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  • 2015-2019
  • 2000-2004
  • 1985-1989  (202)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1986  (202)
  • Physical Chemistry  (114)
  • Genetics
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 6 (1986), S. 233-235 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis ; Genetics ; Natural history ; HLA seropositivity ; Disability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Data from 59 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis were analysed to determine the predictive value of the possession of HLA-DR4 for disease severity and functional outcome at 3 years after disease onset. The previously reported association of that antigen with seropositive disease was confirmed. Conversely, however, there was no evidence that functional outcome was worse in the HLA-DR4 positive group as measured by the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. The mean articular index was lower in the HLA-DR4 group which also had a smaller proportion with limited wrist extension. In addition, both patient and physicians' global assessment of disease status were better in the HLA-DR4 group. It is concluded that HLA-DR4 is not a useful predictor of poor outcome at 3 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 69 (1986), S. 343-346 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Leukodystrophy ; Demyelination ; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease ; Genetics ; Neurochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A brother and sister developed a slowly progressive neurological disorder with cerebellar and pyramidal signs and mild dementia. The brother developed symptoms at 6 months and died aged 11 years; the sister developed symptoms at 3 years and died aged 18 years. At post-mortem both had severe widespread central nervous system demyelination with islands of preserved myelin, and small amounts of sudanophilic lipid products. Metachromatic material, globoid cells, and adrenal abnormalities were not seen. The features were those of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD). It has been proposed, on the basis of only a few family studies, that PMD is an X-linked recessive disorder. These cases suggest that autosomal recessive inheritance may occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; Genetics ; Aetiology ; Glucose tolerance ; HLA type ; Islet cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this report, we present an analysis of glucose and insulin responses during oral glucose tolerance tests in 369 siblings of Type 1 diabetic patients. All have been HLA typed at the A, B and C loci. Though most had normal glucose tolerance by National Diabetes Data Group criteria (92% of the males and 95% of the females), siblings who shared both HLA haplotypes with the diabetic patient in the family had higher mean 3-hour glucose areas than those who shared one or neither HLA haplotype (p 〈 0.01). This difference was more marked in males and older siblings. Insulin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two groups except that, for those aged 〈16 years, the group sharing both haplotypes had lower fasting insulin concentrations (p = 0.05); for 16–29 year olds, the corresponding group had marginally higher 3-hour insulin areas than the remainder of siblings (p = 0.17). Little association with specific haplotypes (A1B8 or A2B15) was seen. Multivariate analyses, adjusting for age and obesity, eliminated the 3-h glucose difference in females by HLA sharing status (p = 0.37) although in males it remained significant (p 〈 0.001). Failure to account for age, sex and obesity may explain some of the conflicts in the reported literature. The glucose tolerance differences seen by HLA haplotype sharing status did not correlate with the presence of anti-islet cell antibodies. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the HLA identical siblings, particularly males, have different (i. e. worse) glucose tolerance than their haplo-identical and non-HLA identical siblings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 144 (1986), S. 574-578 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Dubowitz syndrome ; Genetics ; Growth retardation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Dubowitz syndrome is a rare, autosomal, recessively inherited disorder of intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation leading to microcephaly, moderate mental retardation and such characteristic facial anomalies as telecanthus, epicanthic folds, blepharophimosis, ptosis, broadening of the bridge and tip of the nose, abnormal ears and retrogenia. Further findings include hyperactivity, eczema, cryptorchidism in the affected males, and brachy-clinodactyly of the fifth fingers. Thirty-three cases with this syndrome have been reported in the literature. Five additional patients are presented. All five are sporadic cases. The diagnostic symptoms and the differential diagnosis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 235 (1986), S. 299-300 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: 4–5 c/s rhythm ; Age ; Genetics ; EEG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The 4-5 cycles per second (c/s) rhythm is a relatively rare, individual EEG variant. Age distribution of subjects carrying this variant and longitudinal studies over many years have indicated that it may sometimes disappear during middle age. Observations on female monozygotic twins at 15, 23 and 45 years of age suggest that disappearance of this trait might also be under genetic control.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 607-612 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Germplasm identification ; Varietal identity ; Environmental interaction ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Alcohol soluble seed storage proteins (zeins and alcohol soluble glutelins) of maize (Zea mays L.) were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The objectives were to assess the reproducibility of chromatographic profiles using seed of inbred lines that had been produced in different locations and years. Reproducible differences between sources were seen but these were restricted to proteins that contributed 2% or less to an inbred profile. The majority of variation (93% for peak percent area; 99.8% for elution time) was between inbreds. RP-HPLC can therefore provide distinctive phenotypic profiles that are largely characteristic of genotype. Such qualitative and quantitative data will be valuable for studies of taxonomy, evolution, genetics, and germplasm identification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1986), S. 278-285 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Gliadins ; Gene clusters ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of F2 grains from two different crosses has revealed a complex organization of the family of gliadin-coding genes located on chromosomes of the first homoeological group in hexaploid wheat. Chromosome 1A of variety ‘Bezenchukskaya 98’ was found to carry at least five gliadin-coding genes of which three genes form a cluster controlling the synthesis of the GLD1A1 block. Two additional genes are located on the both sides of this cluster and recombine with it at frequencies of 5±1.3% and 13±2.9%. Gliadinencoding genes recombining with the main clusters were also found on chromosomes 1B and 1A in the ‘Bezenchukskaya 98’ and ‘Saratovskaya 210’ varieties, respectively. In ‘Chinese Spring’, widely used in genetic studies, we discovered a recombination between genes located on chromosome 1A and controlling the synthesis of ω- and γ-gliadins. Varieties and biotypes of one variety may differ by the presence or absence of such “selfish” (not included in clusters) gliadin components. The similarity of organization of prolamine-coding genes on chromosomes in different cereals is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 507-514 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Pyridine nucleotide cycle ; NAD metabolism ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of Mud1 and Tn10 insertions were identified in the pncA chromosome region of Salmonella typhimurium which is responsible for the production of nicotinamide deamidase. Both pncA (resulting in no nicotinamide deamidase activity) and pncX (resulting in lowered nicotinamide deamidase activity) insertions were constructed. In addition, mutants which could utilize nicotinamide as a sole source of nitrogen were isolated. These mutants, designated pncH, hyperproduce nicotinamide deamidase. Genetic studies utilizing pncX-lacZ and pncA-lacZ operon fusions indicate that pncX::Tn10 insertions reduce transcription of pncA-lac while pncH mutations increase the expression of both pncA-lacZ and pncX-lacZ. The gene order was determined as purB-pncA-pncX-gdh with transcription of both pncA and pncX occurring in the counterclockwise direction. Merodiploid studies suggest a model whereby pncX and pncA form an operon with the major promoter occurring upstream from pncX. A second, weaker promoter for pncA must be situated between pncX and pncA. The pncH mutations appear to occur in the pncX promoter (pncXp) increasing promoter activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 90 (1986), S. 429-453 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinorhizae ; Frankia ; Genetics ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; pattern formation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The distribution of the soluble form of NADP+ -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) was examined in Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs. Development of the enzyme patterns and the specific transformations of the patterns by homoeotic mutants were studied. ICDH pattern formation was followed in eye-antennal discs and wing discs from the late 2nd instar stage through 3rd instar and 8 hours into prepupal development. The patterns formed gradually in both disc types. The most interesting pattern developed in the eye portion of the eye-antennal disc complex. ICDH distribution as well as staining intensity correlated well with differentiation of the ommatidia. The spatial distribution of ICDH within the discs was under genetic control. The patterns reflected the state of determination of the disc. When the presumptive tissue type was transformed via mutant homoeotic genes to different determinative states, the ICDH pattern likewise transformed to the pattern characteristic of the newly acquired structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: zea mays ; embryogenesis ; defective kernel mutants ; genetic regulation ; maize ; leaf primordia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The defective kernel (dek) mutants of maize are altered in both their embryo and endosperm development. Earlier studies have indicated that some of the dek mutants are unable to form shoot apical meristems or leaf primoirda. We have examined three embryo lethal dek mutants of this type, ptd*-1130, cp*-1418, and bno*-747B, to obtain a developmental profile for each. Allelism tests show that these three mutants are not allelic. Embryos were examined in early, mid-, and late kernel development as well as at kernel maturity by dissection and sectioning procedures and also at kernel maturity by scanning electron microscopy. All three mutants lag behind normal embryos in their rate of development. Embryos of ptd*-1130 reached the transition stage by early kernel development and progressed no further but underwent cell enlargement and necrosis during late kernel development. Embryos of cp*-1418 reached an early coleoptilar stage by midkernel development. They subsequently increased in size but did not form any leaf primordia. At kernel maturity, they no longer had a shoot apical meristem but often had a well formed root meristem. They appeared to remain healthy and did not become necrotic. Embryos of bno*747B reached the early coleoptilar stage by early kernel development but progressed no further. By kernel maturity, they had grown into masses of irregularly shaped embryonic tissue that no longer resembled any normal embryo stage but were not necrotic. None of these three mutants responded to attempts to support continued embryo development when cultured, but all three mutants formed callus on N6 and MS media supplemented with 2,4-D. These results indicate that these mutants are all uniformly blocked at specific stages early in embryonic development, have different subsequent developmental fates, and represent three different genes performing unique functions that are essential for embryogenesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986), S. 81-97 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Hawaiian ; Drosophila grimshawi ; yolk proteins ; ovarian follicle development ; fat body ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In analyzing the in vitro pattern of protein synthesis by the fat body and ovaries of the Hawaiian species Drosophila grimshawi, we have found that the ovaries synthesize much more protein than the female fat body and that the majority of the synthesized proteins are retained by the ovarian tissues. In contrast, the fat body secretes most of the proteins into the culture medium. Vitellogenins are the major class of proteins synthesized and released into the medium by both tissues. The synthesis of the three vitellogenin proteins (V1, V2, V3,) is noncoordinate in the two tissues. Ovaries synthesize much more of the V2 protein, less V1 and very little V3, whereas fat body synthesies more Vs1 protein with lesser qu antities of the other two. The follicle cells were identified as the site of ovarian vitellogenin synthesis in D. grimshawi, confirming the findings in D. melanogaster. In D. grimshawi, the three vitellogenins are synthesized by the follicle cells in a noncoordinate and developmentally regulated manner. V2 and V1 are the predominant proteins at the onset of vitellogenesis (S8-9); their production peaks together with that of V3 a few hours later (S10) and then decreases to quantitiesequalto that of V3 during early choriogenesis (S11). During active choriogenesis (S12), V2 and V1 cease to be synthesized, but V3 synthesis continues. The vitellogenins synthesized by the follicles in vitro are released into the medium and not incorporated into the oocyte.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986), S. 177-185 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: sex reversal ; X-chromosome inactivation ; testis formation ; sex determination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mice heterozygous for the T(X;16)16H translocation and carrying Sxr on their normal (inactive) X chromosome (ie, T16H/X Sxr individuals) may develop as males, females, or hermaphrodites. The proportion of males varied from 22% to 65% depending on the source of the normal X chromosome. A model is proposed, according to which relatively small variations in the spreading of inactivation from the X chromosome into the attached Sxr fragment produce large changes in the proportion of males. Testis weight in T16H/X Sxr males was found to be significantly smaller than in X/X Sxr males, irrespective of the source of the normal X chromosome.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 7 (1986), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene dosage effects ; Drosophila sex determination ; maternal-zygotic gene interactions ; tandem duplications ; maternal effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The daughterless (da) gene provides an essential maternally supplied component for Drosophila sex determination and dosage compensation. In this connection, it is required as a positive regulator of a female-specific master regulatory gene, Sex-lethal (Sxl). In addition, zygotic da gene function is required for male and female viability. Thus, the phenotype da is complex; it includes both maternal and zygotic aspects, as well as both sex-specific and nonsex-specific aspects. Assessment of wild-type da function has relied on the characterization of only a single leaky mutant da allele. In order to better understand the nature of this allele and the relationships between the various aspects of its complex phenotype, tandem duplications of both the mutant and wild-type da alleles were isolated and used in a dose study of this gene's function. Three conclusions were reached: (1) by the most stringent genetic criteria, the mutant da allele is a simple hypomorph, an allele with reduced but non-zero levels of wild-type functions; (2) since increased dose of da+ had no effect on viability or progeny sex ratio, this gene seems not to be a dose-sensitive element of the X/A ratio sex determination signal; and (3) expression of the maternal da+ allele does make a contribution to the nonsex-specific developmental processes that require zygotic da+ function; however, that contribution is clearly minor. In contrast, the zygotic genotype with respect to da appears to have no effect on the expression of Sxl+ in the zygote, the sex-specific process that requires maternal da+ function.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S261 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 18
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S221 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S281 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S301 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S321 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 22
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S341 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 23
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S361 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S381 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 117-121 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hexose monophosphate pathway ; NADPH ; radiorespirometry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A comparative radiorespirometric study of glucos emetabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Rhodosporidium toruloides was performed in an attempt to estimate the contribution of the hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway to glucose metabolism. Radioactively labelled glucose was administered directly to the cultures in a constant substrate feed, without disturbance of the steady state. The 14CO2 yields from [1-14C]- and [6-14C]-glucose demonstrated that the HMP pathway activities for the three yeasts were very similar. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of results indicated that the HMP pathway activities were close to the theoretical minimum needed to cover the NADPH requirement for biomass formation.
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  • 27
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 141-142 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 28
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 129-139 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; regulation ; pho ; pho80 ; CEN15 ; nucleotide sequence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The PHO80 gene, which is one of the regulatory genes exerting negative control in the pho system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was cloned. The 1·8 kb DNA fragment carrying the PHO80 gene was sequenced and one open reading frame large enough to encode 293 amino acids was found in the sequence. Northern blot analysis of poly(A)+-RNA isolated from cells grown under repressed and derepressed conditions revealed that (i) the size of the PHO80 message was around 1·4 kb, (ii) the expression of the PHO80 gene was not affected by the presence or absence or absence of inorganic phosphate in the medium, and (iii) the expression of the PHO80 gene was not affected by pho2, pho4, pho81, or by pho80 itself. a centromere sequence was found downstream of the PHO80 coding region.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 29
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 30
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 153-162 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 32
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: ARS1 ; plasmid maintenance ; replication ; segregation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements are DNA sequences that promote extrachromosomal maintenance of plasmids in yeast. Mutations generated in vitro in the ARS1 region were examined for their effect on plasmid maintenance in a yeast centromeric plasmid. Our data show that mutations in the regions surrounding the ARS1 consensus sequence cause increases in the frequency of simple loss (1:0) event without affecting the rate of non-disjunction (2:0). Removal of the consensus itself causes a drastic increase in the rate of simple loss. Sequences sensitive to mutagenesis were identified in each flanking region and differ with respect o their location and importance o ARS function. These results suggest that the role ARS1 plays in plasmid maintenance deals with the replication and/or localization of the plasmid in yeast.
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  • 33
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S181 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 34
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S201 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 35
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S241 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    Yeast 2 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 37
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 1-34 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 35-52 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 39
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Candida guilliermondii ; hybrid ; recombination ; segregants ; DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hybridization was shown to occur both between strains of the imperfect diploid yeast Candida albicans and between C. albicans and the distantly related hapoid yeast Candida (Pichia)guilliermondii Protorophic hybrids were selected from croses of multiply marked auxotropic mutants two species. In most cases, mild ultraviolet irradiation of the C. albicans partmer was reqiured.Examination of auxotropic markers in segregants from the hybrid indicated that recombination, rather than the heterokaryon, formation, had occured in these croses. The DNA content of the hybrids varied from diploid or aneuploid (for crosses between C. albicans and C. guilliermodii) to triploid (for C. albicabs × C. albicans). It seems possible that genetic exchange analogous to this may occur in nature.
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  • 40
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 41
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 74-74 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 42
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 59-67 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Splicing ; S. cerevisiae ; RNA2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The rna2-1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. has a consitional lethal phenotype, accumulating high molecular weight RNAs of intron-conataining nuclear genes at 36°C. The cloned RNA2 gene suppresses this phenotype and the RNA2 gene product has been implicated in RNA splicing. Rabbit antisera have been raised againts an N-terminal synthetic peptide taken from the RNA2 gene DNA sequence data, and against a β-galactosidase/RNA2 gene fusion protein. Both antisera identify that same 97-105 kd protein from S. cerevisiae cell extracts which is consistent with the predicted size of the RNA2 protein (from the 2800 nucleotide transcript size and DNA sequence data).
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; fermentation ; ethanol ; Durham tube test ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: All type strains of ‘non-fermentative’ yeasts, available in the culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, were reinvestigated for their capacity to ferment glucose in the classical Durham tube test. Although visible gas production was absent, nearly all strains produced significant amounts of ethanol under the test conditions. Under conditions of oxygen-limited growth, even strong alcoholic fermentation may occur in a number of yeasts hitherto considered as non-fermentative. Thus, shake-flask cultures of Hansenula nonfermentans and Candida silvae fermented more than half of the available sugar to ethanol. It is concluded that the taxonomic test for fermentation capacity, which relies on detection of gas formation in Durham tubes, is not reliable for a physiological classification of yeasts as fermentative and non-fermentative species.
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  • 44
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    Yeast 2 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 45
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S401 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 46
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S421 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 47
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S441 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 48
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 49
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    Yeast 2 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Amine oxidase ; yeast ; methylamine ; n-butylamine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Under conditions known to separate methylamine oxidase from benzylamine oxidase in other yeast strains, only a single oxidase could be detected in Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens. This occurred irrespective of whether methylamine or n-butylamine was the nitrogen source for growth. The oxidase did not attack benzylamine. It was concluded that this organism can only produce a methylamine oxidase. The enzyme was purified to 90% homogeneity and found to have properties significantly a methylamine oxidases previously characterised. It lost only 40% of its activity in 30 min at 45°C, whereas methylamine oxidase previously described had half-lives of from 2 to 9 min at 45°C. It showed also a lower activity with short chain 1-aminoalkanes and a higher activity with longer chain 1-aminoalkanes than other methylamine oxidases, and had a significantly smaller subunit molecular weight (57 000 compared with 80 000).
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  • 51
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Vanadium metabolism ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; respiratory-deficient strains ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vanadium metabolism was studied in a wild type and respiratory-deficient strains of S. cerevisiae. Inhibition of growth by vanadate [V(+5)], vanadate accumulation, and conversion of medium vanadate [V(+5)] to both cell-associated and medium vanadyl [V(+4)] and vanadate [V(+5)] were compared. The growth of both the parental and respiratory-deficient strains was inhibited by vanadate at concentrations greater than or equal to 1 mM. Both parental and respiratory-deficient strains accumulated vanadate and converted medium vanadate to cellular vanadyl as detected using electron spin resonance (ESR). The accumulation of cell-associated vanadyl was correlated with the loss of medium vanadate in both strains using a chemical assay. In contrast, the respiratory-deficient strain showed a greater amount of a cell-associated vanadate compound, as detected with vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance (51V-NMR), than the wild strain or a representative respiratory-competent vanadate-resistant mutant. These data imply that mitochondrial function may be directly involved in vanadium metabolism.
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  • 52
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: pH ; weak acid ; synergism ; growth ; Zygosaccharomyces ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In completely randomised factorial experiments, individual and synergistic effects of pH, benzoic acid and sorbic acid on the growth rate of the yeast Zygosaccharomyes bailii were determined, and expressed in polynomial equations. Synergism between benzoic and sorbic acid was pH dependent. A distinct effect of the anionic form of benzoic acid on doubling time was demonstrated by experiments in which concentrations of benzoic acid and benzoate were varied. The resultant polynomial equation showed that both species act synergistically.
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  • 53
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: L-Arabinose ; D-xylose ; UDP-glucose 4-epimerase ; inactivation ; Saccharomyces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In a previous paper (Cármenes et al., 1984) we reported that UDP-glucose 4-epimerase from Saccharomyces was inactivated both in vitro (Crude extracts) by L-arabinose or D-xylose. In this paper, we reported that pure epimerase requires the presence of UMP or UDP to be inactivated by sugars and that the inactivation is due to the reduction of the epimerase NAD+, which is essential for epimerase activity. The inactivation rate is directly proportional to epimerase and sugar concentrations and hyperbolically proportional to UMP concentration. In situ experiments made with permeabilized cells showed that epimerase is inactivated in the same way when it is inside the cell. In vivo studies showed that epimerase is inactivated to a smaller extent when 1% Dgalactose is present in the culture medium than when 1% ethanol is the main carbon source.
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  • 54
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Shuttle vectors ; gene cloning ; Saccharomyces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two yeast/E. coli shuttle vectors have been constructed. The two vectors, YEp351 and YEp352, have the following properties: (1) they can replicate autonomuosly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in E. coli; (2) they contain the β-lactamase gene and confer ampicillin resistance to E. coli; (3) they contain the entire sequence of pUC18; (4) all ten restriction sites of the multiple cloning region of pUC18 including EcoRI, SacI, KpnI, SmaI, BamH1, XbaI, SbaI, SalI, PstI, SphI and HindIII are unique in YEp352; these sites are also unique in YEp351 except for EcoRI and KpnI, which occur twice; (5) recombinant plasmids with DNA inserts in the multiple cloning region of YEp351 and YEp352 can be recognised by loss of β-galactosidase function in appropriate E. coli hosts; (6) YEp351 and YEp352 contain the yeast LEU2 and URA3 genes, respectively, allowing for selection of these grown under non-selective conditions indicative of high plasmid copy number. The above properties make the shuttle vectors suitable for constructions of yeast genomic libraries and for cloning of DNA fragments defined by a large number of different restriction sites.The two vectors have been further modified by deletion of the sequences necessary for antunomous replication in yeast. The derivative plasmids YIp651 and YIp352 can therefore be used ti integrate specific sequences into yeast chromosomal DNA.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: ARS elements ; bifunctional vectors ; plasmids ; DNA replication ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Teo DNA fragments which have autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) activity in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis have been isolated from the K. lactis kl killer plasmid. One fragment (Kla1) is 700 base pairs (bp) in length plasmids carrying it are mitotically unstable in both hosts. In K. lactis, this instability leads to colonies having a ‘nibbled’ phenotype when grown on selective media and appears to be the results of inefficient plasmid segregation. The other fragment of 1100 bp which was produced during the cloning procedure. Kla2 has been divided into the sub-fragments Kla2A and Kla2B which have, respectively, ARS activity in K. lactis and S. Cerevisiar but not the other species. This indicates that these two closely elated yeasts have different sequence requrements for ARS activity. Kla2B contains a perfect match to the S. cerevisiae ARS consensus but Kla2A does not. Both Kla2A and Kla1 share a 10 bp sequence as the sole region of homology between them. This sequence, 5‘TCATAATATA3’, is tentatively offered as defining the ARS consensus sequence for K. lactis.
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  • 56
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    Yeast 2 (1986) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Orthgonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis ; karyotyping ; ascomycetous yeasts ; basidiomycetous yeasts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chromosomal DNAs from various yeast species were separated by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis (OFAGE). To this end we developed a spheroplasting and lysis method to obtain intact DNA from both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. The OFAGE banding patterns of 22 ascomycetous and four basidiomycetous yeast strains were compared. The strains represented species from the genera: Brettanomyces, Candida, Croococcus, Filobasidiella, Geotrichum, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pachysolen, Pichia, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycodes, Saccharomycopis, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces. Variations occurred in the number of bands and their positions in the gel, not only among strains of different genera but also among species from the same genus and even between varieties of the same species. The ascomycetous yeasts, with the exeption of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only showed one to five bands of DNA larger than 1000 kilobase pairs (kb) in general none smaller. The paterns of the four basidiomycetous yeasts revealed also a few large DNA bands but in addition one to six bands ranging in size from 500 to 1000 kb, with the exception of a single smaller chromosome in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. From the OFAGE banding patterns of strains studied here it appears that in Saach. cerevisiae the partitioning of DNA over chromosomes in unique. But rather than the large number of chromosomes, the presence of four chromosomes with less than 500 kb of DNA is characteristic for Sacch. cerevisiae.
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  • 58
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 205-220 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 221-228 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 237-237 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 61
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    Yeast 2 (1986) 
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  • 62
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. 229-236 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 63
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. i 
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  • 64
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S1 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S21 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S41 
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S61 
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S81 
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  • 69
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S101 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 70
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S121 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 71
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S141 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 72
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    Yeast 2 (1986), S. S161 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 73
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogen abstraction by 1-phenylethyl radicals (ṘH) from phenylmethyl-carbinol (HROH) and benzyl alcohol (H2R′OH) has been studied in the liquid phase at 120°C. 1-Phenylethyl radicals have been generated by thermal decomposition of azo-bis-1-phenyl ethane and the formation of ethylbenzene (RH2), acetophenone (RO), and 2,3-di-phenyl butane (R2H2) has been monitored during the reaction.In order to optimize the experimental conditions, a mechanism has been assumed for the various pathways of the disappearance of ṘH and by using estimated rate parameters a presimulation was performed.The relative rate constants obtained are: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\frac{{k_{\rm H} }}{{\sqrt {{\rm 2}k_t } }} = 1.4{\rm } \times {\rm }10^{ - 4} {\rm L}^{1/2} {\rm mol}^{ - 1/2} {\rm s}^{ - 1/2} } & {{\rm for}} & {{\rm HROH}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\frac{{k_{\rm H} }}{{\sqrt {{\rm 2}k_t } }} = 1.0{\rm } \times {\rm }10^{ - 4} {\rm L}^{1/2} {\rm mol}^{ - 1/2} {\rm s}^{ - 1/2} } & {{\rm for}} & {{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm R'OH}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where kH refers to the hydrogen abstraction while kt is the combination rate coefficient of the radicals ṘH.
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  • 75
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 59-82 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The experimental data for the reactions of oxygen atoms with methane, ethane, and neopentane at temperatures below ca. 600 K have been reexamined. In the case of CH4 and C2H6 reactions, detailed computer models have been assembled to test the assumptions regarding stoichiometries that were made in the original studies in order to derive elementary rate coefficients from the experimentally observed reaction rates. It was found in both cases that the measurements are especially sensitive to secondary reactions not taken into account and impurities in the reagent alkane. Because the original reports did not include sufficient experimental details, it is not now possible to correct their results quantitatively. However, it appears, qualitatively, that the values for the O + CH4 and O + C2H6 rate coefficients were overestimated by factors of approximately 2 to 3 in the 250-400 K temperature range, with the error increasing as T decreases. Although the experimental results for the O + neopentane reaction are not as sensitive to the same kinds of complications, a comparison of the low-temperature measurements with those for the O + ethane reaction suggests that the previously recommended rate coefficients, based on the data of Herron and Huie, are probably also too high by a factor of 2 to 3.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present a kinetic study of the reactions of ground-state sodium atoms with the molecules CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3Br, HCl, and HBr at elevated temperatures (537-966 K). Na(32S1/2) was generated by the pulsed irradiation of various sodium halide vapors and monitored by time-resolved atomic resonance absorption of the unresolved D-lines at λ = 589 nm [Na(32PJ) ← Na(32S1/2)] in the “single-shot mode.” The photoelectric signals were amplified without distortion, captured, and digitized in a transient recorder interfaced to a microcomputer for data analysis. Absolute second-order rate constants were measured at various temperatures in each case, yielding the following Arrhenius parameters (kRX = A exp(-E/RT), errors 1σ): which constitute, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct measurements of these quantities. The reaction between Na and HBr demonstrated anomalous behaviour which is discussed in terms of potential surfaces that have been calculated previously for this type of collisional process. The data are compared with analogous results for Na + CF4, CF3Cl, and CF3Br and with single-temperature measurements on diffusion flames.
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate constants of various simultaneous reactions of t-butoxicarbonyl and t-butyl radicals generated by photolysis of t-butylpivalate in n-heptane are directly determined by kinetic electron spin resonance. The temperature dependence of the decarboxylation reaction t-BuOĊO → t-Bu. + CO2 obeys log )K/S-1( = 13.8-49.0/θ where θ = 2.303 RT/kJ . mol-1. The self- and cross-termination of the radicals are diffusion limited.
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 79
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 281-286 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction data described by the second-order growth function A(t) = A∞(αt) (1 + αt)-1, where A∞ is the ultimate value of the product concentration A(t), can be linearized by plotting a suitable function F(t) against the time (t). The slope of the straight line obtained is (2α), where α is the product of the rate constant (k2) and the initial concentration of either reactant, with the result that k2 can be determined without knowledge of Aϰ. Optimal determination of the parameter α requires that data taking be limited to the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T, where (αT) is approximately 4.0. Numerical data derived from an experiment on the exchange of lead by zinc ions in the enzyme carbonic anhydrase are analyzed to illustrate the method. The effects of small errors in the initial concentrations and of small deviations from second-order kinetics are briefly discussed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stopped-flow technique has been used to study the effect of cationic (CTAN), nonionic (Triton X-100), andanionic (SDS) micelles on the rate of the reaction between nickel(II) ion and the ligand pyridine-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline (PADA) at 20.0°C and ionic strength 0.03 mol dm-3. The complex formation reaction is markedly inhibited by both CTAN and Triton X-100 micelles. The kinetic dataare found to conform to a reaction mechanism which implies only partitioning of the ligand between water and the micellar phase, the estimated bindingconstant of PADA being significantly larger in the presence of CTAN aggregates. Anionic micelles strongly speed the complexation reaction, Which occurs in the micellar phase with the same rate and the same mechanism as in water. The extent of binding of PADA to anionic micelles is similar to that found for the cationic micellar aggregates.
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  • 81
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 719-720 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 82
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 689-699 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of primary alcohols by sodium N-chloroethylcarbamate in acid solution, results in the formation of corresponding aldehydes. The reaction is first order with respect to the oxidant and alcohol. The rate increases with an increase in acidity. The oxidation of α,α-dideuterioethanol exhibited a primary kinetic isotope, kH/kD = 2.11 at 298 K. The value of solvent isotope effect k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 2.23 at 298 K. Addition of ethyl carbamate does not affect the rate. (EtOC(OH)NHCl)+ has been postulated as the reactive species. Plots of (log k2 + Ho) against (Ho + log[H+]) are linear with the slope, φ, having values from 1.78-1.87. This suggested a proton abstraction by water in the rate-determining step. The rates of oxidation of alcohols bearing both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups are more than that of methanol. A concerted mechanism involving transfer of a hydride ion from the C—H bond of the alcohol tothe oxidant and removal of a proton from the O—H group by a water molecule has been proposed.
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  • 83
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 721-737 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A theoretical treatment is given for fast, multiple bond-switching reactions, such as NO + NH2 → N2 + H2O. These reactions are characterized by all or most of the bonds being broken. The collision complex involved (whether long or short lived) is shown to be extremely anharmonic. Consideration of the master equation describing the competing processes of complex formation, internal rearrangement and collisional deactivation yields easily applied sufficient conditions for the recombination rate coefficient being independent of pressure.
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  • 84
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 757-773 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rates of disproportionation of 0.015-0.4 mM aqueous glyoxal toglycolic acid were measured at 0.24-75 mM NaOH and constant ionic strength, leading to the empirical rate expression r = (a1[OH-] + a2[OH-]2) [GT]/(1 + a3[OH-]), where [GT] is the total glyoxal concentration. These results were confirmed in bicarbonate/carbonate buffer and at 2-20 mM [GT]. The rate form is in contradiction to earlier work on glyoxal, which suggested a second-order dependence on [OH-], but agrees with the rate equation for phenylglyoxal disproportionation. The kinetic data can be explained by a mechanism postulating the presence of monohydrated and dihydrated forms of glyoxal in equilibrium, with the rate-limiting steps being intramolecular hydride ion transfers to the unhydrated carbonyl carbon of the mono- and divalent anions of glyoxal monohydrate.
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  • 85
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 445-457 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction kinetics of carbon dioxide with four alkanolamines of industrial importance (MEA, DGA, DEA, and DIPA) have been investigated with the aid of the stopped-flow technique, allowing the determination of rate constants for carbamates formation. The constants obtained for MEA at 20°C and 25°C are in good agreement with recent literature data. The kinetic behavior of DGA was found to be almost identical to that of MEA.The rate constants obtained for DIPA at 25°C (54 M-1 s-1) is half as large as that for DEA (110 M-1 s-1). The former one is satisfactorily compared with the recent values proposed by Blauwhoff et al. Activation energies have also been obtained for DEA (23.2 kJ mol-1) and for DIPA (58.7 kJ mol-1) and their mechanistic implications are discussed in relation with the relevanceof a rate-determining proton transfer step in the process of carbamate formation.
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  • 86
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 497-504 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first stage thermal reactions of CF2CICH3 in the presence of chlorine have been studied between 554 and 614 K. These are and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CICH}_{\rm 3} {\rm + CI}_{\rm 2} \to {\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CICH}_{\rm 2} {\rm CI + HCI} $$\end{document} Rate equations derived from a radical mechanism are shown to fit the experimental results. Values of Arrhenius parameters for the decomposition of the CF2ClCH2. radical and its reactions with Cl2 and Cl are given.
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  • 87
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 829-836 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of diethyl ether was studied in the temperature range 697.2-760.5 K. The rate constant of reaction (1), and the ratio of the rate constant of reaction (2) to that of (12): were calculated from the amounts of products: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log k_1 ({\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}}) = (17.2 \pm 0.6) - (82.4 \pm 2.0{\rm kcal mol}^{{\rm - 1}})/2.3RT $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \log k_2 /k_{12^{1/2} } ({\rm dm}^{{\rm 3/2}} {\rm mol}^{{\rm - 1/2}}) = (4.1 \pm 0.4) - (11.9 \pm 1.3{\rm kcal mol}^{{\rm - 1}})/2.3RT $$\end{document}
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  • 88
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 861-869 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chromatographic retention of H and D atoms has been observed in a quartz tube using argon as a carrier gas for D and six different gases for H. The results give equilibrium constants for the reversible adsorption of H and D on quartz as well as the rates of desorption. Self-consistent conclusions can be drawn from the data. The adsorption energy appears to be ca. 50 kJ mol-1 indicating weak chemisorption. The observations are consistent with vibration frequencies on the surface of around 700-900 cm-1 for D. and around 1000-1300 cm-1 for H. It appears that only a fraction of the surface atoms (ca. 10-2) act as adsorption sites.
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  • 89
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 871-884 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bimolecular reactions in the title were measured behind shock waves by monitoring the O-atom production in COS—O2—Ar and CS2—O2—Ar mixtures over the temperature range between 1400 and 2200 K. A value of the rate constant for S + O2 → SO + O was evaluated to be (3.8 ± 0.7) × 1012 cm3 mol-1 s-1 between 1900 and 2200 K. This was connected with the data at lower temperatures to give an expression k2 = 1010.85 T0.52 cm3 mol-1 s-1 between 250 and 2200 K. An expression of the rate constant for CS2 + O2 → CS + SO2 was obtained to be k21 = 1012.0 exp(-32 kcal mol-1/RT) cm3 mol-1 s-1 with an error factor of 2 between 1500 and 2100 K.
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  • 90
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. vi 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 92
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 907-917 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the gas phase reaction between NO2 and CF2CCl2 has been investigated in the temperature range from 50 to 80°C. The reaction is homogeneous. Three products are formed: O2NCF2CCl2NO2 and equimolecular amounts of CINO and of O2NCF2C(O)Cl. The rate of consumption of the reactants is independent of the total pressure, the reaction products, and added inert gases and can be represented by a second-order reaction: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d[{\rm NO}_{\rm 2}]}}{{dt}} = - 2\frac{{d[{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CCI}_{\rm 2}]}}{{dt}} = k[{\rm NO}_{\rm 2}][{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CCI}_{\rm 2}] $$\end{document}However, the distribution of the products is influenced by the pressure of the present gases, which favor the formation of the dinitro-compound in a specific way. The effect of CF2CCl2 is the greatest. In the absence of added gases, the ratio of O2NCF2CCl2NO2 to that of O2NCF2C(O)Cl is proportional to (CF2CCl2 + γP products).The experimental results can be explaned by the following mechanism: P and X represent the products and the added gases: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ - \frac{{d[{\rm NO}_{\rm 2}]}}{{dt}} = - 2\frac{{d[{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CCI}_{\rm 2}]}}{{dt}} = k_1 [{\rm NO}_{\rm 2}][{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CCI}_{\rm 2}] $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_1 = 3.16 \pm 0.5 \times 10^6 \exp ( - 10500 \pm 1000{\rm cal/}RT){\rm M}^{{\rm - 1}} {\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm \gamma }_{{\rm CF}_{\rm 2} {\rm CCI}_{\rm 2} } :{\rm \gamma }_P :{\rm \gamma }_{{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm F}_{\rm 5} {\rm CI}} :{\rm \gamma }_{{\rm CCL}_{\rm 3} } :{\rm \gamma }_{{\rm CF}_{\rm 4} } :{\rm \gamma }_{{\rm N}_{\rm 2} } = 1:0.22:0.15:0.14:0.054:0.015 $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm \gamma }_{{\rm NO}_{\rm 2} } 〈 0.01 $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ k_3 = 1.4 \pm 0.3 \times 10^8 {\rm s}^{{\rm - 1}} $$\end{document}
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  • 93
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 94
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 739-755 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We develop a kinetic model for the exchange of tritium and deuteriumbetween tritium-containing heavy water and deuterated chloroform in a two-phase liquid system, catalyzed by hydroxide ion (sodium hydroxide). For the exchange reaction yielding tritiated chloroform andheavy water, the measured equilibrium constant is 0.518 at 25-45°C, independent of temperature. The rate constant (for the controlling step, deuteron abstraction from chloroform) is 0.22 L/mol s at 25°C, 0.72 at 35°C, and 2.0 at 45°C, corresponding to an activation energy of 87 kJ/mol. Comparison is made with literature data, and effects of mass transfer on the apparent rate constant are discussed.
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  • 95
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 775-789 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Equilibria and rates of interconversion between monomeric and dimeric glyoxal were measured in aqueous solution. The equilibrium constant [G2]/[G1]2 was 0.56 M-1 at 25°C, and was hardly affected by changes of ionic strength and pH but increased rapidly with increase of temperature. The rate of depolymerization was first-order in dimer, with the pseudo first-order rate coefficient in the pH range 1.3-7.8being of the form b1[H3O+] + b2 + b3[OH-]/(1 + b4[OH-]) + b5[OH-]. Coefficients b1 and b2 were more strongly affected by changes of temperature, though [OH-] was much the more effective catalyst. This rate form has not previously been observed for monomer-dimer inter-conversion of α-hydroxycarbonyls and α-dicarbonyls or for related reactions such as mutarotations and hydrations. Equivalent rate forms arisefrom reactions where an intermediate at steady state and low concentration is produced.
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  • 96
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 97
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 819-827 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An upper limit for the reaction rate of CO with the nitrate radical NO3 has been determined equal to 4 × 10-19 cm+3 molec-1 s-1 at 295 ± 2 K. In the experiment the isotopic species C13O16 and C13O18 mixed at 1-2 ppmv level in synthetic air have been reacted with NO3 and the reaction followed using long path infrared absorption FT spectroscopy. The result is of interest in the studies on the role played by NO3 in nighttime tropospheric chemistry.
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  • 98
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the gas phase reaction of OH radicals with dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3) have been studied at various temperatures and total pressures using two relative rate methods and a flash photolysis technique. For the relative rate methods, rate constants were measured at 296 ± 2 K as a function of the O2 pressure at a total pressure of ca. 740 torr. Data from these three experimental techniques were not in agreement. It is concluded that the relative rate techniques are subject to secondary reactions, possibly involving CH3S radicals. A rate constant of (2.5-0.6+0.9) × 10-12 e(130 = 102)/T cm3 molecule-1 s-1 obtained using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence data in the absence of O2, and which is in agreement with the lower range of values previously reported in the literature, is recommended.
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  • 99
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 847-859 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate constant k1 for the reaction of OH radicals with CIO2 molecules was measured in a discharge flow system over the temperature range 293 ≤ T ≤ 473 K and at low pressures, 0.5 ≤ P ≤ 1.4 torr, using electron paramagnetic resonance or laser-induced fluorescence to monitor the pseudo first-order decay of OH concentrations. At 293 K, the value obtained for k1 was (7.2 ± 0.5) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Within the temperature range of this study, a negative temperature dependence was observed: k1 = (4.50 ± 0.75) × 10-13 exp[(804 ± 114)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. HOCl was detected by mass spectrometry as a product of the reaction and was titrated using OH + Cl2 as a source in the calibration experiments. A simulation of the mechanism of the OH + ClO2 reaction indicated that HOCl was mainly produced in the first reaction step. Both this result and the observed T dependence of k1 suggest that this reaction proceeds via an intermediate adduct with a cyclic geometry.
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  • 100
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 18 (1986), S. 1023-1045 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The barrier for the hydrogen exchange reaction increases with the bend angle of H3. The implications for the dynamics of the reaction are explored on two levels. The static one uses the concept of a relaxed potential. This provides for a convenient, yet realistic representation. Itallows for the response of the molecule to the approaching atom. Among features made very evident by the relaxed potential is the possibility that hotH atoms can react by insertion. It also shows the widening of the cone of acceptance upon reagent vibrational excitation. On the dynamical level, classical trajectory computations are used to illustrate the dependence of the reactivity on the angle of attack and on the translational and vibrational excitation of the reagents. Detailed product distributions are generally not sensitive to the attack angle. An exception is the HD/H2 branching ratio in H + HD reactive collisions.
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