endo-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene-2,9-dione. The structure of the homologue 2 was deduced by comparison of its UV and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra with those of 1.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 482-486 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting from sultam 1, the chiral dienophile (2R)-N-glyoxyloylbornane-10,2-sultam (4) was readily prepared. Non-catalyzed atmospheric- and high-pressure as well as [Eu(fod)3]-promoted [4 + 2] cycloadditions of 1-methoxy-buta-1,3-diene (5) to chiral dienophile 4, leading with high asymmetric induction to 6-methoxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl derivatives 6-9, are described. The extent and direction of asymmetric induction in these reactions were established by 1H-NMR analysis and chemical correlation, respectively. Stereochemical models for both non-catalyzed and [Eu(fod)3]-promoted reactions are proposed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermolysis of steroidal 5α, 8α- peroxides of type 3a-d generates as major products the corresponding diseco compounds containing a 14-membered ring instead of the standard A-B-C-ring skeleton. Depending on the reaction conditions, either the primary products of type 9 or the α, β-unsaturated ketones of type 4, formed by subsequent elimination of AcOH, are isolated. The latter, configurationally uniform compounds undergo epoxidation of the C(9)=C(10) bond followed by a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to give, as final products, the 15-membered cyclic epoxyenol lactones of type 20 and 21. The structures of the various products were determined by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The conformations of the 14- and 15-membered rings were established by X-ray structure analyses of 7 and 21a. A reaction mechanism for the above transformations is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 648-652 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [Co2(CO)8]-mediated retro-Diels-Alder reaction of the annelated barrelenes 1 afforded the 1H-indol-2(3H)-one derivatives 3 (Scheme 1), while the hydrobarrelene 4a, under the same conditions, was converted to the anilide 6 (Scheme 2); 4b remained unaffected. The direct irradiation of 1 led to the annelated cyclooctatetraenes 7 (Scheme 3). On irradiation in the presence of excess of [Fe(CO)5], 1a, 1b, and 4a gave the tricarbonyliron complexes 8, 9, and 11, respectively (Schemes 3 and 4); under these conditions, 4b was inert.
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  • 88
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 675-677 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bimorphinans 1 (binaltrorphimine), 3, and 7 have been prepared by treatment of the parent morphinan-6-ones naltrexone (5), naloxone (4), and dihydrocodeinone (6), respectively, with N-methylhydrazine sulfate in AcOH at room temperature. Compound 3 showed opioid antagonist potency and selectivity for K receptors which were somewhat lower in comparison to 1.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of a Biotinylated Probe with an Extended Cleavable Arm for Angiotensin II Receptors PurificationWe have synthesized a new biotinylated probe for angiotensin II receptors studies: biotinyl-NH(CH2)2—SS—(CH2)2—CO-Gly-∊ Ahx-[Ala1, Phe(4N3)8]angiotensin II (5). This molecule can be photoactivated through an arylazido group. 1H-NMR studies suggest that it adopts an extended conformation which should allow a simultaneous recognition of both streptavidin and hormone receptor. It has a good affinity for receptors (Kd = 1 nM) and hence is a promising tool in their detection (autoradiography, gold-, ferritin-, enzyme-, or fluorescent streptavidin derivatives) and separation (cell sorting, affinity chromatography). It can be monoiodinated (°6) at its tyrosine residue without a significant loss of affinity. Its extended cleavable arm allows an easy recovery of the ‘probe-receptor’ complex from streptavidin. An HPLC monitoring of the synthesis is described, particularly of the segment coupling 1 + 2 in presence of (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP). This method can be used as well for synthesis of the D-Phe8 derivative that has antagonist properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 725-730 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 3-methoxy-1 1-oxaestrone (13) has been synthetized from estrone (3) following an approach that involves the ring-C fragmentation of the estrogenic skeleton by dye-sensitized photo-oxygenation of the properly C(17)-protected 9,11-didehydroestrone derivative 6 as the key step. The C(13)-side-chain degradation of the 9-oxo-9,11-seco-aldehyde 7 followed by reduction to the 9β, 12-diol 10 and further cyclization yields the 11-oxaestrogenic skeleton. By this procedure, 13 is obtained in 9 steps from 3 with a non-optimized overall yield of ca. 15%.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dye-sensitized photo-oxygenation of 3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10), 9(11)-tetraen-17-one (8) gives a complex mixture from which only the 1,4-endo-peroxide 10 can be isolated in low yield. In contrast, the 3-methoxy derivative 9 yields the C-seco-aldehyde 11 as a major product, suggesting that 1,2-dioxetane is a primary photo-oxygenation intermediate. As the electron-donating character of the substituent at C(3) decreases in the sequence 12 (R = PhCO), 13 (R = Ac), and 14 (R = Ts), the rate constant in substrate disappearance becomes drastically smaller as compared with 8 and 9, and no photoproducts are detected. The results are rationalized by means of electronic and conformational factors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantiospecific Synthesis of (+)-(2R)- and (-)-(2S)-6-Ethyl-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic AcidThe two enantiomers (-)-(2S)- and (+)-(2R)-6-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid ((S)- and (R)-7) have been synthesized from (+)-(3S) and (-)-(3R)-3-hydroxybutanoates, respectively (Scheme 1). By reduction and decarboxylation, the tetrahydro-2H-pyranols (2R, 4R, 6S)- and (2S, 4S, 6R)-13, respectively, were obtained with an enantiomeric excess of ≥ 93%.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 738-743 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first representative of the 8-substituted 4-thiolumazine series has been synthesized. In a sequence of reactions, 4,6-dichloropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one (1) is first converted into 4-chloro-6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (6), then the Cl-atom displaced by the thioxo group (→7) followed by a coupling reaction with 4-chlorophenyldiazonium chloride to introduce the necessary N-function into the 5-position (→ 9; Scheme 1). Reduction of the p-chlorophenylazo group leads to the 6-(methlyamino)-4-thiouracil-5-amine (10) which on condensation with diacetyl gives 6,7,8-trimethyl-4-thiolumazine (8). The physical properties of 8 are compared with the 2-thio analog and 6,7,8-trimethyllumazine indicating that 8 possesses the highest acidity and the longest UV absorption.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 94
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 774-783 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Incorporation of 14C-labelled acetate and amino acids as well as of [1-13C]-, [2-13C]-, and [1,2-13C2] acetate, L-[methyl13C] methionine, [2,3-13C2] succinate, and L-[2,3-13C2] aspartate into spirostaphylotrichin A (1) by Staphylotrichum coccosporum demonstrates that the building blocks of 1 are 5 units of acetate/malonate, 1 unit of methionine, and a C4-dicarboxylic acid. The latter is most likely aspartate and derived from the citric-acid cycle. Using [2-13C, 2-2H3] acetate as a precursor, the starter unit of the polyketide chain was identified.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 784-792 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isolation and structure elucidation of the new spirostaphylotrichins B (2), C and D (3/4), F (5), Q (6), and R (7) are described. Compounds 2 and 3 are artefacts formed during the isolation of the metabolites from the cultures. The absolute configuration of spirostaphylotrichin A (1) has been determined by CD spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 72 (1989), S. 800-805 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of diazotization of 2-aminothiazole was measured in 65 to 75% (w/w) aqueous H2SO4. The kinetic solvent isotope effect of the diazotization in 72% D2SO4/D2O was determined (kH/kD = 5.8 ± 0.2). These data are consistent with a mechanism in which the 2-aminothiazole, protonated at the ring N-atom, but not at the NH2 group, is attacked by the NO+ ion. The reaction does not go to completion, but to an equilibrium. The equilibrium concentration of the diazonium ion was determined in 30,50,70, and 90% (w/w) H2SO4 at three initial concentration of reagents (0.001,0.01, and 0.1m). The final concentrations of the reagents and the diazonium ion are consistent with a reversible process. This is the first diazotization for which quantitative evidence for equilibration has been found. In the very large range of acidities used (Ho = -1.73 to -9.01), it was not possible to calculate meaningful equilibrium constants that are independent of the acidity.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Structure-Activity Relationships of Odorants with a Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane SystemThe synthesis of the olfactory interesting homonojigikualcohol 2 and of its epimer 10 leads to the keto alcohols 6a, b and 7a, b as intermediates. The latter have OH and C=O groups (an AH/B system) fixed at the rigid bicyclic nucleus at different distances (2.8 and 4.7 Å) and confirm Ohloff's rule for odoriferous properties which is based on this distance.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solubility of open-chain peptide derivatives (12 examples) in non-polar, ether-type organic solvents may be greatly increased by addition of salts (LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiBF4, LiClO4, NaI, MgBr2 CaBr2, ZnCl2) or of titanates (Ti(OEt)4, Ti(OCHMe2)4). Examples are reported (Tables 2-6) in which this solubilizing effect leads to peptide concentrations more than one-hundred-fold those in the absence of salt (cf, Boc—Ala—Gly—Gly—Gly—OH in THF from 2g·1-1 to ≥ 300 g·1-1 with 6 equiv. of LiCl), 1H-NMR Spectra of one of these solutions are reported (Fig. 1). There are no indications for epimerizations of stereogenic centres on the peptide backbone. Possible applications of these solutions in peptide chemistry are discussed.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The transition-metal-carbonyl-induced cyclodimerization of 5,6-dimethylidene-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene is strongly affected by substitution at C(1) While 5,6-dimethylidene-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-l-methanol (7) refused to undergo [4 + 2]-cyclodimerization in the presence of [Fe2(CO)9] in MeOH, 1-(dimethoxymethyl)-5,6-di-methylidene-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (8) led to the formation of a 1.7:1 mixture of ‘trans’ (19, 21, 22) vs. ‘cis’ (20, 23, 24) products of cyclodimerization together with tricarbonyl[C, 5,6, C-η-(l-(dimethoxymethyl)-5,6-di-methylidenecyclohexa-1,3-diene)]iron (25) and tricarbonyl[C,3,4, C-η-(methyl 5-(dimethoxymethyl)-3,4-di-methylidenecyclohexa-1,5-diene-l-carboxylate)]iron (26). The structures of products 19 and of its exo (21) and endo (22) [Fe(CO)3(1,3-diene)]complexes) and 20 (and of its exo (23) and endo (24) (Fe(CO)3(1,3-diene)complexes) were confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies of crystalline (1RS, 2SR, 3RS, 4RS, 4aRS, 9aSR)-tricarbonyl[C, 2,3, C-η-(1,4-epoxy-1,5-bis(dimethoxymethyl])-2,3-dimethylidene-1,2,3,4,4a,9,9a,10-octahydroanthracene)iron (21). In the latter, the Fe(CO)3(1,3-diene) moiety deviates significantly from the usual local Cs symmetry. Complex 21 corresponds to a ‘frozen equilibrium’ of rotamers with η-alkyl, η3-allyl bonding mode due to the acetal unit at the bridgehead centre C(1).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of chiral 12-phenyi(2H)dodecanoic acids as metabolic probes for the evaluation of the stereo-chemical course of the biosynthesis of 1-alkerses from fatty acids in plants and insects is described. The diastereoisomeric (2R, 3R)- or (2S, 3S)-12-phenyl(2,3-2H2)dodecanoic acids 11 are obtained in high chemical and optical yield (〉97% e.e.) from the readily available (E)-12-phenyl(2,3-2H2)dodec-2-enoic acid (10) or (E)-12-phenyldodec-2-enoic acid (10a) by microbial reduction with wet packed cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in either 2H2O or H2O buffer. (2R)- and (2S)-12-phenyl(2-2H)dodecanoic acids 9 (〉97% e.e.) are accessible from the allylic alcohol 6 via Sharpless epoxidation with (+)-L- or (-)-D-diethyl tartrate, Synthetic routes to the (E)- and (Z)-11-phenyl(1-2H) undec-1-enes 16 and 16a as reference compounds are also included.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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