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  • 1980-1984  (1,497)
  • 1982  (785)
  • 1980  (712)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,002)
  • Engineering  (494)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1980-1984  (1,497)
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological analysis of highly loaded polymeric composites filled with non-agglomerating spherical filler particles (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 512-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A non-agglomerating 15 μm diameter stainless steel spherical powder was used as a filler in a low-density polyethylene matrix. The factors investigated included volume loading, the use of surface treatments, and method of applying the surface treatments. The rheological parameters measured to analyze the effect of these factors on the melt behavior of the mixtures were the dynamic viscosity, η*, and the real component of the shear modulus, G′. These parameters showed clear differences in the response of the composites to volume loading, type of surface treatments, and method of surface treatment application.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220810
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A critical review of dynamic modeling and control of plasticating extruders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 393-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is a critical review of the recent literature on plasticating extruder dynamic modeling and control, The papers reviewed are divided into three categories: extruder disturbance studies, classical control and modeling studies, and stochastic control studies. It was found that most researchers have concentrated on modeling the long-term disturbances associated with the extruder melt temperature, melt pressure or extrudate thickness. The control problem for these variables has been treated to a much lesser extent. The difficult to control and industrially important high frequency disturbances have been, in the most part, neglected. Recommendations are made for the future direction of research into extruder control.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220702
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and morphology of thermally oxidized high density polyethylene pipesPresented at the VIIIth International Conference on Rheology, September 1980, at Naples. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 422-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal oxidation on the- molecular structure and on the morphology of a series of high-density polyethylene pipes have been studied “as received” or after service. The existence of a 40 to 170 μm thick oxidation skin was established, the structure and morphology of which were characterized by gloss measurements, scanning electron microscopy, polarized microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, gel measurements, and differential scanning calorimetry. The skin surface frequent contained craterlike structures, 25-50 μm in diameter, whereas small-scale structures occurred much less frequently than in non-oxidized surfaces, and the gloss increased significantly. The presence of a carbonyl concentration gradient through the skin was established, and the gel measurements also indicated a crosslink gradient. The skin was found to be composed of a top layer with a mainly non-spherulitic structure of very low crystallinity and melting point and a large-scale spherulitic layer with a crystallinity and melting point slightly below the corresponding bulk values. The formation of this brittle surface layer and its effect on the long-term fracture performance of the pipe are discussed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220706
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Failure modes in piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 444-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a number of potential failure mechanisms for piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), including decay of piezoelectric properties, film shrinkage at elevated temperatures, electrode erosion due to water, curling and fibrillation of the highly oriented PVDF films, and abrasion or impact damage. Piezoelectric aging and shrinkage are found to be strongly correlated; neither process occurs below 60°C, and both show logarithmic time dependences above that temperature. Thus, shrinkage and piezoelectric aging likely both result from similar mechanisms associated with micro-structural annealing effects at elevated temperatures. The degradation of piezoelectric response observed when PVDF films are exposed to moisture is found to be due primarily to water-induced erosion of the vapor-deposited aluminum electrodes rather than to enhanced piezoelectric decay. Observations of mechanical damage suggest that the susceptibility of PVDF films may be partially due to imperfections introduced during the manufacturing process. One conclusion of this study is that biaxial PVDF offers advantages over uniaxial film, including reduced shrinkage and piezoelectric decay, superior resistance to curling and fibrillation, and lower susceptibility to formation of pinholes and other localized defects.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220709
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of high oxygen pressure and temperature on the aging of polypropylene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 466-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of polypropylene were aged in air and in pure oxygen at pressures ranging from 0.051 to 4.24 MPa (7.4 to 614 psi) and temperatures from 60 to 90°C. Carbonyl formation resulting from polypropylene oxidation was monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The induction time for spectroseopically detectable oxidation coincided with a drastic reduction in tensile elongation for similarly aged tensile specimens. The induction time decreased monotonically with increasing oxygen pressures, while the maximum rate of carbonyl formation increased rapidly at lower oxygen pressures and increased slightly thereafter. The maximum rate of carbonyl formation as a function of oxygen pressure was shown to be consistent with a kinetic rate equation proposed by Stivala, et al. Nearly identical activation energies for the initiation of polypropylene oxidation were determined from reciprocal induction times for samples aged in air and in 4.24 MPa of oxygen (23.9 and 23.8 kcal/g-mole, respectively). The similarity of activation energies suggests that the same mechanism is involved in the initiation step. Samples aged 3.6 times faster in 4.24 MPa of oxygen than in air at the same aging temperature.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220803
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile failure of weathered polycarbonate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Weatherability of several UV stabilized and unstabilized grades of LEXAN® polycarbonate (PC) was studied by exposure in a xenon arc lamp weather-o-meter. The tensile properties of thin (0.2 to 0.3 mm) compression molded and thick (3.4 mm) injection molded samples were investigated as a function of exposure time and correlated with the changes in fracture morphology and molecular weight by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The elongation at failure was the essential mechanical property influenced by exposure. An initial decrease in elongation at failure, followed by a slight increase before the materials turned completely brittle (i.e.; failure without yielding), was correlated with a change in the fracture mechanism starting from the exposed surface of the samples. The initial decrease was caused by penetrating surface cracks, while the later increase in ultimate elongation resulted from the flaking off of the brittle surface layer. The UV stabilized grade remained more ductile, since its molecular weight remains fairly constant up to 1500 h of exposure, while the unstabilized grades decrease in molecular weight continuously from the start of exposure. The useful lifetime of the samples, defined by the complete loss of ductility, is approximately 1500-2000 h of accelerated exposure, which corresponds approximately to 1 year outdoor exposure under Israeli conditions.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220802
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytical melting model for extrusion: Melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 729-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melting mechanism inside screw extruders is presently analyzed using numerical, iterative methods that are too complex to be used widely by practicing engineers. Our theoretical and experimental investigations of the melting mechanism have produced simple, analytical equations for predicting the melting rate of fully compacted solid polymers without iterative calculations. The accuracy of these equations was found to be satisfactory. Consideration of the temperature and shear dependencies of the melt viscosity was found to be essential for the accurate prediction of the melting rate.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221202
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture analysis of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 760-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture properties of three grades of acrylonitrile-buta-diene-styrene(ABS) were evaluated and compared. In preliminary studies, J1c (J integral) results obtained using the Begley and Landes procedure for single-edge-notched tension specimens and compact tension specimens were compared to establish the validity of the J1c criterion. It is shown that the Rice single-specimen approximation can be applied for this material, resulting in considerable simplification of the testing procedure. The J1c values for two of the grades were evaluated at two or more rates using the compact tension geometry and the single-specimen procedure over a temperature range of-60° to + 75°C. The results are analyzed in terms of a modified Eyring model, and the activation energies for the two grades of ABS were found to be 13.7 and 36.7 Kcals/mole, respectively.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221206
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical criteria for polymer compatibility: Poly(vinylchloride)/post-chlorinated poly(vinylchloride) blendsPresented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers Petrochemical Conference, Houston, April 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 698-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility of poly(vinylchloride PVC) with post-chlorinated PVC (CPVC) is investigated with the purpose of relating the mechanical properties of such blends with their compatibility. The effects on compatibility of varying mixing methods, blend composition, molecular weights of components, and chlorine content of CPVC are studied. Experimental methods include comparison of the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of blends and homopolymers using dynamic mechanical analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and comparison of the mechanical properties of blends and homopolymers. Experimental results indicate marginal compatibility between PVC and CPVC. Blends in which CPVC is the main component are indicated to be less compatible than other compositions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221109
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of plastics in fire (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 793-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fire is a complex process in which temperature and oxygen concentration vary considerably. The methods of characterizing the flammability of plastics materials advocated in this paper use simple test procedures in a series of different fire environments; i.e., at different temperatures and oxygen concentrations. The limits of both flaming and smouldering combustion, flame spread, and burning define the burning behavior of materials as dynamic multivariable parameters and not as single-point data characteristics of the majority of current fire tests. The feasibility studies were based on modified oxygen index (ASTM D2863, NES 715) and Setchkin furnaces (ASTM D1929). The burning behavior of plastics may also be directly affected by their softening and viscosity characteristics, and this has been explored with relation to suspended ceilings and stacking chairs. The techniques used showed major differences between materials that may not always be seen in standard single-point tests but which have been correlated with full-scale ad hoc tests; e.g., room and corner tests, and actual product tests.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221302
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended-chain morphology in ultraoriented polyethylene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 836-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of ultraoriented polyethylene fibers was investigated by means of small-angle x-ray scattering and high-resolution line-broadening analysis of x-ray and electron-diffraction profiles. The comparative consideration of the experimentally-measured crystal thickness and long period along the c direction allowed the calculation of the fraction of extended-chain crystals for a simple three-phase model. The calculations were carried out with the unknown length of the extended-chain crystals as a variable parameter.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221309
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the thermal history on dielectric properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 845-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this paper, we report dielectric permittivity and loss of poly (vinyl chloride) samples that have received three different thermal treatments: (a) as received, (b) quenched from 110°C to 20°C and (c) slow cooled at 5°C/h. There are several observations: first, the secondary (β) loss peak-is not representative of a simple mechanism of transition, in agreement with results of other authors (10), second, in the glass transition zone, there are clearly two peaks (α1 and α2) - α1, is a typical peak of an amorphous glass transition; the second, α2, has possibly a crystalline origin - and, third (and the most interesting fact), there is an increase of the loss tangent in the intermediate zone between α and β peaks showing a new relaxational peak with high activation energy (70 Kcal/mole), in agreement with dynamic mechanical results (6).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221311
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sub-Tg relaxations on the gas transport properties of polyestersThis work taken from the thesis submitted by R. R. Light for the degree of Master of Science in Polymer Engineering University of Tennessee. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 857-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship was determined between sub-Tg molecular motions and the transport of O2 and CO2 in amorphous polyesters and copolyesters based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] and poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) [PCDT], Modifications of the polyester with certain acid co-monomers restricted the molecular motions that occurred in the β-relaxation region and in turn decreased the O2 diffusion coefficient. The solubility coefficient was unchanged by those modifications. Modification of PET with 1,4-cyclohex-anedimethanol increased the magnitude of the β-relaxation and both the diffusion and solubility coefficients of O2. Similar relationships between the β-relaxation magnitude and CO2 permeability were also found. The temperature dependence of O2 permeability followed an Arrhenius relationship, with different activation energies (Ep) above and below the β-relaxation. The activation energy was smaller below the β-relaxation. Values of Ep above and below the β-relaxation did not depend on the chemical structure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221402
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature and humidity on the long-term performance of poly(butylene terephthalate) compoundsPresented in part at the Eleventh North American Thermal Analysis Conference, October 18-21, 1981 New Orleans, Louisiana. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 883-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model was developed that closely fits new and previously published test data for the aging of poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT) compounds under conditions of elevated temperature and high relative humidity. The model equation, stated in terms of absolute temperature and water vapor partial pressure, allows extrapolation of accelerated aging data to ambient conditions that prevail in realistic applications of the materials. For practical reasons, the water vapor partial pressure is preferred as a model variable over relative humidity, although it is shown that both variables are equivalent in a formal sense.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221406
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of surface embrittlement on the mechanical behavior of rubber-modified polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 888-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was conducted to better understand the mechanism of surface embrittlement in rubber-modified thermoplastics. Brittle polymer films were laminated onto acryionitnie-Duraaiene-styrene terpolymer and high-impact polystyrene to simulate either embrittlement due to environmental degradation or brittle paint systems. The effect of varying coating thickness and molecular weight was studied in tensile and impact testing. Results of this study suggest that the multiple crazing mechanism normally associated with the energy-absorbing capability of rubber-toughened polymers is severely restricted due to the formation of multiple surface cracks resulting from coating failure. This is particularly true when the coating thickness reaches a critical value at which a single surface crack is able to propagate across the coating/substrate interface in an unstable manner.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221407
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photo-Oxidation and photo-stabilization of blends of low-density polyethylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymersPresented at the Symposium Polymer Blends, University of Warwick, September 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 912-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photo-oxidation of blends of low-density polyethylene and styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers has, been shown to result mainly from the degradation of the pollybutadiene part of the material. The solution infra-red and fluorescence spectra, and mechanical properties have been studied as a function of the irradiation time. Evidence of some interaction between the components of the blend could be obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221410
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positional small-angle X-ray scattering (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 928-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Positional small-angle X-ray scattering has been implemented and developed as a new nondestructive technique to study the formation and growth of flaws in polymers. The technique consists of measuring the intensity of scattering at a constant scattering angle while the sample is moved through the incident x-ray beam. Examples of applications of the technique from several different materials are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221504
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of dynamic mechanical properties of polycarbonate as a result of deformation (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 950-954 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A combination of different experimental apprati has allowed dynamic mechanical spectroscopic measurements to be made as function of variable, constant offset stress, as well as during creep of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate. The deformation system was calibrated with aluminum and by comparison of low-stress dynamic mechanical spectra with literature data of polycarbonate. Dynamic mechanical spectra acquired at high offset stress result in an apparent shift in sub-Tg relaxation processes to higher temperatures at differing rates, resulting in separation of the various relaxation processes. This observed phenomenon is analogous to similar effects that are observed viathe application of pressure. The creep process can be clearly monitored by changes in dynamic mechanical properties, with these changes being dependent upon the stress and temperature utilized.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221508
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rigid polyurethane foams: A model of the foaming process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 840-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model of the manufacture of rigid polyurethane foams by free rising is presented. The extent of cream and rise periods as well as the amount of blowing agent necessary to give the desired foam density are theoretically predicted. The rate of blowing agent evaporation is calculated from an experimental boiling temperature vs. composition curve. Experimental runs were carried out with a formulation consisting of a polymeric isocyanate, a polyether polyol based on sorbitol, a silicone-polyol block-copolymer as surfactant, dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst, and trichlorofluoromethane as blowing agent. Mixing was performed in situ in the mold using a commercial foaming machine. Experimental results gave a satisfactory agreement with model predictions. A diagram containing all the relevant information may be theoretically built and used for the selection of adequate operating parameters for a given formulation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221310
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of moisture on the fatigue resistance of an aramid/epoxy composite (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 988-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out concerning the effects of moisture on the mechanical properties of a unidirectionally reinforced aramid/epoxy composite; specifically, Kevlar 49-Fiberite 934. (Fiberite 934 is a 350°F-cure epoxy composed primarily of tetraglycidyl methylene dianaline and hardened by diaminodiphenyl sulfone.) Absorption of water has been found to plasticize the resin so as to produce a decrease in the glass transition temperature from, 210°C to 150°C, and this plasticization serves to increase substantially the room-temperature ductility of the resin. Moisture also serves to increase the static tensile strength, of the laminate, presumably by enhancing resin ductility and making the composite more forgiving of local flaws and fiber misalignments. The moisture-induced enhancement of static strength is observed to carry over to an increase in fatigue lifetime at a given stress, although the fraction of ultimate tensile strength lost per decade of fatigue loading is the same in wet and dry materials. It is concluded that the mechanism of fatigue damage - probably a form of fiber abrasion - is unaffected by moisture, but the fatigue resistance of the wet composite is improved by virtue of its increased static strength.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221514
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    Diffusion and localized swelling resistances in glassy polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1018-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption of swelling penetrants in glassy polymers is modeled as a diffusion problem with moving boundary. The velocity of the swelling front is related to the stress exerted by the penetrant on the glassy matrix at the moving boundary. The solvent stress is considered as the sum of the osmotic tension and of the differential swelling stress. The latter increases as the residual thickness of the glassy core is reduced, giving rise to an acceleration of the front velocity (Super Case II). It is shown that the stress relaxation properties in the swollen region must be taken into account in order to obtain a thickness-dependent Super Case II effect, which disappears in thick samples, according to experimental evidence. All the observed sorption behaviors, including Fickian diffusion, Case II, and Super Case II sorption, are properly accommodated in the theory.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221603
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  • 122
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    Rheology of reinforced thermoplastics and its application to injection-molding: IV. Transient injection capillary flow and injection-molding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1027-1042 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A two-stage injection capillary rheometer fitted to an injection-molding machine was used to study the transient flow behavior of unfilled polypropylene melt and melts filled with short glass fibers, or long glass fibers, or (alternatively) calcium carbonate particles/Apparent shear rate in the capillaries ranged from 103 to just over 106 s-1, while the initial melt temperature ranged from 180° to 270°C in steps of 30°C. Reservoir pressures at the entrance to the capillaries and the plunger position are also recorded. It is found that the presence of short glass fibers results in more stable flow, especially at low melt temperatures. Significant fiber exclusion at the capillary entrance is only present in long glass fiber-reinforced melts. At low temperatures, calcium carbonate-filled melts yield large pressure overshoot, and the flow is the “stick-slip” type. These melts yield extra pressure overshoot when the flow rate is increased suddenly. If the melt elasticity is high (unfilled polymer), there is a recovery in the reservoir pressures during flow decay following sudden reduction in the flow rate. The significance of injection capillary flow in the injection-molding of filled polymer melts is demonstrated by following the development of the nozzle pressure during injection-molding. It is shown that, if the injection speed is high, filled polymer melts yield large nozzle pressure overshoots. Estimates of nozzle pressure based on steady-flow-viscosity data will, therefore, be misleading. Fiber-free and particle-depleted regions in the moldings are examined. A new mechanism of fiber or particle migration based on flow-induced crystallization is proposed. The observations reported here for polypropylene concerning fiber migration also apply to nylon 6.6., high-density polyethylene, and polycarbonate.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221604
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  • 123
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    Moisture absorption by tetraglycidyl 4,4′ -diaminodiphenyl methane/4,4′-diaminodiphenl sulfone epoxies containing brominated epoxy copolymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1052-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect on moisture absorption of introducing bromine into epoxy resins is investigated. The research is carried out with a tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane/4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone system, and compared with a reference system of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/diaminodiphenyl methane epoxy, both systems containing brominated reactive epoxy additives. The results indicate that the presence of bromine reduces drastically the rate and the maximum level of moisture absorption. The presence of bromine is shown to have only a small effect on the high-temperature properties and on the glass-transition temperatures of the dry resins. Moreover, due to their lower moisture absorption capacity, the glass-transition temperatures of the wet brominated resins are higher than the counterparts of the original bromine-free epoxies.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221608
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  • 124
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    Numerical simulation of a single-screw plasticating extruder (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1084-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A fully-predictive steady-state computer model has been developed for a single-screw plasticating extruder. Included in the model are a model for solids flow in the feed hopper; a variation of the Darnell and Mol model for the solids conveying zone; a variation of Tadmor's melting model for the melting zone; an implicit finite difference solution of the mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations for the melt-conveying zone of the extruder and die; and a predictive correlation for the extrudate swell at the die exit. A temperature- and shear-rate-dependent viscosity equation is used to describe the melt-flow behavior in the model. The parameters in the viscosity equation are obtained by applying regression analysis to Instron capillary rheometer data. Given the material and rheological properties of the polymer, the screw geometry and dimensions, and the extruder operating conditions, the following are predicted: flow rate of the polymer, pressure and temperature profiles along the extruder screw channel and in the die, and extrudate swell at the die exit. The predictions have been confirmed with experimental results from a 11/2 in. (38 mm) diameter, 24:1 L/D single-screw extruder with a 3/16 in. (4.76 mm) diameter cylindrical red die. High- and low-density polyethylene resins were used.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221706
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  • 125
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    Use of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy to monitor deformation of polycarbonate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 955-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been carried out to determine the effect of deformation on the dielectric properties perpendicular to the deformation direction of amorphous polycarbonate. The dielectric tan δ shows a decreasing trend during mechanical creep and increases during recovery. The reverse trend was observed for the dielectric constant, ∊′. The experiments at different stress levels indicated that the changes in tan δ closely follow mechanical creep and recovery. Under stress, the β-relaxation appears to shift to a higher temperature as a function of frequency.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221509
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  • 126
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    Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy of sheet compound as a function of deformation (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 994-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been determined that preload and cyclic amplitude have significant effect on the results of dynamic mechanical measurements of tan δ. To illustrate these effects on composites, a particular type of sheet-molding compound (SMC-R50) was used in this study. In addition to the effects of preload and cycle amplitude, the effects of frequency, post-cure, and creep prior to dynamic mechanical testing were also investigated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221515
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  • 127
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    Observation of molecular chain scission during crazing of polystyrene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1046-1048 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) separations has been performed on polystyrene specimens in an attempt to discern whether or not mechanical crazing is accompanied by significant covalent bond scission. It was found that the extent of scission is not large but is indeed present in concentrations that are detectable by GPC. This suggests that molecular-slippage-only models of the crazing process are perhaps overly idealized and that crazing cannot take place in highly entangled polymer solids without some bond rupture.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221606
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  • 128
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221701
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  • 129
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    Economics of polymer blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1166-1175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Economic, technological, and regulatory pressures gradually narrow the chemical variety of polymers: in 1975, the market share of polyethylene was 40 percent, poly(vinyl chloride), 23 percent, polystyrene, 12 percent, and polypropylene, 11 percent, adding up to 86 percent of all thermoplastics (1-3). The same pressures compel the plastics processor to diversify formulations and production methods. He must resort to new materials (e.g., polymer blends, polymer alloys, and composites) and new methods of manufacture. In this work, the economics of blending will be discussed.There are five reasons to employ polymer blends: higher performance at a reasonable price,modification of performance as a market develops,extending the performance of expensive resins,re-use of plastics scrap,generation of a unique material as far as its processabilitv and/or performance are concerned.In Canada, the cost of blending varies from 8 to about 20 ¢/lb, depending primarily on the volume and the kind of material. The cost effectiveness depends on the total technical and economic environment in which the manufacturer operates; it has to be computed for each case separately. In the text, guidelines and examples are provided.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221717
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    Studies of epoxy resin systems: Part B: Effect of crosslinking on the physical properties of an epoxy resin (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1213-1220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An epoxy system consisting of diglycidyl ether of butanediol, DGEB, cured with 4-4′ diaminodiphenyl sulfone, DDS, has been used for a study of the effect of crosslinking density on the properties of the epoxy resin. Because of the low curing rate at room temperature and the low glass-transition temperature, this system was amenable to a wide range of controlled cross-linking density. The crosslinking density was monitored by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), which followed the change in concentration of the epoxy groups during the curing reaction. The bulk density was found to increase linearly with the crosslinking density. The modulus, the upper yield point, the lower yield point, and the degree of retraction of a deformed sample all increased with the degree of crosslinking. The thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) β-peak was found to vary with crosslinking density, but the γ-peak was not changed. The TSD a peak was found to decrease in strength, but increased in temperature as the crosslinking density increased. This observation suggests that TSD measurements arc a good monitor of crosslinking density of epoxy resins, particularly near the final stage of the crosslinking reaction.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221807
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    Addition polyimide adhesives containing various end groups (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Addition polyimide oligomers have been synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 3,3′-methylenedianiline using a variety of latent crosslinking groups as end-caps. The nominal 1300 molecular weight imide prepolymers were isolated and characterized for solubility in amide, chlorinated and ether solvents, melt-flow and cure properties, glass transition temperature, and thermal stability on heating in an air atmosphere. Adhesive strengths of the polyimides were obtained both at ambient and elevated temperatures before and after aging at 232°C. Properties of the novel addition polyimides were compared to a known nadic end-capped adhesive, LARC-13.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220103
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    Editor's note (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 89-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220208
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    Board of Reviewers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 88-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220207
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    Miscibility phenomena in polyester/chlorinated polymer blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 90-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends are known to be miscible in the solid state. Recents measurements however indicate that a large number of polyesters are also miscible with PVC if the ratio CH2/C=O of the polyester is between 4 and 10. At low CH2/C=O ratios, polyesters are too rigid to interact specifically with PVC. At high CH2/C=O ratios, the number of interacting groups becomes too small to give miscibility. Similarly, a large number of chlorinated polymers are shown to be miscible with PCL if their chlorine content is high enough. Surprisingly, polyesters are not in general miscible with chlorinated polymers if the mixture does not contain either PCL or PVC. The results presented in this paper suggest that a dipole-dipole interaction, between the carbonyl groups and the C-Cl groups, is responsible for the miscibility phenomena observed in polyester/chlorinated polymer blends.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220210
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    The characterization of blend microstructure (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 124-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blend microstructure can lie characterized by a wide range of microscopy, spectroscopy and diffraction techniques. The strengths and limitations of the commonly used characterization techniques arc discussed using as examples a range of commercially or scientifically important blends.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220213
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  • 136
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    Swell of extrudate from an annular die (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 158-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Diameter and thickness swells have been measured as functions of time and wall shear rate for three high density polyethylenes at 170°C and one polypropylene at 190°C. By extruding into an oil having the same temperature and density as the extrudate, it was possible to measure isothermal swell in the absence of drawdown. Seventy to 80 percent of the swell occurs in the first one or two seconds, while several minutes are required to reach an equilibrium state. Relationships between various swell parameters, including parison weight swell and capillary extrudate swell, are examined. Important differences between the behavior of the polyethylenes and that of the polypropylene are noted.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220305
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    Miscibility of poly(α-methyl siyrene-co-acrylonitrile) with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 34-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A copolymer formed from 30 percent acrylonitrile and 70 percent α methyl styrene by weight, or αMSAN, has been examined for miscibility in blends with various polyacrylates and polymethacrylates. None of the polyacrylates or poly(vinyl acetate) were miscible with α-MSAN at room temperature or above. The methyl and ethyl esters of the polymethacrylate series (PMMA, PEMA) proved to be miscible with α MSAN, but none of the higher homologues were miscible under these conditions. Blends of both PMMA and PEMA with α MSAN exhibited lower critical solution temperatures. The observed cloud points decreased as PMMA molecular weight increased up to 105 where kinetic effects caused an apparent reversal of this trend. Atactic PMMA interacts more strongly with αMSAN than does either isotactic PMMA or atactic PEMA. These structural effects are compared with similar trends found in other systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220106
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220401
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    The transesterification of bisphenol-a polycarbonate (PC) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP): A new route to block copolycondensates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this work, the exchange reaction taking place in molten blends of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and polybutylene terephthalate was studied. A direct transesterification mechanism catalyzed by titanium residues, present in commercial PBTP, was deduced. The transesterification reaction can be -stopped at various levels by additives capable of complexing the titanium catalyst.This work enhances the possibility of a new approach in macromolecular engineering by directly combining polycondensates in a processing machine such as an extruder.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220403
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    Rubber blends opportunities for future research (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 130-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In measurements of dynamic mechanical properties over a temperature range, the appearance of intermediate loss peaks and the concomitant decrease of the loss peaks of the individual polymers in a blend is a useful criterion of blend compatibility. Microscopy and x-ray data are reviewed which demonstrate that phase heterogeneity prevails in rubber blends, Compatibilization of these blends, as judged by dynamic loss measurements, can be achieved through a vulcanization process, which promotes interaction between the heterogeneous phases, The matching of solubility parameters of the blend polymers is not a necessary condition, because compatibility, as defined above, can also be observed in blends of rubbers with significantly different solubility parameters, provided an appropriate vulcanization system is used to promote phase interaction.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220214
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    Electrical conductivity changes associated with thermal decomposition of phenolic- and silicone-based materialsThis work supported by the U. S. Department of Energy under contract DE-Ac04-76-DP00789. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrical conductivity changes during thermal decomposition of several phenolic and silicone materials have been measured while increasing temperature from 25 to ∼ 700°C at a rate of 10°C per minute in a nitrogen atmosphere, The materials are based on phenolic and silicone resins and are reinforced with glass chopped fabric or cloth. The electrical results are correlated with mass loss and thermal decomposition product data obtained using mass spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. Peaks in the conductivity temperature dependence and deviations from ohmic behavior are found to be associated with material decomposition and/or outgassing. An excellent correlation is obtained between thermal stability and temperature-dependent electrical properties. Results suggest that electrical conductivity can be used as a thermal analytical tool in characterizing these materials.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220303
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  • 142
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    Anisotropy and dimensions of blow-molded polyethylene bottles (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A commercial blow-molding grade, high-density polyethylene resin was employed to produce cylindrical bottles in a commercial reciprocating screw-extrusion blow-molding machine. The distributions of thickness, crystallinity, birefringence, and impact strength were obtained at various positions. The thickness is greatest near the parting lines, while minimum thickness occurs at the top and bottom of the bottle. The thickness tends to be uniform in the middle section, in agreement with earlier studies of the parison during processing. Density and crystallinity distributions are closely associated with the distribution of thickness and its effect on the cooling rates prevailing during molding. Frozen stresses and birefringence are largest at the outer surface, where cooling rates are highest. The impact strength is lowest near the parting line. Photomicrographs suggest that this is associated with internal flow and crystallization phenomena.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220504
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  • 143
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    Model of steady-state melt spinning at intermediate take-up speedsPresented at 2nd Joint Meeting of U.S. and Japanese Rheological Societies, Kona, Hawaii, April 6-9, 1979. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 292-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model of melt spinning has been developed for speeds above which the effects of gravity, inertia, and aerodynamic drag become significant. The model has as an upper bound the speed at which stress crystallization begins to occur on the spin line. For poly(ethylene terephthalate), these velocities are approximately 750 and 3500 meters/minute. The calculated temperature and velocity profiles are shown to agree with measured values. The stress at the freeze point is calculated and found to correlate well with the spun yarn birefringence which, in turn, is shown to predict uniquely the spun yarn physical properties on a “simple” spin line. The stress-optical coefficient derived from the calculated stress at the freeze point and measured birefringence agrees well with the literature.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220505
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  • 144
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220601
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  • 145
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    A proposed model for accelerated-stress life-test data exhibiting two failure modes (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 354-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Accelerated-stress life-testing involves testing of a material or system at a series of stresses higher than that which is normally seen in service. An estimate of the service life is then obtained by extrapolating the failure time vs stress relationship to use stress. A common problem with this methodology is that a change in failure mechanism may occur if stresses become too high. When this occurs, the data above and below the failure mode transition point are generally treated separately. This paper discusses a model that allows for a change in failure mechanism and characterizes the transition by a probability density function over stress. Advantages of the model are: it allows representation of all test data by a single equation; it allows probability statements to be made about the probability of failure of either failure mode; it allows optimal experiments to be designed; and it allows data in the area of the failure mode transition to contribute to the precision of the estimated service life.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220605
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  • 146
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    Hydrolysis of poly(butylene terephthalate) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hydrolytic stability of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) resins and compounds was studied. Rates of reaction were determined by measuring changes in melt flow rate. Hydrolysis was slightly accelerated by contact of PBT with glass containers and reduced by incorporation of some flame retardant additives. Melt flow rates were related to tensile elongation ofunfilled PBT and tensile strength ofthe glass fiber reinforced polymer and used as failure criteria. Reaction rates were used to predict failure times at various conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220408
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  • 147
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    Influence of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution on mechanical properties of polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 205-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work reviews the literature published over the last ten years on polymer mechanical properties as a function of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, Thermal properties, stress-strain properties, impact, fracture, fatigue, creep, stress relaxation and cracking and crazing are examined for a wide variety of homopolymers and a limited number of copolymers. In general, mechanical properties increase as the molecular weight increases. However, above some limiting molecular weight the mechanical property is usually unaffected. Although much work has been done to describe the effects of molecular weight on mechanical properties, little quantitative correlation exists. The available equations to predict such properties as cracking and crazing, Tg, Tm and tensile strength from molecular characteristics are discussed in detail. However, a more quantitative description incorporating a wider range of mechanical properties would be more useful. This would facilitate use of the vast amount of information available and enable it to be applied more readily to new polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 40 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220402
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  • 148
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    The hydrostatic extrusion and die-drawing of glass-fiber-reinforced polyoxymethylene (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solid-phase forming of glass-fiber-reinforced poly-oxymethylene has been investigated using the techniques of hydrostatic extrusion and die-drawing. Although considerable orientation of the glass fibers and the polymer matrix occurs in both processes, there are very appreciable differences between the stiffnesses of the glass-filled products in the two cases. For hydrostatic extrusion, the moduli of the glass-filled products are significantly higher than those of the unfilled products. In die-drawing, however, the absence of hydrostatic pressure allows debonding of the fibers from the matrix to occur, accompanied by extensive void formation. The fibers are, consequently, no longer effective as a reinforcing phase, the moduli of the glass-filled products being no higher than those of the unfilled products.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220507
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  • 149
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    Estimation of injection pressure during mold fillingPresented in part at the “Second World Congress of Chemical Engineering,” Montreal, Canada, Oct. 4-9, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 324-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimensionless diagrams for estimating the bulk temperature of the flow front and injection pressure in the limit of small viscous generation are obtained. Also, a criterion for neglecting viscous generation is identified. The diagrams, based on the Lord and Williams model, refer to rectangular geometry and amorphous materials. A satisfactory comparison is obtained with literature data taken on polystyrene. A reasonable estimate of polyethylene injection pressure was obtained by roughly accounting for latent heat of crystallization through modified thermal diffusivity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220509
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  • 150
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    Melt rheology of high impact polystyrenes at high shear stresses (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 365-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of the theological properties of commercial polystyrenes, (PS), and high impact polystyrenes (HIPS), is made in the range of shear stresses of practical interest in industrial polymer processing.A general viscosity-shear rate-temperature relationship is defined for these products, with a power law exponent of n = 0.3 and an activation energy of 27 Kcal/mol.The fluid elasticity is studied in terms of steady state shear compliance. An expression relating shear compliance, viscosity and molecular weight distribution is obtained for HIPS. As in other two-phase systems, a decrease in elasticity with viscosity is observed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220607
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  • 151
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    Thermoset injection molding dynamics and the distribution of cure in thermoset molded parts (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed characterization of a commercial-filled unsaturated polyester molding compound has been carried out to determine the kinetics of cure and the rheological behavior of the material at various temperatures and shear rates. Molding experiments were conducted in a 2 1/3 oz, 68 ton reciprocating screw injection molding machine, in conjunction with a simple rectangular cavity. The cavity and nozzle were equipped with pressure transducers to determine, the variation of pressure with position throughout the injection molding cycle. The injection speed was determined with the help of a position transducer. Finally, the moldings were analyzed to determine the distribution of cure states and tensile properties in the molding at various cure times. Significant differences have been observed. It is expected that studies of this type should be helpful in obtaining a better understanding of the thermoset injection molding process and the development of mathematical models to simulate this process.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220604
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  • 152
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220701
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  • 153
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    Rheokinetics of polymerization of N-laurylmethacrylate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 402-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The free radical polymerization of n-laurylmethacrylate has been studied using a combination of rheological and kinetic methods. In addition to classical dilatometry, the extent of reaction of a polymerization was followed in a cone and plate rheometer by measuring the change in the diffraction of a laser beam shone through the polymerizing sample parallel to the plate of the rheometer. The change in diffraction was caused by the change in index of refraction of the monomer becoming polymer, which was related to the extent of reaction. Simultaneous measurements of loss and storage moduli and dynamic viscosity at 1 Hz provided the data necessary for correlating changes in the kinetics with changes in the rheology of the polymerizing system.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220703
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  • 154
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    A network flow analysis of extrusion dies and other flow systems (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is presented to calculate the slow viscous flow distribution in systems of passages, for which the major velocity components are substantially parallel to the axes of those passages. That condition is generally satisfied in flat extrusion dies, disc filters, in-line filters, and other now devices. A finite difference matrix method is initially used to determine the flow distribution for an assumed viscosity distribution. That flow distribution is next used to determine a new distribution of resistances, now based on a specified rheological equation. This process is iterated until there is no significant change in the flow distribution. The passages are subdivided in this method and replaced by a network of resistances. A few unknowns are introduced at one end of the network, which are solved at the other end, using a matrix marching routine. The method is described for newtonian flow through a flat die with equalizing channel, for which the analytic solution is known. Results are shown for that die for flow of power law liquids.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220707
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  • 155
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    Strength and structure of glassy networks formed from dimethacrylates (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 438-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glassy networks were formed by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with both ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TGDM). The polymerization reaction was followed by estimation of vinyl group concentration from measurements of specific volume and infrared absorption. The sheets of polymer were cracked but gave fragments that were large enough to provide specimens suitable for a three-point bending test. Flexural strength decreased with increasing feed of dimethacrylate but, nevertheless, gave fairly strong products throughout the range of comonomer compositions c.f. PMMA, 144 ± 9 MPa; PTGDM, 132 ± 10 MPa; PEGDM, 66 ± 15 MPa. Examination of fracture surfaces indicated a predominantly brittle mode of fracture modulated by localized plastic deformation. In order to account for localized plastic deformation, it was postulated that the networks consist of highly crosslinked microgel particles in a much less crosslinked matrix.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220708
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  • 156
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220801
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  • 157
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    Fracture surface features of polyethylene pipe samples (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 549-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Slow crack growth behavior of medium-density polyethylene pipe samples has been investigated by applying standard and nonstandard fracture mechanics test methods. Slow crack growth rate varied by several orders of magnitude among the PE2306 materials from different manufacturers. Slow crack generated surfaces exhibit fibrous textures of varying degrees of coarseness when examined under the scanning electron microscope. When the measured fiber heights, δ/2, of these samples were plotted against the applied stress intensity factor, KI, they showed a simple power law relationship (of exponent 2). Assuming that the pulled-out fibers transmit almost uniform tensile stresses across the crazed zone at the crack front, the Dugdale-Barenblatt model was introduced to predict the fiber height. Although the model needs further modification, it provides a general power law relationship between the fiber height and the applied stress intensity factor.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220906
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  • 158
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    The dynamics of parison free inflation in extrusion blow molding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 569-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Parison free inflation behavior, associated with the extrusion blow molding process, is considered both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental observations indicate1 that the parison assumes a rather complex shape under conditions of unrestricted inflation. In particular, the time-dependent shape is markedly ellipsoidal rather than cylindrical in nature. This nonuniform behavior, however, becomes more prominent in relation to the entire length as the parison-length-to-diameter ratio is decreased. Based on the experimental observations, a simplified analytical treatment of the free inflation of a viscoelastic parison is presented. The theoretical results illuminate the influence of material properties and process conditions on the inflation process. Expectedly, inflation is enhanced by an increase in the pressure driving force as well as by a decrease in viscosity. However, melt elasticity is also found to exert a significant influence on the inflation behavior. Moreover, the theoretical analysis suggests that the initial parison dimensions play a central role in controlling the inflation process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220909
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  • 159
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    A plasticating model for single-screw extruders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 578-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By measuring the solid-bed transfer velocity, width and thickness under various conditions, die following results are obtained. As the result of melting, the solid bed decreases in width and thickness almost with the same rate, and the solid-bed transfer velocity is constant, while a melt layer exists between the solid bed and the screw root; also, when the phenomenon of dam-up occurs, caused by the combined effect of decreasing depth of the screw channel with tin insufficient decrease of solid-bed thickness, the transfer velocity increases proportional to the rate of decrease of channel depth. Consequently, the solid bed is considered to behave us loosely packed particles. A new plasticating model is developed by making the above results an assumption and adopting finite differential calculus with the Newton-Raphson method to obtain accurately the melting velocity, melt profile, and solid-bed temperature. Calculated values are in remarkably good agreement with the experimental values Solid-bed softening point, pressure, and screw torque are also successfully estimated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220910
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  • 160
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors: 5. A continuous prepolymerization process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 619-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model for the continuous prepolymerization of BHET to PET, carried out in a series of stirred tank reactors, has been developed. The influence of process and operational variables on productivity, as well as the side-product formation (which controls the product quality), have been studied in a range as close to industrial practice as possible. The overall conclusions concerning the productivity profile, as well as some side products, appear to be substantiated from the available data in the open literature. The results of the mathematical model have been used to highlight the key process and operational variables that are likely to give the best productivity and product quality in industrial practice.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221006
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  • 161
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors: 4. A continuous esterification process (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 610-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed for the direct, continuous esterification process. Influence of process and operational variables, including temperature distribution, residence time distribution, bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate recycle, pressure, and ethylene glycol (EG) to terephthalic acid ratio on the reactor performance have been investigated in a range as close to industrial practice as possible. The variables influencing the amount of EG reflux (which governs the energy economy) and side products (which govern the product quality) have been discussed. This investigation provides an analysis of a continuous, direct esterification process, and the results indicate strategies for optimizing productivity and product quality.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221005
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  • 162
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    Mechanistic studies of adhesion promotion by γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane in α-Al2O3/polyethylene joint (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 637-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to understand the mechanism of adhesion promotion by organo silane in joints where its chemical reaction with a polymer matrix may be negligible, we studied the role of γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane (γ-APS) in α-Al2O3/ polyethylene joints. When adsorbed or deposited on α-A12O3/ and moderately dried, γ-APS forms a multimolecular film that is not fully cured. Drying at elevated temperatures for an extended time leads to further curing, resulting in a glassy silane film with a Tg around 108°C, while prolonged dry may cause some degradation. Joint strength is markedly improved by the application of a γ-APS film with a maximum peel strength of 2.3 kg/cm when the silane is applied from a 2 percent aqueous solution. Drying the silane at an elevated temperature prior to joint formation reduces joint strength and also changes the failure mode from cohesive failure through the polyethylene to a mixed mode. Evidence of interdiffusion between γ-APS film and polyethylene at a temperature (149°C) that is above the melting point of polyethylene and the Tg of the silane film was obtained by measuring the Si concentration profile across the interface of the laminate of polyethylene/γ-APS/polyethylene. Diffusion constants in the order of 10-12 cm2/s were obtained, with a teridency toward reduced diffusion as a consequence of extensive drying. DSC results indicate at least partial miscibility of the silane polymer in the amorphous region of polyethylene. It is proposed that the interdiffusion between γ-APS silane film and polyethylene is an important mechanism for adhesion promotion of the joints investigated in this study.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221008
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  • 163
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    Correction (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 697-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221108
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  • 164
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    The mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) triblock copolymer blends with polystyrene (PS) and styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR) (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 673-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurements were made of linear viscoelastic properties and nonlinear stress-strain properties of phase-separated styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers and their blends with several homopolymer polystyrenes (PS) and one random copolymer (SBR). Torsion pendulum testing yielded shear moduli G′, G″, and Rheovibron experiments produced tensile moduli E′, E″, over a 220°K range of temperature, both at low frequencies. For pure copolymers and their PS blends, G′ and E′ correlated quite well with the total PS content, but G″ and E″ were more sensitive to how the additive was distributed. Results suggest that a PS additive whose molecular weight (M) is less than that of the copolymer PS-block (Ms) causes expansion of both the interphase and the homogeneous PS-rich phase, while an additive with M 〉 Ms mixes less well with these phases (probably forming separate domains of pure PS) and is less effective in enhancing the linear moduli. The blending with SBB produced reduction in G′ but a broad midrange peak in G″, suggesting that SBR was localized almost entirely within an expanded interphase. Tensile stress-strain data were obtained with an Material Testing System at room temperature. For PS blends, properties did not correlate well with the total PS content, the blends being always weaker than the SBS of the same overall composition. The amount of set also increased with PS content in the blends. Cyclic tests to increasing strain showed progressive structural alterations (as for the host SBS), with blend behavior resembling host properties more closely with each new cycle. When SBR was the additive, amounts as small as 1 percent reduced the curves by 15 percent. The yield stress was eliminated entirely with an addition of 10 percent SBR, but for all cases the set was the same. Results are discussed in terms of interphase force barriers to chain flow.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221104
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  • 165
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    Absorption of NH3 by nylon-6 (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 519-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220811
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  • 166
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    Blends of EPDM and sulfonated ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber with polypropylene: Structure, physical, and rheological properties (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 499-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) and of metal-neutralized, Sulfonated EPDM elastomers with polypropylene were prepared, and their structure-property relationships were investigated. Extensive rheological measurements, including linear viscoelastic dynamic mechanical studies, were conducted on the blends. As might have been expected, the properties were a strong function of the blend compositions. Both blend systems exhibited multiple transitions indicative of molecular incompatibility of the blend components. These observations are consistent with the morphologies that were observed by scanning electron microscopy using selective extraction techniques. Both blend systems revealed two continuous interwoven phases consisting of elastomer and polypropylene. However, on a relative basis, the moduli and flow of the two blend systems differed significantly; blends of sulfonated EPDM possess higher moduli and lower flow values. The physical and flow property differences between the two systems are directly attributed to the difference in the structure of the elastomer components.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220808
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  • 167
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    Energy conservation in plastics processing: A review (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 528-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rapid recent growth in the relative importance of energy costs has directed the attention of machine manufacturers and processors to more energy-efficient designs and methods of operation. This paper reviews reports of advances in this field. The energy flows associated with the principal processes used in the plastics industry are enumerated, and the problem of defining a meaningful efficiency is addressed. Specific attention is given to recent advances in the areas of extrusion, injection-molding, and heat recovery. A method for energy analysis based on the second, law of thermodynamics is described.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220903
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  • 168
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    The compressive deformation of polymeric foams (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 545-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An alternative approach has been developed to evaluate compressive stress on polymeric foams. Compressive stress depends primarily on three factors: foam density, deformation strains, and deformation rates. The density dependency derived from this approach agrees closely with the empirical models reported in the literature. Correlations between the dynamic compression and shear deformation are also derived. Experimental data are presented which show that G′ and G″ increase with increasing strain rates, while the damping factor reaches a maximum at low strain rates. Note that the proposed model for the prediction of cell-wall rupture would not apply to foams with high open-cell contents.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220905
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  • 169
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    Residual stresses in polymers III: The influence of injection-molding process conditions (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 560-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Following the evaluation of Residual Stresses (R.S.) in quenched specimens (Part I) and the resulting mechanical-physical properties (Part II), the, present study deals with the effect of injection-molding process conditions on R.S. and the respective properties of amorphous polymers. Melt temperature, mold temperature, injection rate, and injection pressure were the parameters studied. Experimental results indicated that the melt temperature caused two maxima in R.S. The second one reverses from compressive to tensile. In general, most changes occur in the surface regions, while R.S. decreases with increasing melt temperature, as is the case in zones far away from the gate. Furthermore, tensile modulus increased, in general, with rising melt temperature. In the case where the effect of mold temperature was studied, it was found that R.S. are compressive in the surface layers and tend to decrease upon increase in mold temperature and distance from the entrance region. Significant changes in R.S. were also detected in the interior layers. As the mold temperature approached Tg, low values of R.S. were measured, as was the case in quenched specimens. Injection rate affects surface R.S. to a large extent. With low flow rates, tensile stresses were developed in the exterior, reversing to compressive stresses at higher speeds. The reversal in sign depends on the location relative to the gate. Once compressive stresses were formed, further increase in rate caused a reduction in R.S. In addition, variations in tensile modulus, as high as 30 percent, were measured at high injection rates. As far as injection and holding pressures are concerned, experimental results showed that a maximum in R.S. was obtained, with increasing pressure, at the surface. Close to the gate entrance, a reverse from compressive to tensile R.S. was detected at high injection pressures. As in the other cases, injection pressure influenced mostly the exterior layers. Only in zones close to the entrance and at high pressures were high levels of R.S. measured in the core regions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760220908
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  • 170
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    The development of surface texture in blown polypropylene film (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 594-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reorganization processes that give rise to surface fibrillation in blown polypropylene film are described in some detail with the aid of numerous photomicrographs. A relationship between stalk surface morphology and degree of surface roughness is noted.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221003
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  • 171
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    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors: 6. A continuous process for final stages of polycondensation (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 628-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model of a continuous polycondensation reactor used in the finishing stages is developed. This axial dispersion model predicts the directions in which mixing, and other process and operational variables, will influence the progress of polycondensation. The available pilot plant data have been compared with the model predictions. In view of the neglect of the side reactions in our model, the comparison is only approximate but appears reasonable. The analysis developed is used to highlight certain critical design considerations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221007
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  • 172
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    Reactivity of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers: A critical evaluation of the comprehensive patent literature on the acetoxy-hydroxide transformation of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 645-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The comprehensive patent list concerned with the acetoxyhydroxide transformation of ethylene vinyl acetate Copolymers is examined. The possible reaction mechanisms and processing techniques for this kind of transformation are described. Finally, a survey of about 55 of the most interesting patents is given, together with some general features of the acetoxyhydroxide exchange.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221009
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  • 173
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    Introductory remarks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 653-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221102
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  • 174
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    Time-dependent morphologies and viscoelastic properties of block copolymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 654-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical properties of block copolymers over a wide temperature range have been previously correlated with the phase-separated microstructure of these systems. In the present work, the morphology of the block copolymer is altered by large tensile deformation at various temperatures. Upon removal of the applied stress, the morphological features of such stretched-and-released systems become functions of time, as the nonequilibrium microstructure reverts to a thermodynamically stable state. This reformation process is monitored by dynamic mechanical measurements, with a modified torsion pendulum capable of applying both tensile and torsional deformation. Experimental results are analyzed using a modified Nielsen model to obtain information on the time-dependent structural state of the samples. These results are then compared with stress-strain curves to provide further insight into the structure breakdown-reformation mechanisms. Two competing mechanisms, domain fracture and block pull-out, are proposed to explain these experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221103
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  • 175
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    Effect of composition and processing on rheological properties of multicomponent polymer melts (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 692-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyamide and polyether maleic anhydride were blended with carbon black at various compositions and processing conditions. The compositions were varied from 0/92/8 percent, 23/69/8 percent, 46/46/8 percent, 69/23/8 percent to 92/0/8 percent of polyamide/polyether maleic anhydride/carbon black. The polymer blends were processed by a Banbury roll mill and an extruder under various conditions and were spray dried. The effects of composition and processing conditions on steady state and dynamic viscoelastilc properties were determined. These effects were compared with the thermal and morphological properties of the blends.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221107
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  • 176
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    Experimental studies of phase separation in reaction injection-molded (RIM) polyurethanesPresented in part at the American Chemical Society 181st National Meeting Atlanta, 1981. To be published in the proceedings of the A.C.S. International Symposium on Fast Polymerization Reactions and Reaction Injection Molding, Plenum Publishing. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyether polyol (polyoxypropylene capped with polyoxyethylene), 4-4′ diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 1,4 butane diol urethanes were prepared by reaction injection molding with different levels of catalyst (dibutyl tin dilaurate). The degree of phase separation, morphology, and molecular weight were compared by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, wide-angle x-ray scattering, optical microscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Slowly reacted (uncatalyzed) samples displayed better phase separation, crystallinity, low molecular weight, and poor mechanical properties. Fast-polymerized (highly catalyzed) samples showed a high degree of phase intermixing, low crystallinity, high molecular weight, and good mechanical performance. Differences between these two behaviors are discussed with the aid of a simplified phase diagram. Slowly reacted samples phase-separate through nucleation and growth of large spherulites, while quickly reacted samples form a much finer, interconnected microstructure. Infrared studies of phase separation for slow systems are presented and used to discuss phase separation in fast polymerizations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221111
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  • 177
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    Estimation of the effective permeability of thin surface layers created by exposure of polyethylene to fluorine (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 738-746 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The significantly improved barrier properties of polyethylene, that, result from surface treatment with small amounts of fluorine are explained in terms of the reduced permeability of a thin layer produced by such treatments. Several approaches for correlating the permeabilities of the treated and untreated polymer layers to various penetrants are discussed. An analysis is also presented that permits estimation of the treatment depth corresponding to a given loss rate is related explicitly to the relative permeabilities of the penetrant in the treated and untreated polymer regions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221203
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  • 178
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    Studies on polyurethane protective surface material resistance to cavitation erosionThe following three Institutions take part in our research work: Sichuan Centre Institute of Electric Power, Sichun Institute of Water Conservancy Science, and Dong Fang Motorltenator Plant. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 752-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polyurethane protective surface material, which were made from four different types of polyester and polyether polyol, have been studied with respect to their ultimate properties. The PTMG (polyoxytetramethylene glycol)- and PPG (polyoxypropylene giyco)-based polyurethane protective surface materials exhibited the best results. Use of JIPNs (joint interpenetrating polymer networks), prepared from combinations of polyurethnes with an epoxy adduct with coupling agents and talc, could clearly improve the adhesive strength resistance to water in negative pressure cavitation erosion (by determination with a rotating dish apparatus) and the adhesive strength resistance toward boiling water. The polyurethane protective surface material, which was composed of three separated layers, showed better resistance to cavitation erosion than an epoxy system, poly(methyl methacrylate), aluminum, steel, and different alloys in tests using the venturi tube and the rotating dish apparatus for simulated cavitation erosion, as well as in some power stations in actual field trials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221205
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  • 179
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    Thermodynamic aspects in extrusion of wall-slipping materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 747-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relevant calculations are made based on the application of the first law of thermodynamics to a steady polymer flow through a plasticating extruder. The results obtained for various processing conditions for poly(vinyl chloride), which exhibits a slip at the wall during flow at lower temperatures, are compared with polyethylene showing no such slip. For a wall-slipping material, it is observed that, with increasing throughputs the addition of enthalpy per unit mechanical energy increases (1), the net-specific thermal energy input increases (2), and the specific mechanical energy required shows a decreasing trend (3). Contrary behavior is found in the case of non-slipping materials.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221204
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  • 180
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    Determination of the glass transition of polymer by the autovibron (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 788-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The automated Rheovibron (Autovibron) has been useful for determining the glass transition behavior of polymers. The standard (manual Rheovibron viscoelastometer has been used sufficiently small intervals, and so, some accuracy on transition location must be sacrificed when the temperature intervals are taken 5 to 10°C apart. However, the Autovibron can be observed over very small temperature intervals (〈1.5°C)), which essentially provide a continous monitoring of the changes in storage modulus, loss modulus, and tan δ. An improved accuracy and sensitivity of the Autovibron are provided by a combination of multiprogrammer, programmable calculator, and lock-in analyzer. The Autovibron are provided by a combination of multiprogrammer, programmable calculator, and lock-in analyzer. The Autovibron shows a good capability for dynamic thermomechanometry. The glass transition bility for dynamic thermomechnometry. The glass transition of polymers can be determined by analyzing the loss tangent peak. The maximum value in loss tangent, peak temperature, and the newly introduced terms, ΔT1 and ΔT2 which indicate the widths of tan δ peak, are useful indicators of the glass transition. The ΔT1 and ΔT2 show the distribution of the glass transition and are related to order and crystallinity in the structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221209
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  • 181
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    The curing of a bisphenol A-type epoxy resin with 1,8 diamino-p-menthane (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 821-825 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC), Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to study the cure characteristics of an epoxy system that utilized a sterically hindered amine curing agent. The apparent activation energy was found to be 13.3 kCal./Mol. by DSC and 12.8 kCal./Mol. by FT-IR. Resin volatility hindered useful application of conventional TBA techniques. The resin was found to react to a partially cured (52%) state at room temperature and then vitrify. Samples stored for a two-month period showed no advance in cure state. Subsequent application of heat caused resin devitrification and advance to a more fully cured state. The isothermal curing behavior was studied in a temperature range from 100° to 150°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221306
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  • 182
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    Time and temperature effects on the fracture toughness of rigid poly(vinylchloride) pipe materials (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 826-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of rigid poly(vinylchloride) pipe materials has been investigated over a range of temperatures and rates. Conditions are described for valid fracture toughness (KIC) tests and notch insensitive (ductile) behavior; time-temperature effects on transitions in KIC are defined. The modes of crack extension are characterized over a range of temperatures, and the mechanisms of crack resistance are discussed, including some quantitative data for the yielded zone at the crack tip.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221307
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  • 183
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    Devolatilization of polymer melts in single-screw extruders (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 832-835 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melt devolatilization (DV) was studied using a single-screw extruder with extruder RPM and polymer flow-rate as the key parameters varied. DV efficiency was studied at atmospheric pressure under nitrogen and also at reduced pressure. Preliminary results are applied to current mathematical models.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221308
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  • 184
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221401
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  • 185
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    Aging of pressure-sensitive adhesives I: Stability of styrene-lsoprene-styrene block copolymer films at 95°C (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 865-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is the first in a series investigating the aging of pressure-sensitive adhesives based on styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymers. An investigation of thermal/oxidative aging of thin SIS films is presented. During these aging experiments, samples were analyzed with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), multiple internal reflectance (MIR) infrared spectroscopy, tack tests, and surface tension estimations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221403
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  • 186
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    Fracture toughness and fatigue of polystyrene, polyphenylene oxide and their blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 946-949 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of atactic polystyrene (PS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) represent a compatible system that exhibits a transition from a crazing to a shear bending mode of deformation as a function of composition. PS (Mw = 30,000; Mw/Mn = 1.06) exhibited a value of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{IC} = 1.00 \pm 0.20{\rm }MPa\sqrt m $\end{document}. Blends of up to 60 wt.% PPO exhibited \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ K_{IC} \sim 1.00{\rm }MPa\sqrt m $\end{document}. However, there is a very rapid increase in KIC with increasing PPO content in the vicinity of 75 percent PPO. Fatigue behavior of the blends parallels that under static loading.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221507
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  • 187
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221501
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  • 188
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    Introductory remarks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 921-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221502
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  • 189
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    An electrical method of measuring crack length during crack propagation tests of polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 934-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Measurement of fatigue crack propagation rate (da/dn) in polymers is normally done optically with a travelling microscope. Electrical methods have not been very successful due to lack of sensitivity and to inaccuracies caused by factors such as plastic deformation and temperature variation. Use of electrically conductive surface grids eliminates these problems. An electrically conductive grid pattern is vapor-deposited onto the surface of a compact tension specimen. The electrically conductive grid pattern is vapor-deposited onto the surface of a compact tension specimen. The electrically conductive grid lines run across the expected path of the crack. With crack advancement, the grid lines are successively torn apart. Proper interpretation of the discontinuous steps that result when electrical current is plotted against time directly generates da/dn data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221505
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  • 190
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    Fatigue fracture of polycarbonate (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 937-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue fracture process in polycarbonate can be different for cracks grown from notches and from surface crazes. During the discontinuous crack growth process (which occurs during the very slow crack growth regime), full-width cracks grown from notches have a very different crack tip plastic zone when compared to that observed in localized cracks grown from surface crazes. These localized surface cracks have a pair of sharply defined shear bands at the crack tip (forming the “epsilon” plastic zone) that are absent from notched-grown cracks, The presence of the shear band pair in this plastic zone produces two major modifications. The discontinuous crack growth is extended to higher stress intensity ranges due to the (crack tip) craze stabilization by the shear band pair. Moreover, a shear fatigue fracture mode, absent in the notched specimens, occurs upon termination of the discontinuous growth process. The implications of this comparison are that estimates of fatigue lifetimes of smooth samples based on fatigue crack growth data (on notched specimens) may be erroneous.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221506
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  • 191
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    Computer simulation of injection molding (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1066-1074 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The injection-molding process consists of three consecutive stages: filling, packing, and cooling. In order to obtain some insight into the phenomena involved in the process, and particularly in order to evaluate the moldability of certain resins and to predict the microstructure and properties of products molded therefrom, a number of workers have employed a variety of techniques based on mathematical simulation of the process. Mathematical simulation involves writing the relevant continuity, momentum, and energy equations governing the system, with appropriate boundary and initial conditions representing the prevailing conditions in the cavity and delivery channels. In order to obtain meaningful solutions to the above equations, detailed information is required regarding the thermodynamic, thermal, and rheological properties of the resin. Moreover, the prediction of the microstructure and ultimate properties of the molded article requires a knowledge of the morphological, crystallization, and orientation phenomena that take place under the influence of the thermo-mechanical history experienced by the resin. The complexity of the equations involved results in the utilization of a number of simplifying assumptions and the resort to computer simulation and numerical solutions of these equations. A variety of numerical schemes based on finite difference and finite element methods has been employed by various researchers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221704
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  • 192
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    Some aspects of the miscibility behavior of polyester/halogenated polymer blends (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1138-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glass transition temperature and depression in melting point methods are commonly used to determine the miscibility behavior of polymer/polymer blends, where at least one component of the mixture is semicrystalline. However, these methods often lead to ambiguous and even contradictory results, as can be shown by several examples. Furthermore, a comparison of the miscibility behavior of poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl bromide), and poly(vinyl fluoride) with linear and branched polyesters indicates that small changes in the structure of the halogenated polymer and/or of the polyester lead to major changes in miscibility, indicating the subtle nature of the miscibility phenomenon and emphasizing difficulties in its control.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221714
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  • 193
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    Fatigue crack propagation in amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate)Presented at the Symposium on Polymer Fatigue and Nonlinear Behavior, 182nd National Meeting, American Chemical Society, New York, August 23-28, 1981. (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 975-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Earlier studies of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in polymers have shown a general superiority of crystalline relative to amorphous polymers in terms of FCP resistance. In order to study in detail the effect of crystalline content and character on FCP rates, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was selected as a convenient material in which a wide range of crystallinity can be obtained. To provide a baseline for comparison, FCP rates were determined for essentially amorphous polymers covering a range of molecular weight. Surprisingly, the essentially amorphous PET turned out to be as resistant to FCP as the best crystalline polymers so far observed. In this paper, several observations about FCP rates and fracture topography are reported: FCP rates agree well with the Paris equation over a wide range of ΔK; in any case, the higher the molecular weight, the greater the crack growth resistance according to the Manson-Hertzberg relationship previously established. Fracture surface analysis revealed evidence of softening and drawing, as well as extensive plastic deformation. We suggest that PET can undergo, under cycling loading, both extensive drawing and actual crystallization at the crack tip to form an efficient, crack-resistant network. Thus, PET appears to be the first thermoplastic observed to be self-reinforcing in fatigue.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221512
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  • 194
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    Masthead (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221601
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  • 195
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    On the fickian diffusion of organic penetrants in glass polymers (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1043-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fickian diffusion of organic penetrants in glassy polymers is formulated as a moving-boundary problem, and the effect of concentration-dependent diffusivity on the concentration distribution is investigated. The solutions obtained for concentration-dependent and constant diffusivity cases are compared. The results show that the concentration distribution curves differ both quantitatively and qualitatively. It is concluded that the sharp advancing boundary between the glassy and rubbery regions is due not only to the discontinuous change in the physical properties of these regions but also to the strong concentration dependency of diffusivity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221605
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  • 196
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    Introductory remarks (1982)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 22 (1982), S. 1065-1065 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760221702
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  • 197
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    Purification of phenolic wastewater by parametric pumping: Nonmixed dead volume equilibrium model (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 73-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new process for purification of phenolic wastewaters by parametric pumping is presented.An equilibrium (linear) model for nonmixed dead volumes thermal direct mode parametric pumping is developed and the influence of bottom and top dead volume magnitudes on transient separation is analyzed.Analytical solutions for batch, continuous and semicontinuous operations are presented.Experimental data on the system phenol/water-Duolite ES861 include equilibrium isotherms at 20°C and 60°C and parapump runs for the cases mentioned above.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280111
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  • 198
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    A dynamic method for liquid-particle mass transfer in trickle beds (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous investigations of liquid-to-particle mass transfer in trickle beds have used non-porous particles. However, the applications of trickle beds have been for reactions or adsorption employing porous catalysts as adsorbents. In this study a method of dynamic adsorption with porous particles is developed. The procedure is to extrapolate the response to a step-function input of non-volatile adsorbate to a short time where intraparticle diffusion and adsorption do not affect the overall process.The method is applied to the adsorption of benzaldehyde from aqueous solutions in a bed of granular, activated carbon particles. Measurements were made for three particle sizes, in adsorbers of two diameters, at 298K and 1 atm. The gas flow rate had no discernible effect on the mass transfer coefficients, kLsaLs, over a superficial velocity range of 1.47 to 8.0 × 10-2 m/s, but kLsaLs increased with liquid rate. The results, correlated as Sherwood vs. Reynolds number, agree well with the nonporous particle data of Van Krevelen and Krekels (1948), but suggest larger Sherwood numbers than similar data from later investigations.The wide range of mass transfer results for either liquid-to-particle or liquid-to-gas in trickle beds seems to be due in large measure to the difficulty in reproducing the rivulent flow pattern of liquid from bed to bed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280204
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  • 199
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    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of a creeping Newtonian jet with gravity and surface tension: A finite difference technique for solving steady free-surface flows using orthogonal curvilinear coordinates (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 220-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite difference technique capable of simulating steady, incompressible, viscous, free-surface flows has been successfully applied to the motion of a creeping Newtonian jet, including both surface tension and gravitational forces. In accordance with experimental results, the numerical solutions predict either a 12 or 16% increase in the jet dimensions depending on whether the jet emerges from a circular or a slit die. Both gravity and surface tension inhibit the swelling behavior.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280209
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  • 200
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    Extraction of niobium, tantalum and titanium from columbite (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 28 (1982), S. 522-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690280326
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