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  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (438)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1967  (438)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (422)
  • Spontaneous Diabetes  (16)
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Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (438)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Clinical diabetes ; Glucose metabolism ; Leucine metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié cliniquement le diabète héréditaire du hamster chinois, et, en particulier, nous avons pu suivre 79 animaux pendant des périodes prolongées. Le diabète chez ce hamster est variable quant à sa sévérité et quant à son évolution clinique. Par plusieurs aspects il ressemble au diabète humain, mais il s'en différencie par l'énorme volume urinaire, la fréquence du diabète léger même chez les animaux jeunes, une résistance relative à l'insuline, et une capacité extraordinaire de compensation pour les pertes de liquide et de glucose dans l'urine. Ces différences sont si marquées qu'elles suggèrent l'existence de différences fondamentales entre le métabolisme du hamster chinois et celui de l'homme. Bien que certaines différences aient pu être démontrées dans le métabolisme du glucose et de la leucine entre l'animal diabétique et l'animal normal, la signification statistique de ces différences reste à établir.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine klinische Untersuchung des hereditären Diabetes im chinesischen Hamster hat ergeben, daß große Schwankungen in bezug auf die Schwere und den Verlauf der Stoffwechselstörung bestehen. Verschiedene Merkmale der Krankheit in diesem Tier ähneln dem menschlichen Diabetes, während andere Aspekte, wie z.B. Urinmenge und Glykosurie, oder die beträchtliche Anzahl der Tiere mit leichtem jugendlichen Diabetes, der hohe Insulinbedarf und die Fähigkeit größere Urinund Glucoseverluste auszugleichen, darauf hinweisen, daß diese Widersprüche artbedingt sein könnten.In vivo undin vitro durchgeführte Stoffwechselstudien mit Glucose und Leuzin scheinen im normalen und diabetischen Tier leicht zu differieren, obgleich dies statistisch nicht zu beweisen war.
    Notes: Summary A clinical study of hereditary diabetes in the Chinese hamster has revealed a great variety in severity and course of the disease. Several aspects of the disease in this animal resemble human diabetes, whereas other parameters, such as gross urine volumes and glycosuria, a considerable number of mild juvenile-onset diabetics, high insulin requirement, and ability to compensate for urine losses of fluids and glucose would indicate that species differences in metabolism may be the cause of these discrepancies. — Metabolismin vivo andin vitro of glucose and leucine appears to be slightly different in the normal and diabetic animal, although statistically this has not been proven.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Insulin resistance ; Liver enzymes ; Liver metabolism in vitro ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des rats des sables pesant environ 100, 140, et 220 gr, avec une glycémie normale, nous avons observé des taux élevés d'insuline circulante par rapport aux taux que l'on observe chez des rats albinos du même âge. Chez ces animaux, le tissu adipeux incubéin vitro n'est que peu sensible à l'insuline, par comparaison avec la sensibilité du tissu adipeux du rat albinos. La sensibilité à l'insuline diminue dans les deux espèces avec l'âge, mais cet effet est beaucoup plus marqué chez le rat des sables. Les dosages d'enzymes hépatiques et les études métaboliques sur tranches de foie ont donné des résultats semblables pour les deux espèces à l'exception d'une incorporation diminuée de glucose en glycogène hépatique pour le rat des sables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sandratten mit normalem Blutzucker und einem Körpergewicht von ungefähr 100, 140 und 220 Gramm wurden mit Albinoratten desselben Alters verglichen. Dabei wurde beobachtet, daß die Sandratten auch unter diesen Bedingungen erhöhte Seruminsulinspiegel aufwiesen. Ihr Fettgewebe zeigtein vitro eine verminderte Insulinempfindlichkeit, die mit zunehmendem Alter weiter fiel. Diese altersbedingte Abnahme war bei Sandratten ausgeprägter als bei Albinoratten. Untersuchungen von Leberstoffwechsel an Leberschnitten oder an Leberenzymmessungen deuteten nicht auf ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Leber der Sandratte, mit der einzigen Ausnahme eines verminderten Glucose-Einbaues in Glykogen.
    Notes: Summary Normoglycemic sand rats of approximately 100, 140, and 220 grams body weight were found to have increased circulating insulin levels compared with albino rats of matched ages. Adipose tissuein vitro demonstrated decreased insulin sensitivity, which became further diminished with increasing age in both type of rats, but this effect was much more marked in the sand rats. Liver enzyme determinations and metabolic studies on liver slices showed identical results in both rats, except for decreased glucose incorporation into glycogen in the sand rat.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3HfXI- Fl ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Strains of mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié la morphologie des îlots de Langerhans de souris hybrides de Wellesley (C3HfxI) et de souris albinos ordinaires soumises à deux régimes synthétiques de laboratoire. Nous avons observé une forte augmentation du volume des îlots de Langerhans des animaux diabétiques soumis aux deux types de régime, ces îlots étant composés presque exclusivement de cellules B actives. L'apparence des îlots de Langerhans d'animaux non-diabétiques était normale. Il existe chez ces animaux une excellente corrélation entre la présence de diabète, les taux d'insuline immunoréactive sérique, et l'apparence des îlots, ceci pour les deux régimes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An “Wellesley Hybrid” und normalen Laboratoriumsmäusen, denen zwei verschiedene Arten von synthetischem Futter gegeben worden war, wurden morphologische Studien durchgeführt. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln diabetischer Tiere beider Gruppen waren stark vergrößert und bestanden beinahe ausschließlich aus aktiv Insulin synthetisierendenβ-Zellen. Die Inseln der nicht-diabetischen Mäuse waren normal. Es bestand ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorhandensein von Diabetes, dem immunreaktiven Insulin Spiegel im Serum und der Inselmorphologie, unabhängig von Mäusestamm und Diät.
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies were performed in “Wellesley Hybrid” and commercial laboratory mice fed synthetic chow of two types. The pancreatic islets of diabetic animals of both groups were greatly enlarged, and were composed almost exclusively of beta cells actively synthesizing insulin. The islets of the non-diabetic mice were normal. There was excellent correlation between the presence of diabetes, the level of serum TRI and islet morphology regardless of mouse strain and dietary regimen.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Islets of Langerhans ; Endo-exocrine cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Acomys Cahirinus ou souris à piquants est un rongeur vivant dans les régions semi-désertiques de l'est de la Méditerranée. La découverte d'un diabète spontané chez certains de ces animaux a fait entreprendre l'élevage d'une colonie dans laquelle ce syndrome s'est maintenu jusqu'à maintenant. Il atteint environ 15% des animaux, qu'ils soient obèses ou non. Il apparaît sur un terrain insulaire très particulier puisque le pancréas endocrine montre une hyperplasie très importante jusqu'à constituer 15% du pancréas total. Cette hyperplasie existe chez tous les animaux, hyperglycémiques ou non. — L'étude au microscope électronique est encore trop incomplète pour une analyse corrélative détaillée entre les données métaboliques et morphologiques. Elle permet toutefois de décrire les différentes structures cellulaires de l'Acomys ainsi que leurs modifications dans les conditions pathologiques. Les changements du complexe de Golgi et des mitochondries et certains aspects plus pathologiques,comme l'accumulation de glycogène, sont décrits ainsi que des images plus particulières à l'Acomys, telles les confluences de vésicules et les cellules hypergranulées. — L'extrême hyperplasie du pancréas endocrine de la souris à piquants s'accompagne à son niveau d'un grand polymorphisme cellulaire. Les différentes cellules ainsi observées sont interprétées comme des aspects de différents moments physiologiques et non comme des types cellulaires particuliers. Ces données font conclure à la non-existence d'autres entités cellulaires que les cellules A, B et éventuellement D. Un aspect particulièrement intéressant de la souris à piquants est celui dela présence de cellules mixtes. Cette image est discutée dans le cadre très particulier du syndrome diabétique observé chez l'Acomys.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Acomys cahirinus, die Stachelmaus, ist ein kleines Nagetier, das in den an die Wüste grenzenden Gegenden des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes lebt. Da in dieser Tierart Spontandiabetes auftritt, zumindest in Laboratoriumszucht, halten wir dieses Tier am Institut de Biochimie Clinique seit etwas mehr als drei Jahren. Diabetes mellitus tritt bei ungefähr 15% der Tiere die ein Jahr alt werden ein; einige davon sind fettsüchtig, nicht aber alle. Diabetes erscheint trotz einer sehr stark entwickelten Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln, die bis zu 15% des erwachsenen Organs ausmachen können! Diese Hyperplasie ist bei allen Tieren zu sehen, unabhängig davon ob eine diabetische Stoffwechselstörung vorliegt oder nicht. Mit dem Elektronenmikroskop haben wir die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 22 Stachelmäusen untersucht und berichten hier über die verschiedenen beobachteten Zelltypen, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung der diabetischen Stoffwechselstörungen. Befunde an den B-Zellen dieser Tierart betreffen die hochgradige Entwicklung des Golgi Apparates, die große Unterschiedlichkeit und manchmal extreme Glycogen-Ablagerung in diabetischen Tieren, die häufige Verschmelzung der Membranen der Granula, und das Auftreten von ganz übermäßig hypergranulierten Zellen. — Die Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln in Stachelmäusen geht mit einem betrachtenswerten zellulären Polymorphismus einher. Die Autoren sind jedoch nicht der Meinung, daß diese Befunde auf das Vorhandensein von vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen in diesen Inseln deutet. Es scheint ihnen viel wahrscheinlicher, daß es sich um verschiedene funktionelle Zustände einer kleinen Anzahl von Zelltypen handelt, wobei nur A, B, und vielleicht D Zellen mit Sicherheit als identifiziert gelten können. Ein besonders frappanter Aspekt dieses zellulären Polymorphysmus istdie häufige Beobachtung von gemischten oder Intermediärzellen (exokrin-endokrin sowie auch endokrin A-B). Diese Beobachtung wirft die Frage auf ob die Stimulation, die zu der Hyperplasie des endokrinen Systems in dieser Tierart führt, vielleicht mit einer Verminderung der nuklearen Hemmung, die bei voll differenzierten Zellen die Regel ist, einhergehen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Acomys Cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is a small rodent living in the semi-desertic areas of the Eastern Mediterranean. The observation that diabetes may occur spontaneously in this species, at least under laboratory conditions, has led to its breeding at the Institut de Biochimie Clinique, where a colony has been maintained over the last 3 years. Diabetes occurs in approximately 15% of the animals reaching one year of age; some of these are obese, but not all. Diabetes occurs in the presence of, and despite a striking hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, which may make up as much as 15% of the total organ in adult mice. This hyperplasia is present in all animals, whether hyperglycemic or not. — The islets of Langerhans of 22 spiny mice have been examined with the electron microscope and form the basis for an analysis of the different cell types observed, at different times relative to the onset of diabetes. Findings in the B cells of this species have included the generally high degree of development of the Golgi complex, the great variability of glycogen accumulation in diabetic animals, the frequent fusion of the granular sacs, and the occurrence of grossly hyper-granulated cells. — The hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans in spiny mice is associated with a remarkable cellular polymorphism. However, the authors do not feel that this is the result of the presence in these islets of many distinct cell types. It would seem much more likely, that they represent different functional states of a small number of distinct types of cells, among which only A, B and perhaps D cells have been securely identified. Another feature of this cellular polymorphism is thefrequent presence of mixed or intermediate cells (exocrine-endocrine, or endocrine A-B), which suggests that the stimulation leading to hyperplasia of the endocrine cells in this species might result in the removal of some part of the nuclear inhibition usually associated with fully differentiated cells.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 238-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/K5-db ; Diabetes in mice ; Mutation: diabetes ; Obesity ; Prediabetes ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Glucose utilization ; Gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mutation, diabète (db), a été observée dans la souche de souris C57BL/Ks. C'est un gène autosomal récessif avec pénétrance complète, et qui mène chez les homozygotes à un trouble métabolique ressemblant au diabète sucré chez l'homme. Une accumulation excessive de graisses se produit à l'âge de 3–4 semaines et est bientôt suivie par l'apparition d'hyperglycémie, de polyurie et de glucosurie. L'évolution clinique suit ensuite deux étapes. Durant la première, les taux d'insuline plasmatique sont élevés et la lipogénèse, la gluconéogénèse, ainsi que l'oxydation du glucose sont accélérées; il y a diminution de la granulation des cellulesβ et d'autres altérations suggérant l'existence d'une compensation d'un état nécessitant une utilisation insulinique accrue. La deuxième étape, par contre, est caractérisée par des taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique, avec diminution marquée de l'utilisation du glucose malgré la persistance d'une gluconéogénèse nettement exagérée. Ces observations nous semblent indiquer l'existence d'une utilisation défectueuse de l'insuline à la périphérie, plutôt qu'une anomalie primaire de la synthèse ou de la libération de l'hormone au niveau du pancréas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mutation Diabetes (db), die in dem Mäusestamm C57BL/Ks auftritt, ist ein autosomales rezessives Gen mit voller Penetranz und verursacht bei homzygoten Mäusen eine dem im Menschen auftretenden Diabetes mellitus ähnliche Stoffwechselstörung: übermäßige Ablagerung von Fett im Alter von 3–4 Wochen, mit anschließender Hyperglykämie, Polyurie und Glucosurie. Der klinische Verlauf erfolgt dann in zwei Phasen. In der ersten Phase ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Plasmainsulinwerte im Vordergrund, mit Beschleunigung von Lipogenese, Gluconeogenese und Glucoseoxydation. Das Abnehmen der Granula in denβ-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln und andere Veränderungen deuten auf eine Anpassung an einen steigenden Insulinbedarf. In der zweiten Phase, dagegen, sind die Insulinspiegel eher normal, und der Glucoseverbrauch nimmt ab, bei Weiterbestehen der beschleunigten Gluconeogenese. Diese Ergebnisse deuten eher auf eine mangelhafte periphere Insulinwirkung als auf eine ungenügende Synthese der Ausschüttung des Hormones durch das Pankreas.
    Notes: Summary The mutation, diabetes (db), that occurred in the C57BL/Ks strain of mice is a unit autosomal recessive gene with full penetrance, and causes metabolic disturbances in homozygous mice resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed by hyperglycemia, polyuria and glycosuria. The diabetic condition appears to develop in two stages. In the early stage, there are marked increases in the levels of plasma insulin, the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose oxidation, and there is a reduction ofβ-cell granules in the islet of Langerhans with other changes suggestive of a compensating adaptation to increased insulin demand. On the other hand, the late stage is characterized by a near normal level of circulating insulin, a marked decrease in glucose utilization but with a continued high rate of gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest a defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin rather than in the synthesis and release of the hormone from the pancreas.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/6J-ob ; Mutation: obese ; New Zealand obese (NZO) ; Goldthioglucose ; Obesity: pathogenesis ; Adipose tissue ; Muscle ; Resistance to insulin ; Insulin in serum ; Insulin in pancreas ; Non-suppresible ILA ; ILA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. L'activité insulinique (ILA) et l'insuline immunoréactive (IRI) ont été dosées dans des extraits pancréatiques et dans le sérum de souris maigres et obèses (obob) provenant du Jackson Memorial Laboratory à Bar Harbor, Maine; de souris obèses de Nouvelle Zélande; et de souris albinos rendues obèses par l'aurothioglucose. Chez ces trois types de souris, les quantités relatives d'activité insulinique “supprimable” et “non supprimable” ont également été mesurées dans le sérum. — 2. Le contenu insulinique en IRI du pancréas des souris obob était beaucoup plus élevé que celui de leur fratrie maigre à l'âge de cinq mois, mais était moindre à l'âge de cinq semaines. Par contre, l'IRI et l'ILA du sérum des souris obob excédaient de beaucoup ceux de leur fratrie maigre aux deux âges. Il est suggéré que la demande périphérique augmentée en insuline précède la synthèse et le stockage insuliniques augmentés dans ce type d'obésité. — 3. Chez ces trois souches de souris, qu'elles soient obèses ou maigres, le rapport des activités insuliniques biologiques et immunologiques des extraits pancréatiques était constant et approchait l'unité. Dans le sérum, ce rapport était également constant mais il était approximativement de cinq. Ces faits sont en désaccord avec la notion que des différences de structure de l'insuline pourraient être la cause des activités biologiques insuliniques différentes chez les animaux obèses et non obèses. Ils sont cependant en accord avec le concept d'une potentialisation de l'activité insulinique du sérum par une substance sérique présente chez toutes les souris. — 4. Approximativement 90% de l'ILA sérique chez les trois races de souris obèses étudiées étaient supprimées par la présence de sérum anti-insuline, bien que les taux absolus d'ILA non supprimable soient semblables à ceux trouvés dans d'autres espèces. Il est donc improbable que l'insuline “liée” participe pour une part importante à l'ILA sérique accrue d'un des trois types d'animaux obèses étudiés. — 5. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec le concept d'une résistance importante du tissu musculaire à l'action insulinique qui jouerait un rôle pathogénique important, voire primordial, chez la souris obob. Une résistance musculaire similaire, bien que moins marquée, peut être démontrée chez la souris obèse de Nouvelle Zélande. Par contre, cette résistance musculaire à l'action insulinique est totalement absente chez la souris albinos rendue obèse par l'aurothioglucose, après un jeûne de 24 heures.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Pankreas-Extrakte und Seren von normalen und fettsüchtigen (“obob”) Mäusen der Jackson Memorial Laboratories, Bar Harbor, von neuseeländischen fettsüchtigen Mäusen (“NZO”) und von weißen Mäusen, die nach Injektion von Goldthioglucose fettsüchtig geworden waren, wurden auf ihren Gehalt an insulinähnlicher Aktivität (“ILA”) und immunoreaktivem Insulin (“IRI”) untersucht. In den Seren aller drei Stämme wurde der Anteil der gesamt-ILA bestimmt, der mit Antikörpern gegen Insulin nicht unterdrückt werden kann. — 2. Pankreas erwachsener “obob” enthält mehr, dasjenige junger enthält weniger IRI als Pankreas normalgewichtiger Tiere aus dem gleichen Wurf, wogegen Serum der “obob” unabhängig vom Alter der Tiere mehr IRI und ILA enthält als das der normalgewichtigen. Es ist anzunehmen, daß bei dieser Form genetischer Fettsucht die Zunahme des peripheren Insulinbedarfsvor der Steigerung der Insulinsynthese und-Speicherung auftritt. — 3. Bei allen drei Mäusestämmen, ob fettsüchtig oder nicht, war das Verhältnis von ILA zu IRI der Pankreasextrakte konstant und betrug ca. 1. Im Serum war das Verhältnis ebenfalls konstant, betrug aber ca. 5. Damit erscheint es unwahrscheinlich, daß strukturelle Unterschiede der Insulinmoleküle einzelner Mäusestämme für Aktivitätsunterschiede des Hormons zwischen normalen und fettsüchtigen Mäusen verantwortlich zu machen sind. Dagegen ist das Resultat im Einklang mit der Möglichkeit einer Potenzierung der Aktivität des Insulins durch gewisse Serumproteine. — 4. In Gegenwart von Antikörpern gegen Insulin wurden ca. 90% der ILA des Serums aller drei untersuchten Mäusestämme unterdrückt. Die absolute Konzentration nicht unterdrückbarer ILA entsprach derjenigen, die bei anderen Species beschrieben wurde. Es ist deshalb nicht wahrscheinlich, daß ein “gebundenes” Insulin für die Erhöhung der Konzentration der ILA im Serum der untersuchten fettsüchtigen Mäuse verantwortlich ist. — 5. Die vorliegenden Resultate unterstützen die Annahme, daß eine gewebeeigene Insulinresistenz der Muskulatur in der Pathogenese des “obob” Syndroms eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Eine ähnliche, nicht notwendigerweise gewebegebundene und schwächere Insulinresistenz der Muskulatur ließ sich auch bei “NZO” Mäusen nachweisen, während die Muskulatur der durch Goldthioglucose hyperphagisch und fettsüchtig gemachten weißen Mäuse normal insulinempfindlich blieb.
    Notes: Summary 1. Insulin-like activity (ILA) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) of pancreatic extracts and of serum have been measured in lean and obese (obob) mice from the Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine; in New Zealand obese mice; and in goldthioglucose-obese Swiss mice, and their lean controls. In all three types of mice the relative amounts of “suppressible” and “nonsuppressible” insulin activities of serum have also been established. — 2. Pancreatic content of IRI in (obob) mice is much greater than in their lean sibblings at five months of age, but smaller at 5 weeks, whereas serum IRI and ILA of (obob) mice are greatly in excess of the same activities of serum from their lean littermates at both ages. It is suggested that increased peripheral demand for insulin preceeds increased insulin synthesis and storage in this type of obesity. — 3. In all three strains of mice, obese or lean, the ratio of biologic to immunologic activity of pancreatic extracts was constant and close to unity. In serum, this ratio was also constant but approximately five times greater than unity. These findings do not support the notion that differences in insulin structure might account for differences in the biological activity of insulin in obese and non-obese animals; they are in keeping with the concept of a potentiation of serum insulin activity by some component of serum in all mice. — 4. Approximately 90% of serum ILA in all three types of obese mice studied was suppressed in the presence of anti-insulin serum, although the absolute levels of non-suppressible ILA were similar to those reported for other species. It is unlikely, therefore, that “bound” insulin accounts for a significant part of the increased ILA of serum of any of the three types of obese animals studied. — 5. Present data support the concept of a marked tissue-bound muscular resistance to insulin action as an important, possibly primary pathogenetic feature in (obob) mice. A similar, but much less marked muscular resistance can be demonstrated in NZO mice, whereas muscular resistance to insulin action is totally absent in goldthioglucose obese Swiss mice after a 24 hour fast.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 249-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Dog ; Cat ; Diabetes in dogs and cats ; Pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; B cells ; Insulitis ; Hyalin ; Capillaries ; Kidney ; Retina ; Microaneurysms ; Pituitary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs présentent une étude histopathologique de 30 chiens et de 5 chats spontanément diabétiques. — Les îlots de Langerhans et les cellules B étaient fortement diminués en nombre chez la grande majorité des chiens. Les cellules B étaient souvent dégranulées et hydropiques. Chez les chiens dont le diabète avait évolué pendant longtemps, les îlots étaient très rares et les cellules B absentes. — Chez les 5 chats spontanément diabétiques par contre, les îlots et les cellules B étaient nombreuses. Les cellules B étaient dégranulées et hydropiques chez 4 chats. Chez 1 des chats, les cellules B paraissaient normales. De nombreux îlots présentaient des dépôts de substance hyaline dans le stroma. Chez un chat, il existait une infiltration lymphocytaire très dense dans un îlot. — Ni chez les chiens, ni chez les chats, il n'a été vu de lésions glomérulaires identiques à celles de glomérulosclérose diabétique humaine. Les lésions les plus fréquentes consistaient en un épaississement des axes membraneux des touffes glomérulaires et une hypertrophie de la paroi des artérioles afférentes.— Dans les rétines des chiens diabétiques il existait une acellularité focale ou généralisée de la paroi des capillaires. Un petit nombre de microanévrysmes ont été trouvés chez 3 chiens diabétiques. L'incidence plus faible des lésions de rétinopathie vasculaire, comparativement aux diabétiques humains, s'explique probablement par la durée de vie plus courte du chien et du chat. Il est possible aussi que les capillaires rétiniens de ces animaux soient moins susceptibles de développer des lésions dégénératives. — Un degré marqué de stéatose hépatique a été observé chez beaucoup de chiens et de chats. Les surrénales étaient souvent hypertrophiées et contenaient des adénomes, mais ces lésions ne paraissent pas différentes de celles que l'on peut trouver chez des chiens et des chats non diabétiques de même âge. L'hypophyse a été prélevée chez 7 chiens. Dans 2 cas, elle contenait un adénome. Une étude cytologique plus complète des hypophyses sera publiée ultérieurement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an 30 spontan-diabetischen Hunden und 5 spontan-diabetischen Katzen. Bei der großen Mehrzahl der diabetischen Hunde war die Zahl der Langerhansschen Inseln und der B-Zellen stark herabgesetzt. Die B-Zellen waren oft degranuliert und hydropisch. Bei Hunden mit schon lang anhaltender Krankheit waren die Inseln nur noch vereinzelt und B-Zellen überhaupt nicht mehr nachweisbar. — Im Gegensatz zu diesen Ergebnissen fanden sich bei allen 5 Katzen zahlreiche Inseln und B-Zellen. Bei 4 dieser Katzen jedoch waren die B-Zellen, wie bei den Hunden, degranuliert und hydropisch entartet. Bei einer Katze war das Aussehen der B-Zellen normal. Im Stroma der Inseln von 2 Katzen konnten starke Hyalinablagerungen nachgewiesen werden. In einem Falle zeigten die Inseln eine starke lymphocytäre Infiltration. — Weder bei den Hunden noch bei den Katzen waren typische Läsionen der Glomeruli, wie sie bei der Glomerulosklerose des menschlichen Diabetes auftreten, nachweisbar. Die häufigsten Veränderungen bestanden aus einer mehr oder weniger ausgeprägten Verdickung des mesangialen Teils der Kapillaren der Glomeruli und aus einer Hypertrophie der Wand der zuführenden Arteriolen. Bei einigen Hunden und Katzen bestanden auf chronische Pyelonephritis zurückführende Narben. — In der Retina der diabetischen Hunde waren zellenlose und funktionslose Kapillaren vorhanden, und degenerierte Pericyten (“ghostcells”) waren häufiger als bei normalen Hunden. In drei Hunden wurden einige Mikroaneurismen beobachtet. Daß diese für die Retinopathie des Diabetes typischen Läsionen beim Hund verhältnismäßig selten auftreten könnte mit der kürzeren Lebensdauer der Krankheit bei diesen Tieren zusammenhängen. Es ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen, daß die Retina von Hunden und Katzen weniger zu degenerativen Veränderungen neigt. — In der Leber vieler Hunde und Katzen wurde eine schwere Steatose beobachtet. In vier Hunden zeigte sich beginnende Lebercirrhose. In diabetischen Hunden und Katzen waren die Nebennieren oft hypertrophisch und enthielten Adenome, die allerdings auch bei nichtdiabetischen alternden Hunden beobachtet wurden. In 2 von 7 Hypophysen diabetischer Hunde fanden sich Adenome, über deren cytologische Untersuchung in einer späteren Veröffentlichung berichtet wird.
    Notes: Summary A histological study of 30 spontaneously diabetic dogs and 5 spontaneously diabetic cats is presented. — The islets of Langerhans and the B cells were strongly reduced in number in a large majority of the diabetic dogs. The B cells were often degranulated and hydropic. In cases of longer duration, the islets were scarce and B cells could no longer be found. — In contrast to the findings in diabetic dogs, all five cats showed numerous islets and B cells. However in 4 cats, the B cells showed complete degranulation and hydropic changes, as in the dogs. In one cat, the B cells had a normal appearance. Extensive hyalin deposits were found in the stroma of the islets in 2 cats. In one cat, an islet showed a dense lymphocytic infiltration. — No lesions identical to human diabetic glomerulosclerosis were found in any of the dogs or cats. The changes most frequently observed were a variable degree of thickening of the mesangial stalk of the glomerular capillaries, and an hypertrophy of the wall of the afferent arteriole. Scars resulting from chronic pyelonephritis, were found in a few dogs and cats. — Acellular, non-functional capillaries, with degeneration of pericytes (“ghost-cells”) were found in larger numbers in the retinas of the diabetic dogs than in non-diabetic control dogs. A very few microaneurysms could be found in 3 dogs. The lower incidence of the most typical lesions of diabetic retinopathy in dogs, as compared with the human diabetic, is probably related to the shorter duration of the disease in these animals. However, a lower susceptibility of the retina of dogs and cats to develop degenerative changes cannot be excluded. — A severe steatosis was observed in the liver of many dogs and cats. In 4 dogs, the liver showed early cirrhosis. In diabetic dogs and cats, the adrenal cortex often showed hypertrophy and contained adenomas; however, these changes have also been reported in non-diabetic aging dogs. An adenoma was found in 2 of the 7 pituitaries obtained from diabetic dogs; the cytological aspect of these adenomas and of the pituitaries will be reported in a later publication.
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  • 8
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Diabetes in animals ; Genes for diabetes ; Mutations for diabetes ; Obesity ; Genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Islet volume ; Beta cell volume ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié 3 groupes de hamsters chinois de la colonie des laboratoires Upjohn, soit (1) des animaux diabétiques ayant présenté des symptômes pendant 18 mois; (2) des animaux non-diabétiques des mêmes nichées; et (3) des animaux non-diabétiques et non-apparentés mais concordant par l'âge et le sexe. Le diabète spontané de ces animaux est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie, une glucosurie, une diminution du volume des îlots de Langerhans, une diminution du volume total des cellulesβ, une dégranulation des cellulesβ et l'infiltration en glycogène des îlots de Langerhans. Des anomalies de même type, mais moins marquées ont été observées chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques. A notre connaissance, c'est là la première description de la diminution de la masse des cellulesβ et de leur dégranulation avant l'apparition clinique d'un diabète spontané chez l'homme ou l'animal. Il en ressortirait que cette altération des cellulesβ pourrait bien être un mécanisme étiologique primaire de la pathogénèse du diabète spontané du hamster chinois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von chinesischen Hamstern aus der Upjohn-Zucht wurden untersucht. Dazu gehörten: diabetische Tiere, die seit 18 Monaten Symptome aufwiesen, nichtdiabetische Tiere aus gleichem Wurf und nichtverwandte nichtdiabetische Tiere, die in Alter und Geschlecht den anderen entsprachen. Der Spontandiabetes zeichnet sich aus durch Hyperglykämie, Glykosurie, Abnahme des Inselvolumens, Verminderung derβ-Zellmasse, Degranulierung derβ-Zellen und Glykogeninfiltration der Inseln. In den nichtdiabetischen Geschwistertieren wurden ähnliche aber weniger markante Veränderungen festgestellt. Unseres Wissens ist dies der erste Bericht einer Verringerung derβ-Zellmasse mit Degranulierung noch ehe sich ein Spontandiabetes bei Mensch oder Tier manifestiert. Dies deutet darauf daß diese Veränderungen derβ-Zellen einen primären etiologischen Faktor bei der Entstehung des Spontandiabetes beim chinesischen Hamster darstellen könnten.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied: these included diabetic animals in which symptoms were present for 18 months, non-diabetic siblings and non-related, non-diabetic animals of the corresponding age and sex. The spontaneous diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decreased islet volume, decreased beta cell mass, beta cell degranulation and glycogen infiltration in the islets. In the non-diabetic siblings, similar but less marked changes were noted. To our knowledge this is the first reported observation of decreased beta cell mass and beta cell degranulation occurring prior to clinical onset of spontaneous diabetes in man or animal. It suggests that the observed alteration of beta cells is a primary etiologic mechanism in the production of spontaneous diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Potential diabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Starvation diabetes ; Phenformin ; Growth hormone ; Cortisone ; Glucagon ; Insulin response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation principale que nous rapportons est celle d'une diminution de la tolérance au glucose chez le rat des sables potentiellement diabétique, même soumis à un régime consistant exclusivement en légumes. Cette intolérance est induite ou aggravée par des périodes même brèves de jeûne. Ce «diabète de la faim» pourrait bien s'avérer être un diabète expérimental idéal pour l'étude de la pathogénèse du diabète qu'on observe chez l'animal soumis à un régime normal, plus riche en calories.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Hauptergebnis unserer Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung einer verminderten Toleranz für Glucose in der potentiell diabetischen Sandratte, selbst bei rein pflanzlicher Ernährung. Verursacht oder verschlimmert wurde dieser Zustand durch kurze Perioden von Nahrungsentzug. Dieser „Hungerdiabetes“ könnte ein ideales Versuchsmodell darstellen, und die Aufklärung des diabetogenen Mechanismus bei normaler Laboratoriumskost erleichtern.
    Notes: Summary The key finding in our study is a diminished tolerance for glucose in the potentially diabetic vegetable-fed sand rat, induced or aggravated by brief periods of food deprivation. This “starvation diabetes” may represent an ideal experimental model for study of the mechanism involved in the development of diabetes in the chow-fed animal.
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  • 11
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 143-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Alpha cells ; Protein synthesis ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Obesity ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié avec les microscopes optique et électronique les îlots de Langerhans du pancréas de rats des sables normaux et diabétiques. Lorsqu'ils sont maintenus à un régime normal de laboratoire, on observe chez ces animaux une dégranulation des cellulesβ et les signes d'une synthèse protéique augmentée. Dès qu'apparaît le diabète, on voit apparaître une infiltration glycogénique avec déplacement des organelles cellulaires et, plus tard, une dégénérescence cyptoplasmique avec liquéfaction. L'apparition de ces anomalies morphologiques a été mise en corrélation avec les altérations du glucose sanguin et de l'insuline immunoréactive sérique. Ce qui est remarquable chez le rat des sables, c'est qu'il ne semble pas être à même de s'adapter à l'apport calorique plus concentré de la nourriture de laboratoire. Il réagit par une surproduction insulinique, surproduction qui, en général, évite la cétose. Parfois, cette surproduction suffit à ramener le sucre sanguin à la normale. Dans des cas plus rares, la stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique se termine par une dégénérescence et une nécrose des cellulesβ avec céto-acidose mortelle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über elektronen- und lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pankreas-Inseln normaler und diabetischer Sandratten berichtet. Nach Verabreichung einer synthetischen Keks-Diät wurden eine Degranulation derβ-Zellen und Zeichen einer vermehrten Proteinsynthese beobachtet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten von Diabetes erfolgte Glykogeninfiltration, begleitet von einer Verdrängung der Zellorganellen und gelegentlicher Degeneration und Verflüssigung des Cytoplasmas. Diese Veränderungen wurden mit Blutzucker-und immunreaktivem Serum-Insulinspiegel in Zusammenhang gebracht. — Sandratten sind einzigartig in der Hinsicht, daß sie nicht in der Lage sind, das vermehrte Kalorienangebot der synthetischen Diät auf normale Art zu bewältigen. Sie reagieren mit Mehrproduktion von Insulin. Die gesteigerte Insulmausschüttung hält das Tier gewöhnlich frei von Ketose, bringt den Blutzucker gelegentlich auf normale Werte zurück, endet aber in seltenen Fällen mit einer Degeneration und Nekrose derβ-Zellen mit anschließender fataler Ketoacidose.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastuctural and light microscopic studies of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic sand rats are reported. Following the institution of a synthetic chow diet, beta cell degranulation and enhanced protein synthesis were observed. With the appearance of diabetes, glycogen infiltration occurred, with displacement of cellular organelles and eventual cytoplasmic degeneration and liquefaction. These alterations were correlated with blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels. — The sand rats are unique in that they are not able to cope with the increased caloric load of synthetic chow. They respond by marked insulin production; an increase that usually maintains the animal free of ketosis, occasionally returns them to a euglycemic state, and may rarely be terminated by beta cell degeneration and necrosis with fatal ketoacidosis.
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  • 12
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype:C3Hf×I-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Insulin response ; Insulin resistance ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hybride F1 produit par le croisement des souches de souris C3Hf et I (souris de Wellesley) est prédisposé au diabète. Dans cette étude nous avons observé que les animaux devenus diabétiques avaient des taux élevés d'insuline immunoréactive sérique et que leurs tissus périphériques étaient moins sensibles à l'action de l'insulinein vitro. Un régime hypocalorique a pu prévenir l'apparition du diabète et maintenir une sensibilité normale à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzung von C3Hf und I Mäusestämmen ergibt ein F1 Hybrid (die “Wellesley” Maus) mit Veranlagung für Diabetes mellitus. Bei der Untersuchung dieser Tiere wurde festgestellt, daß solche, bei denen das diabetische Syndrom sich entwickelt hatte, erhöhte Spiegel von immunreaktivem Insulin im Serum aufwiesen, und daß ihre peripheren Gewebein vitro weniger empfindlich auf Insulin reagierten. Diät-beschränkung verhinderte das Auftreten von Diabetes und bewahrte die Insulinempfindlichkeit der peripheren Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary A hybrid of C3Hf and I strains of mice (the “Wellesley” mouse) results in an animal with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. In this study it was found that animals that developed the diabetic syndrome had elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in their serum, and peripheral tissues thatin vitro were less responsive to insulin. Dietary restriction prevented the diabetes from occurring as well as maintaining insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.
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  • 13
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3Hf XI-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Swiss-Hauschka mice ; Hauschka Swriss mice ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Beta cell hyperplasia ; Insulin in Serum ; Obesity ; Caloric Intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souris hybrides produites par le croisement des souches C3Hf et I ont été soumises à une alimentation standard de laboratoire, à deux niveaux de concentration calorique. De plus, des souris d'une souche ordinaire ont reçu leur nourriture sous forme de poudre ou de conglomérés. Dans tous ces cas, nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'hyperglycémie, l'accroissement de poids et les taux sériques élevés d'insuline immunoréactive résultant de l'apport augmenté de calories. Ces observations soulignent l'importance extrême du régime dans l'étude du diabète expérimental.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse, die aus der Kreuzung C3HfXI hervorgingen, und die zu einer milden Form von Diabetes und Hyperplasie der Bauchspeicheldrüse neigen, erhielten zwei Sorten Laboratoriumskeks von unterschiedlichem Kaloriengehalt. Einem Stamm gewöhnlicher Labormäuse wurde außerdem das Futter als Pulver oder in Keks-Form verabreicht. Hyperglykämie, vermehrte Gewichtszunahme und erhöhte Spiegel an immunreaktivem Insulin verhielten sich untereinander parallel und waren das Resultat vermehrter Kalorienaufnahme. Diese Untersuchungen heben die kritische Rolle der Diät bei Studien des experimentellen Diabetes hervor.
    Notes: Summary Hybrid mice that develop mild diabetes and pancreatic hyperplasia were fed chow rations at two caloric concentrations. In addition, a strain of commercial laboratory mice were fed these diets in both powdered and pellet form. In all animals, hyperglycemia, increased weight gain, and elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in serum were correlated with each other and resulted from increased caloric intake. These studies emphasize the critical role of diet in the study of experimental diabetes.
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  • 14
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 212-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; KK mice ; Japanese mice ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Pituitary ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Sex and diabetes ; Adrenal cortex ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un état diabétique est démontré chez des souris d'une souche japonaise, la souche KK, mis en évidence par une élévation du sucre sanguin et par une diminution de la tolérance au glucose. 2. Le poids corporel des souris KK dépasse la normale; il s'agit d'une obésité modérée. 3. L'activité insulinique du pancréas et le contenu en hormone de croissance de l'hypophyse de souris KK dépassent ceux observés chez des souris C57BL. 4. Histologiquement, on trouve chez les souris KK une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des îlots de Langerhans, une hypertrophie et une dégranulation des cellules B, une abondance de ribosomes et de réticulum endoplasmique des cellules B, un développement marqué de la région de Golgi des mêmes cellules, et une diminution du contenu en zinc des cellules insulaires. D'autres anomalies ont également été observées dans d'autres organes des souris KK, plus particulièrement pour l'hypophyse, le foie, les surrénales et la parathyroïde.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Mäusen des KK-Stammes (japanische Zucht) ist mit Bestimmung von Glucosetoleranz und Blutzuckerwerten ein diabetischer Zustand nachweisbar. 2. Das Körpergewicht von KK-Mäusen liegt über der Norm, und es besteht eine leichte Fettsucht. 3. Die Insulinaktivität des Pankreas und der Gehalt der Hypophyse an Wachstumshormon sind bei KK-Mäusen höher als bei C57BL-Mäusen. 4. Das Pankreas der KK-Mäuse zeigt auffallende Veränderungen, wie Hypertrophie und Degranulierung derβ-Zellen, reichlich Ribosomen und endoplasmatisches Reticulum in denβ-Zellen, sowie starke Ausbildung des Golgiapparates und Verminderung des Zinkgehaltes der Inselzellen. 5. Auch andere Organe (z.B. Adenohypophyse, Leber, Nebenniere und Nebenschilddrüse) der KK-Mäuse weisen Veränderungen auf.
    Notes: Summary This review demonstrates the following points:1. By glucose tolerance test and the determination of non-fasting blood sugar values, mice of KK strain (a Japanese strain) have been shown to be in a diabetic state. 2. KK mice have greater than normal body weights, and moderate obesity. 3. Pancreatic insulin activity and adenohypophyseal growth hormone content of KK mice are greater than those of C75BL mice. 4. The pancreas of KK mice presents many striking changes, such as the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets, the hypertrophy and degranulation of B cells, the abundance of B cell ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, the enlargement of the Golgi areas of B cells, and the diminution of the zinc content of insular cells. 5. In other organs (eg. adenohypophysis, liver, adrenal and parathyroid) of KK mice, many changes are also observed. The above features of KK mice are discussed in relation to the presumed metabolic disorder in the mice.
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  • 15
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 222-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Obese mice ; Genotype: obob ; Obese-hyperglycemic syndrome ; Screening ; for diabetes ; Testis ; Obesity ; β-glucuronidase ; Isocitrate metabolism ; Muscle ; Liver ; Adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons passé en revue quelques aspects du métabolisme des souris obèses-hyperglycémiques observés dans la colonie suédoise de ces animaux. Nous avons développé une méthode de dépistage qui permet de reconnaître très tôt les animaux qui, plus tard, deviendront obèses et hyperglycémiques. L'injection intrapéritonéale de glucose mène plus fréquemment à une glucosurie chez les souris homozygotes (obob) même avant le sevrage, suggérant donc que l'anomalie du métabolisme du glucose est une lésion primaire chez ces animaux. Le syndrome est en outre associé à une activité endocrine réduite du testicule. Une comparaison quantitative des structures testiculaires d'animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques soumis à un régime strict, et d'animaux obèses à la suite d'hyperphagie provoquée par l'injection d'aurothioglucose, permet d'affirmer que cette diminution de la fonction endocrine testiculaire est le résultat de facteurs autres que l'hyperphagie ou l'obésité. Une augmentation de laβ-glucuronidase sérique et artérielle ayant été décrite chez des malades atteints de diabète ou d'artériosclérose sévères, cette activité enzymatique a été mesurée chez les souris obèses-hyperglycémiques. Une activité enzymatique accrue n'a été observée que pour les surrénales. La déshydrogénation de l'isocitrate procède plus activement par la voie requérant le cofacteur NADP+ dans les tissus musculaires et hépatiques de souris obèses-hyperglycémiques, que ce n'est le cas pour les tissus de souris nonobèses. Pourtant, cette utilisation préférentielle de l'enzyme NADP+-dépendant n'est pas nécessairement liée à la lipogénèse accrue observée chez ces animaux, puisque cette même préférence ne se retrouve pas lorsqu'on compare le tissu adipeux d'animaux obèses et non-obèses de mêmes nichées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an der schwedischen Kolonie von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen werden hier einige Gesichtspunkte über den Stoffwechsel dieser Tiere dargestellt. Eine neue Arbeitsweise hat es uns ermöglicht schon früh Mäuse, die später zu Fettsucht und Hyperglykämie neigen, zu entdecken. Intraperitoneale Glucoseinjektionen führten häufiger zur Glucosurie in denjenigen noch nicht entwöhnten Tieren, die für das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Gen homozygot sind. Diese Tatsache weist auch darauf hin, daß die Störung des Glucosestoff-wechsels wahrscheinlich eine primäre Anomalie darstellt. Das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Syndrom geht parallel mit einer verminderten endokrinen Aktivität der Hoden. Quantitative mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hoden von sowohl fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen bei Beschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme, als auch von Mäusen mit Goldthioglucose-bedingter Hyperphagie und Fettsucht deuten darauf, daß andere Faktoren als Überfressen oder Fettsucht für das Abnehmen der Hodenfunktion verantwortlich sind. Im Serum oder in den Arterien von Patienten mit Diabetes oder Arteriosklerose ist eine Vermehrung derβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität nachgewiesen worden. Beifettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen war aber nur in den Nebennieren eine höhereβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität als bei nicht-fettsüchtigen Tieren nachzuweisen. Untersuchung der enzymatischen Dehydrogenierung von Isocitrat zeigte, daß Isocitrat im Skelettmuskel und in der Leber dieser fettsüchtig hyperglykämischen Mäuse vorwiegend über das NADP+-abhängige Enzym dehydrogeniert wird. Diese Beobachtung ist nicht unbedingt mit der Hyperlipogenese verbunden, da das Fettgewebe von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen im Vergleich zu dem der mageren nicht dieselbe Bevorzugung des NADP+- abhängigen Enzyms aufweist.
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of the metabolism of obesehyperglycemic mice are presented in the light of recent observations on the Swedish colony of these animals. A screening procedure has been elaborated, which allows early detection of those growing mice that will later develop the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. The observation that intraperitoneal glucose injections induce a higher frequency of glucosuria in those suckling mice which are homozygous for the obese-hyperglycemic gene furthermore suggests that the impairment of the glucose metabolism represents a primary lesion in these animals. The obese-hyperglycemic syndrome is associated with a reduced endocrine activity of the testis. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the testis, both from obese-hyperglycemic mice kept on a restricted food intake and from mice in which hyperphagia and obesity had been induced by injections of gold thioglucose, revealed that other factors than overeating and/or obesity are responsible for the depression of the testis function. An increased activity ofβ-glucuronidase has been reported in serum and arteries from inviduals with diabetes or severe arteriosclerosis. However, among the various tissues analysed in the obese-hyperglycemic mice only the adrenals displayed a significantly higherβ-glucuronidase activity than the lean litter mates. Studies of the enzymatic dehydrogenation of isocitrate revealed considerably higher ratios between the NADP+- and NAD+-specific enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. The observation that the liver dehydrogenation of isocitrate was more dependent on NADP+ in the latter animals must not necessarily be attributed to the presence of a hyperlipogenesis, since similar ratios were recorded for the NADP+- and NAD+-linked isocitric dehydrogenase activities when the adipose tissue from the obese-hyperglycemic mice was compared with that from the lean sibling controls.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 266-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Kidney ; Renal glomerulopathy ; Capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Mesangium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié aux microscopes optique et électronique les glomérules rénaux de 11 hamsters chinois non-diabétiques, de 4 hamsters non-diabétiques mais provenant de nichées comportant des animaux diabétiques, et de 6 animaux ayant souffert d'un diabète de durée et de sévérité variables. Le vieillissement en soi est associé à une augmentation du mésangium et à une dilatation des capillaires avec léger épaississement de la membrane basale. Chez les diabétiques sévères de type juvénile, nous avons observé des altérations profondes des cellules mésangiales, avec la formation de vésicules, de corps multivésiculaires, de vacuoles et une apparence lavée du cytoplasme avec désorganisation mitochondriale. Ce n'est qu'aux stades les plus avancés qu'on observe une augmentation de la matrice mésangiale. Aux premiers stades, les membranes basales sont minces, particulièrement pour les capillaires dilatés. A des stades plus avancés, on trouve des régions épaisses et des régions minces de la membrane basale; certainement pas d'épaississement généralisé. Bien que des altérations semblables eussent été observées avec le vieillissement simple, les altérations des cellules mésangiales, la coalescence, la dilatation cystique et la fusion des anses capillaires des glomérules sont caractéristiques d'une glomérulopathie diabétique chez les animaux jeunes. Les altérations sont beaucoup plus marquées à des stades plus avancés de l'état diabétique. La diminution du nombre des anses capillaires est probablement le résultat de la coalescence des capillaires. Les cellules épithéliales sont bien préservées dans tous les glomérules et il n'y a pas de lésions nodulaires. Nous n'avons pas observé de lésions glomérulaires semblables chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques ne souffrant pas eux-mêmes d'un diabète patent. Il semblerait y avoir une analogie entre la dilatation et la coalescence des capillaires du glomérule en présence d'altérations des cellules mésangiales et la dilatation des capillaires rétiniens associée à la dégénérescence des cellules murales, ou péricytes, chez l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir haben im Licht- und im Elektronen-Mikroskop die renalen Glomeruli von 11 Kontrolltieren, von 4 nicht-diabetischen Tieren aus gleichem Wurf wie diabetische Hamster, und von 6 Tieren mit Spontan-Diabetes verschiedenen Alters, sowie mit unterschiedlicher Dauer und Schwere des Krankheitsbildes, untersucht. Zunehmendes Alter führte zur Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix mit einiger Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Verdickung der Basalmembran. Bei früh einsetzendem schweren Diabetes wurden schwere Veränderungen der Mesangialzellen beobachtet, bestehend aus Vermehrung der vesikulären Bläschen, Entstehung von multi-vesikulären Strukturen, Vacuolen, und einem verwaschenen Aussehen des Zytoplasmas, sowie mitochondrialer Desorganisation. Bei vorgerücktem Krankheitsbild bestand eine deutliche Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix. Anfänglich war die Basalmembran dünn, besonders in den erweiterten Kapillaren. Später, wies die Basalmembran sowohl verdickte wie verdünnte Stellen auf. Obwohl ähnliche Veränderungen auch mit zunehmendem Alter zu sehen waren, ließ die Beobachtung von Veränderungen der mesangialen Zellen, von zystischer Erweiterung und Verschmelzen von Kapillarschlingen beijungen Hamstern sicher auf diabetische Glomerulopathie schließen. Diese Veränderungen waren denn auch verhältnismäßig noch deutlicher und besonders charakteristisch in späteren Stadien der Krankheit. Die Fusion von Kapillaren erklärt vielleicht die Abnahme der Zahl der Kapillarschlingen. Die Ausläufer der Epithelialzellen blieben in allen Glomeruli wohl erhalten und es waren keine noduläre Läsionen zu sehen. In den von uns beobachteten Tieren waren solche Veränderungen der Glomeruli bei nicht-diabetischen Tieren nicht zu sehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß zwischen der Erweiterung und der Fusion von Kapillarschlingen, im Zusammenhang mit Veränderung der mesangialen Zellen, und der Erweiterung von Kapillaren der Netzhaut, im Zusammenhang mit Degeneration deren Perizyten beim Menschen, eine Analogie besteht.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were made of the renal glomeruli of 11 control Chinese hamsters, 4 siblings of diabetic hamsters, and 6 with spontaneous diabetes of varying age of onset, duration, and severity. Aging alone was associated with an increase in mesangial matrix and some degree of capillary dilatation and thickening of the basement membrane. In severe diabetes of early-onset, there was a marked change in mesangial cells, consisting of an increase in vesicles, multivesicular bodies, vacuoles, ghost-like appearance of the cytoplasm, and mitochondrial disorganization. Only in the more advanced stages was there an increase in the mesangial matrix. Initially, the basement membrane was thin, particularly in dilated capillaries. Measurements of the basement membrane in the later stages indicated that there were both thick and thin areas; increased thickness alone was not characteristic. Although similar findings developed progressively with age, mesangial cell alterations, coalescence and cystic dilatation and fusion of capillary loops in the glomeruli of young hamsters were characteristic findings of diabetic glomerulopathy. These findings were characteristic and disproportionately marked in any later stage of the disease. Coalescence of capillaries may have explained the decrease in the number of loops. The foot processes of the epithelial cells were well-preserved in all glomeruli and nodular lesions were not seen. There was no evidence in this series that litter-mates of diabetic animals developed such glomerular lesions in the absence of overt diabetes. An analogy was suggested between the dilatation and coalescence of glomerular capillaries associated with mesangial cell changes and the dilatation of retinal capillaries associated with degeneration of the supporting mural cells in man.
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscope study of oocyte maturation in the mouse revealed that some mitochondria undergo gradual transformation in their ultrastructural appearance. In very young oocytes these mitochondria were already found to contain vacuoles, one in each such organelle. In somewhat older oocytes more mitochondria displayed vacuoles which generally appeared to be getting larger. These intramitochondrial vacuoles were found to be essentially optically empty structures surrounded by a single membrane. In favorable sections someof the developing vacuoles had a bottle-shaped appearance, the constricted end of which was attached to the inner limiting membrane of the mitochondrion. With further maturation of the oocytes vacuoles having a pear-shaped appearance became evident. An hypothesis was presented outlining the mode of formation of these vacuoles by expansion of the individual cristae. Intramitochondrial transformations occuring during both oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mammals were reviewed.
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  • 19
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 103-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The monotypic perciform suborder Luciocephaloidei possesses the following, previously unknown, salient morphological characters: a third joint, the nasopalatopterygoid, between neurocranium and suspensorium; a toothless and dorsally exposed prevomer; no pharyngeal processes on either parasphenoid or basioccipital; a tympanum-covered foramen exoccipitale in the saccular bulla as a hearing organ; a gular ossification; a craniovertebral joint with small exoccipital condyles widely separated from the basioccipital condyle; and a large physoclystic swimbladder with a notable caudal extension. The seemingly functionless gular-like mental ossification is considered a paleomorphic structure with a neogenetic development. Attenuation in longitudinal growth is evident in the derivatives and dermal additions of the mandibular arch and nasal capsule while other regions of the head have remained independent. The primary adaptive significance of the attenuation in the growth of the entire preorbital region is the accomodation of oral incubation. Secondarily the elongate jaws increase both the speed and grasping range of the bite in prey catching. The degree of jaw protrusion depends mainly on the length of the maxillary. The exaggerated length of the ascending processes of the premaxillaries may be the result of a positive differential growth rate within one growth field. The meaning of the preponderance of parallel-fibered cranial muscles is discussed in respect to holding functions, greatest possible excursion of the insertion with minimum loss of force, and muscle fiber length. Based on the overall morphology, the monotypic suborder Luciocephaloidei is retained.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 135-157 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Osteology, myology and motion analysis of the head of the anabantoid fish Helostoma temmincki, a specialized filter feeder, has revealed six functional units: neurocranium, suspensory apparatus, opercular apparatus, hyoid apparatus, branchial apparatus and pectoral girdle. Interactions between the functional units take place through four couplings involved in opening and protruding the jaws. The first coupling is activated in the beginning of the opening cycle by the levator operculi muscle through the opercular apparatus, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The second is activated during feeding by contraction of the sternohyoideus through the hyoid apparatus, interopercular, interoperculomandibular ligament and mandible. The third coupling is active during feeding and “kissing” by contraction of epaxial muscles through mediation of the neurocranium to the jaw apparatus. The fourth coupling is the only one active during air intake and involves contraction of the levator arcus palatini which abducts and rotates the suspensory apparatus forwards, causing the mandible to drop. The retention of isolated ancestral characters during mosaic evolution are explained in terms of the maintenance of couplings which represent functional associations of seemingly remote structures. When natural selection acts on one component of a functional unit or coupling, it essentially acts on all associated elements simultaneously causing character complexes to evolve in common evolutionary trends. It is feasible that functional analysis can separate primary from secondary evolutionary trends.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 89-114 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Large dogs are able to deliver a powerful bite that generates considerable stress in the anterior, prehensile part of the jaws.In the upper jaw most of the biting force is borne by the anterior teeth. The palatal mucosa provides little resistance to deformation. It is easily compressed and rather mobile.In the lower jaw, the mucosa covering the upper surface of the symphysis receives a sizeable portion of the biting force. It is firmly attached to the underlying bone and possesses special connective tissue arrangements that enable it to transduce locally applied pressure to tension distributed over a broad area.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Goldfish testes were nutritionally regressed in about 115 days regardless of season and without controlled light or temperature. A gonosomatic index (testes weight ″ 100/body weight) of the regressed fish was about one tenth that of spawning fish. The regressed testes were primarily composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and connective tissue. Fish testes were maintained in a regressed state for over 200 days with no change in gonosomatic index. Fish with regressed testes appeared to be in a state of “pseudohypophysectomy” with respect to gonadotropin. Pituitary replacement and a diet of 5% of the body weight per day initiated spermatogenesis and brought the regressed testes to functional maturity in one month. The results suggest that spermatogonial proliferation and the maturation of sperm have different regulatory requirements.
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  • 23
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A theoretical analysis is made of the mechanical advantages of exoskeletons and endoskeletons. More complicated and realistic loading systems are considered than have been by previous authors. For all cases involving static loading, an exoskeleton would seem to be advantageous, but sometimes the advantage is quite small. If impact is considered, the advantage of exoskeletons becomes very much reduced, even on theoretical calculations; and it is likely that in life the advantage may be converted to a disadvantage, particularly in large active animals such as vertebrates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 43-61 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Silver stained Cordylophora were examined by light and electron microscopy, which provided a general picture of nerve cell forms and distribution for comparison with electron micrographs of osmium-fixed tissues from the same hydroid. Muscle, nerve and neurosensory components were studied in the nectophore of Nanomia (O. Siphonophora) and in the hydromedusae Sarsia and Euphysa by means of vital staining and optical and electron microscopy of epon sections; particular attention was given to relationships and interconnections between the cellular elements of the two marginal nerve rings. Mitochondrial size, numbers and types of vesicles and the occurrence of neurotubules and of parts of sensory cilia may provide useful ultrastructural clues for recognizing nerve elements, but serial sections are often needed to make identification conclusive.In Cordylophora and Nanomia, some neurites contain massed A vesicles (membrane-bounded dense granules) suggestive of neurosecretion (cf. reports on Hydra). However, a small type of A vesicle also occurs at synapses in Sarsia, indicating a probable role here in junctional transmission. Vesicles occur on both sides of some synapses (as previously reported for Cyanea) but on one side only in others, these being the first examples of polarized junctional ultrastructure in coelenterates.
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 26
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 231-249 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A correlated light and electron microscope study was made of lymphocyte-epithelial relations in the appendix of normal rabbits, ranging in age from one week to ten months. The lymphocyte migration into the epithelium was very slight at one week. The lymphocytes were increased considerably in number from two weeks to three months, grouping into unique nests in the epithelium. The basement membrane began to be penetrated by migrating cells at one week and bacame discontinuous in older animals. At one and two weeks, the epithelial cells contained glycogen, which disappeared at three weeks. Degenerating cells as well as bacilli were found in the epithelial cells and in the macrophages of the nodules. The varied appearance of bacilli in the macrophages indicates that they were being digested. The lymphocytes in the epithelium were larger, having less crowded cytoplasm as compared with those in the lymph nodules. Many lymphocytes were in deep folds of epithelial cells. There was evidence favoring an intracellular position for some lymphocytes in the epithelium.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: White Leghorn eggs were incubated to desired prevasular stages. Each embryo, upon its intact yolk and surrounded by albumen, was rolled from the shell into a sterile 50 ml beaker. In an uppermost position, the blastoderm was lightly stained with neutral red. Three types of localized cuts were made as indicated below, and the beaker-embryo unit placed in a sterile humidified chamber for further incubation. Results: (1) Unilateral cuts adjacent to the body and parallel with its axis blocked or suppressed formation of the vitelline artery on the cut side, even though healing occurred; (2) A specific site was found in the area pellucida opposite the sinus rhomboidalis which, when lightly cut perpendicular to the body axis, resulted in blockage or shifting of the final junction between aorta and vitelline artery as far cephalad as the thirteenth somite level. Formation of a dual final junction with the aorta also occurred. (3)Transverse cuts through the body axis and into the area pellucida bilaterally, frequently resulted in bilateral blockage or bilateral shifting. In still other cases, growth of a functional loop around the cut to connect the aortae in anterior and posterior segments with the vitelline artery were observed. Other unique circulatory patterns are described.Apparently, slight interference with the capillary plexus which precedes the vitelline artery causes anomalous development. Circulation is considered a major factor in arterial differentiation. Cutting probably alters the plexus and relation of its components to the onset of blood flow.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Branches of the coronary arteries of normal human hearts, supplying both atria and ventricles, were found by fine dissection and have been named rami atrioventriculares. They comprise atrial branches from ventricular arteries and ventricular branches from atrial arteries. Their incidence was 74% in the 50 adult individuals studied. The subjects had committed suicide with a poison which did not damage the coronary arteries. The atrioventricular branches constitute communications across the coronary sulcus, thus establishing a continuity between the atrial and the ventricular arterial supply. Therefore, there is not invariably a sharp demarcation of blood supply between atria and ventricles, as has been commonly taught. Neither atrial nor ventricular branches consist exclusively of ascending and descending branches of the coronary arteries, as has been assumed. Atrioventricular branches can play a role in collateral circulation and may, in individuals who are born with them, provide an explanation for some of the variability in signs and symptoms incidental to heart attacks.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paper deals with the development of the salivary gland system in Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, which begins in the prepupal stage. The silk glands degenerate by autolysis at the end of the larval stage. Degeneration is characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and pycnosis of the nuclei of the secretory cells. The glandular secretory portion of degenerated silk glands separates from the excretory ducts. The salivary glands develop from the duct of the larval silk glands. The thoracic salivary glands develop from the ducts of the secretory tubules and the head salivary glands from the terminal excretory duct. The mandibular glands appear in the prepupa as invaginations of mandibular segments, and their differentiation to attain the adult configuration occurs during pupation. The hypopharyngeal glands have their origin from evaginations of the ventral anterior portion of the pharynx. A long tubule first appears with walls formed by more than one cellular layer. Then some cells separate from the lumen of the duct, staying attached to it by a cuticular channel in part intracellular. The initial duct constitutes the axial duct, in which the channel of the secretory cells opens. During the development of salivary and mandibular glands, they recapitulate primitive stages of the phylogeny of the bees. During the development of salivary glands system, mitosis accounts for only part of the growth. Most of the growth occurs by increase in size of cells rather than by cell division. In brown-eyed and pigmented pupae six days before emergence, the salivary gland system is completely developed, although not yet functioning.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal anatomy (caudal skeleton, musculature, vascularization, innervation, and urohypophysis) and swimming behavior of three clupeiform and three perciform fishes: Elops hawaiensis (Cupeiformes: Elopidae), Oncorhynchus nerka (Cupeiformes: Salmonidae), Chanos chanos (Clupeiformes: Chanidae), Kuhlia sandvicensis (Perciformes: Kuhlidae), Apogon menesemus (Perciformes: Apogonidae), and Gnathanodon speciousus (Perciformes: Carangidae), were studdied. The taxonomic significance of caudal structures was determined and evaluated by detailed examination of differences in caudal anatomy. An interpretation of functional significance of these differences was attempted by relating them to observed differences in swimming behavior. The swimming behavior was studied by the observation of swimming activities of fish while resting or cruising and while feeding in the aquarium, and by an analysis of each frame of an 8 mm movie film of swimming activities.There are certain consistent and basic differences between all three species of the order Clupeiformes and all three species of the order Perciformes in respect to caudal structures. Although certain caudal structures show overlapping in number and/or complexity of arrangement, they seem to indicate more complex structural organization in Clupeiformes than Perciformes. The differences confirm the conclusion of others that the order Clupeiformes is more “primitive” than the order Perciformes.With respect to caudal structures of the three clupeiform species studied, E. hawaiensis is the most “primitive” and, of the three perciform species studied, K. sandvicensis is the most “primitive.”Caudal structural variations from one species to another are related to the mode of adaptation to swimming as well as to the evolutionary status of the species.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The forms of the tectorial membrane and its connections to the ciliary tufts of the hair cells have been studied in detail in 18 species of lizards and, less thoroughly, in three others. This group, which represents eight lizard families, exhibits three forms of tectorial membrane: a complete form that connects to all parts of the auditory papilla, an abbreviated form that makes this connection only in one limited region of the papilla, and a dendritic form in which the distal portion of the membrane subdivides into strands reaching all the hair cells.Sometimes the tectorial membrane connects directly with the tufts of the hair cells, but more often it makes this connection through intermediary structures. Seven types of such intermediary structures have been identified (if we include the sallet, which is not “intermediate” in a strict sense).Detailed descriptions are given of the various forms of tectorial membrane structures and their variations along the auditory papilla in 12 lizard species. The description for Iguana iguana is offered as representative of the iguanid pattern found in ten members of this family.Consideration is given to the functioning of the tectorial membrane, and also of the sallet, in the process of hair-cell stimulation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There were no lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes demonstrable in adult and larval Rana catesbeiana by a method that adequately demonstrated the same in mammals. Although the parenchymal arrangement in the lymphomyeloid organs is not exactly the same as in mammalian hemal nodes, nonetheless the vascular patterns of the lymph glands and jugular bodies are prima facie evidence that they function as blood-filtering organs among other probable functions. The vascular pattern of the lymph gland is that of a rete mirabile, particularly a venous portal system, inasmuch as the afferent and efferent vessels are venous in character and interposed between them is a labyrinth of sinusoids. This is not the case, though, in the adult organs. The vascular pattern of the jugular bodies is very much like the spleen, viz., artery-capillary-sinusoid-vein sequence. It is doubtful, however, if the propericardial and procoracoid bodies ever filter blood, because the smallest blood vessels in them are capillary in type Because of the absence of a well-defined capsule in some parts of the propericardial body, similarly to lymphoid follicles, especially in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, it is probable that it filters tissue fluid. The last two organs are apparently mainly blood cell-forming organs. It is inferred from the vascular connections of the larval and the adult lymphomyeloid organs that they are not genetically related. This aspect was analyzed from earlier developmental data, but actual follow-up of the larval organs to the adult stage is still in progress.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological serial sections of spleens from the adult raccoon (Procyon lotor) and woodchuck (Marmota monax) were processed for microscopic examination. Observations related to various aspects of the internal vascular pattern in the spleen of the raccoon and woodchuck demonstrated features that were characteristic of the respective animal. The spleen of the raccoon possess well-developed ellipsoid sheaths, whereas these same structures were not as prominent in the spleen of the woodchuck. The spleen of both mammals examined demonstrated the presence of an anastomosing series of venous sinuses within the red pulp tissue and may be classified as sinusal in nature.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 35
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 55-70 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopical studies allow a descriptive account to be given of he morphogenesis of the egg chamber of Drosophila melanogaster. The study demonstrates that the mitotic products of a single cystoblast generate a branching chain of 16 inter-connected cystocytes. Two specific cystocytes enter meiotic prophase, while the rest become nurse cells. The two pro-oocytes form synaptinemal complexes in their nuclei. However, one of the two cells later switches back into the nurse cell developmental pathway. The elongation of the synaptinemal complexes is described, and estimates are made of the time involved in their formation. These complexes continue to be synthesized long after the DNA replication which gives the oocyte its 4C DNA content. This finding implies that at least some genetic crossing over follows DNA replication. Evidence is presented that cells undergoing crossing over are most efficient in repairing radiation-induced chromosomal breaks. Suggestions are given as to the mechanisms by which (1) cell division is inhibited once 16 cystocytes are formed, (2) the future cleavage planes of cystocytes are programmed, (3) the pro-oocytes are differentiated from nurse cells, and (4) the oocyte is chosen from the twin pro-oocytes. The contrasting behaviors of the oocyte and nurse cell nucleoli are described. During oogenesis nucleolar synthesis of ribosomal RNAs is suppressed in the oocyte and concurrently stimulated in the nurse cells. It follows that the nurse nuclei are the major sources of the prodigious quantities of ribosomes found in the ooplasm of the mature oocyte.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The enigmatic lophophoral organs of phoronids are demonstrated to by accessory sex glands. In the hermaphroditic Phoronis vancouverensis, each mature adult has two pairs of such glands: female nidamental glands that facilitate the temporary brooding of the embryos and male accessory spermatophoral organs that function in spermatophore elaboration. Functional males of Phoronopsis harmeri have complex accessory spermatophoral organs while females of this non-brooding dioecious species lack accessory sex glands.In both species, coelomic spermatozoa are accumulated within the nephridia and passed en masse into the partially enclosed spermatophoral organs. There each sperm mass is molded into a characteristic shape and encased in one or more membranes before release as a spermatophore into the ambient water. The structure of the spermatophore is characteristic for each species and is correlated with the functional morphology of the distinctive spermatophoral organs.The existence of spermatophores, the non-primitive nature of the spermatozoa, and additional features of reproductive biology dictate that fertilization is internal in these species, but attempts to determine the means of sperm transfer proved futile. Reproductive potential and behaviour of male Phoronopsis, means of gamete segregation in Phoronis, and general pattern of reproductive biology for both phoronids were also studied.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the column of hydra, tissues continually move away from a region located just underthe whorl of tentacles. Above this subtentacular region, tissues proceed into the hypostome and tentacles; below it tissues pass into the buds or continue down the stalk. These movements represent a steady state pattern of tissue renewal in which column growth is balanced by tissue loss at the body extremities. But the existence of a subtentacular zone in which tissue appears stationary does not necessarily indicate that growth is restrictedto this region, as is commonly stated.The body column of hydra can be viewed as an expanding cylinder whose elongation is balanced by tissue loss at the two ends. In such a body there must be one region from whichtissue appears to emanate, regardless of how growth is distributed along the cylinder. Only the rates at which tissues move will be characteristic of the underlying growthpattern. In Hydra littoralis, the measured rates of tissue movement down the gastric column are consistent with the distributions of mitotic figures, which indicate that growth is spread out along the column.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Profiles of fresh chick lenses of 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20 days embryological age were photographed and from tracings of these profiles, volumes were calculated using a formula for volume of a solid of revolution. Accurate volumes were also obtained by assuming the lens to be two half oblate spheroids of different minor axis, or, better, two half-solids of profile (x/a)k + (y/b)k = 1. In addition, the k in this equation described well the curvature of the lens profiles and thus provided a quantitative measure of developing lens shape. Lens diameter, depth and shift of equatorial diameter upon lens axis as a function of age were also studied.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ductuli efferentes in four examined genera of family Didelphidae are organized into highly convoluted tubules, located within a conical body adjacent to the vascular plexus supplying the testis. They have yellowish-green color in the adult Didelphis virginiana and grey pink color in other genera. The ductuli efferentes in all examined animals are lined by very low columnar cells, covered by microvilli or booth cilia and microvilli.Histochemical analysis reveals several types of cytoplasmic granules in the genera examined. A single sperical body about 1.5 μ in diameter is found in epithelial cells of the four eyed opossum (genus Philander); this body stains positively for RNA and non-histone protein, and appears granular under the electron microscope, without a limiting membrane. Abundant cytoplasmic bodies in the Virginia opossum show strong reactions for SH groups; these granules may be responsible for the green color of the ductuli in this species. Ultrastructural studies show that the morphology of membrane limited granules in the ductuli of the examined genera is characteristic for each genus. Abundant pinocytotic vacuoles in the apices of these cells and a strongly positive alkaline phosphatase reaction suggest a marked absorptive activity of epithelial cells.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 179-207 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Detailed descriptions are presented of morphogenetic and histogenetic events occurring in the membranous and bony labyrinths, sensory areas, acoustic ganglia, and acoustic centers of the hindbrain of the chick embryo, stages 11 to 45. Major morphogenetic changes occur between stage 11 and stage 30. During this period primordial ganglionic neuroblasts are segregated from the otic epithelium and differentiate into the bipolar neuroblasts of the vestibular and cochlear ganglia, neuroblasts of the alar plate in the acoustic region of the rhombencephalon differentiate, migrate, and are organized into acoustic nuclei, and the otic cup closes to form a vesicle which undergoes complicated structural changes to become a labyrinth. Morphological events in neural structures are closely followed by structural changes in the labyrinth. Minor morphological changes continue to occur through stage 44. The histogenetic period, stage 26 to 38, is the same for all parts of the acoustic apparatus. Minor histogenetic events occur up to hatching. In this period, differentiation of ganglionic and central neurones precedes differentiation of sensory cells.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 223-239 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: With the help of PF and PAVB bulk-stained preparations and sections the neurosecretory system of Ranatra elongata has been described. Two medial, each of 9-10 cells, and two lateral, each of 3-4 cells, groups of neurosecretory cells have been observed in the protocerebrum. Only the A-cells have been found to be positive to PAVB histo- and cyto-chemical technique. Axons of the A-cells after traversing the proto- and deuto-cerebrum emerge from the tritocerebrum as the NCC I. The NCC I after bypassing the corpora cardiaca penetrate the aorta wall. There is no physical continuity between the corpora cardiaca and the NCC I and the two are separable. The NSM from the A-cells, transported by their nerve fibers, has been observed in the aorta wall. On the basis of large accumulation on NSM in the aorta wall the latter has been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the A-material. Corpora cardiaca are found to be devoid of A-material. Axons from the B-cells, after emergence from the tritocerebrum as the NCC II, have been observed to penetrate the corpora cardiaca. On the basis of ample amounts of B-material the glands have been considered as the storage-and-release organ for the B-material only.Observations are compared with results on related species and it is concluded that two independent organ complexes constitute the neurosecretory systemt of R. elongata. The A-cells, their pathways, the NCC I, and the aorta wall comprise the first; and the B-cells, their pathways, the NCC II, and the corpora cardiaca the second. The former is concerned with the elaboration, transportion, storage-and-release of the A-material and the latter with the B-material. Finally arguments are presented to include the aorta wall in the neurosecretory system.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the ventral neck region of the scincid lizards Chalcides ocellatus and Scincus scincus is presented and is found to be similar to that of other lizards as described in the literature. The internal carotid artery arises by 3-5 roots from the dorsal side of the ascending limb of the carotid arch. During its first part, the internal carotid artery is completely divided into two nearly equal channels. The carotid sinus is more complicated in Chalcides than in Scincus. In lizards, it may be homologous to the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians. Around the origin of the internal carotid artery are two kinds of epithelioid cells scattered in the adventitial connective tissue: a- large cells with rounded, faintly stained nuclei, and little, clear cytoplasm; b- cells with small darkly stained nuclei. Both kinds of cells appear to represent different levels of secretory activity. The number of the large cells increases with greater complexity of the carotid sinus. The cells also increase in size and number during summer (sexual period); this is especially true in younger animals. The epithelioid cells are considered to be homologous to the carotid body of higher vertebrates. The carotid sinus and epithelioid cells together form a closely interrelated system which may be intermediate between the carotid labyrinth of fishes and amphibians, and the carotid body of birds and mammals.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the nerve cell types in the white planarian Procotyla fluviatilis were described. Ganglion cells comprise the major portion of the brain. These cells are irregular in shape with several cytoplasmic processes and contain ribosomes, a sparse endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lysosomes, and a Golgi apparatus with numerous small vesicles. Granule-containing cells are situated in the peripheral regions of the brain and along the nerve cords. These cells contain ribosomes, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and a Golgi apparatus with associated dense granules. The granules occupy most of the cytoplasm and are ∼ 750A in diameter with moderately dense contents, ∼ 750A with opaque contents, and ∼ 1000A with contents of medium density. These granules are similar to those in the nervous systems of higher animals that contain epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurosecretory substance, respectively. Each cell contains predominantly one type of granule although there is some intermixing of granules and intermediate types between the three most abundant granules. Small clear vesicles, resembling cholinergic synaptic vesicles, and all types of dense granules occur in the neuropil and within nerve endings.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the ingestion of particulate matter from the pallial space located between the shell and the outer surface of the mantle of Isognomon alatus and Pinctada radiata was undertaken with the aid of the electron microscope. For this purpose colloidal thorium dioxide (thorotrast) was introduced into the pallial space for periods of 1-5 days after which time the mantle was excised and prepared for examination with the electron microscope. After 24 hours thorotrast micelles were observed in the pallial space, on the surface of the microvilli, in small pinocytotic vesicles between the bases of the microvilli, in vacuoles undergoing coalescence and finally in large dense bodies (lysosomes). Amoebocytes in the pallial space also participate in the removal of particulate matter in a manner similar to that described for the surface epithelium. During active ingestion the Golgi apparatus changes from a vesicular to a lamellar form. The method of ingestion observed in the surface epithelia and the amoebocytes is similar to the ingestion of protein and other particulate material reported for a variety of vertebrate tissues.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proventriculus of White Leghorn chick embryos (stages 29-45) newly-hatched chicks, and adult chickens were frozen, sectioned in a cryostat and treated histochemically to identify localizations of alkaline and acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, non-specific glycerophosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, non-specific esterase and succinic dehydrogenase. Ribonucleic acid, proteins and acid mucopolysaccharides were identified in tissues fixed in FAA.Acid phosphatase, nucleotide-diphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, ribonucleic acid and proteins were present in the cells of the deep glands at all stages of development. Alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase were found only in mesenchymal derivatives of the proventriculus. After the chick begins swallowing and digesting albumen, enzymatic activity increased and non-specific esterase became very reactive.The surface epithelium is covered with a mucous coat. Ribonucleic acid, non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase and nucleotide-diphosphatase were localized in the basal portions of the epithelial cells. The functional significance of these different patterns is discussed.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 265-305 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basal tail constriction occurs in about two-thirds of the species of plethodontid salamanders. The constriction, which marks the site of tail autotomy, is a result of a reduction in length and diameter of the first caudal segment. Gross and microscopic anatomical studies reveal that many structural specializations are associated with basal constriction, and these are considered in detail. Areas of weakness in the skin at the posterior end of the first caudal segment, at the attachment of the musculature to the intermyotomal septum at the anterior end of the same segment, and between the last caudosacral and first caudal vertebrae precisely define the route of tail breakage. During autotomy the entire tail is shed, and a cylinder of skin one segment long closes over the wound at the end of the body.It is suggested that specializations described in this paper have evolved independently in three different groups of salamanders.Experiments and field observations reveal that, contrary to expectations, frequency of tail breakage is less in species with apparent provisions for tail autotomy than in less specialized species. The tail is a very important, highly functional organ in salamanders and it is suggested that selection has been for behavioral and structural adaptations for control of tail loss, rather than for tail loss per se.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Esophagi of White Leghron chick embryos, six days to hatching, were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde in a cacodylate-sucrose buffer, postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated and embedded in Araldite. Tissues were sectioned with glass knives and viewed with a Philips EM 100C. The epithelium in early stages of development is characterized by small intercellular spaces, few cell processes and few desmosomes. In contrast the differentiated epithelium contains numerous cell processes, large intercellular spaces and numerous desmosomes. Mucin appeared in the mucous glands at 17 days.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 121 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Different types of sebaceous glands in guinea pigs were chosen to study their comparative responsiveness to steroid hormones. Glands selected were (1) Sebaceous glands associated with rudimentary hair in the supracaudal gland; (2) Free sebaceous glands of the nipple; (3) Sebaceous glands associated with the hair. The results showed distinct differences in sensitivity among these different sebaceous glands and according to the sex of the experimental animal. The most responsive of the glands in males was the supracaudal gland; in the female the most responsive glands were the sebaceous glands of the nipple. Sebaceous glands associated with normal hair were relatively insensitive to changes in hormonal level. In all cases testosterone propionate was more potent in stimulating any of the sebaceous glands than progesterone. After gonadectomy, various sebaceous glands showed unequal states of depletion due to the different rates of differentiation and disintegration of their cells into sebum.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The lymphoid cell population of thymus in the rattlesnake and king snake is similar to that of mammals. Lymphocytes occupy the interstices of an epithelial cell framework. An abudance of tonofilaments and desmosomes occupy the cytoplasm of epithelial cells with light, homogeneous nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Other epithelial cells contain phagocytized material in a dense cytoplasm which surrounds an irregular nucleus with heavily clumped chromatin. Small, granular vesicles are found within some epithelial cells.Myoid cells occur in the medullary area. In mature forms, myofibrils are arranged in a concentric fashion around the nucleus and occupy much of the cytoplasmic volume. The presence of developmental stages of these cells suggests their differentiation within the thymus of the adult animal.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ovary in Callosobruchus analis consists of telotrophic ovarioles with the so called nurse cells confined to one chamber at the anterior end of the ovariole. There are three types of lipids in the ovary: (1) L1 bodies that are present in the early oocytes, in the posterior prefollicular tissue and in the follicular epithelium and contain unsaturated phospholipids; (2) L2 bodies that have a complete or incomplete sheath of phospholipids and a triglyceride core; (3) L3 bodies that are formed of highly saturated triglycerides. Lipids are absent from the trophic tissue. In a mature oocyte the L1 and L2 bodies are cortical in distribution while the L3 bodies are centrally located.The mitochondria contain lipoproteins with RNA. The yolk spheres are acid mucopolysaccharides and protein in nature. The precursors of the yolk spheres appear first in the cortical coplasm and are absent from the follicular epithelium or the trophic tissue. The nucleolus of the oocyte shows evidence of extrusions that are believed to pass into the ooplasm.There are no nutritive cords connecting the trophic tissue to the oocytes; nor is there any evidence of any histochemically demonstrable nutritive material being contributed to the oocyte by the trophic tissue. The circumstantial evidence points towards a contribution of the raw materials to the oocyte by the haemolymph either through or in between the follicular epithelium in some soluble form or as submicroscopic particles.
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  • 55
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parenteral administration of methylcellulose causes massive splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia in rats. The red pulp of the spleen is markedly cellular due mainly to: (1) large numbers of voluminous free macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced vacuoles, (2) an increase in the number of plasma cells and (3) stasis of blood evidenced by a large number of erythrocytes and platelets in vessels, sinuses and cords. White pulp changes are usually less marked. Here the major change is the presence of macrophages containing methylcellulose-induced inclusions. The slow circulatory time in the spleen and the increase in macrophages may cause the hemolytic anemia observed in these animals.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The squirrel monkey uterine cervix was studied macroscopically and microscopically in intact and ovariectomized monkeys. The effect in ovariectomized monkeys of estradiol dipropionate or progesterone of both given after estrogen priming was studied by PAS staining.The lower portion of the cervix was dilated to form a vestibule into which projected fibromuscular colliculi which arose from the isthmic end of the cervix. The stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina was continuous through the external os with a similar epithelium lining the vestibule and covering the external surfaces of the colliculi. The transitional zone between the stratified epithelium and columnar cells was variable. The colliculi were covered internally with mucosal folds of columnar epithelium continuous with those of the endocervical canal.Glycogen concentration in the smooth muscle did not fluctuate markedly, irrespective of the hormones used. Glycogen granules were more numerous in the stratified squamous epithelium. Malt-diastase-resistant material appeared to be more abundant in the columnar epithelium and glandular lumina when the monkeys received both hormones than when they received solely estrogen or progesterone.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological examination of the fibrous and cellular connective tissue components of the periodontal ligament in the Caiman and the Alligator reveals the presence of reticular fibrillae, collagenic, elastic, and oxytalan fibers, as well as fibrocytes, osteoblasts, cementoblasts and epithelial rests. The oxytalan fibers differentiated by the peracetic acid aldehyde-fuchsin method are most numerous in the coronal region, radiating from the primary cementum into the periodontal ligament a short distance. Oxytalan fibers in fewer numbers are found interspersed between the oblique and the horizontal principal fiber bundles. Inasmuch as the crocodilian teeth have continuous replacement and thus a relatively short functional life, the oxytalan fibers of the Caiman and the Alligator appear to be proportionally fewer in number than they are in the mammalian periodontal tissues. The presence of the oxytalan fibers and epithelial rests in the Order Crocodilia (Crocodilia) adds to the number of dental structures shared with the Class Mammalia (Mammalia) (mammals) such as a stellate reticulum, a primary and secondary cementum and a periodontal ligament. This furnishes additional histological evidence for evaluation of the phylogenetic position of this group.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histochemical methods, especially azo dye methods for detecting acid phosphomonoesterase activity were applied to normal, regenerating and denervated, amputated limbs from larval Amblystoma maculatum. Efforts were made to control inactivation of enzymic activity and diffusion of both enzyme and reaction product. “Base-line” values for enzymic activity were determined for normal limbs. Activity appeared most intense in macrophages, less intense in epidermis and cartilage matrix. Some activity was detected in Schwann cells, peri- and endoneurium and muscle fibers form normal limbs. Enzymic activity in regenerating limbs was strongest within macrophages which appeared in increased numbers especially in early stages. Wound tissue showed little increased activity. As the blastema formed, increased enzymic activity was detected in epidermis and within increased numbers of macrophages. Chondrocytes showed increased activity especially during cartilage matrix deposition. Amputated, denervated limbs showed large numbers of active macrophages beneath and within epidermis and along muscle. As regression commenced, areas of cartilage matrix breakdown showed increased enzymic activity but, in general, greatest activity was in macrophages. The various possible roles of acid phosphomonoesterase activity in the specific biological situations dealt with are considered in light of such observations.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 249-263 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were treated with from 1.0-10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D one day before amputation of both forelimbs. Mean survival times ranged from over 50 days in newts treated with 1.0 μg/g to 13.2 days in animals given 10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin. Low doses little altered the course of regeneration, but animals treated with over 2.0 μg/g never formed blastemas. In another series, animals were given doses of 2.5 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D at intervals from 14 days before to 30 days after amputation. It was found that certain signs of toxicity (loss of equilibrium) are related to the time of administration of the drug whereas others (hemorrhage into the limb stumps) are restricted to a definite phase of the regenerative process. Early administration of actinomycin completely inhibits regeneration whereas later treatment results in a considerably lessened effect. The postamputational stages which are basically destructive in nature are not noticeably affected by actinomycin D, but the phases of dedifferentiation, blastema formation and redifferentiation are strongly inhibited.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 345-365 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The major events associated with the morphogenesis of the amphibian alimentary tract are described and illustrated with a series of photomicrographs that present a continuous account of the differentiation process from its onset at stage 38 until the initiation of feeding at stage 46. Histological evidence is presented for the normal disappearance of the midgut region of the archenteron and the de novo formation of the intestine through the yolk mass. The mechanics of intestinal lumen formation are discussed in terms of the dynamic autonomous actions and interactions of the endoderm and the splanchnic mesoderm. The opening of the intestinal lumen as a consequence of cytolysis or cellular digestion is discounted. The relation of the present observations to the previously described polar endoderm cells is considered.
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  • 62
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, possesses lympho-myeloid and epithelial structures that are morphologically similar in some respects to lymph nodes of mammals. These organs are present during the entire life cycle of the frog, however, the structures that are present during larval stages do not appear to be morphological precursors of adult organs. According to certain terms used previously by other investigators, two major organs are present throughout the larval stages: the lymph gland and the ventral cavity body. In the adult, the jugular body, the epithelial body, the precoracoid and propericardial bodies are found in the ventral neck region in contrast to the lateral and ventral arrangement of the lymph gland and ventral cavity body in larvae. The function of these organs is not known but it is believed that they play a role in the production of certain blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, and they may be involved in some aspects of the differentiation and maintenance of the immune response capacity.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 441-461 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the functional mesonephros in the 8-day chick embryo revealed the following features of the nephron:Proximal tubule cells. Nuclei are spherical and basally oriented. Mitochondri are round or elongate with clear-cut cristae. Intramitochondrial granules occur sporadically. The Golgi complex, lying adjacent to the nucleus in apical cytoplasm, consists of flattened lamellae and associated secretion droplets. The cytoplasm is filled with ribosomes which occasionally are spiral in arrangement. Characteristic microvilli project from the apical end of cells. Basal regions of the cells are bounded by a homogeneous basement membrane. Adjacent epithelial cells are separated at their base by wide intercellular spaces. Interdigitating processes between cells are common in this area. At their apices, cells are joined by junctional complexes.Distal tubule cells. Nuclei are round and centrally located. Microvilli are sparse and usually absent. When present, they are short and blunt. Cells are closely allied at their base and joined tightly at their apices. Interdigitating processes are not as prevalent as in proximal tubules. Infoldings of the plasma membrane are prominent and compartmentalize mitochondria.Glomerulus. Endothelial cells are elongate, bordering the capillary lumen, and their membranes contain definite slit-pores. Epithelial pedicels extend from the cell body, intergiditate with each other and rest on the capillary basement membrane. The latter consists of three layers resembling those in adults.The similarity in the fine structural characteristics between chick mesonephros and adult metanepros corroborates the holonephric theory of vertebrate kidney evolution.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 123 (1967), S. 559-567 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hemolymph cells of Orconectes virilis were stained during the months of August to November by a variety of histological and histochemical techniques. Cells were classified as hyaline cells, small granulocytes, and large granulocytes. Presence of mitochondrial enzymes was indicated by tests for succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase. Reaction to test for the hydrolytic enzyme, leucine acylnaphthylamidase was intense in the granules of the large granulocytes. The PAS reaction indicated a mucopolysaccharide at the cell membrane. Lipid was found in all three hemolymph cell types of Orconectes virilis at the time of this study.
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  • 66
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 559-575 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the straight portions of the ductuli efferentes of the opossum were studied by light and electron microscopy. Two cell types, a ciliated and non-ciliated cell, characterize the simple columnar epithelium that lines the ductuli. The non-ciliated cell possesses an extraneous coating of the luminal plasma-lemma, aggregations of apical canaliculi, and vacuoles of varying density distributed in the supranuclear cytoplasm. Such morphological criteria have been regarded as suggestive evidence for absorptive function. The epithelium rests upon a thick basement membrane beneath which are variable amounts of smooth muscle and connective tissue elements.Observations of the structure of the simple squamous epithelium lining the processus vaginalis are reported.Myelinated and unmyelinated nerves are found in the adnexa of the ductuli. These are enclosed in a thin, cellular investment, the innermost layer of which is usually incomplete. This cellular wrapper is considered a “perineural epithelium” but its characteristics are at variance with those found in the recent literature.
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  • 67
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 589-605 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Although the extravascular origin of erythrocytes from undifferentiated mesenchymal or reticular cells in mammalian bone marrow is generally accepted, the morphological evidence on which this concept is based has not conclusively ruled out the possibility of endothelial cell contributions to erythropoeisis or of the preferential localization of developing erythrocytes within endothelial cell-lined spaces. Since conventional methods of tissue preparation have produced artifacts which obscure the fine details of marrow architecture, the re-examination of this problem using newer histological and fixation methods permits a more critical study of the bone marrow in nearly artifact free sections.Ribs and long bones of 65 rabbits, ranging from 18 days of gestation to the second day after birth were removed, fixed intact with 10% aqueous acrolein, decalcified in 5% aqueous nitric acid and embedded in plexiglass-methacrylate. Two micron sections stained with toluidine blue were examined with the light microscope. Serial paraffin sections of formal-Zenker fixed material also were examined.Morphological studies conclusively indicate that erythrocytes develop extravascularly arising from mesenchymal or reticular cells in the fetal bone marrow. Mature erythrocytes enter the circulation through discontinuities in the sinusoidal walls. Neither endothelial cells or blood-borne lymphocytes make an apparent contribution to erythropoiesis. The first hemopoietic cells to form in the fetal marrow are determined and develop along the erythrocytic line. These proerythroblasts initially arise randomly in the marrow parenchyma and are not in obvious association with the sinusoids. Subsequent maturation and proliferation of the primitive erythrocytic cells result in the formation of colonies of erythrocytic cells at all stages of development. As these colonies enlarge, the erythrocytic elements come in close association with the sinusoids. In later stages of marrow development, developing erythrocytic and granulocytic cells become intermixed and more randomly associated in the extravascular space of the marrow.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of the fine structure of perilymphatic fibrocytes and their associated fibers in the vestibule of the inner ear in rats. The identification of the extracellular fibers as keratin is discussed in relationship to their fine structure and to biochemical and biophysical data of other workers. The numerous junctional complexes between fibrocytes are described and it is shown that these do not form zonula occludens as has been reported by other workers.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Carotid bodies from 11 cats were prepared for study with the electron microscope. All cats used were initially healthy and weighed from 1.5 to 4.0 Kg. Four cats were given daily doses of reserpine 1.5 mg/Kg for 2, 3, 4 or 12 days; the other cats were untreated. Carotid bodies were fixed by immersion in Dalton's fluid, collidine buffered osmic acid or 3% potassium permanganate in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Other carotid bodies were fixed by perfusion with buffered formalin or with 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. Each fixative produced distinct differences in the appearance of the carotid body, particularly in the size and opacity of the granules within the characteristic vesicles of glomus cells (type I). After Dalton's fixative the granules were faint and inconspicuous whereas after osmic acid fixation the granules were very dense but small in comparison to the size of the enclosing vesicular membrane. Aldehyde fixation resulted in very dense granules that almost completely filled the vesicles but permanganate fixation produced vesicles that were devoid of the dense central cores except for a very few. Carotid bodies from reserpine treated cats that were fixed in osmic acid displayed empty vesicles while those from reserpinized animals fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde revealed granules that differed little from normal in numbers, size and density. However, vesicles in the adrenal medulla and in sympathetic nerve endings in the pineal gland from the same animals contained empty vesicles. The results are regarded as evidence of a different degree or method of binding between catecholamines and other components of the vesicles in glomus cells when compared to similar vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla.
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  • 70
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 701-703 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 71
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 35-42 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bloodstream flow patterns have been outlined in the arterial outflow tract (ventricular outflow tract and bulbus arteriosus) of the chick embryo heart during the period in which septation takes place, Hemodynamic factors underlying flow changes during this period are discussed.The mapping of flow patterns did not support the concept of a conoventricular flange reported previously. Septation was found to take place between two separate and discrete bloodstreams.The cellular nature of the aorticopulmonary septum has been described. The spiral ridges that form this septum expand by cellular growth, explaining the ability of this septum to develop against the direction of blood flow. The aorticopulmonary septum divides about two-thirds of the arterial outflow tract; the final partitioning of the most proximal portion of the outflow tract was found to take place by means of the apposition of endocardial cushion tissue masses.Failure of aorticopulmonary septum development (truncus arteriosus communis persistens) was found to follow fusion of the bloodstreams in experimental studies. In experimental aortic stenosis the appearance of a small left stream was found to be followed by the development of a stenotic aorta. Thus in the first instance the septum apparently cannot develop unless the streams remain separate and in the second case the size of the prhnordial bloodstreams appears to determine the diameter of the vessel.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Chick embryos were inoculated with influenza-A virus over the blastoderm at 42-50 hours incubation (37°C). Surviving embryos were harvested 24 hours later, Grossly and microscopically, the developing brain exhibits a type of abnormality in which the neural wall is highly convoluted with folds projecting into the ventricular cavities, suggesting “overgrowth” of the neural tissue.A comparison of measurements on projection drawings of serial sections of virus inoculated and control embryos at comparable developmental stages indicates that the ventricular surface area, volume of brain tissue and volume of the ventricular cavity are markedly less in the experimental embryos, but average thickness of the brain wall is greater. There are fewer nuclei and mitotic figures in experimental embryos, although average nuclear and mitotic densities and mitotic index are approximately the same as control values.It is evident that the characteristic neural defect is not due to excessive growth, since the volume of brain tissue and number of cells are consistently less in experimental embryos. It is concluded that the virus infection results in an inhibition of growth of the brain wall, and that the increased thickness and foldings must result from collapse of the brain which in turn may be due to a decrease in the amount of ventricular fluid.
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  • 73
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 657-665 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With all other environmental factors rigidly standardized, normal Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained under the following schedules: (1) 12 hours of artificial light 0600 to 1800 alternating with 12 hours of darkness-LD; (2) reversal of the first-DL; (3) constant darkness-DD, and (4) constant illumination-LL.After the animals had been under a specific lighting regimen for at least three weeks, blood coagulation times were determined on separate groups of 8 to 16 animals at bi-hourly intervals during a 24-hour period. Significant daily fluctuations or rhythms in coagulation times under all lighting conditions were found by plotting each of the bi-hourly mean values as a function of time. The temporal phasing of all rhythms in LD, DL, LL and DD were similar. The major changes found in the different lighting schedules involved overall magnitude, e.g., the overall 24-hour mean coagulation time for rats maintained in LL was 21% greater than for rats maintained in DD. Although total adrenalectomy or adrenal medullectomy did not abolish the characteristic LD rhythm, there was about a 100% decrease in the mean 24-hour coagulation time of LD adrenalectomized animals when compared to normal LD animals. No significant decrease was seen in adrenal demedullectomized animals when similarly compared with normal LD animals.
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  • 74
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 699-700 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery is of considerable applied importance. The extracerebral course of the vessel has been studied in dissection of 12 brains. Numerous variations in the course of the vessel were found and these have been presented.
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  • 75
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    The @Anatomical Record 157 (1967), S. 701-701 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 76
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The right atrioventricular junction and A-V node area in each of five human hearts was studied histologically in serial sections. The A-V node of a 54-year old female was reconstructed in four colors to provide a three-dimensional model of cardiac relationships, blood supply, and nodal configuration. The nodal fibers demonstrated two laminations. A superficial layer was composed of longitudinally oriented fibers, whereas a deeper layer was composed of oblique and transversely directed fibers. The atrioventricular bundle fibers were always continuous with nodal fibers of the deeper portion of the A-V node. Atrionodal fiber junctions occur along the superior, endocardial and inferior borders of the A-V node and impart to these surfaces a spiked appearance. The potential significance of A-V node structure to atrial cardiac conduction is presented.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The innervation of the aortic arch and associated arterial trunks was investigated in the pig by gross dissection, by microscopic examination of normal arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical interruption of right and left cervical vagi. It is concluded that the aortic depressor fibers of the pig are organized unilaterally, being distributed by the left vagus to arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical with the absence of a dissectable right aortic nerve, there was no histological evidence of sensory innervation in the walls of the brachiocephalic, right subclavian, bicarotid or right common carotid artery. The majority of depressor endings were located in the ventral wall of the aortic arch in a band extending between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the aortic attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum. A few were present in the dorsal wall of the aortic arch and the ventral walls of the pulmonary trunk and ligamentum arteriosum. The depressor fibers were thick, heavily myelinated, varicose, extensively branched and associated with numerous terminal and intercalated neurofibrillar corpuscles. The only epithelioid body observed was a poorly innervated, rudimentary paraganglion in the interval between the aortic arch, the pulmonary artery and the ligamentum arteriosum.
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  • 78
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 79
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 111-113 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An investigation into the source of the cells present in the endometrial arteries of the pregnant Macaque is presented. By comparing the levels of sex chromatin found in these cells with those in fetal cytotrophoblast and in maternal endometrial stroma it was possible to determine that they are essentially of fetal origin.
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  • 80
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An attempt to survey spontaneous teratogeny among nonhuman primates bred under laboratory conditions revealed interesting but nonconclusive results. Data on controlled breeding in 2950 animals representing 12 species yielded an estimated incidence of 0.44% malformations. No indication was found that other primates display more malformations than man, and the limited information available suggests that there may be fewer spontaneous defects in nonhuman forms.Macaques and baboons appear to respond in a similar manner and to the same types of extrinsic agents as does man. Thalidomide, Rubella virus and androgenic hormones produce similar defects in comparable dosage at equivalent stages in development in both groups. Several other agents thought not to be teratogenic in man have been realistically tested in primates and also found to be non-teratogenic.Using thalidomide an attempt was made to determine the degree of sensitivity and delimit the susceptible period of Macaca mulatta to this drug. Typical limb malformations were obtained with a single dose of as little as 16 mg/kg between the twenty-fifth and thirtieth days of gestation. Comparable doses at earlier and later ages were without effect, thus defining the susceptible period. In addition, evidence of a positive dose-response relation and of a cephalocaudal gradient in teratogenesis was obtained.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A total of 286 blastocysts were recovered 6 to 8 days post coitum (p.c.) from untreated or ovariectomized rabbits. The weight of the blastocyst and the volume of the blastocoelic fluid increased at a linear rate from seven to seven and one-half days p.c., thereafter they increased more rapidly. The weight of the embryonic tissue did not change appreciably between seven and eight days p.c. The appearance of protein in the fluid was dependent on the stage of development, albumin being first detectable at six days p.c. Seven days p.c., β-globulin was detectable, followed by α- and γ-globulins (seven and one-quarter days p.c.) and fibrinogen (seven and one-half days p.c.). Seven and one-half days p.c., the electrophoretic distribution of proteins was qualitatively similar to that of the maternal serum and peritoneal fluid, however, quantitatively different. Ovariectomy at six days p.c. had no effect 24 hours later on blastocyst growth or blastocoelic fluid volume. In contrast, ovariectomy at six and one-half days p.c. had a negative effect 24 hours later on blastocyst growth, blastocoelic fluid enhancement and albumin accumulation in the fluid. These latter three phenomena were alleviated by administration of progesterone.
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  • 82
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    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Extraocular muscles of the rat possess numerous nerves suitable for the study of fine structure. In these muscles, small nerves made up of one to ten myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers are surrounded by two or three layers of perineurium. The perineurium is arranged in concentric sleeves, each one cell thick. Continuous boundary membranes separate the perineural sleeves from the epineural and endoneural tissue space, but the boundary membranes may be spotty or absent between individual sleeves. The presence of boundary membranes around perineural cells distinguishes them from nearby fibroblasts which lack similar membranous investment. Tight intercellular junctions join the cells comprising each sleeve so that the nerves are completely ensheathed in perineurium. The number of sleeves decreases as the nerve becomes smaller, either by the termination of the innermost sleeve or by the loss of a sleeve as the nerve branches. The last sleeve ends shortly before the termination of the nerve. The perineurium is thus open-ended peripherally and, at these places, the epineurium and endoneurium are continuous. Continuities between the epineurium and endoneurium also exist at the entrance and exit of blood vessels supplying the nerve and at points where reticular fibers pierce the perineurium. These structural features correlate well with the action of the perineurium as a diffusion barrier and as a pathway in the transmission of infections.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Attention is directed to an unusual type of junctional complex between Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium. The space between the membranes of adjoining cells is narrowed to 70-90 Å over large areas of their contact surfaces. In the superficial cytoplasm of each cell is an extensive cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum, parallel to the membrane and 400-600 Å from it. Spaced at more or less regular intervals in the thin layer of cytoplasm between the cisterna and the cell membrane are periodic densities that appear to be band-like aggregations of fine filaments. The sub-surface cisternae are smooth-contoured on the side toward the cell membrane but bear ribosomes on the side facing the cytoplasm. The possible significance of these distinctive junctions is discussed in relation to the support of the germ cells and the coordination of the developmental events in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for applicating liquid material into the circulation of rats via the heart is described and the applicability is exemplified in some illustrations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The contents of the facial canal (first and second parts of the facial nerve, and geniculate ganglion), the tympanic plexus, the greater and lesser petrosal nerves, and all intervening connections were dissected in 40 cadavers. This entire nerve complex was removed in 30 cases, and in parts in ten cases, dehydrated, and stained with Sudan Black B or Protargol. A constant communication from the second part of the facial nerve, the geniculate ganglion, or the greater petrosal nerve was observed to pass to the lesser petrosal nerve in all dissections. A review of the literature indicates other points relative to the exchange of autonomic fibers between the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin specimens were obtained from every representative region of the body of an adult Finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and examined by means of various histochemical and histological techniques. The following characteristic features were found:The epidermis is exceedingly thick over the general body surfaces and varies from a maximum of 3.0 mm over the ventral surface to 2.5 mm on the back.The complex understructure of the epidermis has rete ridges oriented to the craniocaudad body axis.The papillary layer of the dermis has long and pointed papillae which are wedged into the epidermis.The sensory cutaneous nerve endings demonstrated by silver impregnation and cholinesterase consist predominantly of small Vater-Pacini corpuscles situated in the higher level of the dermis.The intricate blood capillary network, positive for alkaline phosphatase is encased in the dermal papillae.There are no hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The chemotactic behavior of the cells of bone marrow, lymph node, and buffy coat has been studied in tissue culture. Heat-attenuated S. aureus was found to be a consistent and convenient chemotactic agent. Mature granulocytes showed chemotaxis to this agent, whereas bone marrow stem cells did not show chemotaxis. In this respect they behaved like lymphocytes of peripheral blood or of lymphatic tissue, which also do not exhibit chemotactic behavior. The chemotactic, locomotory and morphologic similarities between the lymphocyte and the stem cell of the bone marrow are discussed in relation to the developmental potencies of these cells. Chemotactic behavior of the granulocytes appears to develop between the myelocyte and the metamyelocyte stages. It is possible that the granulocytes have differences in chemotactic ability in vivo also, which could be a factor in the selective migration of the mature granulocytes from their extravascular sites of formation into the peripheral blood. Cells of the erythrocyte series did not show chemotaxis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 159 (1967), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A description is given of two intersex rabbits, which appeared to be females and, in the course of an experiment, were injected with chorionic gonadotrophin, and then matted with a male. When the animals were sacrificed six days later, the reproductive system was found to be absent except for testes located in the abdomen. On histological examination of the gonads, large amounts of interstitial tissue were found, together with immature seminiferous tubules. The tubules contained large atypical cells, spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. The chromosome number and karyotype, as determined from bone marrow, were male in each case. The intersex pattern and the morphology of the large cells within the seminiferous tubules are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 159 (1967), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Kidneys of timed fetal and newborn mice of the C57BL stock were sectioned and stained with a modified Bowie technique. The juxtaglomerular cells, indentifiable by their granularity and position, were recognized rather late in fetal life  -  three or four days before birth. By the eighth day postpartum, the granular cells of the JGA had reached a peak of differentiation and closely resembled the adult JGA in their number, size, granularity, and position. The mesangial cell was often but not always granulated. The granular cell indices (G.C.I.) of fetal, newborn, and adult mice are compared. The high G.C.I. in fetal kidneys in our studies should account for the high renin titre found by others in fetal kidney extracts.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: When portions of the cytoplasm of fibroblasts cultured from mouse embryo tissues are irradiated with heterochromatic microbeams of ultraviolet light, lymphocytes are attracted (Lymphotaxis) to the injured areas. The lymphocytes approach in the “hand mirror” shape characteristic of tissue cultures. On reaching the fibroblast, pseudopodia shoot out to “lick” the wound and then the lymphocyte “worms” its way across the cell. Only one lymphocyte contacts a fibroblast but the same one may make several passes. It is postulated that lymphocytes are cleaning the wounded area of undesirable irradiation products and/or applying healing substances to the wounded fibroblast.Irradiation of lymphocytes in portions of the cytoplasm fails to evoke responses from nearlby lymphocytes. Instead, the cytoplasm whirls around the nucleus as if the irradiation products can not leave the cell, resulting in convulsions and death.A technique is described by which relatively pure cultures of lymphocytes may be obtained from leukocyte cultures by selectively killing all granular leukocytes with excessive exposure to microbeams of ultraviolet light. Lymphocytes are harvested and introduced into fibroblast cultures to study experimental lymphotaxis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proliferation of the mammary gland epithelium on days 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 19 pregnancy has been studied in mice, by means of radioautography. Each animal received an intraperitoneal injection of 25°c of tritiated thymidine and was killed one hour later. The inguinal mammary glands were processed for paraffin sectioning and radioautographs prepared using the dipping technique. The rate of mammary epithelial cell proliferation was quantitated for each animal by determining the percent of labeled epithelial cells in a large sample (〉 2000 cells) of cells (labeling index).The data showed that the proliferative activity of the mammary epithelium during pregnancy followed a bimodal distribution. The first evidence of a proliferative response to pregnancy was noted on day 3. By day 4, the labeling index reached a maximum of 25.3%. The labeling index declined on days 6 and 8 to 7.5% and 8.0% respectively. On day 12, the labeling index increased to 12.1%, then fell to 7.9% and 1.3% on day 16 and 19, respectively.Separate labeling indexes were determined for the interlobular epithelium (ducts) on day 12, 16, and 19. The data showed that the labeling indexes of the interlobular and intralobular epithelium during these stages of pregnancy were not significantly different. The correlation of the hormones secreted during pregnancy with the data on mammary epithelial proliferation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 158 (1967), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Male Holtzman rats were fed large doses of vitamin A, D or A and D for 43 days. Sections of the tibia demineralized in EDTA were submitted to alpharadiography or stained by a variety of procedures, including mucopolysaccharide histochemistry. The results were as follows: (1)In hypervitaminosis D, slightly increased periosteal apposition of normal bone; greatly increased maturation of osteocytes with lacunar enlargement and confluence, interstitial metachromasia and loss of density (osteocytic osteolysis).(2)In hypervitaminosis A, large growth of abnormally stained cancellous bone at periosteum and stimulation of osteolysis in new and old bone.(3)In combined A and D hypervitaminoses, the peripheral apposition rate exceeded that induced by vitamin A or vitamin D alone. The new bone appeared fragile and this combined with increased osteolysis was responsible for a number of spontaneous fractures.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A group of venous sacculations associated wth a system of glomerular arteriovenous anastomoses and numerous nerves lies adjacent to the vertebral artery. As thin walled extensions of a dural sinus, these ampullae are structurally capable of responding to changes in venous pressure. The function of their glomerular connections to branches of the vertebral artery is not apparent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 159 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 159 (1967), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Five-day-old mouse blastocysts were transferred into the oviducts of recipients on the second day of pregnancy. S35 methionine was then injected into the recipients and the blastocysts and native 2-celled eggs were recovered six hours later. Radioautographs reveal that the blastocysts incorporate S35 methionine while exposed to the tubal environment to the same degree that they would in the uterus. However, the 2-celled eggs in the same oviducal environment incorporate little or no methionine. It is therefore concluded that the difference in the incorporation of S35 methionine is due to maturational changes in the blastocyst rather than to a deficiency of the labelled amino acid in the tubal lumen.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Systematic experiments have resulted in a method of decalcification which, although specifically developed for cytological study of reptilian aural tissue, should be applicable to other problems involving electron microscopy of organic components of bone or tissues closely associated with bone. Reptilian otic capsules and control specimens of mammalian hepatic tissue were subjected to planned variations of fixatives and decalcifying agents, embedded, sectioned, and evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Additionally, applicability of the more satisfactory agents to other mammalian tissue was checked by limited testing on specimens from Mongolian gerbils. Acceptable results were achieved in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde, and then decalcified in cold 0.1 M solutions of disodium or tetrasodium EDTA (adjusted to pH 7.2-7.4 with sodium hydroxide or versenic acid, respectively), containing 4.0% glutaraldehyde; following decalcification, specimens were washed in buffer, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in epoxy resins with minor modification of standard techniques. Acceptable cytological detail and morphological relationships were retained, and extended treatment with the decalcifying solution did not apparently result in degradation of tissues.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report describes lesions observed in excurrent ducts of the testis in 152 of 518 rats, in the course of studies concerned with cadmium-induced testis injury and the actions of selenium and zinc, separately and combined, in protecting against such damage. All elements were injected subcutaneously, as soluble salts. Necropsy was usually five days (77% of rats) after cadmium injection, but lesions were observed within six hours.Ductuli efferentes showed variable degrees of sperm blockage, epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia, periductal round cell infiltration, fibrosis and contraction. In 56 of 93 rats showing only ductuli lesions, testes were either normal or exhibited dilation of the rete testis and of variable numbers of seminiferous tubules, with or without “pressure degeneration” of the germinal epithelium. In the other 37 rats, the testes showed cadmium-induced injury.Lesions involving both ductuli efferentes and proximal segments of the caput epididymis (13 rats), or the latter alone (46 rats), tended to be associated with more severe testis damage. Epididymal lesions were characterized by focal proliferation and desquamation of duct epithelia, and formation of spermatoceles.The lesions observed were attributed primarily to ischemia, secondary to effects of cadmium upon the capillary bed of the tissues involved. However, their possible enhancement or modification by direct chemical action of cadmium, selenium or zinc upon the duct system or perivascular tissues could not be excluded.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Measurements of volume of the anterior pituitary and diameter of pituitary cells and differential counts of acidophilic and basophilic cells were made under normal or experimental condition of bilateral or unilateral adrenalectomy or bilateral thyroidectomy in late fetal and newborn rats. The pituitary volume showed a consistent rise from the twentieth day of pregnancy to the third day after birth, but not as rapidly relatively as did body weight. Just after birth, the cell diameter declined. Acidophilic and basophilic cells increased in per cent and stained more intensely.In fetuses, bilateral adrenalectomy caused an increase in both the “pituitary volume/body weight” ratio and the cell diameter. Unilateral adrenalectomy caused an increase in the cell diameter. Thyroidectomy showed an increase in both the cell diameter and the per cent of basophilic cells which were partially degranulated.In newborns, bilateral adrenalectomy caused the death of all operated rats. Unilateral adrenalectomy caused no significant change in all categories observed. Thyroidectomy showed an increase in per cent of basophilic cells, but not to the extent observed in fetuses. The basophilic cells were somewhat degranulated.The observations support the views that in the rat the pituitary-adrenal and pituitary-thyroid systems begin to function before birth and that the functioning of both systems is slightly reduced just after birth.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Parietal cells of the fundic region of the stomach in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) contain numerous electron-dense bodies which have different morphologies. Granular dense bodies are the most common, with lamellar and crystalloid forms less frequent; angular dense bodies with bizarre profiles are seen rarely. In random counts on sections of identical thickness, profiles of electron dense bodies averaged five per cell section and as many as 20 to 30 per cell section are found occasionally. These structures bear a striking resemblance to lysosomes described by other workers. Electron microscopic studies were made of frozen sections of the stomach incubated in Gomori's substrate mixture. Results indicated a discrete localization of acid phosphatase reaction products within the dense bodies. Studies on glutaraldehyde fixed material without further fixation in osmium tetroxide demonstrate features not readily discernable with standard osmium fixation.
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