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  • 1980-1984  (6,979)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1870-1879
  • 1982  (6,979)
  • Chemistry  (6,959)
  • Insulin
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Years
  • 1980-1984  (6,979)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949
  • 1930-1934
  • 1870-1879
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 767-772 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetic glomerulosclerosis ; Clinical symptoms ; Proteinuria ; Insulin ; Diabetes mellitus ; diabetische Glomerulosklerose ; Klinik ; Proteinurie ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 111 Fälle (bioptisch erfaßtn=106, autoptisch erfaßtn=5) werden in drei Gruppen eingeteilt: Diffuse diabetische Glomerulosklerose (n=74), gemischt diffus-noduläre Glomerulosklerose (n=14) und noduläre diabetische Glomerulosklerose (n=23). Die klinischen Parameter, Angaben über Dauer des Diabetes und Dauer der Nierenerkrankung sowie über Therapieformen werden zu den einzelnen morphologischen Gruppen korreliert. Dabei ergibt sich unter anderem: Die noduläre Glomerulosklerose tritt besonders häufig bei Frauen auf, geht häufig mit einer Diabetes-Manifestation jenseits des 40. Lebensjahres einher, ist mit der längsten Diabetes-Dauer korreliert und weist einen häufig meist stark erhöhten Serumkreatinin-Spiegel auf. Die Proteinurie ist mit rund 90% häufigstes und erstes Symptom der diabetischen Glomeruloskerose. Eine Insulinbehandlung hat offenbar einen günstigen Einfluß auf die Proteinurie. Zusammenfassend muß jedoch betont werden, daß die Variabilität der klinischen Symptomatik sehr groß ist, so daß eine Diagnose allein auf der Basis klinischer Befunde nicht immer möglich ist.
    Notes: Summary One hundred and eleven cases of diabetic glomerulosclerosis (biopsiesn=106, autopsiesn=5) are divided into three groups: Diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis (n=74), mixed diffuse-nodular glomerulosclerosis (n=14) and nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis (n=23). The clinical parameters, data concerning duration of diabetes and of renal disease, as well as types of therapy, were correlated with the different morphologic groups. The following results could be observed: nodular glomerulosclerosis very frequently occurs in women, often accompanied by a diabetes-manifestation beyond the fourth decade of life. This correlated with the longest duration of diabetes and frequently showed a greatly increased serum-creatinine level. Proteinuria of about 90% is the most frequent and first symptom of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Therapy with insulin apparently shows an advantageous influence on proteinuria. In summary, however, the variability of clinical symptoms and signs should be emphasised, preventing in some cases a diagnosis being made on clinical findings alone.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Capillary blood flow ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinins ; Prostaglandins ; Skelettmuskel ; Kapillardurchblutung ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Kinine ; Prostaglandine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anpassungen des Energiestoffwechsels wie sie im kontrahierenden Skelettmuskel auftreten, werden im Anschluß an die Phase der anaeroben Glycolyse über Änderungen des kapillaren Blutflusses vorgenommen, der Substrate und Sauerstoff für die Energiegewinnung heranträgt. Da zu Beginn der Leistung die Sauerstoffversorgung limitiert ist, scheint Glucose das geeignete Substrat, da sie sowohl anaerob zur Energiegewinnung benützt werden kann als auch pro Molekül Sauerstoff mehr Energie als Fettsäuren liefert. Neben der Glucose werden auch Aminosäuren für eine beschleunigte Proteosynthese und Muskelhypertrophie benötigt. Aus diesem Grunde muß die Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes von einer Modulation der Wirkung von Insulin begleitet sein, das häufig z.B. nach einem Übernachtfasten nur in niedrigen Konzentrationen vorliegt. Dieses Ziel wird auf dreierlei Weise erreicht: 1. Durch Erweiterung des kapillaren Gefäßnetzes, was zu einer verbesserten Versorgung mit Insulin und zu einem größeren Angebot an Insulinrezeptoren führt, 2. durch einen beschleunigten Transport von Insulin durch die kapillaren Gefäßwände, so daß mehr Insulin im interstitiellen Raum und an den Plasmamembranen des Gewebes vorhanden ist. 3. durch einen Effekt auf molekularer Ebene am „Insulin-Rezeptor-Messenger“-Mechanismus. Diese Adaptationen sind Teile eines selbstregulatorischen Prozesses, der durch die Freisetzung von Metaboliten aus dem arbeitenden Muskel in Gang gesetzt wird. Aus neueren Studien gibt es zunehmend Hinweise, daß Kinine und Prostaglandine beteiligt sind. Die ersteren werden bei Bedarf aus ihrem Präkursorprotein Kininogen proteolytisch freigesetzt und tragen als Gewebshormone das Signal des arbeitenden Muskelgewebes über den interstitiellen Raum zur glatten Gefäßmuskelzelle der Kapillaren. Daraufhin werden Prostaglandine aus Plasmamembranlipiden freigesetzt, die als Zellmediatoren zusammen mit den Kininen die verschiedenen Adaptationsmechanismen hervorrufen. Verstärkersysteme dieser Art dürfen nicht nur im Muskel, sondern auch in anderen Geweben eine Rolle spielen, in denen eine adäquate Kinin- und Prostaglandin-Freisetzung unter den verschiedensten klinischen Bedingungen, z.B. im Schock, beim Herzinfarkt, bei Wundheilung etc. für die adäquate Bereitstellung von Sauerstoff, energiereichen Substraten und Aminosäuren als Bausteinen sorgt.
    Notes: Summary Adaptations of energy metabolism, as they occur during contractions of skeletal muscle besides by anaerobic glycolysis are achieved via changes in capillary blood flow providing substrates and oxygen for combustion. Since, initially, oxygen supply is restricted in the working muscle, glucose would seem to be the adequate fuel as it may be used anaerobically and yields more energy per mole of oxygen than fatty acids under such circumstances. Besides glucose, amino acids are also required for accelerated proteosynthesis according to the work load. Therefore, an enlargement of the capillary net has to be accompanied by an amplification of the action of insulin, which is often present in only small amounts, e.g., after an overnight fast. This aim is met in three ways: (1) enlargement of the capillary net with accelerated blood flow increasing the supply of insulin and the number of receptor sites for insulin binding; (2) accelerated transport of insulin through the capillary wall, providing more insulin in the interstitial space and at the plasma membranes; (3) a molecular mechanism directly involving the insulin-receptor-messenger complex, localized at the plasma membrane of the working muscle cell. These mechanisms resemble a self-regulatory process, set in motion by the release of metabolites from the working tissue. From recent studies there is accumulating evidence that kinins liberated from their precursors are involved as tissue hormones by carrying the signal across the interstitial space to the smooth muscle cells of the capillary vessels. Concomitantly, prostaglandins are released intracellulary to bring about, in cooperation with kinins, the various adaptive mechanisms. Amplifying systems of this kind may play a role not only in muscle but also in other tissues where adequate kinin or prostaglandin release would appear beneficial under several clinical conditions such as shock, coronary infarction, would healing, etc.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Liver regeneration ; Liposomes ; Portosystemic shunt ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The regenerative activity of the liver parenchyma after two-thirds hepatectomy was examined in normal rats and rats with a fresh or 7-day-old portocaval shunt. The parameter for regeneration was the incorporation of3H-thymidine into DNA. The exogenous supply of insulin and glucagon—both potential stimulators of regeneration—by permanent infusion into the portal vein, or by several injections of the liposome-encapsulated hormones, did not significantly stimulate the rate of regeneration normally controlled by endogenous pancreatic hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: H2-Receptor ; Somatostatin ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Gastrin ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of histamine H2-receptor stimulation via the infusion of impromidine was assessed with regard to postprandial plasma insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, and gastrin levels. The effect of impromidine was assessed in the postprandial state during a liver extract/sucrose test meal which had a buffer capacity to maintain the intragastric pH at a constant level for the time impromidine was infused. Postprandial plasma insulin and gastrin levels were not changed by impromidine (10µg/kg·h−1). Plasma somatostatin levels rose significantly, whereas the postprandial increase of plasma PP levels was attenuated. The effects on somatostatin and PP were antagonized by the infusion of cimetidine, a specific histamine H2-receptor blocker. In conclusion the present data demonstrate that in the postprandial state activation of H2-receptors stimulates somatostatin and inhibits PP release while insulin and gastrin release are not affected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; granule ; vesicle ; rat ; islet cell tumour ; insulinoma ; subcellular fractionation ; electrophoresis ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density gradient centrifugation techniques, using iso-osmotic colloidal silica suspensions (Percoll), were developed for the isolation of insulin secretory granules from a transplantable rat islet cell tumour. These procedures were readily completed within 7 h and from each animal yielded approximately 1 mg of granule protein. The isolated granules were essentially free of other subcellular organelles as evaluated by their contents of marker proteins, electron microscopy and by electrophoretic analyses. Their susceptibilities to lysis at low osmotic strength, at pH values above 7 or in media containing sodium ions were similar to those of granules partially purified from islets. Insulin comprised 50–60% of the total granule protein when determined by immunoassay or by densitometry of electrophoretic profiles. The proinsulin content was marginally higher than that of islets, as was the ratio of insulins I to II. Electrophoretic analyses revealed that the secretory granules contained 150 or more proteins besides insulin-related peptides. The majority of these had acidic isoelectric points and were located both within the granule interior and its enveloping membrane.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin activity ; insulin association ; crosslinking ; receptor clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extensive association of mammalian insulins in solution and the aggregation of insulin receptors in cell membranes are well documented. The hypothesis advanced here is that a direct connection exists between these observations. It is postulated that, after binding to its receptor, an insulin monomer can interact with another similarly bonded hormone-receptor complex through those groups on the insulin monomer faces utilized for dimer-dimer contacts in the crystal and in solution. Regarded thus, the insulin molecules are effectively bivalent as required for the formation of cross-links between receptors, with the accompanying enhancement of biological activity. A number of properties of native insulins from different animals, and of modified insulins, are considered in the light of this suggestion. It is shown to have considerable power in reconciling a diversity of such observations and to provide a plausible model for the experimentally observed receptor clustering phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin absorption ; plasma insulin ; blood glucose ; exercise ; growth hormone ; urinary catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin was absorbed faster from the abdomen than from the thigh under resting conditions and during exercise. Exercise enhanced the rate of insulin absorption marginally. The fall of blood glucose during rest and exercise was not significantly different after insulin injection into either site. The faster absorption of insulin from the abdomen during rest and exercise was reflected in a sharper rise of serum growth hormone levels and urinary adrenaline excretion. Therefore exercise should not be taken immediately after injection of a large dose of soluble insulin, particularly into the abdomen.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; diabetic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a single blind randomised cross-over study, 40 patients were changed from ordinary bovine to highly purified porcine insulins for a period of 6 months. Half were later rechallenged with bovine insulin. Sequential determinations of IgG insulin binding capacity for bovine insulin were correlated with insulin dose and diabetic control. After changing to highly purified insulins the following correlations were observed between percentage change in insulin dose and change in insulin binding capacity: at 2 months r = 0.35 (p 〈 0.05), at 4 months r = 0.38 (p 〈 0.02) and at 6 months r=0.37 (p 〈 0.02). When the patients who showed substantial changes in HbA1 were removed from the analysis, the remaining 29 demonstrated a clearer relationship between these two variables (r = 0.56, p 〈 0.01). Removal of patients with a low initial insulin binding capacity left 18 patients with stable diabetes, and changes in insulin binding capacity and insulin dose showed an even closer correlation for this group (r = 0.77, p 〈 0.001). A similar degree of positive correlation was observed after rechallenge with bovine insulin. We conclude that the level of circulating insulin antibody affects the dose of insulin required to maintain stable diabetic control.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin receptors ; mouse skeletal muscle ; rat hepatocytes ; human lymphocytes ; photoaffinity labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using the photoreactive, biologically active insulin analogue, B2-(2 nitro, 4-azidophenylacetyl)des-PheB1 insulin, which can be covalently bound to receptor molecules upon photolysis, the insulin receptor has been studied in three different types of cells or tissues: isolated rat hepatocytes, intact murine soleus muscle and cultured human lymphocytes. When compared with native insulin, this analogue displayed a slightly reduced binding affinity. Accordingly, the biological potency of the photoreactive analogue was decreased by approximately 30% compared with native insulin when tested for its ability to stimulate amino acid transport in hepatocytes, and deoxyglucose uptake in soleus muscles. It was as effective as insulin, however, at maximally stimulating concentrations and therefore is a full insulin agonist. This photoprobe was used to specifically label the insulin receptor in the three tissues: after ultra-violet irradiation, sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel analysis of extracts under reducing conditions revealed that most of the radioactivity was associated with a 130,000 dalton band. In isolated hepatocytes, two bands at 125,000 and 23,000 daltons were also specifically labelled. In three different cell types from three different animal species, the 130,000 dalton band appeared to be the major subunit of the insulin receptor.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucose ; glucose tolerance ; rat ; portal blood flow ; pancreatic transplantation ; pancreatic islets ; streptozotocin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect on glucose metabolism of altering the site of the venous drainage of an isograft of isolated adult islets implanted beneath the renal capsule, from the systemic circulation to the portal circulation was determined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Reversal of diabetes was accomplished by the transplantation of 1000–1200 isolated islets beneath the left kidney capsule. The rate of fall of the glucose concentration (as expressed by the K value) was found to be significantly decreased in transplanted animals (1.7 ± 0.5%/min; mean ± SD) compared with normal animals (2.4 ± 0.5%/min). Draining the left renal vein into the portal circulation restored the K value to that of normal animals (2.5 ± 0.4%). However the fasting glucose concentration was significantly higher and the basal insulin levels lower in both normal and transplanted rats with a renoportal shunt.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; calcium ; calmodulin ; cyclic nucleotides ; phosphorylation ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusion It is clear that calcium ions are of considerable importance as a second messenger in insulin secretion. There is increasing evidence that calmodulin, a ubiquitous intracellular regulatory protein that mediates calcium-dependent processes, has a fundamental role in stimulus-secretion coupling. Calmodulin is present in the B cell and the secretion of insulin is inhibited by phenothiazines which bind to and inhibit the action of calmodulin. The evidence strongly suggests that phenothiazines influence insulin secretion by their effect on calmodulin which probably mediates calcium-dependent insulin release. It seems likely that calmodulin acts at several points in stimulus-secretion coupling, influencing cyclic nucleotide metabolism, protein phosphorylation and exocytosis. The discovery of calmodulin and the increasing clarification of its roles in cellular metabolism represent major steps towards our understanding of the mechanisms which influence the secretion of insulin.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin degradation ; kinetics of insulin disappearance ; constant infusion technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mechanism of insulin degradation in normal subjects, a kinetic model of insulin disappearance was constructed: insulin was assumed to be extracted from plasma by two independent processes, one saturable and one non-saturable. On the basis of these assumptions, a linear (non-proportional) relationship between steady-state plasma insulin concentration and steady-state plasma disappearance rate was predicted over the concentration range studied. Constant infusion experiments were performed on eight healthy normal subjects, normoglycaemia and fasting plasma C-peptide concentrations being maintained during the experiments. Agreement was found between the predictions of the model and the experimental results, and it is concluded that insulin degradation in normal subjects may be described in terms of two processes: one that is saturated at physiological plasma insulin concentrations and one that is apparently non-saturable over a wide concentration range.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Trauma ; Protein sparing ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic effects of TPN were studied in a selected group of trauma patients. Nineteen patients were randomly divided into two groups: the first was treated with glucose and insulin, the second with glucose, insulin and amino acids. Each patient in both groups received TPN isocaloric with respect to daily energy output and the treatment lasted five days. Each group was further divided into two subsets (severe or moderate catabolism) according to fasting energy output with respect to the expected energy expenditure. During the acute flow phase, both in moderate as well as in severe catabolism, glucose and insulin were effective for protein sparing; the maximum protein sparing effect was reached when giving a caloric intake equal to 130% of daily energy output. Glucose, insulin and amino acids were effective in replacement of nitrogen losses. In moderately catabolic patients nitrogen balance was significantly better than in severely catabolic patients. This study shows that early and short-term TPN is effective in controlling the flow phase of trauma. Glucose and insulin appear to be the determinants of the protein sparing effect when given in amounts equal to those needed; amino acids provided protein replacement when given in amounts equal to about 20% of energy output. Energy supply higher than 120–130% of daily energy output does not increase protein sparing and protein replacement, the only effect being a further increase in metabolism, which is possibly dangerous in critically ill patients.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 8 (1982), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Hormones ; Sepsis ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Ureagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is a brief review of the observed hormonal alterations following trauma and sepsis. The major changes noted in the metabolic status of the stressed patient have been characterized by deranged carbohydrate metabolism, altered metabolic rate as measured by oxygen consumption and increased ureagenesis. Each of these phenomena are regulated to a large extent by the specific hormonal profile of the patient. Failure of insulin and growth hormone production have been associated with glucose intolerance, excessive urinary nitrogen loss and a fatal outcome. Glucagon, cortisol and catecholamines exhibit sustained elevation and have been associated with increased metabolic rate and excessive ureagenesis. These changes are usually self limited following trauma but will persist if the patient enters a septic phase. The use of specific nutritional support, namely hypertonic glucose versus a balanced fat emulsion system in the face of sepsis is considered.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Adenosine ; Adenosine-5′-N-Ethylcarboxamide ; Isolated pancreas ; Glucagon ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of adenosine-5′-N-ethylcarboxamide, (NECA), a long-lasting adenosine derivative with pronounced vasoactivity was investigated on glucagon and insulin release from the in situ isolated blood perfused pancreas in the anesthetized dog: NECA (10−9 to 10−5 mol/l) led to a dose-dependent glucagon release. Insulin release was inhibited by NECA at low concentrations, but significantly increased at higher concentrations of the adenosine analogue. Similar effects were observed with infusion of adenosine at 10−7 and 10−6 mol/l. Aminophylline (10−4 mol/l) produced a 10-fold attenuation of the actions of NECA. The preponderance of glucagon release at low concentrations of NECA and adenosine in contrast to that of insulin release at high concentrations may represent a local pancreatic regulatory mechanism of adenosine in glucose homeostasis.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 320 (1982), S. 63-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: β-Adrenoceptor antagonists ; Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; Glucose tolerance test ; Insulin ; Glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the intravenous glucose tolerance test was investigated in conscious dogs. dl-Celiprolol (cardioselective with ISA=intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) 200 and 1000 μg/kg i.v., dl-metoprolol (cardio-selective without ISA) 200 and 1000 μg/kg i.v., dl-pindolol (non-selective with ISA) 5 and 25 μg i.v. and l-bupranolol (non-selective without ISA) 10 and 50 μg/kg i.v. were used in the study. The influence of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on the plasma glucose and immunoreactive insulin following the intravenous glucose tolerance test were evaluated by calculating the respective areas under the plasma curve. The present investigtion clearly demonstrates the marked difference between the various β-adrenoceptor antagonists on heart rate and, especially on metabolic parameters. dl-Metoprolol, a β-adrenoceptor antagonist with cardioselectivity and without ISA can be assumed not to alter plasma insulin level and glucose assimilation. l-Bupranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist without ISA reduces plasma insulin level and probably enhances peripheral glucose uptake, resulting in an “unchanged” glucose tolerance. dl-Celiprolol or dl-pindolol, β-adrenoceptor antagonists with ISA, but cardioselective or non-selective enhance both, basal insulin level and insulin level after glucose stimulation but must be assumed to decrease peripheral glucose uptake since here too glucose tolerance was unchanged.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Isolated perfused rat kidney ; Insulin ; Metabolic clearance rate ; Radioimmunoassay ; Filtering nonfiltering kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 1. Renal handling of pig-and rat-insulin was studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 2. Metabolic clearance rates of both pig- and rat-insulin excceded GFR. 3. Peritubular uptake of pig-insulin accounted for 13%, of rat-insulin for 31% of the total metabolic clearance. 4. The nonfiltering kidney does not remove insulin from the peritubular circulation. 5. Metabolic clearance rates of pig- and rat-insulin are directly related to GFR. 6. The filtration process seems to be necessary for the uptake of insulin at the peritubular site.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 138 (1982), S. 226-230 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Hepatic glycogenoses ; Growth ; Somatomedins ; Insulin ; Growth hormone ; Cortisol ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical and endocrine responses of 13 patients with hepatic glycogen storage disease (HGSD) (type I-six patients, type Ib-two, type III-three, type IX-two patients) to an oral glucose load have been investigated. Longitudinal growth data was available in all patients. The height velocity standard deviation score (HVSDS) was positively correlated with the plasma somatomedin and inversely correlated with the glucose-insulin ratio, plasma cortisol and plasma growth hormone concentrations. There was no correlation between plasma glucagon and HVSDS. Free fatty acid and lactate concentrations were highest in the older untreated patients who were growing slowly. In four patients improvement in the HVSDS with treatment was accompanied by a rise in plasma somatomedin and a fall in growth hormone and cortisol. In two patients the glucose-insulin ratio decreased. Growth retardation in HGSD can be explained as part of the adaptation to the inability to maintain normal glucose homeostasis.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Hormone-receptors ; Insulin ; Plant seed development ; Serotonin ; Triiodothyronine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Treatment with insulin, triiodothyronine or serotonin resulted in increases of root length, root weight, coleoptile weight and mitotic index of germlings from barley seeds at concentration of 10−8 M. All three hormones were superior in activity to the natural and synthetic plant hormones (3-indoleacetic acid, naphthylacetic acid, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) tested for comparison. The experimental observations suggest that plant cells also have receptors to which hormones of vertebrates can bind, and that plants cells also respond to such hormones.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Glucose delivery ; Insulin ; Muscle metabolites ; Gastrocnemius ; Soleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A modified rat hindlimb perfusion technique, aimed at studying factors of importance for glucose uptake at rest and during exercise, is presented. The modifications involved cannulation of the femoral artery and femoral vein in the groin, instead of the aorta and caval vein. This modification gives a number of advantages, among others the possibility of using the contralateral leg as control, perfused or nonperfused. The muscle tissue was well preserved after 40 min of perfusion, as judged from normal levels of muscle metabolites. The glucose uptake at rest was dependent on glucose delivery (glucose concentration times blood flow) as well as insulin concentration. During exercise, induced by sciatic nerve stimulation, glucose uptake, lactate production and oxygen uptake increased. The glucose uptake during exercise was closely related to the metabolic state of the muscle tissue. Thus, the glucose uptake was negatively correlated with the ATP/ADP ratio and the creatine phosphate level, and positively correlated to the lactate level in both soleus and gastrocnemius muscle. The results suggest that the level of the glucose uptake in exercising muscles is determined by the energy state of the muscle tissue.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Computer simulation shows that the time required to attain near sedimentation equilbrium is dramatically reduced by a two-step initial loading in which a macromolecular solution at low or zero concentration is layered above one at a higher concentration. To achieve the minimum time requires a good estimate of the molecular weight, but at least a 50% reduction in time can be achieved if the molecular weight of the macromolecule is known only within a factor of 2. Numerical solutions to the differential equation of the ultracentrifuge are calculated using the finite element method. An efficient Gaussian elimination algorithm can be used to minimize calculation time and computer storage requirements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 79-88 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aldehydes present in acid-soluble type I collagen react with pyrenebutyrylhydrazine to form various types of complexes under different reaction conditions. These complexes exhibit one or more of three different pyrene fluorescence bands: monomer, excimer, and aggregate fluorescence. Collagen, whose aldehydes have been reduced with NaBH4, does not react with this fluorescent hydrazine, confirming that the hydrazine reacts specifically with aldehyde groups to form hydrazones. The absence of a reaction with pepsin-treated collagen also shows that the fluorescent labels are primarily in the nonhelical terminal telopeptides. Upon dialysis, the pyrene label bound to a saturated aldehyde in an α-chain is lost; whereas that bound to an unsaturated aldehyde remains on the protein. The pyrene monomer fluorescence in the β-chain of old collagen is stronger than that of young collagen. The formation of the pyrene excimer fluorescence implies the proximity of two pyrene molecules, probably attached to two adjacent aldehydes. Upon changing from acidic to neutral pH, both excimer and aggregate fluorescence bands disappear within a few seconds, revealing a very rapid alteration at the telopeptides.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 147-157 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe conditions which lead to complete helix formation of poly(I) in the presence of NH4+. Binding of NH4+ is shown to be specific in the presence of Li+, which does not by itself support helix formation under these conditions. The NH4+-poly(I) complex is characterized by uv, CD, and ir spectroscopy. The CD spectrum is strikingly different from those of the Na+ or K+ complexes, the first extremum being changed from negative for the metal ions to positive for NH4+. A stereospecific model is proposed for the NH4+-poly(I) helix in which the N of NH4+ is located on the axis of the four-stranded helix, midway between planar tetramers formed by the bases. The model is consistent with the tetrahedral symmetry of NH4+, the requirement for four acceptable hydrogen bonds, the observed stability of the helix, and the accepted geometry of the backbone.
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  • 25
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It has recently been proven that the counterion condensate around an isolated line charge in an electrolyte, as characterized by nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann theory, is an encapsulating δ-function. Here the identical result is shown to hold in the framework of the polyelectrolyte theory of Fuoss, Katchalsky, and Lifson. The proof fully exploits analytic solutions to the differential equation which are not available for the nonlinear, cylindrical Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
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  • 26
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 203-218 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The extent and modes of binding of the divalent metal ions Mn2+ and Co2+ to DNA and the effects of salt on the binding have been studied by measurements of the effects of these paramagnetic metal ions on the longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the protons of the solvent water molecules, a technique that is sensitive to overall binding. The number of water molecules coordinated to the DNA-bound Mn2+ and Co2+ is found to be between five and six, and the electron spin relaxation times and the electron-nuclear hyperfine constants associated with Mn2+ and Co2+ are little or not affected by the binding. These observations indicate little disturbance of the hydration sphere of Mn2+ and Co2+ upon binding to DNA. An average 2-3-fold reduction in the exchange rate of the water of hydration of the bound metal ions and an order-of-magnitude increase in their rotational correlation time are attributed to hydrogen-bond formation with the DNA. The binding constants of Mn2+ to DNA, at metal concentrations approaching zero, are found to be inversely proportional to the second power of the salt concentration, in agreement with the predictions of Manning's polyelectrolyte theory. A remarkable quantitative agreement with the polyelectrolyte theory is also obtained for the anticooperativity in the binding of Mn2+ to DNA, although the experimental results can be well accounted for by another simple electrostatic model. The various modes of binding of divalent metal ions to DNA are discussed.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 265-275 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dc electrical conductivity of films of the polyelectrolyte complexes of glycol chitosan (GlChi) with the sodium salts of dextran sulfate (DS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polygalacturonic acid (GalUA)n, and alginic acid (AlgA) was measured at temperatures above and below room temperature. The maximum field strength in the thinnest film used amounted to 3 × 104 V/cm. A plot of normalized current against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature revealed two regions with different slopes, and activation energies in these two regions have been obtained for all the complexes. The activation energies in the high-temperature region vary from 0.85 to 1.18 eV and in the low-temperature region from 0 to 0.22 eV. Reasons are given to show that the conductivity is probably ionic. Near room temperature, the current-voltage relation is almost linear in the GlChi-DS complex, while in the other three complexes the current varies as a power n of the voltage with the value of n ranging from 1.7 to 2.5. A rise in temperatures causes an increase in the slope of the log I vs log V plot in GlChi-DS and GlChi-CMC complexes. The nonlinear current-voltage relation is ascribed to a space-charge-limited conductivity.
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  • 28
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Five different glucomannan samples were recrystallized from dilute solution. Depending on the experimental conditions, the crystals obtained could be identified as corresponding to the mannan I (anhydrous precipitate of more or less regular lozenge-shaped crystals) or mannan II (hydrated gel-forming pseudo-fibrillar precipitate). High-molecular-weight material, low temperature of crystallization, or a polar crystallization medium favored the mannan II polymorph, whereas a low-molecular weight, a high temperature of crystallization, and a crystallization medium of low polarity yielded the mannan I polymorph. Since the base-plane unit-cell dimensions are fairly constant with respect to variation of glucose, it is likely that isomorphous replacement of mannose by glucose occurs in glucomannan crystallization; the data also indicate that perfection of the glucomannan crystals was reduced in specimens having a high glucose:mannose ratio. The oriented crystallization of glucomannan on cellulose microfibrils was also studied under conditions where the mannan I polymorph was obtained. This gave shish-kebab structures that were characterized.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The primary hydration process of native biopolymers is analyzed in a brief review of the literature, pertaining to various aspects of biopolymer-water systems. Based on this analysis, a hydration model is proposed that implies that the solution conformation of native biopolymers is stable at and above a critical degree of hydration (hp′ = 0.06-0.1 g H2O/g polymer). This water content corresponds to the fraction of strongly bound water, and amounts to ∼20% of the primary hydration sphere. In order to test this model, detailed sorption-desorption scanning experiments were performed on a globular protein (α-chymotrypsin). The results obtained are consistent with the proposed hydration model. They show that under certain experimental conditions, sorption isotherms can be obtained that do not exhibit hysteresis. These data represent equilibrium conditions and are thus accessible to thermodynamic treatment. Valid thermodynamic functions, pertinent to the interaction of water with biopolymers in their solution state, can be obtained from these sorption experiments.
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  • 30
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 451-458 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The light scattering of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been measured at protein concentration up to 90 g/L and at pH values between 4.4 and 7.6. The dependence of scattering on both protein concentration and pH may be quantitatively accounted for by a simple extension of the hard-sphere model for protein solutions [Ross, P. D. & Minton, A. P. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 112, 437-452] allowing for electrostatic repulsions between molecules. According to the extended model, the radius of the effective hard spherical particle representing BSA varies with the net electrical charge of the BSA molecule in a manner which may be calculated from electrostatic theory.
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  • 31
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 475-497 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complete analysis of all possible conformations with correct hydrogen bonds of the collagen II type was performed on the basis of developed simultaneous equations. Using a unimodal search (by varying Ψ3), the energetically favorable structure was obtained. No other energetically satisfactory structural solutions are possible. The next aim was to obtain a precise model of the molecule. The program used includes a subroutine for continual deformation of the pyrrolidine rings. The set of parameters determining the structure consists of 14 independent variables (8 dihedral and 6 bond angles). As starting points for the energy optimization, conformations produced by scanning and some structures from previous work were used. The final structures (practically the same for both polymers) have helix parameters h = 0.285 nm and t = 52°, which are in excellent agreement with the 7/2 symmetry of diffraction data. The conformations of the pyrrolidine rings are of the B type, i.e., C2-Cβ-exo-Cγ-endo. For both polypeptides, the conformations of imino acids in position 3 of the triplet are the same; in position 2, however, they are slightly different. The difference in diffraction patterns for the 7/2 and 10/3 helices is discussed.
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  • 32
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 547-563 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The CD spectrum of the enzyme adenylate kinase has been investigated. Theoretical calculations, based on the x-ray crystal structure, have been carried out by means of an origin independent matrix formalism. The entire molecule was included in the calculations in the sense that essentially all electronic transitions that occur at wavelengths longer than 185 nm were included in the basis set. A linear dielectric function was utilized to evaluate the intertransition coupling potentials. The results of the theoretical calculations were in reasonable agreement with experimental CD spectra of the molecule.
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  • 33
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 633-652 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mode of action of many antitumor agents entails the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Because many of the drugs can intercalate, it is assumed that intercalation is an important step in the mechanism of biological activity. As intercalants contain a planar chromophore as an ingredient essential for intercalation, chromophores that should fit into DNA are desired. This is the main theme of this investigation. Binding to DNA of fundamental moieties, protonated pyridine, aniline, phenol, quinone, and 4H-thiopyran-4-one, is studied to determine their optimum placement in DNA. The optimum orientations for each moiety are superimposed to form polyaromatic systems that can intercalate in a manner in which functional groups on these chromophores are oriented as in the moieties themselves. Ideal intercalants proposed contain three and four fused ring system, have protonated ring nitrogen atoms located to maximize the electrostatic interactions with DNA, hydroxy and amino groups that can hydrogen bond to the OII and O5′ phosphate backbone atoms, and carbonyl and sulfur groups in the central position of the ring system to provide variations in the chromophore and to interact with the relatively positive region in the intercalation site. The optimum orientation occurs when the chromophore and the base pairs overlap to the maximum extent. The ideal intercalants are fundamentally of the type:
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  • 34
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 665-677 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: DNA reassociation kinetics using the phenol emulsion reassociation technique (PERT) [Kohne, D. E., Levison, S. A. & Byers, M. J. (1977) Biochemistry 16, 5329-5341] has been investigated at high DNA concentrations using an endonuclease S1 assay of reaction progress. Apparent second-order rate constants fall on two intersecting straight lines when presented as a function of DNA concentrations on a log-log plot. In the low DNA concentration range, the rate constants drop about 10-fold when concentration increases 1000-fold. In the high DNA concentration range, the rate constants drop more than 10-fold when concentration increases 10-fold. The slopes of these lines are the same in different solvents and at different temperatures. The intersection between the lines occurs when the available catalytic surface is saturated. At high DNA concentrations, high-complexity heterologous denatured DNA apparently competes 2-4 times better for the surface than homologous DNA because it does not participate in a reassociation reaction. Native and partially native DNA molecules cannot compete with single-stranded DNA for a saturated surface. At high DNA concentrations, reactions using PERT become dependent on the single-strand DNA length. Increasing length lowers reassociation rates.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 859-872 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Classical potential functions (CPF) calculations on 3′-mononucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, predict a correlation between the sugar ring pucker and the torsion angle Φ′ around the C3′—O3′ bond. In ribonucleotides, the value of Φ′ depends on the sugar pucker, viz. the C2′-endo sugar pucker is associated with Φ′ = 210° and 270°, while the C3′-endo sugar pucker favors only Φ′ = 210°. On the other hand, in deoxyribonucleotides, both sugar puckers show a preference for Φ′ = 180°. These theoretical predictions are fully corroborated by the results obtained from x-ray and nmr studies on mono-, di-, and polynucleotides.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of several surfactants on the secondary structure of bovine β-lactoglobulin B was determined from the circular dichroism spectra. The spectra were measured at several concentrations of surfactant ranging from 1 mg/mL to the critical micelle concentration. The surfactants studied were sodium dodecyl, decyl, and octyl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sarcosinate, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The data were analyzed using the method of Chen et al. [Biochemistry (1974) 13, 3350-3359] to determine the percentage of α-helix, β-sheet, and unordered form at each surfactant concentration. In every case, an increase in structured form and a 20-25% decrease in the amount of unordered form was noted when the surfactant concentration reached the critical micelle concentration. However, the relative amounts of the two structured forms present depend on the surfactant used. The profile of the secondary structure of the protein also varied from surfactant to surfactant as the protein was titrated, probably reflecting the delicate balance between ionic and nonionic forces that governs the secondary structure of β-lactoglobulin and most other globular proteins in aqueous solution.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amino acids are known to differ in their individual preferences for each of the four positions of the β-turn conformation formed by tetrapeptide segments. Proline and glycine show relatively high preferences for positions 2 and 3, respectively, of the β-turn. Using tripeptides of the type N-acetyl-Pro-Gly-X-OH, where X = Gly, Ala, Leu, Ile, and Phe, we have sought to study the influence of the 4th residue X on the stability of the β-turn conformation in these tripeptides. Our nmr and CD results show that the β-turn stability is quite significantly governed by the nature of the amino acid residue at this position in the following order: Leu 〉 Ala 〉 Ile, Gly 〉 Phe.
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  • 39
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1153-1166 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermodynamic studies of the binding of adamantanecarboxylate to cyclodextrins have been made as a function of temperature and added organic cosolvent (methanol) using flow microcalorimetry. The negative heat capacity change associated with the adamantanecar-boxylate/β-cyclodextrin interaction and the fact that the interaction is weakened by the addition of methanol implicate the binding process as being a hydrophobically driven one. The negative enthalpy change (ΔH0 = -5.5 kcal/mol) and near-zero entropy change (ΔS0 = 1.5 cal/mol deg) are quite different from the values normally expected for a hydrophobic bond, indicating that other bonding forces are important in addition to the hydrophobic effect. The relative contribution of the hydrophobic effect and other bonding forces (most likely van der Waals forces) to the overall binding was judged from an analysis of the dependence of the thermodynamics of the association process on the surface tension of the water-methanol mixtures following a model for “solvophobic” bonding described by Sinanoglu [Molecular Associations in Biology (1968) Academic Press, New York, pp. 427-445]. From this analysis, adamantane-carboxylate/cyclodextrin complex formation is found to be driven to the extent of -1.9 kcal/mol by the hydrophobic effect. Furthermore, the hydrophobic driving force is found to be characterized by a positive ΔS0 of 10 cal/mol deg. The remaining free energy of binding (and the ΔH0 of binding of ∼-6 kcal/mol) is then due to the intrinsic (surface-tension-independent) van der Waals interaction between the ligand and cyclodextrin cavity.
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  • 40
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pivaloyl-L-Pro-Aib-N-methylamide has been shown to possess one intramolecular hydrogen bond in (CD3)2SO solution, by 1H-nmr methods, suggesting the existence of β-turns, with Pro-Aib as the corner residues. Theoretical conformational analysis suggests that Type II β-turn conformations are about 2 kcal mol-1 more stable than Type III structures. A crystallographic study has established the Type II β-turn in the solid state. The molecule crystallizes in the space group P21 with a = 5.865 Å, b = 11.421 Å, c = 12.966 Å, β = 97.55°, and Z = 2. The structure has been refined to a final R value of 0.061. The Type II β-turn conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular 4 → 1 hydrogen bond between the methylamide NH and the pivaloyl CO group. The conformational angles are φPro = -57.8°, ψPro = 139.3°, φAib = 61.4°, and ψAib = 25.1°. The Type II β-turn conformation for Pro-Aib in this peptide is compared with the Type III structures observed for the same segment in larger peptides.
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  • 42
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1333-1363 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The folding-unfolding process of reduced bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor was investigated with an idealized model employing approximate free energies. The protein is regarded to consist of only Cα and Cβ atoms. The backbone dihedral angles are the only conformational variables and are permitted to take discrete values at every 10°. Intraresidue energies consist of two terms: an empirical part taken from the observed frequency distributions of (φ,ψ) and an additional favorable energy assigned to the native conformation of each residue. Interresidue interactions are simplified by assuming that there is an attractive energy operative only between residue pairs in close contact in the native structure. A total of 230,000 molecular conformations, with no atomic overlaps, ranging from the native state to the denatured state, are randomly generated by changing the sampling bias. Each conformation is classified according to its conformational energy, F; a conformational entropy, S(F) is estimated for each value of F from the number of samples. The dependence of S(F) on energy reveals that the folding-unfolding transition for this idealized model is an “all-or-none” type; this is attributable to the specific long-range interactions. Interresidue contact probabilities, averaged over samples representing various stages of folding, serve to characterize folding intermediates. Most probable equilibrium pathways for the folding-unfolding transition are constructed by connecting conformationally similar intermediates. The specific details obtained for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor are as follows: (1) Folding begins with the appearance of nativelike medium-range contacts at a β-turn and at the α-helix. (2) These grow to include the native pair of interacting β-strands. This state includes intact regular secondary conformations, as well as the interstrand sheet contacts, and corresponds to an activated state with the highest free energy on the pathway. (3) Additional native long-range contacts are completely formed either toward the amino terminus or toward the carboxyl terminus. (4) In a final step, the missing contacts appear. Although these folding pathways for this model are not consistent with experimental reports, it does indicate multiple folding pathways. The method is general and can be applied to any set of calculated conformational energies and furthermore permits investigation of gross folding features.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peptide NH chemical shifts and their temperature dependences have been monitored as a function of concentration for the decapeptide, Boc-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-Val-Ala-Aib-Ala-Aib-Aib-OMe in CDCl3 (0.001-0.06M) and (CD3)2SO (0.001-0.03M). The chemical shifts and temperature coefficients for all nine NH groups show no significant concentration dependence in (CD3)2SO. Seven NH groups yield low values of temperature coefficients over the entire range, while one yields an intermediate value. In CDCl3, the Aib(1) NH group shows a large concentration dependence of both chemical shift and temperature coefficient, in contrast to the other eight NH groups. The data suggest that in (CD3)2SO, the peptide adopts a 310 helical conformation and is monomeric over the entire concentration range. In CDCl3, the 310 helical peptide associates at a concentration of 0.01M, with the Aib(1) NH involved in an intermolecular hydrogen bond. Association does not disrupt the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding pattern in the decapeptide.
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  • 44
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1469-1472 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1479-1487 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A formalism for extracting the conformations of a proline ring based on the bistable jump model of R. E. London [(1978) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2678-2685] from 13C spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) is given. The method is such that the relaxation data are only partially used to generate the conformations; these conformations are constrained to satisfy the rest of the relaxation data and to yield acceptable ring geometry. An alternate equation for T1 of 13C nuclei to that of London is given. The formalism is illustrated through an example.
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  • 46
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1521-1534 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used broadline proton magnetic resonance to study molecular motion in cellulose, a sodium pectate solution, a calcium pectate gel, and isolated bean cell walls. All samples were prepared in D2O to minimize the contribution of water to the observed signals. For each sample, a free induction decay was obtained, and the second moment, spin-lattice relaxation, and dipolar relaxation were measured. Our results show that the large majority of protons in cellulose are immobile. Rigid and mobile domains were also observed in the pectate samples. We have shown that gelation induces large-scale changes in the free induction decay, the second moment, and the relaxation behavior of the pectate. As with the other samples, rigid and more mobile domains were found in bean cell walls. The fraction in the rigid domains is much larger than the fraction of cellulose in the sample, suggesting that the noncellulosic wall components are also organized into rigid and mobile domains.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conformational energy computations were carried out on collagenlike triple-stranded conformations of several poly(tripeptide)s with the general structure CH3CO—(Gly—X—Y)3—NHCH3. The sequences considered had various amino acid residues in position X or Y of the central tripeptide, with either Pro or Ala as a neighbor, i.e., Gly-X-Pro, Gly-X-Ala, Gly-Pro-Y, and Gly-Ala-Y. Minimum-energy conformations were computed for the side chains, and their distributions were compared for the four sequences. The residues used were Abu (= α-aminobutyric acid), Leu, Phe, Ser, Asp, Asn, Val, Ile, and Thr. The conformational energy of a —Ch2—CH3 side chain in Abu was mapped as a function of the dihedral angle χ1. Intrastrand interactions with neighboring residues do not affect the conformations of a side chain in position Y, and they have a minor effect on it in the X-Ala sequence, but they strongly restrict the conformational freedom of the side chain in the X-Pro sequence. Conversely, interstrand interactions do not affect side chains in position X, but they strongly restrict the conformational freedom of a side chain in position Y if there is a nearby Pro residue in a neighboring strand. Hydrogen bonds with the backbone can be formed in some conformations of long polar side chains, such as Asp, Asn, or Gln. All amino acid residues can be accommodated in collagen. Because of the interactions mentioned above, steric and energetic constraints can be correlated with observed preferences of certain amino acids for positions X or Y in collagen. Hence, these preferences may be explained, in part, in terms of differences in the conformational freedom of the side chains in the triple-stranded structure.
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1657-1666 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ionization constants of the tyrosyl groups of chymotrypsinogen and of nitrated-chymotrypsinogen (two tyrosyl residues nitrated) have been determined by difference spectrophotometry. In chymotrypsinogen, two of the four tyrosyl groups ionize without any time dependence. Above pH greater than ca. 12.5, time-dependent spectral changes are seen for 0.7 group equivalent. The data can be fitted to the values of pK′1 9.75 ± 0.07, pK′2 11.55 ± 0.05, pK′3 13.30 ± 0.05. In nitrated-chymotrypsinogen, the two nitrated tyrosyl residues have pK′1 6.44 and pK′2 8.30. For both proteins, these pK′ values are in agreement with those evaluated from potentiometric titration and calorimetric data using computer-assisted curve-fitting analysis.
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  • 49
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2195-2203 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation of several samples of poly(α,β-L-Asp) with a molar fraction of β-bonds ranging from 0.1 to 0.55 was investigated by means of ir and CD spectroscopy and potentiometric titration and compared with the results obtained previously with poly(α-L-Asp). All samples investigated underwent a conformational change induced by changes in their degree of ionization: unpronounced ir absorption of amide V at 650 cm-1 was shifted to 620 cm-1 and substantially increased on deionization; CD spectra changed with the degree of ionization, passing through an isosbestic point; and the pattern of the titration curves was more complex than that of a simple polyelectrolyte. The conformation developing with the decreasing degree of ionization may be considered to be α-helix, as deduced according to the analogous behavior of other polypeptides. The extent of the conformational change in the individual samples depends on the molar fraction of β-bonds: the higher it is, the lower is the helix-forming ability of the sample.
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  • 50
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2225-2239 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of 1H-nmr spectroscopy is demonstrated to be a useful analytical method to characterize the structure of synthetic peptides attached to soluble, macromolecular polyoxyethylene (POE) supports in the liquid-phase method (LPM) of peptide synthesis. We report an extensive 360-MHz 1H-nmr study of POE-bound homo-oligo-L-methionine peptides. A combination of high field and selective saturation or Redfield pulse methods allows resolution of individual backbone NH and α-CH resonances of dilute peptides in the presence of strong resonances from macromolecular POE and/or protonated solvents. The nmr spectra for the POE-bound peptides in CDCl3 are qualitatively similar to those of the low-molecular-weight Boc-L-Metn-OMe peptide esters. This corroborates other observations that POE has little effect on peptide stucture. The backbone α-CH region of peptides is overlapped by signals from the terminal oxyethylene group of POE, but the peptide side-chain and low-field backbone NH resonances are well resolved. In trifluoroethanol the Boc-(L-Met)n-NH-POE heptamer and octamer adopt the right-handed α-helical structure, and the present nmr studies provide evidence for two strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds to stabilize the helices. In water, the N-deblocked derivatives, (L-Met)n-NH-POE oligomers adopt β-sheet structure and manifest well-resolved nonequivalent NH resonances with 6-7 Hz 3JNH-CH coupling constants.
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  • 51
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2241-2252 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The concerted model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux is generalized so that all effects of interactions for an enzyme operating at a nonequilibrium stationary state are considered. In contrast to the original model, which is based on an analogy to equilibrium ligand binding, the generalization may show both “positive” and “negative cooperativity” in both catalytic binding and conformational processes. Furthermore, in contrast to any equilibrium binding model, the Hill coefficients may be greater than the number of sites n. For catalysis, the maximum value is 2n, and for conformational changes, n + 1. These points are illustrated by two cases that yield simpler analytic expressions. The first obtains when catalysis occurs on a much faster time scale than the conformational changes, and the second, when this situation is reversed.
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  • 52
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2315-2316 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1473-1477 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1503-1520 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By combining gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and light-scattering spectroscopy, including photon correlation and angular distribution of absolute scattered intensity, we were able to characterize immunologically active Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HIB Ps) bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugates in terms of equivalent hydrodynamic radius rh ∼ (6.2 ± 0.6) × 102 Å, apparent radius of gyration rg ∼ (5.4 ± 0.3) × 102 Å, apparent molecular weight Mw ∼ (3.5 ± 0.4) × 106 g/mol, and a second virial coefficient A2 ∼ (1.9 ± 0.3) × 10-4 cm3 mol/g2. We could study the effects of each of the processes in the conjugate formation according to the following procedure: BSA (dialysis, modification, fractionation) + HIB Ps → HIB Ps/BSA conjugate (conjugate formation, fractionation). Narrow distributions of HIB Ps BSA conjugate formation can be achieved using fractionated BSA.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1569-1586 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have measured the ir absorption of 5′CMP, 5′IMP, and poly(I)·poly(C) from ∼25 to ∼500 cm-1. From a comparison of the data with the previously measured absorption of the corresponding nucleosides and bases we can identify several “lines” associated with the deformation of the ribose ring. Out-of-plane deformation of the bases contributes strongly to vibrations near 200 cm-1. The same ribose vibrations observed in the nucleotides are found in poly(I)·poly(C). They sharpen with increasing water absorption. A study of the spectra of poly(I)·poly(C) as a function of the adsorbed water indicates that water does not contribute in a purely additive fashion to the polynucleotide spectrum but depends on the conformation of the helix. However, the only spectral feature that shifts drastically with conformation is near 45 cm-1. Measurements at cryogenic temperatures indicate some sharpening of the spectrum of poly(I)·poly(C). Instead, no sharpening is observed in the spectrum of the nucleotides. Shear degradation of poly(I)·poly(C) produces significant spectral changes in the 200-cm-1 region and sharpening of the features assigned to the low-frequency ribose-ring vibrations.
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  • 57
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1735-1747 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the oxygen replacement reaction of carbon monoxide-saturated hemoglobin (HbA0) was carried out using spectroscopic, calorimetric, and pH titration methods. Under fully saturated conditions the replacement reaction can be defined by a single partition constant over all ratios of bound oxygen to carbon monoxide. This indicates that under saturating conditions Haldane's first law for the ligand binding of gas mixtures holds for any CO/O2 ratio. It further shows that there is no appreciable difference in relative CO-O2 affinity between the α- and β-chains. The same partition coefficient was found to hold for different pH, buffer, and allosteric effector conditions. The lack of any pH dependence of the partition coefficient was confirmed by the absence of proton changes for the replacement reaction. The temperature dependence of the partition coefficient and calorimetric results yield a value for the enthalpy of the reaction of -3.65 ± 0.29 kcal/mol/heme.
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1763-1780 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We demonstrate that the isotropic absorption and linear dichroism in an unknown flow field can be used to determine base tilt in polynucleotides if three transitions are measured and the directions of the corresponding dipoles are known. The method is applied here to reach conclusions about the base tilt in poly(rA), poly(rA)+·poly(rA), and poly(rC). The respective values are: 28° tilt about the axis + 50° toward C8 from the C1′ → N9, and 25° tilt about the axis + 118° toward C5 from C1′ → N1. The results for poly(rA)+·poly(rA) are consistent with the accepted model. Spectra were measured for poly(rC)+·poly(rC), but definite conclusions must await reliable directions for transition dipoles. The dipole direction for the 218-nm transition in rC is found to be +13° or +43° toward C5 from C1′ → N1. The CD spectra to about 168 nm are presented and discussed.
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  • 59
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1811-1832 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of stress relaxation in uniaxial extension and associated time-dependent birefringence have been made on bovine fibrin film, prepared by gentle compaction of coarse fibrin clots, containing 13-22% fibrin plasticized with either aqueous buffer or glycerol. Both unligated and ligated (i.e., with α-α and γ-γ ligation by fibrinoligase, factor XIIIa) films were studied. Both types showed two stages of stress relaxation, with time scales of approximately 10 and 103-104 s, respectively, with a plateau region between. In the plateau, the nominal (engineering) stress for ligated glycerol-plasticized film is proportional to In λ, where λ is the stretch ratio, up to λ ≅ 2, and it decreases with increasing temperature. For unligated glycerol-plasticized film, the stresses are smaller by a factor of one-half to one-third. For ligated film, the second stage of relaxation is relatively slight, and recovery after release of stress is often nearly complete. For unligated film, the second stage involves a substantial drop in stress, and after recovery there is a significant permanent set. A second relaxation for ligated film reproduces the first, but for unligated film it reproduces the first only if the initial relaxation is terminated before the second stage; otherwise, the second relaxation shows a weaker structure. The behavior of water-plasticized film is similar to that of glycerol-plasticized except that the second stage of relaxation occurs at shorter times. During the first stage of stress relaxation, up to about 100 s, the birefringence and the stress-optical coefficient increase; during the plateau zone of stress relaxation, the birefringence of ligated films is approximately constant and is proportional to 2λ2/(λ2 + 1) - 1, where λ is the stretch ratio. This dependence is predicted by a two-dimensional model in which rodlike elements in the plane of the film are oriented with independent alignment. During the final stage of stress relaxation, the birefringence of ligated films decreases slightly; that of unligated films decreases substantially, but less rapidly than the stress, corresponding to a further increase in the stress-optical coefficient. With additional information from small-angle x-ray scattering reported in an accompanying paper, the first stage of relaxation is attributed to partial release of bending forces in the fibers by orientation, accompanied by increased birefringence. The second stage is attributed, for ligated films, to an internal transition in the fibrin units accompanied by elongation of some of the fibers; and in the unligated films, to a combination of the latter transition with slippage of protofibrils lengthwise within the fiber bundles that causes some loss of orientation, which diminishes the birefringence.
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  • 60
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1899-1908 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A microscope capable of measuring the CD of intact single eukaryotic cells, DNA microcrystals, and other microscopic structures has been constructed and tested. It can measure the CD spectra in the 200- and 800-nm wavelength range and consists of a modification to a standard Cary 60 CD machine in combination with a Zeiss uv microspectrometer. Preliminary CD spectra of red blood cells and lymphocytes are presented.
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  • 61
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1909-1926 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The distribution of fibers in agarose gels has been studied by electron-microscopic examination of replicas formed from freeze-fracture surfaces. For gels set in water, the results obtained support the model proposed for the gel structure by Arnott et al. (1974) of a random array of long, straight, connected fibers, with each fiber having a diameter equivalent to that of an aggregate of approximately 10-30 agarose helixes, depending on the initial agarose concentration. The density of these fibers, their water content, and the total length of fibers per unit volume have been derived from the measured distribution of intersections per unit area of freeze-fracture surfaces. For gels set in the presence of salt, the distribution of fibers becomes distinctly non-Poissonian, leading to larger interfiber spaces and a gel of greater effective pore size. The larger pore size of gels set in the presence of salt also has been revealed by electrophoretic measurements in which the relative migration rates of plasmid DNA molecules of varying conformations have been determined.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1933-1943 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Energy embedding has been shown recently to be a useful extension of the distance geometry approach to conformational calculations in the case of very small molecules and simple energy functions. This paper tests the ability of energy embedding to locate low energy conformations satisfying both weak and strong geometric constraints when the molecule is the small protein, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and the energy function is the complicated Oobatake-Crippen residue-residue potential. Using the potential function alone, the algorithm reaches a structure with energy lower than that of the native conformation, but with little resemblance to it. Aided by numerous geometric constraints, such as preformed secondary structure segments, the algorithm again finds a local minimum with energy better than that of the native, and with only 3.3 Å rms deviation from it. This is significantly closer to the native value than can be obtained using standard distance geometry and the geometric constraints alone. Thus, energy embedding using the Oobatake-Crippen potential function is a significant help in finding native conformations of proteins. However, additional trials on a hairpin bend fragment of trypsin inhibitor demonstrate the potential's shortcomings in encouraging proper secondary structure.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Molecular-mechanics calculations have been carried out on the base-paired deoxy dodecanucleoside undecaphosphates d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 and d(A12)·d(T12). These refinements were carried out using the model-built Arnott B-DNA geometry as initial coordinates (with a helix repaeat of 10.0 residues/turn), as well as helix repeats ranging from 9 to 12 residues/turn. There was some variation in the optimum calculated helix repeat, depending on the dielectric model, the presence or absence of counterions, and the method used for inclusion for nonbonded interactions; the most interesting general result of these calculations was the coupling between furanose sugar puckering and twist. This coupling was observed for all models. With a helix repeat of 9.0 residues/turn, all sugars remain C(2′)endo after refinement; as the helix repear increases to 12.0 residues/turn, the number of sugars repuckering to O(1′)endo and C(3′)endo increases also. With our most rigorous model (i.e., a model with no cutoff distance for nonbonded interactions) and a helix repeat of 10.0 residues/turn, we find a greater tendency for pyrimidine than purine repuckering in d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2, in agreement with the x-ray structural data of Drew et al. [(1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2179-2185].We also carried out a number of calculations in which we “forced” one of two deoxy sugars to repucker or one of the C3′-O3′-P-O5′ (ω) torsion angles to change from gauche- to trans using dihedral angle constraints. After the constraints were removed, some of these structures “reverted” to the sugar pucker of the initial structures, while others remained repuckered. In all cases, the energies for repuckered structures after refinement were very similar to energies of the initial structure. Experiments and theory suggest that local conformational fluctuations play an essential role in nmr relaxation of 31P and 13C atoms in double-helical DNA. The results of our previous calculations on hexanucleoside phosphates and the calculations presented there are consistent with an important contribution to nmr relaxation processes of conformational changes in the torsion angle ω′ from gauche- to trans and deoxy sugar repuckering from C(2′)endo to C(3′)endo. Specifically, the calculations presented here indicate a very flexible phosphate backbone in helixes having an intermediate helix repeat of 10 to 11 residues/turn. These helixes may accommodate sugars of variable pucker without significantly disrupting base-base hydrogen-bonding and stacking interactions. All of the variant structures are similar in energy, suggesting that conversion between them can occur on a nanosecond time scale, as observed in nmr relaxation experiments.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The microwave absorption of aqueous solutions of DNA extracted from E. coli has been studied between 8 and 12 GHz by the use of an optical heterodyne technique. By measuring optically the temperature rise produced in an absorbing sample by pulsed microwave radiation, unambiguous, direct measurement of the microwave absorption is possible. Our results show that E. coli DNA absorbs microwaves in the 8-12-GHz region substantially more efficiently than water, which is itself an extremely efficient absorber. The observed absorption is featureless and decreases slightly with increasing frequency. These observations are consistent with an explanation involving direct absorption by longitudinal acoustic modes of the double helix.
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 251-263 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formation of polyelectrolyte complexes of glycol chitosan (GlChi) with sodium salts of dextran sulfate (DS), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), polygalacturonic acid (GalUA)n, and alginic acid (AlgA) has been studied. The number of ionizable groups per pyranose ring and the degree of dissociation as a function of pH in the polycation and polyanions have been determined using conductometric and potentiometric titrations. The formation of the complexes at different pH values has been followed by turbidity measurements. It is found that stoichiometric complexes of the polycation with CMC, (GalUA)n, and AlgA are formed at a mixing ratio of 0.5, indicating that the conformation may correspond to chains of equal lengths. In the case of the complex of GlChi with DS, the stoichiometric composition corresponds to a mixing ratio of 0.62. Thin transparent films of the complexes have been obtained by dehydration under reduced pressure on a layer of mercury. The dielectric constant ε′ and loss ε″ of thin films of these complexes have been measured in the range of frequencies of 1-100 kHz at different temperatures above and below room temperature. The GlChi-DS complex shows very little change in the values of ε′ and ε″ with frequency or temperature. On the other hand, films of GlChi-CMC and GlChi-(GalUA)n complexes show a significant increase in ε′ and ε″ as the temperature is increased above room temperature. The increase is more prominent at low frequencies. This behavior is attributed to the Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization. In the case of GlChi-AlgA film, the values of ε′ and ε″ increase enormously as the temperature increases. This behavior is similar to the increase in ε′ and ε″ observed by Michels et al. [(1965) J. Phys. Chem. 69, 1456-1465] as the salt concentration increases in another polyelectrolyte complex studied by them. The electric double-layer mechanism proposed by Schwarz [(1962) J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2636-2642] to account for the dielectric properties of biocolloids is shown to account quantitatively for the observations on the GlChi-AlgA film.
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  • 66
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 67
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. 35-45 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. 69-70 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 69
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 70
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. A32 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 71
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. A46 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 16 (1982), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 117-129 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A melting experiment was performed on the whole set of populations of the replicative form of φX174 DNA, which can be obtained treating this DNA with rat liver nicking-closing enzyme in the presence of ethidium bromide. Gel electrophoresis performed by loading the DNA samples at neutral and alkaline pH allows separation of these populations in discrete sets of bands, which can then be compared. The outcome of the experiments indicates that in the range of electrophoretic mobilities which can be explored, no band is formed exclusively by circular complementary strands which can be separated by alkaline denaturation. These results are compared with what would be expected if double-stranded closed circular DNA had structures other than the canonical double helix. Under nonrestrictive hypotheses, the experiments reported allow one to obtain a minimum estimate of the absolute value of the linking number of a closed circular double-stranded DNA: for native φX174 RF DNA, the linking number appears to be greater than 12 (in absolute value). Some data on the electrophoretic mobility of denatured closed circular duplexes are reported, which still wait for a physicochemical interpretation.
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  • 75
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic cyclic octapeptides of general structure cyclo[Glu(γOBzl)-Sar-Gly-(N-R)Gly]2 (R = n-hexyl and cyclohexyl) transport calcium ions selectively across organic phases and phospholipid membranes. We have now used proton nmr spectroscopy (360 MHz) to study the solution conformation(s) of their calcium complexes. When Ca(ClO4)2 was added to solutions of these peptides in CDCl3, nmr spectra of the resulting calcium complexes were characteristic of a single C2-symmetric conformer. From a Karplus-Bystrov analysis of vicinal coupling constants in both the peptide backbone and Glu side chain (treated as an ABCC′MX spin system), in conjuction with model-building studies, a structure was proposed in which the calcium ion is bound in an octahedral-type complex by the four (coplanar) carbonyl groups of the (all-trans) Glu-Sar and Gly-(N-R)Gly peptide bonds. Occurrence of preferred rotamers about Glu side chain Cα-Cβ bonds indicated that restricted rotation in peptide side chains arises upon calcium binding.
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  • 76
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (L-Cys)n + N-base systems and (L-Cys)n + (L-Lys)n systems were studied by ir spectroscopy. It is shown that in the water-free systems, SH⃛N ⇌ S-⃛H+N hydrogen bonds are formed. With the (L-Cys)n + N-base systems, both proton-limiting structures in the SH⃛N ⇌ S-⃛H+N bonds have equal weight when the pKa of the protonated N-base is 2 pKa units larger than that of (L-Cys)n. The same is true with the water-free (L-Cys)n + (L-Lys)n system. Thus, with regard to the type of proton potentials present, these hydrogen bonds are proton-transfer hydrogen bonds showing very large proton polarizabilities. This is confirmed by the occurrence of continua in the ir spectra. Small amounts of water open these hydrogen bonds and increase the transfer of the proton to (L-Lys)n. In the (L-Lys)n + N-base systems, with increasing proton transfer the backbone of (L-Cys)n changes from antiparallel β-structure to coil. In (L-Cys)n + (L-Lys)n, the conformation is determined by the (L-Lys)n conformation and changes depending on the chain length of (L-Lys)n. Finally, the reactivity increase in the active center of fatty acid synthetase, which should be caused by the shift of a proton, is discussed on the basis of the great proton polarizability of the cysteine-lysine hydrogen bonds.
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  • 77
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 101-116 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report electric-dichroism and electron-microscopic studies of chromatin fibers fixed by protein-protein crosslinking at salt concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mM. The results confirm a progressive disorganization of the fiber as the salt concentration is lowered. The positive dichroism and large polarizability anisotropy characteristic of the 300-Å diameter fiber found in 100 mM salt are replaced by negative dichroism and smaller effective polarizability anisotropy or dipole moment for samples fixed at lower salt concentration. We interpret the results in terms of segmental, field-induced orientation of the disorganized structure which is present in low salt concentrations. We also observed a field-induced absorbance decrease in chromatin fibers fixed at salt concentration at and below 100 mM. All three optical effects, namely overall orientation of the high-salt fixed fiber, segmental orientation of the low-salt fixed fiber, and field-induced absorbance decrease, occur on roughly the same time scale, 20-100 μs for 50 nucleosome polynucleosomes. The polarizability anisotropy of fibers fixed in 100 mM salt was found to be proportional to the length of the fragment and to the reciprocal square root of the conductivity of the solution used for electric-dichroism measurements. Addition of Mg2+ to the measurement buffer affected the dichroism amplitude of samples fixed below 100 mM salt but not those fixed at 100 mM salt. The results reinforce the need for caution in interpreting electric-dichroism measurements on chromatin fibers because of possible field-induced distortion effects.
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  • 78
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: DNA with Mn2+ as the only counterion has been prepared, and the extent of the Mn2+ binding was determined under a variety of conditions through measurements of the proton relaxation enhancement of water. The total extent of Mn2+ binding per DNA phosphate is found to be 0.43 ± 0.04, independent of the metal ion concentration in the experimental range of 2.8 × 10-5 to 2.1 × 10-3M. The predictions of Manning's condensation theory and those obtained from solution of the generalized Poisson-Boltzmann equation regarding the extent of divalent ion binding to polyelectrolytes, in the presence and absence of monovalent counterions, are compared with one another and with the experimental results. Good agreement between the two theoretical approaches is found, with less than 14% variance in the predicted extent of binding over a large range of mono- and divalent ion concentrations. While the predictions of both theoretical approaches generally agree with the experimental results, some discrepancies are noted and their possible origins discussed.
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1275-1300 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The basic formulas for the incorporation into the diffusion-collision model of the stabilities of intermediate states on the folding pathway are derived and discussed. A hypothetical two-step folding pathway is calculated in detail. A model for the production of incorrectly folded intermediates is suggested and some numerical estimates made. Implications and future directions in the evolution of the model are discussed. Three appendices deal with some mathematical aspects of the model.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quasielastic light scattering and electrophoretic light scattering experiments were performed on chicken erythrocyte polynucleosome solutions at various temperatures and ionic strengths. The apparent diffusion coefficient, Dapp, was found to depend on the scattering vector K. In general, Dapp can be described as a damped oscillatory function of K in the ionic strength range of 10 to 60 mM and over the temperature range of 10 to 40°C. Electrophoretic light scattering studies on total digest chromatin samples indicate the apparent charge on the polynucleosomes increases as the ionic strength is lowered from 10 to 1 mM. These data are interpreted in terms of fluctuations in the surface charge distribution of the polyion and subsequent inducement of an asymmetric distribution of small ions about the polyion. These fluctuation components lead to the formation of “clusters” of polyions.
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1399-1410 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absorption of radiation by DNA polymer is calculated for the case of bent polymer chains. The molecule is assumed to be straight except for localized bends. The region between two bends is studied in particular. The vibrational properties of the bends are parameterized by a transmission and a reflection coefficient. A general Green function expression for absorption is studied for various values of the damping rate, as well as the transmission/reflection coefficients. Curves of absorption vs frequency are shown for a number of cases.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When adsorbed from an aqueous dilute solution at high pH into the pores of an inert cellulose acetate filter, poly(α,L-glutamic acid) remains strongly anchored to the pore walls. The existence of the helix-coil transition for the adsorbed polypeptide in a certain pH range is evidenced by static and dynamic membrane properties displayed by the “activated” filter, such as excess cation uptake, membrane potential, and hyraulic permeability. In particular, the variations of the hydrodynamic thickeness present a sigmoidal shape characteristic of the helix-coil transition at the interface, a transition apparently less sharp than in solution.
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  • 83
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 343-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have studied the linear dichroism (LD) of rat liver chromatin oriented by flow. Soluble chromatin, prepared by brief nuclease digestion, is found to exhibit a positive LD at low ionic strength (1 mM NaCl), with a constant LD/A over the absorption band centered at 260 nm (A, isotropic absorbance). Several previous dichroism studies on soluble chromatin have been performed on sonicated materials and have given negative LD, probably due to the presence of uncoiled DNA. The positive dichroism can be interpreted in terms of a supercoil of DNA in chromatin with a pitch angle larger than 55°, and is, for example, consistent with a model where the cylindrical nucleosome core particles are stacked face to face in the chromatin filament. In contrast to the nuclease-digested chromatin, sonicated chromatin was confirmed to exhibit negative LD. This difference can be attributed to a partial uncoiling of the linker regions between the nucleosomes due to the shearing. The structural transition of chromatin to a compact form can be observed as a reduction of the positive LD of the nuclease-digested chromatin to almost zero in 0.1 M NaCl or in 0.1 mM MgCl2. This transition is due to a decreased electrostatic repulsion between negative phosphate groups on the DNA chain. In the case of Na+, this can be explained as a screening effect due to the bulk concentration of Na+. With Mg2+ a considerably stronger effect may indicate a more localized binding to the phosphates. At ionic strengths higher than 0.5M NaCl, the dissociation of the histones from DNA leads to uncoiling of chromatin. The change in LD during this process shows that histone H1 contributes only to a small degree to the coiling of the DNA chain, whereas histones H3 and H4 play the major role in the coiling.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: On the basis of measurements of enthalpy of dissociation and of dilution, an interamolecular conformational transition induced by pH change is shown for pectic acid in aqueous solution. Additional evidence is given by potentiometic, viscometric, and chiroptical results. The transition from a more rigid, probably H-bonded, structure prevailing at low pH to a more extended one at around neutrality is accompanied by a ΔH value of about 500 cal/equiv and a ΔS value of 1.6 cal/equiv K in water at 25°C. The addition of salts increases the stability of the rigid conformation without changing the general features of the phenomenon. Dilatometric measurements suggest that the transition is accompanied by practically no change in the overall solvation of the polymer chain.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 459-470 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amphotericin B, a polyene macrolide antibiotic, exists in aqueous solution as a poorly soluble, high-molecular-weight aggregate. A borate complex of this polyene was prepared that has greater solubility and is less aggregated. In aqueous solution this borate complex exists as a mixture of several molecular species differing in borate content, molecular weight, and molecular conformation. The solubility varied with pH and was minimal at neutrality. Throughout the pH range it was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of the parent compound. The molecular size distribution, as determined by differential ultrafiltration, showed a progressive increase in the weight fraction of aggregates going from acid to alkaline solutions. The sizes of aggregates ranged from under 25 to over 100 molecules. The borate content of the complexes increased with increasing pH. No borate was complexed in acid solutions. This indicated that amphotericin B and borate ions can complex to form copolymer chains of varying length in which these species alternate, since both are bifunctional. The complexation equilibrium is favored by high pH. Absorption and CD spectra indicated that the polyene molecules can stack reversibly to form dimers. Dimerization constants calculated from the spectra were highest in neutral solution and declined with increasing acidity or alkalinity. In alkaline solutions the polymer chains are long and extended, with minimal stacking. In neutral solution the chains are shorter and extensively stacked. In acid solutions no borate complexes are formed, and the polyenes are stacked to an intermediate degree. The very different effects of pH and concentration on the degree of complexation with borate and on the degree of dimerization of the polyenes shows that these equilibria are independent of each other.
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  • 86
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 601-610 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A major component of pigment gallstones (PS) is a black, insoluble substance. It has been suggested that this pigment material might be a highly crosslinked polymer, and if such were the case, it should imbibe solvent (swell) to the maximum permitted by the crosslinks of its macromolecular network. We measured the equilibrium amount, qeq, by which pulverized, desiccated PS swells in different liquids, including isotonic aqueous buffers at pH values from 1.5-11.5. For ionic strengths ≥ 0.15, the dependence of qeq on pH exhibits a broad titration curve with a midpoint near pH 7. qeq was 〈 1.2 in methanol, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and chloroform. The ir absorbance from vinyl groups in the black pigment was only one-eighth that of unconjugated bilirubin, the primary chemical building block of PS; this implicates vinyl groups in the formation of a polymer network. The rise in qeq with increasing pH suggests that the carboxyl groups are free to ionize and are therefore not involved in the covalent bonds that make the crosslinked polymer. A network polymer structure would account for the inability to dissolve PS in those solvents in which unconjugated bilirubin is soluble.
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  • 87
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 653-664 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 25Mg-nmr data are reported that address the nature of the magnesium ion-DNA interaction. It is found that competitor ions such as calcium, mercury, zinc, and cobalt ions are not effective in competing for all of the magnesium ion-DNA interaction that is reported by the 25Mg-nmr spectrum. The temperature dependence of the 25Mg-nmr spectrum in DNA solution studied at high concentrations of competitor ion indicates that the chemical-exchange lifetime of the magnesium ions at DNA binding sites makes a major contribution to the 25Mg-nmr line width. However, the activation parameters are not consistent with the temperature dependence of either transport properties or chemical exchange with phosphate groups alone, but are consistent with a sum of at least two processes that provide opposing contributions to the 25Mg-nmr relaxation. It is also shown that the non-Lorentzian character of the 25Mg-nmr line previously reported is consistent with the effect of an incompletely averaged static nuclear electric quadrupole interaction and/or an exchange process that is slow with respect to the magnitude of this interaction. Because the concentrations employed in these experiments are high, the present data do not provide a direct or critical test of the electrostatic theories of ion-polyelectrolyte interaction. The present data do demonstrate, however, that such theories alone are insufficient as a basis for understanding the 25Mg-nmr data.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 703-704 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 715-728 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The persistence length of lugworm cuticle collagen in 0.1M acetic acid was evaluated as 1600 ∼ 1800 Å by Yamakawa-Fujii's model for a wormlike chain from the sedimentation constant and the intrinsic viscosity. The persistence length was further examined for a series of sample “collagen sonicates” produced by varying the duration of sonic irradiation. To estimate the salt effect on the persistence length, measurements were made over a range of NaCl concentrations from 0 to 0.1M. The results showed that the cuticle collagen and collagen sonicates had identical values of persistence length and that the neutral salt effect for the cuticle collagen was far smaller than that for DNA.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 797-804 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have used translational diffusion coefficient measurements and subunit hydrodynamic theory to determine the dimensions and shape of bacterioophage T4D baseplates and tails. The diffusion coefficient of the baseplate, measured by quasielastic laser light scattering (QLS), was determined previously by Wagenknecht and Bloomfield to be D = 8.56 × 10-8 cm2/s. For the tail, we found D = 5.88 × 10-8 cm2/s by QLS, and D = 6.02 × 10-8 cm2/s by combining sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight in the Svedberg equation. These values, which have an uncertainty of ±2.7%, when combined with subunit hydrodynamic theory, enabled us to refine estimates of dimensions obtained by electron microscopy. For the hexagonal baseplate, the vertex-to-vertex distance is about 480 Å, the thickness is 160 Å, and there are six extended short fibers 320-Å long and 40 Å in diameter. When a baseplate of these dimensions is attached to a tail tube-sheath-connector complex 1050-Å long and 240 Å in diameter, the calculated D is 5.93 × 10-8 cm2/s, within 1% of experiment. This combined use of electron microscopy and hydrodynamics, using the former to ascertain shape, and the latter to obtain solution dimensions, is a powerful approach to the structure of biomolecular complexes.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(L-lysine) of various molecular weights between 2700 and 475,000 was spin-labeled. From the electron spin resonance spectra, the degree of freedom of the nitroxide was determined by calculation of the rotational correlation time as the poly(L-lysine) underwent the pH-induced random coil to α-helix conformational transition. In general, the rotational correlation time of the nitroxide increased as the pH was increased, indicating a more restricted environment for the spin label when poly(L-lysine) is deprotonated. For the high-molecular-weight poly(L-lysine) this corresponds to the formation of the α-helix and indicates that the side chain-side chain interaction and decreased segmental motion of the backbone (slightly) restricts the motion of the spin label. For the 2700-molecular-weight poly(L-lysine), previously shown not to assume a helical conformation at high pH, the increase in the rotational correlation time of the spin label indicates that the side chain-side chain interaction takes place after deprotonation but without helix formation. This may indicate that helix formation per se is not needed to produce the observed effect even with the high-molecular-weight polymers. The rotational correlation time of the spin label at a particular pH did not depend on the molecular weight of the poly(L-lysine) over the 200-fold range of molecular weights. This indicates that the rotational correlation time reflects the rotational mobility of the spin label in a localized environment and not the rotational diffusion of the entire macromolecule.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of fluoroquinacrine, 3-fluoro-7-chloro-9-(diethylamino-1-methylbutyl-amino)acridine, with poly(A), DNA, and tRNA has been investigated by monitoring changes in the 19F-nmr properties, the fluorescence, and the optical absorbance of the drug. The changes in the properties of fluoroquinacrine in the presence of nucleic acids are similar to those observed for quinacrine and suggest that the drugs bind in a similar fashion. The molecular dynamics of fluoroquinacrine bound to nucleic acids were determined by interpreting the data from a number of different nmr relaxation experiments with a two-correlation-time model. The two motions are the long-range bending motion of the drug-nucleic acid complex and the sliding of the drug between the base pairs. Both dipolar and chemical shift anisotropy contributions to the nmr relaxation parameters were taken into consideration. The binding of fluoroquinacrine to tRNA appears to be different from that observed for binding to DNA. Optical absorbance and 19F-nmr were also used to examine the helix-to-coil transitions of the drug-nucleic acid complexes. In the DNA complex, the 19F chemical shift changes parallel the absorption changes that occur during the transition. 19F-nmr and absorption show that the drug-tRNA complexes undergo a cooperative helix-to-coil transition, with the drug binding sites melting when the tRNA is 70% denatured.
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  • 93
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 94
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1971-1977 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of the title compound, a model for the glycosyl linkage between the asparagine side chain and N-acetyl glucosamine in glycoproteins, has been determined and compared to other model structures. The pyranose ring in the crystal is in the 4C1 chair conformation and the amide functions at C1 and at C2 are both oriented such that the amide protons are nearly trans to their respective sugar-ring protons. Coupling constants determined from the fully assigned proton nmr spectrum in aqueous solution are consistent with the conformation in the crystal.
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  • 95
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 1991-2010 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flow linear dichroic studies have been conducted on phage T4B in its fast and slow forms. The behavior of the phages is well represented by an equivalent ellipsoid model using the Peterlin-Stuart theory. The measurements permit the evaluation of the optical factor of the DNA in the phage and the rotary diffusion coefficient of the phage particle. Both these quantities change during the slow-fast conversion. The rotary diffusion results are in good agreement with those obtained by other workers with other methods. The optical factor is negative, indicating a net alignment of DNA helices parallel to the phage axis. The results exclude certain simplified models for the packaged DNA but do not lead to a unique structural conclusion. The flow dichroism experiment and its interpretation are described, and a simple method of calculating optical factors for complicated but cylindrically symmetric structures is presented.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It has recently been proposed that the repeating backbone nucleotide may be regarded as consisting of two blocks of equal magnitude representable by two virtual bonds. Implicit consideration of the nucleotide (ψ,ψ) and internucleotide (ω′,ω) geometry that generate variety in polynucleotide conformations, and of the constancy of the repeating structural moieties (P-C4′ and C4′-P) independent of the above rotations, has enabled us to utilize this scheme in the study of ordered structures such as di-, oligonucleotides and, most significantly, tRNA. The polynucleotide folding dictated by short-, intermediate-, and long-range interactions in the monoclinic and orthorhombic forms is described and compared through circular plots depicting the virtual bond torsions and distance plots constructed independently for backbone as well as bases. The torsions and the bond angles associated with the virtual bonds afford a clear distinction between ordered helical segments from loops and bends of tRNA. Lower virtual bond torsions (-60° to 60°) concomitant with higher values of virtual bond angles characterize various bend regions, while torsions around 160°-210° typify ordered helical strands. The distance plot elucidates the type of interaction associated with various sub-structures (helix-helix, helix-loop, and loop-loop) that form the constituents of different structural domains. Several other features such as the manifestation of the P10 loop and the approximate twofold symmetry in the tRNA molecule are conspicuous on the distance plot.
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  • 97
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    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2069-2081 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The probability of DNA base-pair opening was calculated at temperatures below the denaturation region. The helix-coil transition theory, modified to include different nearest-neighbor interactions, was employed. Predictions of base-pair opening employing DNA melting-curve parameters differed considerably from predictions based on parameters evaluated from synthetic RNA oligomer data of Gralla and Crothers (G-C) and formaldehyde-DNA binding experiments of McGhee and von Hippel (M-vH). Calculations based on the latter parameters indicate a base-pair-opening probability of 10-2-10-3 at 35°C in 0.1M NaCl. DNA melting-curve parameters predict values about 103 smaller. At a temperature 10°C below the transition midpoint of a specific DNA sequence, DNA melting parameters predict base-pair opening of about 10-3, whereas the G-C and M-vH parameters predict that ≳0.16 of the DNA is melted. Experiments and theoretical assumptions relevant to the calculations are analyzed. Evidence suggests that DNA melting parameters are valid when the average loop size exceeds some minimum value, whereas the G-C and M-vH parameters appear more valid for single base-pair loops. A reconciliation of the two sets of predictions can be made if interactions extending beyond neighboring base pairs are considered. Such interactions will make the parameters of the nearest-neighbor model appear to change with the average loop size. Experiments that may provide further measurements of base-pair opening are discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Starting with β-methoxy methacryloylisocyanate, β-methoxy methacrylisothiocyanate, and β-isocyanatopropionyl chloride, on the one hand, and Nα-Z-lysine or Nα-Z-ornithine, on the other hand, Nα-Z-amino acids with pyrimidine bases in the side chain were synthesized. These Z-protected nucleoamino acids were converted to the corresponding N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) via the silylester method. In the case of 2-thiothymine derivatives, the reaction intermediate of the NCA synthesis caused benzylation of the thioxo- group, so that a new class of 2-mercaptopyrimidine derivatives was isolated unexpectedly. The poly(nucleoamino acids) obtained by polymerization of the nucleoamino acid NCAs were characterized by elemental analyses, optical rotations 1H-nmr and 13C-nmr spectra. Vapor pressure osmometry revealed that the DPs were in the range of 20-30. Their spectra suggest a helical secondary structure. While all homopolypeptides are insoluble in water, copolypeptides containing L-lysine Nε-hydrobromide possess good solubility in water.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2161-2183 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra for the principal amide stretching vibrations, amide A (N—H stretch) and amide I (predominantly C=O stretch), are presented and analyzed for a variety of polypeptides dissolved in chloroform, as well as for two examples in D2O. Our results for poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) confirm the first and only previous report of VCD in polypeptides carried out by Singh and Keiderling [(1981) Biopolymers 20, 237-240]. Collectively, our spectra show that the sense of the bisignate VCD in these two regions depends on the sense of α-helicity and not on the absolute configuration of the constituent amino acids. This conclusion is established by obtaining VCD for the two polypeptides, poly(β-benzyl-L-asparate) and poly(im-benzyl-L-histidine), that form left-handed as opposed to right-handed α-helices. A new amide band having significant VCD intensity owing to its Fermi resonance interaction with the N—H stretching mode has been identified as a weak shoulder on the low-frequency side of the amide A band near 3200 cm-1 and is assigned as a combination band of the amide I and amide II vibrations. VCD spectra of polypeptides in D2O solution, although weak, have been successfully measured in the amide I region, where spectra appear to be more complicated due to the presence of solvated and internally hydrogen-bonded amide groups. Strong monosignate contributions to the VCD in the amide A and amide I regions for some of the polypeptides indicate coupling of an electronic nature between these two regions and is deduced by an application of the concept of local sum rules of rotational strength. It appears that a detailed understanding of the VCD obtained for polypeptides will not only be diagnostic of secondary structure, but also of more subtle structural and vibrational effects that give rise to local, intrinsic chirality in the amide vibrations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 21 (1982), S. 2279-2290 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical analysis of the binding curves for the bifunctional peptide antibiotic echinomycin and its analogs interacting with a variety of DNAs is presented. The method is an extension of our previous work using the sequence-generating-function technique and has been modified to allow for consideration of cooperativity within the framework of the neighbor-exclusion rule. Binding by both single and double intercalation is included, and the results are, in many cases, superior to the analysis based on single-mode binding. In all cases the data are consistent with the neighbor-exclusion principle for intercalation when analyzed with this approach, while data analysis, using a simpler method, often led to violation of this rule. Positive cooperativity is considered in the treatment of data for binding to poly(dA-dT). Finally, we discuss the relationship between base specificity and binding site size.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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