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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental results from a plate-column wet scrubber with gas-atomized sprayPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot wet scrubber was examined experimentally. It is constructed like a plate column. Its plates are designed to set the gas into a whirling motion with tangential velocities of up to 25 m/s and to ensure a uniform distribution of the liquid throughout the gas flow. Particles suspended in the waste gas are collected by gas-atomized droplets to yield cut diameters between one and two microns. Energy consumption is lower than in the case of other scrubbers. The scrubbing mechanisms are analyzed by examining the measured pressure drops. Finally, methods of determining the collection efficiency are discussed and an empirical approach to its calculation is presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between residence time, fluid dynamics and efficiency in countercurrent flow equipmentPaper presented at AIChE Annual Meeting 1986, Miami Beach, Florida, USA (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The suitability of any item of equipment for a given thermal separation process cannot always be judged solely in the light of efficient and loading range data. In vacuum rectification, involving a large number of theoretical stages, the vapour pressure drop per transfer unit exerts a considerable effect on the energy consumption and thus largely governs the choice of column fittings. Furthermore, the pressure drop per transfer unit determines the temperature at the bottom of a rectification column and, hence, the suitability of the equipment for the separation of heat-sensitive products. It is also an important criterion for compressor requirements in absorption processes. Another factor of considerable importance in separating heat-sensitive mixtures by distillation is the time during which the product, particularly the liquid phase, is exposed to a given temperature in the column. Therefore, a standardized liquid residence time has been adopted to evaluate the systems in their entirely. This residence time depends on the hydrodynamic conditions in the column and is thus closely related to pressure drop and efficiency. Further important factors, which may decide the selection of column internals, are the specific volume and mass of the column. Based on theoretical considerations, a flow model is derived for describing the main loading range of countercurrent packed columns; the relationships between the above mentioned parameters are presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110119
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of SO2 by aqueous NaOH solutions in the presence of a surfactant (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 156-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A report is presented on the influence of liquid flow rate, NaOH concentration, column length and presence of 5 × 10-3 wt-% of the surfactant SLS on the rate of absorption of pure SO2 by aqueous NaOH solution in a sphere-and-cylinder column. The presence of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) prevented axial turbulence which increased mass transfer in longer columns and was almost independent of the flow rate. The enhancement factor due to the reaction between SO2 and NaOH with respect to the process of physical absorption was analyzed for the systems with excess OH- in the outflow. The results obtained in the presence of a surfactant are satisfactorily explained by film theory with a single reaction plane model. Those obtained in the absence of surfactant are best described by a two-plane model using renewal theory.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110121
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of temperature fields in mixing vessels using optical topographyPaper presented by W. Ostendorf at the “Jahrsterffen der Verfahrens- Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 148-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental investigation of stirring processes require the measurement of temperature changes and concentration profiles in all the zones of the mixing volume. The conversion of simultaneous chemical reactions during the mixing process depends on the local temperature and concentration. The time-dependent temperature and concentration fields can be recorded for the entire mixing volume with the use of optical tomography and correlated with time. This technique offers the possibility of continuous measurement of temperature and concentration changes during the mixing process throughout the measurement volume. In the described investigations, optical tomography is used to examine the transport and equalization processes during mixing in stirred vessels.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110120
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer between particle beds and submerged surfacesPaper presented by O. Molerus at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenierue”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 126-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical modelling of heat transfer to particle beds comprises two sequential steps: transfer from the heating surface to contacting particles followed by transfer to the interior of the bed. Two different limiting case can be formulated for the second step: unmixed and homogeneously mixed bed. In the case, heat is transferred gradually via a repeated sequence of heat transfer in the gap between adjacent particles and conduction in the particulate material. In the second case, heat is transferred to the interior of the bed by mixing of particles which have previously attained the temperature of the heating surface. On the other hand, the mixing motion maintains a homogeneous lower temperature throughout the bed. Theory predicts a significant and easily measurable difference in the behaviour of heat transfer coefficients for the two regimes at long contact times t: unmixed beds ∝ \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sqrt t $$\end{document} and homogeneously mixed beds ∝ 1/t. For short times t, both regimes show the same behaviour, namely of t.From a theoretical standpoint, it makes sense to differentiate further between the behaviour patterns of unmixed beds: at long times t, instantaneous heat transfer coefficients are independent of heat transfer form the heating surface to adjacent particles. Comparison with experimental result from literature shows that the derived models, which are consistent, are suitable for describing the heat transfer from submerged surfaces to unmixed and mixed beds of particles.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of energy dissipation in contacting and mixing devicesPresented in memory of Professor Otto Nagel, at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 276-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The aim of the present paper is the discussion of the relevance of power dissipation as a criterion for the understanding and prediction of transfer and mixing efficiencies in contactors and chemical reactors. After reviewing the approach of Le Goff to the energetic efficiency of exchangers, based on the deviations from Chilton-Colburn analogy, the following processes are studied: mass transfer between a flowing fluid and a reactive solid surface, transfer to a fixed object in a stirred vessel, macro- and micromixing of miscible fluids, and mass transfer in fluid-fluid contractors (especially gas-liquid reactors). It is concluded from the various examples that a direct relationship between the dissipated power and intensity of transfer or mixing can be established only under the two following conditions: local values must be considered at the point where the actual transfer and mixing occur, and not average values over the whole device, and power dissipation must be coupled to transfer or mixing and appear physically as the driving force of the process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110137
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new regenerable process for the recovery of SO2Dedicated to Professor Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 402-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Increasing demand for regenerable processes with SO2 recovery is to be expected. Advantages and limitations of the earlier developed citrate and adipate absorption/ steam stripping process are compared with those of the Wellman-Lord (sulphite) process. On the basis of comprehensive laboratory studies, a new process is proposed which supplements the citrate and adipate process. In this new process, the absorbent is a concentrated sodium phosphate buffer and the loaded buffer is regenerated by evaporation. The main buffer component is Na2HPO4, but NaH2PO4 is added in order to obtain a more complete stripping of SO2 during regeneration. The new process promises excellent absorption properties for SO2 with extremely low oxidation losses, regeneration with few incrustation problems and appreciable energy savings.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110152
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axial pressure profile in circulating fluidized beds (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Design and operation of a circulating fluidized bed requires the knowledge of fluid mechanics. According to heat and mass transfer as well as chemical reactions, the effect of the set superficial gas velocity on the axial pressure profile is of particular interest. The axial pressure profile was measured for a variety of solids, as a function of the superficial gas velocity, in a cylindrical circulating fluidized bed with an inner diameter of 0.19 m and an overall height of 11.5 m. Depending on the solids content and superficial gas velocity, two or one sections can be observed in the plant where the pressure gradient is constant. A pressure profile with one pressure gradient exists only at high gas velocities, so long as the acceleration pressure drop immediately above the gas distributor is negligible. Comparison of measured pressure drops in circulating fluidized beds with those measured in vertical pneumatic conveying led to a state diagram for vertical gas-solid flows. The operation behaviour of different types of circulating fluidized bed plants can be explained with the aid of this diagram.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110103
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Engineering aspects and applications of crossflow microfiltration (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crossflow microfiltration (CMF) is a pressure driven membrane process for the separation of suspended microparticles, bacteria and emulsion droplets. The fluid to be filtered flows in parallel to the membrane surface and restricts the formation of a filter cake. This contribution explains the basic process characteristics and the combination of the crossflow technique with other membrane cleaning methods (periodic backflushing, chemical cleaning). Special attention is paid to the influence of different process parameters on the flux through the membrane. The principle of plant design and different operation modes are described. Engineering aspects such as hydrodynamics, energy requirement and selection of construction materials are discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110104
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer contributions of solid particles to gas permeation in viscous laminar tube flow (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: While two- and multiphase flows find more and more application in chemical engineering practice, and the demand for theoretical information about mass and heat transfer processes in such systems is increasing, such data or at least experimental results which could be generalized are still lacking. The following pages are concerned with mass transfer in laminar suspension tube flows normal to the main direction of flow due to the individual motions of small, inert spherical particles. On the basis of a large number of experimental data, an interpretation is attempted of the role of nearly neutrally-buoyant particles in mass transfer enhancement, and a model for a semi-empirical description is suggested. The experimental arrangement uses the mass transfer of carbon dioxide in laminar flow of salt water during the process of gas permeation through a permeable membrane tube wall.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110105
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial areas and gas hold-ups at elevated pressures in a mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactor (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial areas and gas hold-ups were determined at pressures of up to 1.7 MPa in a glass vessel, 88 mm in diameter and of standard geometry. Superficial gas velocities between 0.25 and 2.0 cm/s were used and the stirring speed varied between 4 and 30 rps. The interfacial areas were determined by the chemical method, using the model reaction between CO2 and aqueous diethanolamine (DEA). Hold-ups were determined by observation of differences in height. In contrast to literature indications, the gas hold-up was found to be independent of reactor pressure. This is also true for the interfacial area.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110102
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ethane addition on propane pyrolysis (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis of propane/argon mixture in the presence of trace quantities (0.1% and 0.9%) of ethane was investigated at reflected shock wave temperatures between 1200 and 2000K. Traces of ethane accelerated propane decomposition at high temperature. However, increase in the quantity of ethane added to propane/argon mixture did not result in the same increase of its accelerating influence. Ethylene, methane and acetylene were the main hydrocarbon reaction products, with small quantities of propylene and ethane detected only at lower temperatures. Below 1500K, addition of ethane slightly enhanced the yields of ethylene and methane at the expense of propylene and ethane respectively. The selectivity for acetylene increased with increasing temperature and with the decline of those for the other products. For none of the products, did the presence of ethane alter the relationship between product formation rates and temperature. The influence of ethane addition on propane pyrolysis at high temperatures was explained in terms of increased radical concentrations, especially hydrogen atoms and vinyl radicals, formed at high conversions. These accounted for the rapid acceleration of propane decomposition and the high yield of acetylene at high temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110132
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer in centrifugal extractorsPaper presented by F. Otillinger at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 312-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the methods of measuring the mass transfer in centrifugal extractors and of determining it during the individual life stages of a fluid element of the dispersed liquid, i.e. drop formation, motion, coalescence and stay in the stationary layer of the dispersed phase. The experimental mass transfer coefficients of the dispersed and continuous phases are compared with well-known theoretical models developed for extraction columns in gravitational field. Due to the fast motion and coalescence of the fluid particles at high centrifugal field intensities, mass transfer in centrifugal extractors takes place during short contact times. Nevertheless, this contribution shows that mass transfer in a centrifugal field can be calculated with selected theoretical models of the gravitational field. The investigations on mass transfer are completed by a classification of the strongly deformed fluid particles in centrifugal field into regimes of circulating and oscillating drops. In addition, data on the performance of centrifugal extractors, undergoing several exchange steps, are given.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110141
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic investigation of methacrylic acid synthesis on hetropoly-compoundsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the ocassion of his 65th bithday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 392-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of heterogeneously catalyzed methacrylic acid synthesis from isobutyric acid has been investigated. Initial catalyst screening pointed to 10-molybdo-2-vanado-phosphoric acid and its Cs-salts as the most promising catalysts. A model describing the reaction behaviour of all the different hetropoly-compounds used in this work was developed. A relationship was found between model parameters and composition of different catalysts. First insight was gained into the catalyst deactivation phenomena. Deactivation appears to be caused mainly by loss of molybdenum with simultaneous collapse of the Keggin structure.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110151
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new appraisal of mass transfer processes in zeolites by transient methodsDedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 432-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Transient diffusion of inert gases into Zeolon 900 H, a zeolite of the mordenite type, was studied by the chromatographic method. Experiments were performed with argon and helium either as tracer or as carrier gas. The diffusion of argon was also studied in a carrier gas containing methanol at a low temperature (75°C, no reaction) and at higher temperatures (up to 130°C) when some dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether takes place. The adsorption isotherm of argon is linear. In the absence of methanol, its penetration into microcrystals of zeolite is equally well represented either by an effective diffusion coefficient D′μ = 7.4 × 10-8exp(-2873/T)m2s-1 or by a mass transfer coefficient at the crystallite surface keμ = 1.9 × 10-4 exp(-1324/T) ms-1. A small amount of methanol in the carrier gas considerably slows down the transfer of argon (by a factor of 40 for D′μ and 550 for keμ) showing the “blocking” effect of adsorbed methanol. In addition, transient adsorption can no longer be accounted for by a single transfer time. The size distribution of microcrystals, determined from Scanning Electron Microscope photographs leads to a Transfer Time Distribution which account well for experimental breakthrough curves without any parameter fitting. This interpretation is supported by experiments under reaction conditions where transport of argon within crystallites increases faster with temperature than in the absence of reaction due to the transformation of methanol into dimethyl ether, which is less adsorbed and thus provides lesser hindrance to argon diffusion.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110155
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chlorine on the selectivity of a fischer-tropsch catalyst composed of iron/vanadium oxidesDedicated to Professor Dr. Karl Schügerl on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 32-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fischer-Tropsch catalysts (Fe/V oxides with ZnO and K2CO3 as promoters) were exposed to CHCl3, thereby producing surface and bulk chlorides. The effect of this exposure on activity and selectivity was studied in a continuous recycle reactor at a total pressure of 10 bar (CO/H2 in most experiments: ca 1:1) in a temperature range between 200 and 343°C. CHCl3 was introduced in amounts of up to 1 × 10-2 mol chlorine per g catalyst. The catalyst samples were characterized by internal surface area, pore-size distribution and adsorption capacities for CO, H2 and C2H4. Prior to synthesis, the catalysts were reduced by H2. Catalyst exposure to CHCl3 resulted in a decrease of activity and considerable changes in product distribution. Hydrogenation and isomerization of 1-olefins were partly suppressed; the chain length of the products was slightly increased. Deactivation of the catalysts due to chlorine addition was partly reversible during operation, while olefin formation was not significantly altered with time-on-stream. The effect of chlorine on activity and selectivity is explained by dissociation of CO as the chain initiating step and CO insertion into a carbon/metal bond as a possible chain propagation step. Since adsorption capacity for H2 decreases on the addition of chlorine, this may also contribute to lower activity and change in selectivity, compared to the unexposed catalyst.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110106
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of enzyme inhibition on the performance of packed-bed biological reactor - a theoretical study (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance characteristic of a packed bed reactor has been analyzed by considering diffusional resistance of the biofilm. Model equations were solved by the method of orthogonal collocation for various classical enzyme inhibition kinetics, including partially non-competitive, partially competitive, partially uncompetitive, partially mixed and fully mixed. For all considered modes of inhibition, an increase in the inlet substrate concentration decreases the steady state conversion in the reactor. However, an increase in the Peclet number has been found to improve the conversion. The effects of various other process variables of physical importance were also investigated parametrically.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110108
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Derivation, selection, evaluation and use of asymptotes (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Asymptotes are known to be useful, but their potential in interpreting and correlating chemical and physical behaviour is seldom exploited fully. The derivation and selection of asymptotes for particular as well as limiting cases is described. The evaluation of the range of validity and applicability, if any, of asymptotes is also considered. Asymptotes are shown to be uniquely useful in the identification of groupings of variables which minimize parameteric variations, as upper and lower bounds, as trial functions in the method of weighted residuals, and most especially as components of correlating equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110110
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A robust pole-placement self-tuning controller for chemical process control: Theoretical studies and simulation (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A single variable pole-placement self-tuning controller (PPSTC) is used to simulate examples typical of chemical processes; i.e., open-loop stable, unstable, and unstable non-minimum phase systems with unknown varying process dead time. The PPSTC is shown to be effective in each case. Set-point tracking and rejection of randomly occurring deterministic disturbances for all three types of processes are achieved. Simultaneous estimation of process parameters and process time delay is realized by using a recursive extended least squares method.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110109
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    The influence of stress and attrition on crystal size distributionPaper presented at the Annual Meeting of German Chemical Engineers 1986, September 17 to 19, in Strasbourg.Dedicated to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Lacmann on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 40-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An important parameter influencing the crystal size distribution in mass crystallization from solution is the mechanical stress exerted on crystals in the crystallizer. This contribution presents the study of the influence of mechanical stress and attrition of the system potassium nitrate-water in an FC-crystallizer and in various draft-tube crystallizers, fitted with different types of impellers. The intensity of stress is a newly defined variable which is used to describe the level of stress in crystallizers. The reduction of crystal size by attrition is described by the linear attrition rate. The influence of impeller design and crystal hold-up on crystal size distribution and scale-up rules is discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110107
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attrition and secondary nucleation in crystallizers (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 80-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mean crystal size of coarse crystalline products is determined by secondary nucleation and crystal growth. Secondary unclei are mainly produced by contacts of crystals with parts of the crystallizer or with other crystals. As a consequence, attrition effects are very important. In this paper, a model is proposed in order to calculate the attrition rate of crystals, depending on the physical properties of the crystalline product, the geometry of the crystallizer and on the operating conditions such as the stirrer speed or the suspension density. The effective rate of secondary nucleation can be expressed in terms of the attrition rate by introducing effective values for number and size of attrition particles. Finally, a scale-up criterion based on this model is derived. This criterion allows to predict effective rates of secondary nucleation and mean crystal sizes if data obtained in a laboratory crystallizer are available.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110112
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  • 23
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    Theoretical and experimental study of sedimentation in vertical flow tanks (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Settling characteristics of four different suspensions were measured by batch settling tests (glass spheres in glycerol-water mixtures and CaCO3) and by continuous settling test in a bench-scale vertical flow tank (activated sludge and kaolin in water), including the measurement of solids concentrations inside the tank. The characteristics could be described by different correlation functions which now include all the information about the settling behaviour of ideal suspensions. Continuous settling experiments in a bench-scale vertical flow tank were carried out with the same four material systems. These results correspond with sufficient accuracy to those from the theory of limiting flux if the settling characteristics determined earlier are considered.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110114
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  • 24
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    Thermal deactivation of heterogeneous catalyst, part 1. The theta-rule - a critical review (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermal deactivation can be described either by deactivation kinetics or by the isokinetic effect. The latter expression is used synonymously with the “compensation effect” and the “Theta-Rule”. An examination of the original literature shows that only the compensation effect is applicable to thermal deactivation but not the Theta-Rule. The introduction of the preparation temperature as a parameter of the compensation effect results in a “modified Theta-Rule”, which describes the experimental data and is proposed for the non-separable kinetics. The consequence of the observed deviations from the validity range of the Theta-Rule is that the activation energy cannot be used as a universal activity criterion.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110116
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    The stability of crude oil residues and factors affecting their decomposition during mild thermal treatment (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A number of topped crude oil residues were subjected to mild thermal cracking in the temperature range between 613 and 673K at N2 pressure of one atmosphere. It was found that the thermal stability of the six topped crude oils decreased in the order Brent 〈 Piper 〈 Auk 〈 Saudi Arabian 〈 Romashkinskaya 〈 Tia Juana Pesado. This was measured in terms of light end production (C1-C5 hydrocarbons). The asphaltene, sulphur and metal (nickel and vanadium) contents were also determined. The production of light ends, exemplified by methane, was found to be related to the metal asphaltene content of the crude oils, but the sulphur content exerted a moderating influence upon the extent of cracking. Hence, metal asphaltenes, probably as metal porphyrins, catalyse cracking but the presence of sulphur reduces that catalytic activity and can inhibit cracking. If cracking of long chain hydrocarbons is to be minimized, metal asphaltenes should be removed (preferably) or reduced in concentration or poisoned, in order to decrease their catalytic activity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110113
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  • 26
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    Kinetic analysis of the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde in liquid phase (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 120-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of non-catalytic as well as catalytic oxidation of Isobutyraldehyde has been investigated. Reaction rate equations for the formation of the main product isobutyric acid and of the side products acetone, CO and CO2 were derived. Kinetic parameters, namely the order of reaction, preexponential factor and activation energy were estimated by non-linear regression. The influence of selectivity and activity of the different type of catalysts employed was investigated quantitatively.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110117
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  • 27
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    Thermal deactivation of heterogeneous catalysts. Part 2: The compensation effect and the Catalytic Paradox (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 228-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The interpretation of the term “compensation” obscures a logical contradiction, the catalytic paradox, which is caused by inconsistent validity ranges of the Arrhenius parameters, the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy. For this reason, a theory which contains the Arrhenius parameters cannot be established for the entire system (whole temperature range) on the basis of classical logic. Only the subsystems can be consistent and complete. One subsystem is the range of the topocatalytic concept which is relevant for thermal deactivation, thermal bistability and for all reactions with surface dependence of activity. The other is the range of the energetic concept which is preferred in fundamental research. In order to complete the subsystems, new consistent symbols are introduced. The change of particle size caused by thermal deactivation can result in four possible particle size effects, two of which have been discussed in the literature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110130
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  • 28
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    Thermal radiation of gas/solid mixturesPaper presented by Th. Elsner at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 237-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermal radiation of gas/solid mixtures in high-temperature heat exchangers is of considerable importance for the design of heat exchange surfaces. Therefore, an experimental plant was constructed to measure solid particle emissivities, since there is a lack of relevant data in the existing literature. A theoretical equation was derived to describe the solid particle emissivity as a function of layer thickness, specific solid surface area, solid loading and absorption and scatter coefficients. Measurements were carried out for fluidized bed ash and quartz sand. The emissivities of these particle fractions increase with increasing layer thickness, slid loading, specific solid surface area and temperature. The description of these data by the derived model equation is very satisfactory. No dependence on wavelength was observed. The ash components do exert some influence which, for the present, cannot be described exactly.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110131
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  • 29
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    Application of modern packings in thermal separation processesPaper presented by R. Villet at ACHEMA ′85. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 213-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A report is presented on the performance of modern dumped and structured packings for application in the field of thermal separation processes. The evaluation of the results is based on extensive experimental investigations of rectification, absorption, and desorption systems. The following are indicated: the efficiency in terms of the number of theoretical stages per unit height or in terms of the height of transfer unit or volumetric mass transfer coefficient, the pressure drop per unit height as well as per theoretical stage or per gas phase transfer unit, and the liquid hold-up, whereby either the gas capacity factor or the liquid load was adopted as influencing parameter, and finally the maximum gas capacity factor as a function of the flow parameter. The results are presented in diagrams and tables.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110129
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  • 30
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    Volumetric mass transfer coefficient in stirred reactors (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the volumetric mass transfer coefficients, presented recently by Schmitz et al. [1] for viscous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in aqueous sodium sulphite, are considerably underestimated as a result of unjustified neglect of the oxygen back pressure during oxygen absorption. Schmitz et. al. [1] found a decrease in the exponent n in the relationship between the oxygen mass transfer coefficient, kla, and the power dissipated per unit volume of the liquid phase, e (kla ∝ en), and ascribed it to viscosity effects. However, no such decrease is observed, provided that the actual oxygen back pressure is taken into account.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110133
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  • 31
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    Effect of combustion air preheating on NOx emissions from gas burners in high-temperature industrial applicationsPresented by M. Flamme at the “Jahrestreffen der verfahrens-ingenieure”, strasbourg, september 17 to 19, 1986. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 104-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NOx emissions from different commercial gas burners for metal heat treatment applications were measured for a research project of the Gaswärme-Institut. The burners, rated at up to 50 kW, were installed for the tests in a laboratory combustion chamber operated at temperatures of up to 1400°C. The air for combustion was preheated to maximum temperature of 600°C. Following the tests, the potentials of different NOx control techniques were investigated. Methods explored included staged combustion air injection, staged fuel injection and fuel gas injection into the flue for NOx reduction. The results showed that it is feasible to reduce the NOx content of flue gases by as much as 90%.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110115
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  • 32
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    A new fluid dynamic model for mixing of newtonian and power-law liquids in the transient regimeModified version of a paper presented at the “GVC Working Party on Mixing”, Trier, 4./5. May 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 162-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the description of mixing processes influenced by viscosity in pseudoplastic (power-law) fluids, a definition of representative viscosity is normally used which takes into account the variable flow behaviour of the stirred material as a result of different shear stresses. In this context, the Metzner and Otto concept, which postulates that a representative shear rate is proportional to stirring speed, has become widely know, although the power calculation is inaccurate, particularly in the transient regime between the laminar and turbulent flow. A new model of fluid dynamics in the mixing vessel is presented, based on the increase of the mean flow velocity standardized with the stirrer's tip velocity in the transition regime. It provides a physical explanation for the above deviations. A suitable definition of representative viscosity substantially improves the accuracy of calculations of the stirring power in power-law fluids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110122
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    Scale-up of bioreactors for fermentation of mammalian cell cultures with special reference to oxygen supply and microcarrier mixingPaper presentet by J. Vorlop at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensingenieure”, September 17 to 19, 1986 in Strasbourg (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing demand for products from mammalian cells has prompted the authors to develop a new type of bioreactor. Its significant features include the supply of oxygen, homogeneous distribution of microcarrier suspensions and process control. Media with high protein contents, required for mammalian cell cultures tend to generate foam. This causes the flotation of solid particles. The reactor was equipped with a system of porous hydrophobic Accurel hollow fibre membranes in order to prevent the formation of bubbles. The membrane is coiled in the form of a basket, or fixed on several carriers. If the liquid pressure is higher than that of the gas phase inside the membrane, a bubble - free oxygen supply to the culture broth can be achieved. The problem of axial mixing of microcarier suspensions was solved by the use of a spiral agitator, attached underneath the aeration system at the bottom of the reactor. The combined aeration and mixing system, which is driven by an eccentric motor, undergoes a tumbling motion. Sufficiently homogeneous suspensions are produced in this system at low membrane velocities, i.e. in presence of low shear forces.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110123
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  • 34
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    Organosolv delignification of southern pine - an alternative pulping process (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aqueous ethylenediamine-ethanol-anthraquinone (EDA-EtOH-AQ) pulping of Southern Yellow Pine was studied for lignin removal and pulp yield. Temperature, time and ethylenediamine concentration in the solvent solution were studied and equations for lignin content and lignin-free yield were developed. Lignin content is decreased by an increase of temperature, time or EDA concentration. Lignin-free yield of pulp decreased with an increase in temperature or time, but increased with increasing EDA concentration. Overall, the solvent is selective, that is, large quantities of lignin are removed while the retention of cellulose remains high.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110126
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  • 35
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    Influence of mechanical stress on the growth of Rhizopus nigricans in stirred bioreactorsPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensigenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 178-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken in order to examine the factors affecting mechanical damage to micro-organisms in stirred bioreactors. Growth of the mould Rhizopus nigricans was studied in stirred bioreactors at different geometrical and operating parameters. Since experimental results cannot be described by conventional key parameters, a new concept has been suggested. It is based on the analogy to processes of mechanical disintegration. It is shown that the same key parameter, i.e. the ratio of power input to flow rate, can be used for a satisfactory correlation of experimental data on mechanical damage to micro-organisms, which is an important step in the recovery of intracellular products in biotechnology.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110124
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  • 36
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    Consistent scale-up procedure for the power consumption in agitated non-newtonian fluids (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown how a consistent scale-up rule for the power consumption in agitated non-Newtonian liquids can be obtained. The new approach is based on the concept of including the real liquid in a set of liquids with similar rheological properties and of using, in a small scale laboratory system, a suitable member of that set instead of the original liquid. Considerations of similarity lead to simple unique selection rules for the actual test liquid and for the stirrer speed in the laboratory experiment as well as to a prediction of the power requirement in the real system. The theory is tested experimentally by means of different aqueous polyacrylamide solutions. The results are compared with predictions, according to Metzner and Otto as well as Rieger and Novák.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110127
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  • 37
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    Bubble column research in Japan (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many experimental studies on the bubble column have been reported by Japanese researchers since around 1960. They include studies of bubble behaviour, bubble size distribution, transition from the homogeneous bubbly flow regime to the heterogeneous liquid circulation regime, liquid velocity distribution, longitudinal liquid mixing, hydrodynamic modelling, the gas holdup, and the volumetric coefficient of gas-liquid mass tranfer kLa. Studies covered various modified bubble columns, such as the airlift reactor with an external or internal loop, the packed bubble column, and others. Performance of three-phase bubble columns, which deal with suspensions or emulsions, and their use as bioreactors or chemical reactors were also studied.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110128
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  • 38
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    A model-based control system for a distillation columnPaper presented by F. F. Rhiel at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 188-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A control concept which includes an adaptive multivariable control algorithm and an observer model has been put into practice in the operation of a distillation column which separates water from a solvent. The model yields predictions of solvent concentration in the waste water which forms the top product. Early detection of disturbances permits an adjustment of the process in time. This has resulted in an exceptionally smooth operation of the column, with a drastic reduction in solvent concentration fluctuations, observed with conventional control technology. Since the only measurements required are pressure, temperature and the rate of flow, this control system is largely free from disturbances. In addition to considerably reducing the burden on operating personnel, use of this control system has lowered the costs of waste water treatment, solvent losses, analysis expenditure and energy consumption.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110125
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  • 39
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    Parametric sensitivity of the ignition process to mass transfer in adiabatic tubular reactors with exothermic heterogeneous reactions (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The alternative effects of reaction kinetics, mass, heat and momentum transport on mass conversion by chemical reactions are examined theoretically for a reacot tube with laminar flow. The reaction enthalpy is considered. A heterogeneous reaction between several gaseous components takes place at the inner surface of this reactor tube. Strongly exothermic reactions lead to self-acceleration of the reaction, unless reaction enthalpy is removed through the tube wall. Under certain conditions, there will be a sudden change from mass transfer controlled by the reaction to that controlled by diffusion. This phenomenon is known as ignition of the reaction. The effect of ignition and its sensitivity to reaction enthalpy, thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the fluid as well as activation energy of the first order heterogeneous wall reaction are investigated by a numerical solution of the transport equations. Axial conduction of heat and mass is neglected both in the fluid and in the tube wall. Non-stoichiometric wall reactions of first order, with temperature dependent reaction rates and equilibrium constants, are considered. The results are presented in graphical form, as plots of the local mass flux at the reacting wall as functions of the dimensionless tube length.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110134
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    Chemical engineering aspects of precipitation from solutionPaper presented by A. Mersmann at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, Spetember 30 to october 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 264-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Precipitation is a rapid solidification. As a rule, it applies to substances which are sparingly soluble and is coupled with a chemical reaction or with a salting out process. The chemical engineer has to ensure that the product obtained has a constant and preferably coarse size distribution. This contribution compares the literature data on crystallization of soluble and sparingly soluble substances; it can be shown that, during precipitation processes, nuclei are formed, most probably by a primary mechanism. Analysis of the processes occurring during precipitation, such as chemical reaction, mixing and crystallization, leads to recommendations for the operation of precipitation processes.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110136
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  • 41
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    Scale-up of mechanically agitated extraction columnsPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987 (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The deterioration of mass transfer efficiency of an extraction column with increasing column diameter is the result of developing residence time distributions. These effects can be described by one-dimensional dispersion model. However, it must be verified whether the requirements for its application are fulfilled in the different types of agitated extraction columns. For the columns for which the dispersion model can be applied, a relationship will be derived between the necessary increase of column height with column diameter. This is based on the equations for calculation of the dispersion coefficient of the continuous phase. If the dispersion model cannot be applied to given a type of column, an investigation will be made on the possible modifications of operation or changes in construction, in order to permit a scale-up procedures as proposed here.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110135
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  • 42
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    Development of design charts for fixed-bed adsorptionPaper presented by W. Otten at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, Spetember 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of the dynamic behaviour of non-isothermal fixed-bed adsorbers has been developed which takes into account the various mass and heat transfer resistances. Comparison of experimental and simulated results confirms that the model can predict the adsorption and desorption breakthrough curves of an adiabatically operated column, using only equilibrium data and tortuosity factors obtained from single pellet experiments. A simplified model with a reduced number of parameters was derived by investigation of the dimensionless transfer parameters under industrial conditions. It becomes evident that the main transfer mechanisms are convective heat and mass transfer in the bulk flow and diffusion within the pores of the particle. Dimensionless effluent concentration is expresses in terms of dimensionless time, a transport parameter, a non-isothermal parameter, the adsorption equilibrium and the inlet and initial concentrations and temperatures in the simplified model. For a chosen system of adsorbate and adsorbent, design charts can be developed by computer simulation, to determine graphically the breakthrough time as a function of significant process parameters, i.e. the dimensionless transfer parameter and the feed concentration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110138
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    The significance of fly ash in wet-dry scrubbing of SO2 (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 298-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A bench scale flue gas desulphurization spray dry scrubbing unit was employed to study the effect of fly ash on the removal of SO2. The equipment consisted of a spray dryer with and ultrasonic nozzle for atomization and a pulse jet baghouse. The flue gas rate was 1500 lN/h (dry gas). Four fly ashes, originating from different countries were investigated. The alkalinity and reactivity of the fly ashes were determined in a pH-stat equipment. Pure fly ash removed SO2 in both the spray dryer and in the baghouse. An increase of humidity divided the fly ashes into two groups. The high calcium fly ash gave a considerably higher SO2 removal than the medium and low calcium fly ashes which showed similar SO2 removals. Fly ash did not enhance the removal of SO2 when added to a lime slurry because lime suppresses the dissolution of the alkali in the fly ashes. The pressure drop build-up in the fabric filter showed a strong dependence on material properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110139
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    Subcooled boiling heat transfer to R 12 in an annular vertical channel (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 320-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detailed knowledge of the physical phenomena involved in subcooled boiling is of great importance for the design of liquid-cooled heat generating systems with high heat fluxes. Experimental heat transfer data were obtained for forced convective boiling of dichloro-difluoroethane (R 12). The flow is circulated upwards through a concentric annular vertical channel. The inner and outer diameters of the annulus are 0.016 m and 0.03 m respectively. The reduced pressures studied were 0.24 ≤ p/pcrit ≤ 0.8, inlet subcooling varied from 10 to 75 K and mass fluxes from 500 to 3000 kg/m2s, which corresponds to Re numbers from 30000 to 300000. The experiments, described in this study, demonstrate that liquid fluorocarbons show certain unusual boiling characteristics in the subcooled flow, such as hysteresis of the boiling curve. These characteristics are attributed to the properties of the fluid, mainly the Pr number and the very low surface tension. The pronounced boiling curve hysteresis can be explained by the fact that large nucleation sites may have been flooded prior to incipient boiling. A dimensionless regression formula is presented which predicts the onset of subcooled boiling as a function of reduced pressure (p/pcrit), Boiling-(Bo), Reynolds-(Re), and a modified Jacob number (Ja), over the whole range of parameters studied, with a good accuracy, including water data from literature.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110142
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    Mass transfer behaviour of gas-liquid jet loop reactorsPaper presented by M. Geisendörfer at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Horst Langemann on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 306-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A special type of jet loop reactor (JLR), designed for continuous operation and short residence times was investigated with regard to its mass transfer behaviour, described by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa. The jet stream and superficial gas velocities are varied in two JLRs of different sizes, equipped with different nozzles. Fully desalinated water, 0.08 molar NaCI solution and solutions of different concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are used as the liquid phase. A steady-state physical method is employed to determine kLa: air oxygen is purged from the liquid phase by gaseous nitrogen. The measurements show that the reactor is characterized by high power density and high mass transfer performance. No limit of mass transfer capacity was observed in the chosen ranges of volumetric gas and liquid flow rates, i.e. at a given jet stream velocity, the relationship between kLa and the superficial gas velocity is nearly linear. The investigations show that the mass transfer contributed by the jet stream largely depends on liquid phase composition.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110140
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    Characteristics of solid suspensions in a bubble column without and with draft tubePaper presented by J. Heck at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to investigate the suspension behaviour of solid particles in bubble columns without and with draft tube, minimum gas velocities for generating and maintaining complete solid suspension were determined. Experiments were carried out in a bubble column with a diameter of 200 mm and a height of 2 500 mm. The bubble column could be equipped with a draft tube with a diameter of 120 mm and a length of 1 500 mm. The state of suspension was determined by measuring the hydrostatic pressure as a result of suspended solid particles with an inductive pressure gauge. Solid content εs, solid density ϱs, particle size dp, particle shape, particle size distribution, and solid wettability were varied. Furthermore measurements of integral gas holdup were carried out.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110144
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  • 47
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    Modelling of multiphase detonations with drop disintegration - description of thermal detonations (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is presented which consists of steady-state and transient codes for the description of reacting multiphase flow fields, including hydrodynamic fragmentation of liquid drops in relative flows. An application of this model for the description of large scale melt-coolant interactions (thermal detonations) is described. A simulation of two-phase chemical detonations, especially those with hydrodynamic disintegration of liquid fuel drops in the reaction zone, is possible, in principle, within the framework of the modeling.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110143
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    Modelling of a pressure swing adsorption process for oxygen enrichment with carbon molecular sievePaper presented by E. Richter at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 341-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorptive separation of oxygen from nitrogen and argon is carried out during the desorption steps of a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process which uses carbon molecular sieves developed by Bergbau-Forschung GmbH. The adsorption isotherms of the three main components of air are very similar. On account of the pore size distribution of CMSN2, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen is more than eight times those of nitrogen and argon so that air separation occurs by adsorption kinetics. Experimental results for the individual steps and cyclic operation of the PSA process are presented and compared with the predictions of an isothermal plug-flow model. Adsorption rate is represented by a linear driving force equation. If the diffusion coefficients are adapted separately to every step, a good agreement is observed between the model calculations and experimental results.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110145
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    The importance of corrosion prevention for the safety of chemical plants (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the most important tasks to eliminate dangers in chemical plants is the prevention of corrosion. This implies the provision of safe enclosures and reaction spaces for the substances to be processed. The present contribution deals with the procedure in the selection of materials for equipment exposed to corrosion and stresses the difficulties connected with the elimination of local corrosion. The relevance of prevention of crack forming corrosion processes is emphasized. Problems to be solved in order to obtain results from investigations, suitable for a safe application of a materials under practical conditions, are indicated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110147
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    Modelling of activated carbon desorption by a circulated inert gasPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Freiburg, September 30 to October 2, 1987 (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 352-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption solvent recovery process, known as Recursorb which involves desorption and cooling steps by a circulated inert gas, is analyzed in detail on the basis of equilibrium theory. Employing the method of characteristics, the model is solved for each step of the overall process. The estimations confirm that the process performance with respect to final gas purity, activated carbon useful capacity and operation times depends on condenser and heater temperatures. Simple expressions are derived for the calculation of adsorption, desorption and cooling times.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110146
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    Decoking of fixed-bed catalytic reactorsDedicated to Prof. Dr. Hanns Hofmann at the ocassion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 367-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the description of the non-steady state process of decoking of a fixed bed catalytic reactor is presented. The relevant dimensionless groups are identified and their influence on the process discussed. Appropriate relationships are given for the estimation of the maximum temperature in the bed. Methods of monitoring the process and of controlling it in the case of unknown or variable coke contents are explained.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110148
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    Model discrimination and parameter estimation in the kinetic study of methanol synthesisDedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 375-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The new model discrimination method is based on the correlation coefficient test of experimental data sets for different reactions, without requiring a prior parameter estimation. The new parameter estimation method reduces by n the number of dimensions to be tested, compared to the classical method where n is the number of independent reactions in the system. This has reduced the computation time for most complex reactions to a level, comparable to that needed for single reactions. The example used is the kinetic study of methanol synthesis in which the formation rates of methanol, methane, ethanol and ethane are considered. Two adequately accurate models were obtained from an extensive range of plausible models by using the new model discrimination and parameter estimation method with a relatively small computation effort.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110149
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    Evaporation and pervaporation of a binary mixture from an inert carrier liquidDedicated to Professor Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 384-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bench-Scale experiments were carried out with the ternary mixture 2-propanol/water/glycerol. In a cylindrical vessel, the stirred and thermostated liquid was exposed to a preheated and either dry or humidified air stream. The mixture was evaporated either from a free surface or from the surface of a porous plate. On evaporating the mixture from a porous plate into a dry air stream, the less volatile component water escapes preferentially; in the case of evaporation from a free surface, water is retained in the mixture. In the former case, selectivity is liquid diffusion controlled, in the latter, the gas-side mass transfer and the thermodynamic equilibrium are the controlling mechanisms. On reducing the gas flow rate, the more volatile alcohol evaporates preferentially in both cases; the selectivity is controlled only by thermodynamic equilibrium. Humidification of the air stream with water vapour causes preferential evaporation of the alcohol at an increased rate. Furthermore, instabilities in the liquid boundary layer due to density gradients and surface tension effects may affect the selectivity of evaporation. Experimental results show that the selectivity of evaporation can be manipulated by choosing appropriate evaporation conditions. The theory, which applies the generalized Stefan-Maxwell equations to diffusion in the liquid, can describe these effects.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110150
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    Remarks upon the modelling of heterogeneous catalytic reactors - the single fluid-solid casesDedicated to Professor Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 65the birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To our benefit, the modelling of fluid-solid catalyzed reaction-reactor systems has long been the keen concern of Hanns Paul Hofmann. In the light of his instruction we remark upon key aspects of modelling for the (a) fixed bed (b) fluid bed and (c) moving bed/transport line reactors. There emerges from such analyses a properly renewed awareness of the need for a more sophisticated respect for reliable physical-chemical data. As Hanns has taught us, our models are no btter than our data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110154
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    Two-phase flow in porous mediaThe Orginal, shorter form of this paper was presented by the author, as an invited speaker, at the Second Conferance of “Chemical Reaction Engineering” of the Engineering Foundation, March 8 to 13, 1987, Santa Barbara, California.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the ocassion of his 65th bithday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 407-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase flow in porous media depends on many factors, such as displacement vs steady two-phase flow, saturation, wettability conditions, wetting fluid vs non-wetting fluid is displacing, the capillary number, interfacial tension, viscosity ratio, pressure gradient, uniformly wetted vs mixed-wet pore surface, uniform vs distributed pore throats, small vs large pores, well-connected pores vs pores connected by small throats, etc. These parameters determine how the two fluids are distributed in the pores, e.g. whether they flow in seperate channels or side-by-side in the same channels, either with both fluids being continous or only one fluid being continous and the other discontinuous. In displacement, the capillary number and the viscosity ratio determine whether the displacement front is sharp, or if there is either capillary or viscous fingering.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110153
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    Less known behaviour of gas-solid reactions: The expanding core model in catalytic and non-catalytic systemsDedicated to Profeesor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the Occasion of his 65th birthday (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 11 (1988), S. 438-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-solid reactions cover a wide spectrum of industrial products. Over the years, many conceptual models have been developed to describe the progress of a gas-solid reaction starting outside the solid particle as well as that occurring throughout the particle. But the behaviour of a reaction, initiated inside the pellet, is less known. In this paper, a brief outline is given of this relatively rare but important mode of gas-solid reaction. The causes of this relatively less known behaviour and characteristic features of five typical systems displaying it are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270110156
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    Masthead (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450101
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    Kennzeichnung disperser Systeme, TeilchengrößenanalyseÜbersichtsvortrag auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 3. bis 5. Oktober 1972 in Köln. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 8-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird eine Einführung sowie eine Übersicht über die Prinzipien und Meßmöglichkeiten der Teilchengrößenanalyse gegeben. Besonderer Wert ist dabei auf eine kurze zusammenfassende Darstellung der nicht nur für den Neuling verwirrenden Vielfalt von Meßmöglichkeiten gelegt, wobei jedoch neuere, noch nicht allgemein verfügbare Techniken weitgehend unberücksichtigt bleiben müssen. Die Einarbeitung in spezielle Gebiete der Teilchengrößenanalyse wird durch ein reichhaltiges Literaturverzeichnis erleichtert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450103
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    Füllkörperapparate mit bewegten Füllkörpern für die Gasreinigung (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Im Gegenstrom von Gas und Flüssigkeit durchströmte Füllkörperapparate mit bewegten, aufgewirbelten Füllkörpern werden seit etwa einem Jahrzehnt zur Durchführung von Stoffaustauschprozessen und zur Naßentstaubung eingesetzt. Über systematische Untersuchungen der damit verbundenen verfahrenstechnischen Probleme wurde bisher in der westlichen Literatur kaum berichtet. Aufgrund einer Auswertung der zur Zeit zugänglichen Literatur werden die strömungstechnischen Eigenschaften und die Stoffaustauscheigenschaften beschrieben. Der Apparat erlaubt wesentlich höhere Gas- und Flüssigkeitsdurchsätze als bisher bekannte Gegenströmer, auch bezüglich der Stoffaustauschwirksamkeit ist er anderen Apparatebauarten (z. B. Bodenkolonnen, Füllkörpersäulen) überlegen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450105
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    Staubgehaltsbestimmung in strömenden GasenÜbersichtsvortrag auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 3. bis 5. Oktober 1972 in Köln. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 18-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Für die Staubgehaltsbestimmung in strömenden Gasen werden eine große Zahl von Verfahren eingesetzt. Die Messung des absoluten Feststoffgehaltes in strömenden Gasen erfolgt hierbei fast ausschließlich durch Absaugen und Analysieren eines Teilgasstromes. Neben der einwandfreien Ausführung der Meßsonde und der Wahl geeigneter Meßorte ist vor allem die geschwindigkeitsgleiche Absaugung des Teilgasstromes von Einfluß auf das Meßergebnis. Bei nichtgeschwindigkeitsgleicher Absaugung ergeben sich Meßfehler, die mit wachsender Abweichung der Absauggeschwindigkeit von der Kanalgeschwindigkeit und mit der Größe der Feststoffteilchen zunhmen. Die Größe des Meßfehlers kann sowohl theoretisch als auch experimentell bestimmt werden. Nach einem Vergleich der unterschiedlichen Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Meßfehlers wird ein einfach zu handhabendes Diagramm aufgestellt, das eine nachträgliche Korrektur der Meßergebnisse gestattet.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450104
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    Meßmethoden zur TropfengrößenbestimmungVortrag auf dem Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure, 3. bis 5. Oktober 1972 in Köln. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit zunehmender Anwendung der Flüssigkeitszerstäubung gewinnt die Tropfengrößenbestimmung an Bedeutung. Ihre Meßverfahren sind schwieriger und jünger als die der Korngrößenbestimmung und ihr an Genauigkeit unterlegen. Abgesehen von einigen speziellen Methoden ist man bei Regen und Sprüh (3000 bis 30 μm) meistens immer noch darauf angewiesen, die Tropfen auf einer geeigneten Unterlage aufzufangen und mikroskopisch auszumessen. Nebel (〈 30 μm) kann man dagegen Meßgeräten zuführen und dort fraktioniert nach Tropfengröße abscheiden (Kaskadenimpaktor, Frittenkaskade, Meßzyklone). Aus den Niederschlagsmengen lät sich mit Hilfe der durch einmalige Eichmessungen bekannten Tropfengrößen das zu messende Tropfenspektrum näherungsweise ermitteln. Neuere, optische Verfahren messen die Tropfen ohne vorherige Abscheidung. Bereits im Handel befindliche Zählgeräte registrieren das Streulicht der einzelnen Tropfen. Bei der Tropfenholographie fertigt man eine Momentaufnahme der Tropfenwolke an. Die anschließende räumliche Bildwiedergabe erlaubt das Ausmessen und Auszählen der Tropfen.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450102
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    Versammlungsberichte (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 42-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450108
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    Kinetik von Gasreaktionen im ppm-Bereich. Bedeutung für den UmweltschutzÜberarbeitete Fassung des Vortrages von K. Kirchner auf dem Dechema-Festkolloquium zur Verleihung des Max-Buchner-Preises 1970 am 19. November 1971 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 30-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Bedeutung kinetischer Untersuchungen an Reaktionssystemen, bei denen die Luftverunreinigungen in geringer Konzentration vorliegen, für die Abgasreinigung bzw. Geruchsbeseitigung sowie die Vorgänge in der verunreinigten Atmosphäre werden aufgezeigt. Ferner werden zwei spezielle Beispiele gebracht, und zwar erstens die Reaktionen von Mercaptanen mit Ozon. Für die Messungen wurde ein Durchflußreaktor verwendet. Für die Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten ergab sich ein Zeitgesetz 2. Ordnung. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante nimmt mit steigender Kettenlänge zu. Als Reaktionsprodukte wurden im wesentlichen Aldehyde und Disulfide identifiziert. Als zweite Reaktion wurde die Oxidation von Kohlenwasserstoffen am Beispiel des Gemisches Äthylen/Luft in einem wabenförmigen Katalysator (Al2O3 mit Pt imprägniert) untersucht. Im Diffusionsgebiet stehen die Versuchsergebnisse in erster Näherung bei hinreichend kleiner Konzentration mit der Theorie von Seifert und Schmidt in Einklang.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450106
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  • 64
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    Kontinuierliche Meßverfahren für AbgaseVortrag auf der Dechema-Jahrestagung, 15./16. Juni 1972 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Manuelle Methoden der Abgasmessung ergeben oft unzureichende Informationen über die zeitliche Variation der Menge und Zusammensetzung von Emissionen, wodurch ein Bedarf an Meßmethoden für kontinuierliche Registrierungen besteht. Bei der Messung von Schornsteinabgasen müssen bestimmte Forderungen an den Ort der Probeentnahme gestellt werden, um eine zufriedenstellende Repräsentativität hinsichtlich Art und Menge der Luftverunreinigungen zu erhalten. Bei der Wahl der Analysenmethode müssen die lokalen Voraussetzungen, die Konzentrationen, Art und Zusammensetzung der Verunreinigungen sowie die Strömungsverhältnisse im Schornstein berücksichtigt werden. Bei der Wahl des Instumententyps sind u. a. die Art der Verunreinigung, störende Komponenten in den Abgasen, die gewünschte Genauigkeit der Meßresultate, der Meßbereich des Instrumentes, die Betriebssicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit zu beachten. Es wurden verschiedene kontinuierlich registrierende Analysengeräte unter praktischen Bedingungen getestet und die Meßresultate mit denen verglichen, die durch manuelle Messungen erhalten wurden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450107
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  • 65
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    Ullmanns Encyklopädie der technischen Chemie. Bd. 1: Allgemenie Grundlagen der Verfahrens- und Reaktionstechnik. Herausgeg. von E. Bartholomé, E. Biekert, H. Hellmann und H. Ley. Redaktionsleitung: Hertha Buchholz-Meisenheimer. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstraße 1972. 4. neubearb. und erweit. Aufl., XX, 643 S., 328 Abb., 132 Tab., Halbleder. Subskriptionspreis DM 285,-, endgültiger Preis ca. DM 315,- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 47-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450109
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  • 66
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    Gas Purification Processes for Air Pollution Control. Hearusgeg. v. G. Nonhebel. Newnes-Butterworths, London 1972. 2. Aufl., 697 S., zahlr. Abb. u. Tab., Plastikeinband £ 12.50 (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 47-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450110
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  • 67
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    An Introduction to Corrosion and Protection of Metals. Von G. Wranglkn. Institut för Metallskydd Fack, Stockholm 1972. 1. Aufl., 287 S., 120 Zeichnungen, 46 Photos, 15 Tab., geb. £ 5.00; ab 10 Stück 25% Ermäßigung (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 48-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450112
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  • 68
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    Schädliche Dämpfe. Die Gefährdung des Berufs- und Alltagslebens durch aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe. Von G. G. Fodor. VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 1972. 1. Aufl., XVI, 167 S., 4 Abb., 34 Tab., Ln. DM 52,- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 48-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450111
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  • 69
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    Flüssigkeitsbegasung mit Rührern. Teil 2: Gasgehalt der Sprudelschicht und Belastungsgrenzen des Rührers (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 49-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450114
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  • 70
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    Masthead (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450201
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  • 71
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    Das Selbstverständnis von Naturwissenschaftlern in der Industrie. Ergebnisse einer Befragung promovierter Industriechemiker. Herausgeg. v. J. Kurucz. Verfaßt von J. Kurucz, P. Ochs, K.-P. Wanczek, unter Mitarb. v. H. Kotthoff u. O. Vogelgesang. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr. 1972. 1. Aufl., 228 S., 1 Abb., 22 Tab., brosch. DM 29,- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 48-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450113
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  • 72
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    Zur Beurteilung von Ringfüllkörpern (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 53-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Möglichkeiten zur vergleichenden Beurteilung unterschiedlicher Ringfüllkörpertypen werden diskutiert. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß zur strömungstechnischen Beurteilung Untersuchungen des Druckverlustes einphasig durchströmter Schüttungen ausreichend sind. Neue Ergebnisse aus Untersuchungen des Druckverlustes luftdurchströmter Schüttungen aus dünn- und dickwandigen Pall-Ringen und halbhohen Ringen (h = 1/2 da) in Füllkörperrohren und -säulen werden angegeben und mit an Raschigring-Schüttungen ermittelten verglichen. Der Vergleich ermöglicht allgemeine Aussagen bezüglich des unterschiedlichen strömungstechnischen Verhaltens dieser drei Ringfüllkörpertypen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450202
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  • 73
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    Belastbarkeit ein- und mehrflutiger ACV-Glocken- und SiebbödenVortrag auf der internen Sitzung des Arbeitsausschusses „Konstruktionselemente des Apparatebaues“ der Verfahrenstechnischen Gesellschaft (VTG) im VDI am 18. Februar 1972 in Wiesbaden und auf dem 4. CHISA-Kongreß am 14. September 1972 in Prag; 5. ACV-Forschungsbericht zum Thema: „ACV-Kolonneneinbauten“. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird über Untersuchungen an Glocken- und Siebböden mit Durchmessern von 1,0 bis 4,8 m, die als ein-, zwei- oder vielflutige Konstruktionen arbeiten, berichtet. Dabei wird insbesondere der Einfluß des Flüssigkeitsgradienten vom Zu- zum Ablauf auf den Belastungsbereich, die Wirkung der Dampf- und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit auf das Mitreißen sowie Durchregnen die Änderung des Druckverlustes mit der Wehrhöhe untersucht. Für Regenschirmglockenböden werden Näherungsgleichungen zur Ermittlung der unteren Belastungsgrenze sowie des Druckverlustes mitgeteilt. Böden mit Regenschirmglocken zeichnen sich gegenüber anderen Konstruktionen durch erheblich niedrigere Mitreißanteile aus. Bei großen Kolonnendurchmessern wird durch eine Zentralsäule, die gleichzeitig die Sammlung, Mischung und Verteilung der Rücklaufflüssigkeit übernimmt, die Einhaltung der zur Erzielung eines guten Bodenwirkungsgrades erforderlichen Ebenheitstoleranzen wesentlich erleichtert.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450203
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    Simulation der absatzweisen Rektifikation auf einem hybriden AnalogrechnerNach einem Vortrag auf der internen Arbeitssitzung des Ausschusses „Thermische Zerlegung von Gas- und Flüssigkeitsgemischen“ der VTG im VDI am 8./9. Juni 1972 in Deidesheim/Pfalz. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem die absatzweise Rektifikation binärer Gemische auf einem hybriden Analogrechner simuliert werden kann. Dabei wird vorausgesetzt, daß der Betriebsinhalt der Säule vernachlässigbar gegenüber dem Blaseninhalt ist. Es kann die Zerlegung idealer als auch nichtidealer Flüssigkeitsgemische bei Betrieb mit konstantem oder veränderlichem Rückfluß simuliert werden. Im Programm sind alle wichtigen Parameter wie Gleichgewichtskurve, Dampfstrom, Rücklaufverhältnis, Bodenzahl und Bodenaustauschgrad in einfacher Weise variierbar. Ergebnis der Rechnung sind die unmittelbar interessierenden zeitabhängigen Konzentrationsverläufe von Kopf- und Sumpfprodukt, wobei die erforderlichen Rechenzeiten sehr kurz sind. Mit dem Verfahren werden einige Beispielrechnungen durchgeführt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450204
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  • 75
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    Stoffaustausch in der Sulzer-Gewebepackung (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit Hilfe einer Modellvorstellung für den flüssigkeitsseitigen Stoffübergang wird durch Auswertung zahlreicher Rektifizierversuche, die an Kolonnen mit 0,5 und 1 m Durchmesser bei Kopfdrücken von 5, bis 300 Torr durchgeführt wurden, eine Beziehung für die mittlere gasseitige Sherwood-Zahl der Sulzer-Gewebepackung herge leitet. Diese gilt für gasseitige Reynolds-Zahlen von 350 bis 2000. Eine Abhängigkeit der mittleren gasseitigen Sherwood-Zahl vom Kolonnendurchmesser und von der Packungshöhe wurde nicht festgestellt. Der Grund dafür liegt im intensiven seitlichen Transport der Gasphase gegenüber der Flüssigkeitsströmung. Der Anteil des gasseitigen Stoffübergangswiderstands am Stoffdurchgangswiderstand betrug bei den ausgewerteten Versuchen 74 bis 97%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450205
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  • 76
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    Nach einer Strömungsmethode arbeitende neue Siedegleichgewichtsapparatur (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird eine neue Siedegleichgewichtsapparatur beschrieben. bei der nicht wie bisher fast ausschließlich üblich die Zusammensetzung der miteinander im Gleichgewicht stehenden Flüssigkeits- und Dampfphase analytisch bestimmt wird, sondern im Durchlaufbetrieb unter stationären Bedingungen Siede- und Taupunkt eines vorgegebenen Gemisches gemessen werden. Der Vorteil der Methode liegt in der großen Zeit- und Arbeitsersparnis bei guter Genauigkeit, die mit der üblicher Siedegleich- gewichtsmessungen vergleichbar ist. Die Apparatur wurde bei 760 Torr an den Systemen Methanol/Wasser, Methanol/Benzol, Aceton/Benzol, Wasser/Äthylenglykol und Benzol/Anilin erprobt, für das System Benzol/Anilin außerdem bei 500 Torr. - Es erscheint möglich, die Apparatur für eine vollautomatische Messung von Siedegleichgewichtskurven weiter zu entwickeln. Die Voraussetzungen dafür werden rechnerisch geprüft.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450206
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  • 77
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    Zur Kenntnis des Zweiphasenmodells des katalytischen Reaktors (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eine exakte Analyse des Zweiphasenmodells ist wegen der großen Zahl der eingehenden Parameter ziemlich kompliziert. Es wird daher zuerst eine Analyse des katalytischen Rührkessels vorgenommen und dabei der Einfluß der einzelnen Parameter, wie z. B. Damköhler-Zahl, adiabatische Temperaturerhöhung, dimensionslose Wärmekapazität usw., auf den Bereich der mehrfachen Lösungen sowie der Instabilitäten ermittelt. Die auf diesem Wege gewonnenen Resultate werden auf eine Kaskade erweitert. In einem experimentellen Reaktor werden zum einen mehrfache Lösungen mit Hysterese „Zünden-Löschen“, zum anderen die Grenzzyklen für die Reaktion CO + 1/2 O2 → CO2 beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse der theoretischen Erwägungen werden von diesen experimentellen Beobachtungen bestätigt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450208
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    A LaNi5-Hydride Thermal Absorption Compressor for a Hydrogen Refrigerator (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 80-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The compound LaNi5 absorbs nearly 6 atoms of hydrogen per formula unit at an equilibrium pressure of 2.5 at and room temperature. LaNi5 exhibits a high rate of absorption and desorption of hydrogen and the heat of reaction is about 7.4 kcal/mol H2. The dependence of the equilibrium pressure in the two-phase region on temperature is utilized to compress hydrogen from 4 to 45 at, which are suitable working pressures for a hydrogen refrigerator. Three vessels containing LaNi5 are heated and cooled between 410 K and 290 K in cyclic operation. A system of selfoperating valves establishes a steady flow of hydrogen gas through a Joule-Thomson system. In the present design, employing precooling with liquid nitrogen at 78 K, 1 W of cold is produced at 26 K. Hydrogen-sorption properties of LaNi5 are given and the problems encountered in practical use of the material discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450207
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  • 79
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    Kostenoptimierung bei der Planung von Chemieanlagen (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 95-97 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemieanlagen können hinsichtlich der Investitions- und Betriebskosten optimiert werden. Die Optimierung zerfällt in zwei Aufgaben: (1.) optimale Einzelteil-Dimensionierung und (2.) Verfahrensoptimierung. Streng genommen muß vor der zweiten Aufgabe immer die erste durchgeführt sein, da sonst ungleiche Verfahrensschritte miteinander verglichen werden. Für die zweite Aufgabe genügt die Angabe der erforderlichen Rendite (bzw. pay out time) für das zusätzlich investierte Kapital. Bei der ersten Aufgabe hat der gleiche Zahlenwert die Bedeutung der Grenzrendite für die jeweils letzte investierte Mark. Ein expliziter Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesamtrendite und dieser Grenzrendite läßt sich nur über Aufstellung der Investitionskosten als Funktion der Betriebskosten für den konkreten Fall gewinnen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450210
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    Versammlungsberichte (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 97-100 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450211
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    Die Kinetik der Wassergas-Reaktion in wäßriger Lösung und ihr Einfluß auf die Kobalt-Fällung mit Kohlenmonoxid (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Umsetzung von gelöstem Kohlenmonoxid mit Wasser zu Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid erfolgt in wäßriger Phase als homogene Reaktion gemäß - dcCO/dt = k1cCO. Bei der Reduktion von Kobalt-Ionen aus acetat-haltigen Lösungen mit Kohlenmonoxid reagiert zunächst gelöstes CO mit H2O zu H2 und CO2, anschließend wird das Kobalt mit diesem intermediär gebildeten H2 reduziert. Für die heterogen an Kobalt-Pulver (Fläche F) im Lösungsvolumen Vli ablaufende Kobalt-Reduktion mit H2 gilt - dcCo2+/dt = (k2F/Vli)pH2. Die Kobalt-Reduktion mit CO (Anfangsdruck pCO0) läßt sich durch die Gleichung - (dcCo2+/dt) Vli = k3pCO0 beschreiben. Bei ausreichendem Angebot an Fremdkeimen gilt in guter Nährung - dcCo2+/dt ∼ k1pCO0, d. h. die Wassergas-Reaktion bestimmt die Geschwindigkeit der Kobalt-Fällung.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450209
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    Masthead (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450301
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    Zur Theorie der Kristallisation aus LösungenHerrn Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. rer. nat. h. c. A. Neuhaus zum 70. Geburtstag (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Für die Chargenkristallisation durch Kühlung wird mit Hilfe zweier simultaner Differentialgleichungen der zeitliche und temperaturmäßige Verlauf von Übersättigung, Keimbildungsanteilen, spezifischer Kristallfläche und Größe des mittleren Produktkorns berechnet. Zur Kritik der an zwei Beispielen erläuterten Methode wird der Vergleich von Keimzahl und Produktkornzahl herangezogen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450302
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Verarbeitung hochfester Feinkornbaustähle (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nach einer allgemeinen Betrachtung über die Verarbeitung der Feinkornbaustähle wird zunächst auf die Warm- und Kaltverformung solcher Werkstoffe eingegangen und dann über ein neues Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Schweißeignung von Baustählen und erhaltene Ergebnisse berichtet. Schließlich wird die Anwendung verschiedener Verarbeitungsrichtlinien in der Praxis behandelt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450304
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleich emaillierter Rührsysteme zu Homogenisieren von Flüssigkeitsgemischen (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 116-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Beurteilung der Eignung emaillierter Rührsysteme zum Homogenisieren von Flüssigkeitsgemischen mit geringen Dichte- und Zähigkeitsunterschieden wurden in einem weiten Viskositätsbereich Rührleistung und Mischzeit gemessen. Besondere Beachtung fand dabei die Erfassung der Meßpunkte im laminaren Gebiet, um die absolute Einsatzgrenze der untersuchten Rührsysteme feststellen zu können. Da in diesem Arbeitsbereich Einbauten keinen Vorteil mehr bieten, wurde zum Vergleich nur der ungestörte Behälterzustand in die Betrachtung mit einbezogen. Die Ergebnisse gestatten einerseits, den günstigsten Rührertyp und dessen optimale Arbeitsbedingungen zu ermitteln, andererseits eine Auswahl darüber zu treffen, welches Rührorgan bei vorgegebener Antriebsleistung noch die höchsten Viskositätsgrade beherrschen kann. Ein Hinweis zur generellen Klärung des Problems der absoluten Einsatzgrenze von Rührern wird gegeben.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450305
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  • 86
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    Herstellung von wasserfreiem Natriumsulfat als Beispiel einer wirtschaftlichen Problemlösung bei der MassenkristallisationVortrag auf der internen Arbeitssitzung des Fachausschusses „Kristallisation“ der Verfahrenstechnischen Gesellschaft (VTG) im VDI am 20. bis 22. März 1972 in Duisburg. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 106-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nach der Beschreibung der bisher üblichen Verfahrensweise zur Gewinnung von wasserfreiem Natriumsulfat über vorherige Kristallisation von Glauber-Salz wird ein neues Verfahren vorgestellt. Bei diesem Prozeß wird zunächst wie bisher üblich Glauber-Salz durch Vakuum-Kühlungskristallisation gewonnen und dann geschmolzen. Die Mutterlauge gelangt anschließend aus dem Schmelzer in eine mehrstufige Eindampfanlage, die dampfseitig hintereinander geschaltet ist. Die Brüden aus der letzten Eindampfstufe beheizen den Heizkörper des Schmelzers. Pro Tonne Natriumsulfat werden nur noch 0,85 t Dampf benötigt. Neben der Energieeinsparung bringt dieses Verfahren durch entsprechende Schaltung und Ausführung wesentliche betriebliche Vereinfachungen. Die Verkrustungen werden auf ein Minimum herabgesetzt. Durch Anwendung dieses Verfahrens konnte eine bestehende Natriumsulfat-Anlage  -  ohne Neuinvestitionen auf der Glaubersalz-Seite und ohne Erhöhung des Dampfverbrauches - in ihrer Leistung um 66% erweitert werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450303
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  • 87
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    Optimierung von nichtthermischen Plasmen auf plasmachemische AnwendungenErweiterte Fassung eines Vortrages bei dem Industriekolloquium „Plasmachemie“ im Battelle-Institut e. V., Frankfurt/M. am 6. Mai 1971. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 122-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In einem nichtthermischen Plasma werden aktive Spezies erzeugt, die zu chemischen Reaktionen führen. Im Hinblick hierauf läßt sich eine Optimierung entwickeln, die noch keine speziellen Eigenschaften des Plasmas enthält. Als erster Optimierungsschritt wird gefordert, daß der Anteil der elektrischen Leistung für die Aufheizung des Gases vernachlässigbar ist gegenüber dem Anteil für die Erzeugung der aktiven Spezies. Dies ist oberhalb eines kritischen Wertes des Energieverlustfaktors für die Elektronen gegeben. Als nächster Optimierungsschritt wird eine möglichst hohe Produktionsrate der angeregten Atome verlangt. Für Felder oberhalb des kritischen Wertes ist dies gleichbedeutend mit der Forderung nach einer hohen elektrischen Leistungsdichte. In den meisten nichtthermischen Plasmen läßt sich der erste Optimierungsschritt realisieren. Weitere Optimierungsschritte müssen für die einzelnen Entladungstypen getrennt diskutiert werden. Besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei der Gasströmung durch das Plasma zu.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450306
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Versammlungsberichte (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 136-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450308
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  • 89
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    Zerfall von C4-Acetylenen und Extraktion von Butadien (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 131-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Extraktion von Butadien aus Crackschnitten werden in bestimmten Anlagenteilen die C4-Acetylene angereichert. Beim BASF-Verfahren wird diese Anreicherung unter etwa 1,4 bar absolut durchgeführt. Andere Verfahren benötigen hierbei höhere Drücke. An Gemischen, wie sie in der Anlage anfallen, werden Zerfallsmessungen mit verschiedenen Zündquellen durchgeführt, und es wird gezeigt, wie die maximal zulässige Vinylacetylen-Konzentration vom Partialdruck abhängt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450307
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Von B. E. Launder u. D. B. Spalding. Academic Press, London-New York 1972. 1. Aufl., V, 169 S., zahlr. Abb., geb., £ 2.50 (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 143-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450309
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  • 91
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    Atom-Absorptions-Spektroskopie. Von B. Welz. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr. 1972. 1. Aufl., X, 216 S., 52 Abb., 46 Tab., Ln. DM 58,- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 143-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450310
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic Infrarouge. Applications en chimie organique. Von M. Avram u. Gh. D. Mateescu. Übersetzt aus dem Rumänischen von A.-M. Glatz. Verlag Dunod, Paris 1970. 642 S., 233 Abb., Ln F 215.- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 144-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450311
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Berichtigung (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 144-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450313
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Kopplung von Stofftransport und chemischer Reaktion in Rohren (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450314
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  • 95
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    Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe. Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begründung von MAK-Werten. Bearb. v. d. Arbeitsgruppen „Aufstellung von MAK-Werten“ und „Festlegung von Grenzwerten für Stäube“ der Kommission zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft. herausgeg. v. D. Henschler. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim/Bergstr. 1972. 1. Aufl., 220 S., 50 Tab., 1 Abb., Loseblattausgabe DM 58,- (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 144-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450312
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450401
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  • 97
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    Praxis und Neuentwicklung der Kupfer-RaffinationselektrolyseVortrag auf der Tagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe „Angewandte Elektrochemie“, 12. und 13. Oktober 1972 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Kupfer-Elektrolyse ermöglicht es im Rahmen der Kupfer-Verhüttung, reines Kupfer herzustellen, wie es für die Weiterverarbeitung benötigt wird. Einige wesentliche Gesichtspunkte für den Betrieb und die Planung der Kupfer-Raffinationselektrolyse werden erläutert und ausgehend hiervon Entwicklungstendenzen aufgezeigt. Durch apparative Verbesserungen, zweckmäßigere und verfeinerte Betriebskontrolle und Überwachung, neue Kolloid-Zusätze, allgemeine Mechanisierung und Automatisierung sowie dadurch erreichbare höhere Stromdichten ist es möglich, die Betriebskosten zu senken und den steigenden Qualitätsforderungen Rechnung zu tragen. Neue Arbeitstechniken, wie z. B. die Umkehrstrom-Elektrolyse, lassen darüber hinaus weitere Kostenvorteile erwarten.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450402
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    Kupfer-Gewinnung durch Solventextraktion und anschließende ElektrolyseVortrag auf der Tagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe „Angewandte Elektrochemie“, 12. und 13. Oktober 1972 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 154-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Solventextraktion von Metallen dient vorzugsweise der Aufkonzentrierung stark verdünnter und der Reinigung stark verunreinigter Lösungen. Hierbei interessieren besonders die Selektivität der verwendeten Substanzen und die Kosten des Verfahrens. In diesem Beitrag werden drei Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Kombination Solventextraktion/Elektrolyse beschrieben: (1.) die Aufarbeitung armer oxidischer Erze durch H2SO4-Laugung sowie anschließende Solventextraktion und Elektrolyse, (2.) die Aufarbeitung von Kupfer-Endelektrolyten, (3.) die Aufarbeitung von Kupfer-Schrott durch ammoniakalische Laugung sowie anschließende Solventextraktion und Elektrolyse. Die Selektivität heute handelsüblicher Substanzen ist hervorragend. Von den Kosten des Verfahrens her gesehen können jedoch nur Rohstoffe verwendet werden, die nicht mit ihrem vollen Metallwert (abzüglich üblicher Umarbeitungslöhne) bezahlt werden müssen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450403
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  • 99
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    Möglichkeiten der Kobalt- und Nickel-ElektrolyseVortrag auf der Tagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe „Angewandte Elektrochemie“, 12. und 13. Oktober 1972 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kobalt und Nickel lassen sich nur dann in reiner Form kathodisch abscheiden, wenn der zirkulierende Sulfat/Chlorid-Elektrolyt ständig von Verunreinigungen durch chemische Methoden befreit wird. Elektrolysen ohne Diaphragma sind zwar billig und einfach zu betreiben, wegen der aufwendigen Reinigung aber auf Sondergebiete beschränkt. Diaphragmen erlauben es, die zu reinigende Elektrolyt-Menge auf 1/10 der bei Verfahren ohne Diaphragma benötigten Menge zu verringern. Die löslichen Anoden, die aus dem zu raffinierenden Metall bestehen, dürfen relativ große Gehalte an Verunreinigungen aufweisen; es ist sogar neuerdings möglich, Nickelstein unter Bildung von Elementarschwefel direkt zu elektrolysieren. Die Diaphragmen-Elektrolyse wird aufgrund vieler Vorzüge auch in Zukunft Verbreitung finden, obwohl das Hochdruck-Carbonylverfahren für Nickel ein reineres Metall verspricht. Die Verwendung von reinen Chlorid-Elektrolyten, die sicherlich günstigere Abscheidungsbedingungen schüfe, scheitert gegenwärtig noch an Werkstoff-Schwierigkeiten.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450405
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  • 100
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    Verfahrensmöglichkeiten der Zink-ElektrolyseVortrag auf der Tagung der GDCh-Fachgruppe „Angewandte Elektrochemie“, 12. und 13. Oktober 1972 in Frankfurt/M. (1973)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 45 (1973), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei den verschiedenen Verfahren zur Zink-Erzeugung gewinnt die Zink-Elektrolyse einen immer größeren Anteil. Ihre Vorteile sind hohe Reinheit des Produkts, hohes Zink-Ausbringen und günstige Betriebsbedingungen. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand der einzelnen Verfahrensstufen der Zink-Elektrolyse, wie Röstung, Laugung, Eisen-Fällung, Laugenreinigung und eigentliche Elektrolyse. Hierbei hat besonders die Fällung des Eisens in Form des Jarosit- oder Goethit-Typs anstelle der Eisenhydroxid-Fällung in den letzten Jahren zu entscheidenden Verbesserungen des Verfahrens geführt. Ferner hat der Übergang zur kontinuierlichen Laugung in Verbindung mit verbesserter Meß- und Regeltechnik einen störungsfreieren Betrieb ermöglicht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330450404
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