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  • 1985-1989  (708)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1880-1889
  • 1986  (708)
  • Chemical Engineering  (708)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite element simulation of fountain flow in injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fountain flow is the phenomenon of deceleration and outward motion of fluid particles as they approach a slower moving interface. The use of a general purpose finite element program for the appropriate boundary conditions made possible the detailed flow description behind an advancing liquid front moving at constant speed inside two-dimensional channels and tubes. The results were qualitatively the same for both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260702
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two directional coextrusion flow of two molten polymers in flat dies (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical study has been carried out of the two directional isothermal flow of two molten polymers in a flat die. The viscous behavior of each fluid is described by a power-law. Using an iterative finite difference method, a numerical program predicts the influence of geometrical and Theological parameters on the variations of the interface position. Theoretical values are in good agreement with experimental results obtained on a fish-tail die. In the case of a coat hanger-die, the mean value of the interface position is correct, but the general shape may be quite different.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260703
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile yield in polyethylenePresented in part at the American Physical Society Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, March 1984 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 554-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to the yield point were performed on polyethylene as a function of temperature from 21 to 117°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. At 21, 45, and 69°C, measurements were also made at strain rates from 0.02 to 8 min-1. Yield energy was found to be a linear function of temperature extrapolating to zero at the melting point (140°C). The ratio of thermal to mechanical energy to produce yielding is about three times smaller than for glassy amorphous polymers. The ratio of yield stress to (initial) Young's modulus is 0.021 at room temperature and increases to 0.059 at 117°C. Also this ratio was found to decrease with log strain rate. For instance, at 21°C for a strain rate of 0.02 min-1 the value was 0.023, while at 8 min-1 this value decreased to 0.020.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260806
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanistic kinetic model for the initiated anionic polymerization of∊-caprolactam (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 560-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of Nylon-6 via the initiated anionic polymerization of EE-caprolactam is characterized by rapid reaction rates displaying marked auto-acceleration. A mechanistic approach has been taken to analyze the kinetics of this system and has resulted in the postulation that the auto-acceleration is directly linked to a polymer chain degradation reaction. This reaction is significant even in the early stages of the polymerization and in many cases becomes the dominant mechanism for the production of reactive end groups, thereby controlling the overall reaction rate. A kinetic model is presented which is capable of differentiating between polymerizations carried out with different levels and ratios of catalyst and initiator, and contains but two rate constants - one for the propagation reaction and one for the degradation reaction. Predictions of the model are compared to experimental rate data derived from using both mono-and difunctional initiators and close agreement is found.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260807
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of blown film optical properties with resin properties (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 569-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The optical properties of conventional, free-radical polymerized low density polyethylene (LDPE) blown films are due essentially to surface irregularities that develop during fabrication. Past studies have shown that the extent to which these irregularities occur (and therefore optical properties) correlates well with the melt elasticity of the resin. Specifically, it has been shown that resins with higher melt elasticity result in films with poorer optical properties. However, it was recently reported that the optical properties of film blown from a Sci of three generically similar LDPE resins were found to correlate with the crystallization kinetics of the resins. Specifically, it was reported that the resins that exhibited faster crystallization rates produced films with better optical properties. This present work shows, however, that this apparent correlation is only coincidental. It has been shown that resins exhibiting faster crystallization rates do not necessarily result in films with better optical properties. On the other hand, it has been shown that resins with higher melt elasticity consistently result in films with poorer optical properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260808
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260901
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kinetics of the in situ polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in wood using dynamic mechanical measurements (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 576-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The in situ polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in wood, in the presence of uranyl nitrate, (UN), and/or 2,2′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, (AIBN), has been investigated in the temperature range 55°-72°C. The course of the polymerization reaction was followed by measurement of tan 5 in an automated Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The kinetics, studied by applying the Guggenheim method to the data, showed the polymerization to be first order whether catalyzed by UN or initiated by AIBN. The activation energy (Eα) for AIBN-initiated polymerization was 121 kJ/mol, and was unaffected by varying monomer concentration in acetone. On the other hand, Eα for the UN-catalyzed polymerization was found to be 59.1 and 73.5 kJ/mol respectively for the neat and 50 percent monomer concentration reaction mixture. The enhancement in Eα is attributed to the complexatton of the dioxouranium (VI) ion in the presence of solvent acetone, with consequent reduction in catalytic activity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260809
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of initial morphology on the mechanical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of melt crystallized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene morphologies from melts with different thermal histories indicate that their properties depend on the degree of fusion of the powder particles during their processing and can be enhanced by heating the polymer above 220°C. The degree of cohesion of the powder particles and their initial morphology also have a significant effect on the deformability of the polymer in the solid state forming methods used to prepare high modulus and strength products.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261003
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as EB resists: Poly(lactam thioether) as new positive EB resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(lactam thioether) was synthesized from tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepine-5(4H)-one by a ring opening reaction under various conditions and was evaluated as positive electron beam(EB) resist. It was found that poly(lactam thioether) was easily decomposed by EB irradiation. The decomposition by EB exposure may be attributed to cleavage of C—S bonds in the polymer chains. The sensitivity of poly(lactam thioether) was influenced by prebake temperature, molecular weight, and developer, a high sensitivity of 5.3 × 10-6 coulomb/cm2 was observed with a good resolution of less than 1 μm. Poly(lactam thioether) showed a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is suitable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261002
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261301
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    General consequences of the packing phase in injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 886-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The post-filling phase in injection molding was analyzed via simple heat-transfer and P-v-T models. An expression for the evolution of (volume-averaged) pressure in a molding cavity during the cooling phase of the process was derived from the empirical Tait model combined with the transient heat-conduction equation. This expression was used to establish general optimization criteria for the packing phase in injection molding, based on simple heuristics, and to assess the effects of various process and material parameters on the packing response of the system. The effects of gate geometry, part geometry, mold temperature, and melt temperature on the packing characteristics of a simple part are examined, and the general implications to the dimensional integrity of the part are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261208
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary conditions in the modeling of injection mold-filling of thin cavities (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 893-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A governing equation for injection mold-filling of thin cavities with a power-law fluid is derived. The interaction between upstream delivery channel flow and cavity flow results in a continuously changing gate condition as the total viscous dissipation of the delivery channel-cavity assembly is minimized. Depending upon the relative magnitude of pressure drops or viscous dissipation across the channel and the cavity, the boundary conditions which determine the cavity filling process will lie between the following two limiting cases: a Cauchy type gate condition such that the location of the melt front is completely determined by the upstream flow; a Cauchy type melt front condition in which the gate condition is controlled by the downstream flow. For most injection molding cases this may be manifested as equilibration of dissipation density on the melt front. Experimentally observed melt front locations from isothermal, Newtonian filling of a constant gap rectangular cavity and of a bi-gap rectangular cavity are reported and the validity of the limiting cases are tested.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261209
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The recent developments of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 901-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The historical development of both main-chain (M.C.) and side-chain (S.C.) liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) is presented. Synthetic routes and characterization techniques for LCPs are introduced. Various approaches to reduce the melting points of M.C. LCPs and to increase the mesogenic order of S.C. LCPs are reviewed and evaluated. The criteria to form a liquid crystalline phase are then discussed. Comparisons among thermotropic, lyotropic, and low-molecular-weight liquid crystals are also made. It is concluded that the preparation of LCPs has been well developed by the industry, but that the understanding of the formation of LC domains has not been completely understood. The theoretical explanations for some unexpected results are still not available. These anomalies are detailed in this work. Future research activity en LCPs for plastics engineers is also mentioned in this article.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261302
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The biaxial deformation and yield behavior of bisphenol-a polycarbonate: Effect of anisotropy (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 920-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The biaxial tension stress-strain-yield behavior of glassy bisphenol A-polycarbonate has been investigated at constant octahedral shear stress rate and at 25°C and -40°C. The specimens possess a small amount of anisotropy. Hill′s criterion for yielding of anisotropic materials is modified to take into account the sensitivity of the yield locus to the hydrostatic stress component. This modified yield criterion fits the 25°C data quite well. However, the data at -40°C cannot be fitted using reasonable parameters.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261303
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of polymer powder and melt rheology using a constant pressure, non-isothermal rheometerPresented at the 57th Annual Meeting of The Society of Rheology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 14-17, 1985 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 989-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A rheological analysis is proposed on a non-conventional, constant pressure, non-isothermal rheometer. The test usually starts with a polymer powder and ends with melt extrudate. The volume- (or displacement of plunger) temperature curve of the test is analyzed according to the following model: (1) at a temperature below the glass transition temperature, the test is related to the packing and/or compaction of powders, and also the compressive deformation of powders; (2) as the temperature is raised to where polymer flow begins, the test is analyzed according to melt viscous flow. The activation energy of flow of a polymer may also be estimated using this rheometer. Comparison and correlation of data using other techniques (e.g. torsional pendulum dynamic measurement, capillary rheometer, Rheometric dynamic spectrometer) will also be discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261405
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261501
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biaxial orientation of polypropylene by hydrostatic solid state extrusion. Part I: Orientation mechanism and structural hierarchy (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 997-1006 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure which results from solid state extrusion using biaxial orientation is analyzed for oriented polypropylene. Structural changes on the spherulitic, lamellar, and macromolecular level during orientation are investigated using optical microscopy (OM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The results show that polypropylene spherulites undergo stepwise biaxial affine deformation and deform homogeneously into a disc-like morphology. During this spherulitic flattening process, lamellar rotation into the planar direction occurs prior to lamellar break-up at a baxial draw ratio of about 1.5. On the macromolecular level, the crystalline c-axis orients in the plane concurrently with the lamellar break-up, while the crystalline b*-axis gradually orients normal to the plane. Amorphous chains are also oriented preferentially in the plane of deformation. A hierarchical model is proposed to illustrate the nature of the orientation in the flattened spherulites.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261406
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-TG base-soluble copolymers as novolac replacements for positive photoresists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1096-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several high-Tg, phenolic copolymers based on N-(p-hy-droxyphenyl)maleimide with various comonomers were prepared, and the properties of a number of these copolymers were studied. The copolymers were 1:1 in composition and were predominantly alternating. The thermal properties of these copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analyses. The chain-stiffening effect of the maleimide group was responsible for Tg's of 200°C and above. Tg was a function of composition and molecular weight. Dissolution rates of thin films of these copolymers were investigated by laser interferometry. The dissolution rates were sensitive to copolymer molecular weight and to the functionality, i. e., the type of phenolic —OH groups and the concentration of —OH groups present. When these copolymers were used as binders for NDS (diazonaphthoquinone sulfonate) photochemistry, high-resolution positive images were obtained that were resistant to thermal deformation at 200°C and above.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261604
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the latent image in a new dual image, aqueous developable, thermally stable photoresist (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1101-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new dual image, aqueous developable photoresist can be processed to yield either positive or negative images that are crosslinked and thermally stable to temperatures 〉300°C. Positive images have similar resolution and processing parameters to conventional positive novolak resists. Negative resists from this system have a number of new and interesting properties that surpass the capabilities of their positive counterparts. In addition to producing highly resolved submicron images, thick coatings of resist can be used to form images with high aspect ratios. By adjusting the exposure of the resist, images with inward sloping wall profiles can be realized. As a result of the images being crosslinked and Insoluble in the resist coating solution, images can be recoated and new images formed over the top of existing patterns to form structures. A hypothetical mechanism that suggests that resist defects caused by dust on the mask or photoresist surface can be reduced In negative mode processing is also presented.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261605
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260101
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Techniques for the viscometry of suspensions (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Techniques are presented for the rotational viscometry of suspensions, using modified cone/plate and parallel plate configurations. For displaced cone-and-plate geometry an analysis considers the torque developed on the cone as a function of its angular velocity and the displacement at its apex. The two situations of constant angular velocity and of constant displacement present alternative methods for computing viscosity/shear-rate data from torque/displacement or torque/angular velocity measurements. Neither method involves any assumption regarding the rheological properties of the test fluid and both can be extended to parallel plate geometry. An alternative and simpler approach uses an annular cone/plate configuration, in which conditions of uniform shear rate can be maintained with an operating gap of the order of 1 mm. The validity of the different techniques is tested by comparison with conventional cone-and-plate measurements, using a non-Newtonian solution of polyisobutylene as a test fluid.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260202
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to capillary viscometry of thermoset transfer molding compounds (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1399-1404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new capillary rheometer incorporated in an instrumented transfer molding press has been developed. This rheometer is effective for determining the viscosity characteristics of thermoset molding compounds under both isothermal and typical molding conditions. In examples of the rheometer's utility, the power law indices of two commercial epoxy molding compounds have been determined to be approximately 0.7. Additionally it has been shown that preconditioning typical epoxy compounds at 47 percent relative humidity causes a viscosity decrease of about 40 percent owing to plasticization of the epoxy resin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262008
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New directions in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1419-1428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The study of polymers by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has made tremendous advances in the last few years, not only with the development of superconducting solenoid magnets with increasing field strength, permitting the resolution of increasingly fine structural detail and greater sensitivity, but also in the development of new techniques. Among these is the use of two-dimensional (2D) NMR, permitting easier and more rigorous assignment of resonances. Another important advance has been the development of means to observe high resolution spectra in the solid state, through high-power dipolar decoupling, cross-polarization, and magic angle spinning. A third significant development is that of deuterium quad-rupole echo spectroscopy, permitting the study of chain dynamics in the solid state with unprecedented power and precision.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262011
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    The process of cavity filling including the fountain flow in injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1457-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work deals with the simulation of the filling of a cavity utilizing the Marker-and-Cell numerical technique in solving the transient problem involved. The cavity is confined by two parallel plates, and is “end fed.” The flow was assumed isothermal and the fluid incompressible, obeying the power law model. Special attention was given to the flow region near the advancing melt front, in order to obtain a better insight of the “fountain effect,” during which the fluid flows from the center to the walls of the cavity. The results of the simulation of the front flow region are supported by and in qualitative agreement with experimental results involving “tracer resins” during cavity filling. Although the flows considered were slow and isothermal, this study has significant practical ramifications on industrial mold filling during injection molding.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262016
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  • 125
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    Effect of water absorption on physical properties of high nitrile barrier polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 405-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water absorption studies were made on a series of high nitrile barrier polymers, as a function of polymer composition, rubber content, temperature, orientation and relative humidity. Results indicate that absorbed water has a great influence on both mechanical and thermal properties of the polymer. Absorbed water in high nitrile polymers causes a large decrease in the glass transition temperature and yield stress. These effects are found to depend on polymer composition, amount of absorbed water, and degree of orientation. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to end-use properties of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260605
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  • 126
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    The effect of melt compressibility on a high-speed wire-coating process (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of melt compressibility on a wire-coating process have been investigated, assuming that the compressible behavior of a polymeric melt obeys the Spencer-Gilmore equation of state. The compressible model is distinctly different from the incompressible model in two ways: (1) it has substantially lower pressure build-up within the die, and (2) the location of the maximum velocity is closer to the traveling wire position. As a result, the velocity profile within the die may change from a parabolic shape to a shape somewhat similar to that observed in a drag-flow case; and the shear stress generated by the fluid on the moving wire is no longer constant. Calculations indicate that the effect of melt compressibility during wire coming may not be neglected if the wire speed Ls greater than 50 cm/s (100 ft/min). In addition, the relationships between processing parameters and product coating thickness for both compressible and incompressible fluids are quite different.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260606
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  • 127
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    Measurement of interfacial tensions of molten polymer systems by means of the spinning drop method (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 415-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The spinning drop method is used to measure the interfacial tension of molten polymer systems. It proves to be a simple and rather fast measuring method, while satisfactory agreement with literature values, obtained with the pendant drop method, is achieved.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260607
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  • 128
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    Montmorillonite polymer concrete: Zero-shrinkage and expanding polymer concrete with enhanced strength (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1524-1530 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conventional polymer concrete (PC) suffers from setting stresses, generated during the cure of the resin binder, when polymerization shrinkage is hindered by the close packing of filler and aggregate particles. Setting stresses impair significantly the strength of the cured PC. Current zero-shrinkage and expanding PC formulations achieve these properties with a sacrifice in strength. Here we present a novel method for producing zero-shrinkage and expanding PC systems with concomitant enhancement in strength. This is achieved by dispersing small amounts of the mineral montmorillonite (MMT) into the resin. As the system cures, the resin interacts with the hydrated mineral: at temperatures above 100°C some of the hydration water is released, creating expansion forces, which counteract resin shrinkage. MMT contents of 0.2 percent or less give rise to zero-shrinkage polyester PC systems with flexural strength 30 percent greater than the corresponding conventional PC; higher MMT contents create PC systems that expand upon curing or generate hydrostatic pressure during constant-volume cure. We discuss the effects of MMT content and cure temperature on the volume change and strength of the resulting PC. We then propose a mechanism for the action of MMT as a highstrength expansion agent, based on differential scanning calorimetry and thermomechanical analysis of these systems.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262109
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  • 129
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    Liquid sorption in a segmented polyurethane elastomer (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1547-1551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption and diffusion of a series of liquids in a segmented polyurethane have been studied to determine how the behavior is affected by the choice of solvent and the heterophase nature of the polymer. The polyurethane was composed of methylene-di-para-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) butanediol, and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (1000) with a mole ratio 3:2:1. Immersion experiments in n-heptane liquid, a poor solvent, and incremental sorption experiments in n-heptane vapor showed normal Fickian havior. In the set of liquids of increasing polarity, which included 1-chloroheptane, three dichloroalkanes and orthodichlorobenzene, the swelling increased to very high levels. Effective values of the molecular weight between crosslinks computed from the Flory Rhener equation, assuming complete phase segregation, varied widely with the different liquids. Agreement could be improved by allowing 30 percent mixing of hard segments with the soft segment phase. The sorption and desorption curves for the highly swelling liquids showed various anomalies some of which might be the result of solvent induced relaxation of hard segment domains.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262204
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    Dielectric behavior of carbon black filled polymer composites (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1568-1573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reports results on the dielectric properties of carbon black filled crosslinked polyethylene composites. These systems are shown to follow percolative type models. The dielectric constant increases slowly, with carbon black concentration, up to roughly the percolation concentration and then increases rapidly over the whole concentration ranges studied. The dissipation factor-concentration curves are bell-shaped with maximum values at approximately the percolation concentration. The dielectric properties of these systems are discussed in terms of interfacial Maxwell-Wagner polarization effects.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262207
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  • 131
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    Crystallization kinetics of polyetheretherketone (peek) matrices (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1574-1581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the density gradient technique (DGT) were used to determine, both isothermally and dynamically, the crystallization kinetics of polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The data were analyzed by a model utilizing, for the first time, two crystal nucleation and growth processes which were observed experimentally in a typical Avrami plot of the isothermal data. Thus, by modeling the data as two separate Avrami type crystallization processes occurring in parallel, both isothermal and dynamic data could be predicted with the same model constants. The first process provided an Avrami exponent of 2.5 and an onset temperature of 320°C. The second process displayed an Avrami exponent of 1.5 and an onset temperature of 342°C. The validity of this dual mechanism crystallization model was proven in practice by predicting with best fit model constants, a wide range of crystallinities of both neat and carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK samples that had been made at different cooling rates from the melt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262208
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    The effect of additives and drawing temperature on gamma- or ultraviolet-radiation induced oxidative degradation of drawn high density polyethylene (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of drawing temperature and the presence of various types of additives on gamma and ultraviolet radiation induced oxidative degradation of high density polyethylene have been studied. Uniaxial drawing of the polymer was conducted at 60, 80, and 100°C. The additives were an antioxidant, light stabilizer, and carbon black, used in various combinations, Oxidative degradation was followed from carbonyl formation by IR spectroscopy. It is found that at a given draw ratio, the oxidative degradation is retarded when the drawing temperature is increased, irrespective of whether or not the polymer contains any additives in any combination. This is due to the decrease of the surface and/or bulk microcracks formed during the drawing process at high temperature. Carbon black/antioxidant mixtures were shown to be antagonistic, while a carbon black/light stabilizer mixture resulted in a synergetic effect in drawn or undrawn materials.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260706
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    Steady state multiobjective optimization of continuous copolymerization reactors (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The multiobjective nature of optimization problems related to homopolymerizaton and copolymerization processes implies a vector objective formulation for a correct approach. Two copolymerization systems, methyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate (MMA-VA) and styrene-acrylonitrile (ST-AN) are simulated, and some aspects of the steady state optimality of continuous operation are analyzed. The determination of non-inferior sets through the concept of Pareto optimality permits a clear decision on trade-offs related to operating conditions and product specifications.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260708
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260801
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  • 135
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    Injection molding: The effect of fill time on properties (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 488-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of fill time on the mechanical properties, surface appearance, and part dimensions of several polymers was determined. Two crystalline materials, polypropylene and nylon 6,6, and an amorphous material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), were used. In addition, the effect of the presence of glass fibers was examined using glass fiber reinforced nylon 6,6. The fill time was varied from 0.8 to 20 sec which included both the viscous flow controlled region (short fill times) where laboratory samples are ordinarily molded and the heat transfer controlled region (long fill times) where production parts arc commonly molded. No large variations in tensile properties were observed for polypropylene or nylon, but a 10 percent increase in peak tensile stress and strain for ABS did indicate that molecular orientation increased with increasing fill time. However, significant differences did occur in the properties of glass reinforced nylon. Peak tensile stress increased 15 percent and flexural strength decreased 10 percent as the fill time was increased. Although no change in the flexural modulus was observed, the scatter in the modulus decreased with increasing fill time. These property variations can be attributed to differences in the glass fiber orientation of the skin and core regions of the part. The measurement of molded tensile bar dimensions indicated there was little effect of fill time on the shrinkage of the various polymers except for shrinkage in the length direction for polypropylene. The shrinkage increased from 13 to 15.4 mm/m over the fill time range, a great enough difference to affect the fit of large parts. The most dramatic change with fill time was the surface appearance of the glass reinforced nylon. The surface of samples molded at short fill times had a dark uniform color and smooth appearance while samples molded at long fill times had a lighter color and a porous surface. This surface porosity is due to crystallization prior to complete pressurization of the mold. Therefore, in addition to affecting surface appearance, other surface related properties such as aging and the ability to plate plastic parts could also be affected.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260707
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  • 136
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    Material modeling and solid phase forming of polycarbonate sheet (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 612-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Maxwell-Voigt type mechanical model proposed by Haward and Thackray was further modified to describe the strain rate dependent stress-strain behavior of polycarbonate under the uniaxial loading condition. Major modifications included effects associated with different hardening components of inelastic resistance and the related temperature dependent material behavior. The modified analytical model was shown to describe some of the important features of the stress-strain behavior of polycarbonate specimens tested over the range of strain rates and temperatures. Using the stress-strain relationship as input data; several finite element analyses were made to predict the behavior of polycarbonate sheets under a simple solid phase cup forming process. The computed strain distributions agreed reasonably with the measured values obtained from the gridded polycarbonate sheet that was formed at an elevated temperature. Some of the key assumptions that were used in the analysis are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260906
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  • 137
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261101
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  • 138
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    Flexural properties of moldings of rigid polyurethane made by reaction injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 701-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flexural properties of moldings made by Reaction Injection Molding (RIM), which are structural foams consisting of high density skin and low density core, were investigated by three-point bending tests. Two failure modes were observed in bending tests of the moldings made by RIM, and they are classified as follows according to the density ratio of skin layer to core layer: the opposite side of the skin layer to which load was subjected failed by tensile stress: and the same side of the skin layer to which load was subjected failed by compressive stress, causing wrinkling or buckling. Then the conventional composite beam theory was applied to the former failure mode and Hoff s buckling theory to the latter, and equations were derived to predict the flexural properties of the structural foams, which involved buckling from the flexural properties of solid construction. In addition, it has been shown that there exists a density distribution that maximizes the flexural strength of the moldings made by RIM with a given overall density. The results obtained here should be useful to the optimum structural design of moldings made by RIM.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261009
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  • 139
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    A mathematical model for computer simulation of the direct continuous esterification process between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Part II: Reaction rate constants (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 708-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been confirmed that the reaction model proposed previously, which can express simultaneously the oligomer properties and the distillate properties under low esterification pressure, is applicable to a continuous direct esterification process in a practical plant. The experimental data of the first esterification reactor (RA-1) was obtained under low reaction pressures (atomospheric or 1 kg/cm2G) with the pilot plant throughput based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer production of about 50 kg/h. The Arrhenius' parameters, frequency factor, and apparent activation energy, were determined fitting the experimental data of the pilot plant by using the Simplex method as an optimization technique. The activation energy of diethylene glycol (DEG) formation, E7, is about twice as much as those of the esterifications, E1, E2, E3, and E4. The activation energies are E1, = 19640 cal/mol, E2 = 18140, E3 = 22310, E4 = 18380, E5 = 2810, E6 = 14960, and E7 = 42520 cal/mol. Good agreement was obtained between experimental data and calculated predictions for several oligomer and distillate properties. The vapor-liquid equilibrium can be expressed by Raoult's law with little problem of practical use.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261010
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  • 140
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    Creep analysis of polymer structures (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 776-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the important aspects in designing polymer structures and predicting their lifetime is the computation of time-dependent deformation. A tensile creep law for constant uniaxial stress was developed using talc-filled polypropylene as an example. A simplified finite-element creep analysis technique for polymer structures was developed with only one time step, an isochronous stress-stress formulation, and a deformation plasticity-type analysis, With an elastic analysis and this one-step nonlinear analysis for a given time and temperature, the displacement of a critical location in the polymer structure can be calculated for any time and temperature without further finite-element analysis. Comparisons of calculations with this one-step analysis and with the standard time-stepping analysis and experimental results for a beam in bending and a plate with a hole demonstrate the usefulness of this approach.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261109
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  • 141
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    Processing of polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer networks by reaction injection molding (RIM). Part I: Design of a high pressure RIM system (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 781-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is the first of a three-part paper investigating the feasibility of processing polyurethane/polyester Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) by Reaction Injection Molding (RIM). The fundamental mixing process is discussed. Various approaches reported to analyze mixing are also critically reviewed. Good part quality in RIM mixing activated systems suggests the need for the creation of a rapid and intense turbulent state within the small impingement chamber. In order to generate the conditions of reactive components intermingling down to submicron dimensions, a high pressure RIM unit was built and tested. The device can inject reactants at high stream Reynolds numbers (around 10,000) and impingement pressures (up to 100,000 psi, 6,895 bar.).
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261202
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  • 142
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    An injection molding study. Part I: Melt and barrel temperature dynamics (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 854-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of the key variables in the plastication phase of injection molding were studied using a microcomputer controlled laboratory scale injection molding machine. Interfaces for the measurement and manipulation of suitable variables were developed. An approximate theoretical analysis provided a preliminary understanding of the effect of a step input in heating power on melt and barrel temperatures. Deterministic and stochastic models were derived from experimental data for the melt and the front and rear zone barrel temperatures with heater power manipulation. Experiments were performed for evaluating the effects of back pressure manipulation, heating zone interaction, and process disturbances on the melt and barrel temperatures. Experiments showed that it is desirable to directly control the melt temperature rather than the barrel temperatures.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261205
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  • 143
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    Processing of polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer networks by reaction injection molding. Part II: Mixing at high reynolds numbers and impingement pressures (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 799-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impingement mixing process is analyzed considering the characteristic times of all the mechanisms involved. Two models of the mixing phenomenon are postulated; one takes into consideration the energetic nature of the shearing and stretching mechanisms during impingement while the other calls for the statistical variations in the kinetic energy dissipation process. Experimental data are presented to document the mixing scale obtained at high stream Reynolds numbers and impingement pressure. Model fluids are used on several occasions to characterize this scale. The best technique, however, involves mixing polyurethane with an inert component, dissolving the latter after gelation of the polyurethane network, and observing stereologically the ensuing morphology. Results indicate that high Reynolds numbers and impingeme it pressures reduce the scale of mixing to submicron dimensions. Autocorrelation coefficients are derived from the morphologies obtained after gelation. The initial slopes and oscillations in the correlograms are found to be good descriptive features of the degree of mixing in reaction injection molding (RIM).
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261203
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    Processing of polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer networks by reaction injection molding. Part III: Flow reorientation through multiple impingement (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 843-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is the third of a three-part paper investigating the feasibility of processing polyurethane/polyester Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) by Reaction Injection Molding (RIM).Part of this paper was presented at the Third International Conference on Reactive Processing. Bischenberg Congress Center, Alsace, France, September 4- (1984) Two basic issues are addressed concerning the improvement of the mixing scale in impingement mixing, namely, the influence of multiple impingement on the microscale and the number of flow dividing elements needed to achieve a certain degree of mixing. It was found that the incorporation of cascading stages does improve mixing further. The extent of improvement depends on the secondary stream Reynolds number and the local impingement pressure. A transition zone generally demarcates the beginning of marginal improvement on the number of elements used. Since the cascading configuration operates in a manner analogous to “motionless mixers,” there is a practical limit to the number of stages that can be used. At a primary impingement pressure of 18,000 psi, for instance, an overall improvement of 53 percent is recorded for a flow through a total of 80 stages. A noticeable 23 percent is noted within the first ten stages while the next 70 stages enhance mixing by only 30 percent. Thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed some degree of interpenetration between the two networks.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261204
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    An injection molding study. Part II: Evaluation of alternative control strategies for melt temperature (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 867-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt temperature is a key variable of the injection molding process. The evaluation of different control strategies for the melt temperature was based on the process dynamics presented in Part I of this work. The controllers tested were: PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control of barrel temperatures, direct PID control of melt temperature, Dahlin control, and Smith Predictor control of melt temperature. The controllers were tuned by simulation studies and were evaluated by a comparison of performance indices. The controller responses obtained through experiments were evaluated by comparing the rise time, peak overshoot, damping, settling time, and control effort. Analyses were performed to ascertain the sensitivity characteristics of the controllers.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261206
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  • 146
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    Analysis of adhesive tensile test methods (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 962-968 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A common bond strength evaluation method is the tensile butt test. However, it is the opinion of the authors that the interpretation of the experimental results obtained from such a test often leaves much to be desired. The results of finite element analyses of butt tensile tests are presented, The stresses in the joints are not uniform as P/A would suggest. It can be argued that failure is more closely related to local extremes in stress than it is to the average stress generally reported. As added support for adhesive fracture mechanics, the analysis of butt tensile joints indicates that the maximum stress occurs at the edge of the joint. The location of the maximum energy release rate, G, varies with the ratio of thickness to diameter (h/D) of the adhesive. For a given “inherent flaw” size, G has a maximum value in the interior of the joint for small h/d and at the bond edge for large h/D. Studies of a transparent adhesive-adherent system demonstrated that failure initiated at the points of maximum, energy release rate. The value of the failure load was also consistent with the trend predicted by fracture mechanics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261308
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  • 147
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    A fundamental study of polymer melt devolatilization. Part I: Some experiments on foam-enhanced devolatilization (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 982-988 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A systematic, experimental study was conducted on the elementary process of devolatilization (DV) and the various parameters affecting it, using a specially designed apparatus, which is devoid of the flow complexities present in industrial equipment and which permits independent control of all pertinent parameters. The device simulates a flow configuration present in all rotating machinery used in DV, viz. the rotating melt pool. Parameters studied include exposure time, agitation rate, surface-to-volume ratio, melt viscosity, vapor pressure of volatile contaminant, applied vacuum level, concentration level of contaminant, and addition of inert substances for DV enhancement. The results of most parametric studies are presented here, but some will be published in a subsequent paper. All feed and product contaminant levels were analyzed using gas chromatography.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261404
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  • 148
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    Creep and recovery behavior of a linear high density polyethylene and an ethylene-hexene copolymer in the region of small uniaxial deformations (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1050-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of creep and recovery experiments are reported for two types of polyethylene - one a linear high density homopolymer, and the other an ethylene-hexene copolymer. Data were obtained at temperatures in the range 23°C to 57°C and creep times of 10 s to 4.33 × 105 s. In order to approximate constant true stress conditions, all of the experiments were carried out at the same value of applied stress (4 MPa) and the change in strain during creep was in all cases less than 2 percent. Comparison of these results with the results from earlier work on an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene shows that there is a great similarity in the behavior of all three materials, and the behavior of all three can be described quite well by a one-dimensional equation consisting of two terms - one a hereditary term and the other a plasticity term. It is further shown that to a very good approximation the idea of time-temperature superposition can be applied to the description of the hereditary term.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261505
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    A negative resist, LMR (low molecular weight resist), for deep UV lithography (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1105-1111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A negative deep UV resist, LMR, has been developed. LMR is a diazonaphthoquinonesulfonate of cresol novolac resin and possesses a high sensitivity of 15 mJ/cm2 and a high resolution up to 0.2 μm by contact printing. An important feature of LMR is the production of negative images with overhung profiles. Such profiles are attributed to LMR possessing a large absorbance in the deep UV region (12 μm-1 at 250 nm), which is of great advantage to the lift-off process in the fabrication of GaAs-FET, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, and so on. Furthermore, because of the good thermal stability of LMR, it can liftoff hard metals such as Ni and Mo. In order to elucidate the phenomenon that deep UV irradiation retards the dissolution rate of LMR, a mechanistic study has been carried out. In both LMR and its analog lacking diazoquinone moiety, their molecular weights Increase upon deep UV irradiation, which suggests that crosslinking occurs in the base resin. This is supported by 13C NMR analyses of photochemical reaction products and by detection of radical species produced from the base resin. The photochemical reaction of the base resin is important to understand the overall lithographic performance of LMR.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261606
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    A molded deep-UV portable conformable masking system (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1112-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A second-generation capped deep-UV portable conformable masking system Is described. Two major improvements of this system are; (1) The replacement of the PMMA bottom layer with the PMMA-MA-MAN terpolymer which has a higher thermal stability and a higher deep-UV sensitivity. (2) The application of the mold hardening process to eliminate the “wings” protruding from the novolac-terpolymer interface, to facilitate a better choice of developers for the bottom layer, and to provide a better refractive index match between the novolac image lines.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261607
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    Small angle x-ray studies of siloxane-urea segmented copolymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1371-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Novel segmented copolymers were synthesized using aminopropyl terminated linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) oligomers as the soft component and various diisocyanates as the hard segments. As a result of the large differences in the cohesive energy density (solubility parameter) between the two components, phase separation occurs to form a microdomain structure at relatively low oligomer molecular weights. Since chain extenders were not employed during the synthesis, the “hard” segments are strictly related to the length of the diisocyanate moiety utilized in the reaction, In this paper we utilize these copolymers as reasonable models for investigating the various methods available for determining the interfacial layer thickness between the hard and soft phase. Specifically, in these systems there is no hard segment length distribution as is the usual case for segmented urethanes. Utilizing Porod's law, and appropriate analysis, both positive and negative deviations were found in the systematic series of copolymers. The degree of positive and negative character was found to be dependent upon copolymer composition. Negative deviations were accounted for in terms of a finite interfacial thickness, which turned out to be relatively small as anticipated, while the positive deviations were assigned to isolated hard segments that reside within the soft segment matrix, i.e., concentration fluctuations. In calculating the interfacial thickness, several methods were applied and in general, close agreement was obtained. Finally, correlation function analysis in conjunction with determination of the coherent Porod lengths, etc. were determined and discussed accordingly. Cautionary comments are also provided for researchers who apply less complete small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis to related block or segmented copolymers with regard to phase separation behavior.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262007
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    Forced in-plane flow of an epoxy resin in fibrous networks (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1434-1441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method to study the forced in-plane flow of an epoxy resin into fibrous networks is presented. A radial in-plane flow apparatus has been developed which allows strict control of all important experimental variables as well as visual observation of the experiment. From the position and shape of the advancing resin front as a function of time, effective directional permeabilities are obtained and used to compare structurally different fibrous networks. Test results for an initial series of woven and nonwoven fabrics reinforce the method of data analysis and demonstrate the effects of pore structure, weave type, weave balance, fabric layering, fiber orientation, and compressibility.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262013
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    Synthesis and characterization of radiation curable polyurethanes containing pendant acrylate groups (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1442-1450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of radiation sensitive and relatively high molecular weight poly(tetramethylene adipate) polyurethanes containing pendant acryfate functionality was synthesized. These radiation curable materials possess good mechanical properties and behave like common thermoplastic elastomers prior to chemical crosslinking which further enhances their strength and insolublizes them. Both the precursor and the cured materials were characterized by stress-strain, differential scanning calorimetry. and dynamic mechanical testing. It was found that the poly-(tetramethylene adipate) soft segments with molecular weight of 2000 or higher were crystallizable in the cross-linked network. The soft segment molecular weight and the diisocyanate type were found to be important in determining the tensile and thermal properties of these male-rials. The crosslinking process was found to depress crystallization of the soft segments and to improve tensile properties. Increasing the soft segment molecular weight resulted in an Increased elongation al break bill a decreased ultimate stress for both the precursor linear polymers and the crosslinked materials.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262014
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    Characterization of mixtures of linear polyethylenes of ultrahigh and moderate molecular weights (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1483-1488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallinity, density, dynamic mechanical properties, (25 to 250°C, 11 Hz), and tensile properties at 25°C have been studied for two mixtures of ultrahigh-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (Mw = 2.0 × 106), abbreviated UHMWLPE, and moderate-molecular-weight linear polyethylene (Mw = 5.7 × 104), abbreviated LPE. These mixtures, which covered the entire composition range, had been prepared with differing solvent-thermal histories. An enhancement of both crystallinity and density and an obvious synergism in tensile properties were observed for quenched films made from the mixture in which both components had been co-dissolved. The data indicate that UHMWLPE and LPE can cocrystallize under given circumstances.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262104
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    Hydroxyl group determination in prepolymers by 1H NMR spectroscopy (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1510-1513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A fast and specific method has been developed for the determination of hydroxyl content in prepolymers that contain hydroxymethylene functional groups. This method involves reaction of the sample with either trifluoroacetic anhydride or hexafluoroacetone to separate the terminal oxymethylene signals in the 1H NMR spectrum from those of the repeating unit and integration against an internal trinitrobenzene standard. This procedure generally requires less than 50 mg of polymer and has been employed in the analysis of prepolymers with number average molecular weights ranging up to 10000. The analysis has been tested using several different prepolymers. Precision of analysis was determined to be within 2.7 percent using a Varian XL-200 spectrometer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262107
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    Prediction of gas barrier properties of high polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1543-1546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper studies the correlation of polymer structure and morphology and gas permeability. A scale of numerical values based on polymer cohesive energy density and fractional free volume has been devised to predict permeability and also to estimate diffusion and solubility properties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262203
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    The melt compatibility of blends of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1500-1509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene copolymers of various compositions have been studied by small angle neutron scattering with regard to their compatibility at room temperature and in the melt. It has long been known that such blends separate into distinct phases at lower temperatures due to the crystallinity of the isotactic polypropylene, The work described herein has shown that these blends are also immiscible in the melt, even where the ethylene content of the copolymer is as low as 8 percent. Moreover, the separated phase domains grew rapidly at melt temperatures. Blends of atactic polypropylene with isotactic polypropylene did become miscible upon melting.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262106
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262201
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    A methodology for describing creep-fatigue interactions in thermoplastic components (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1582-1590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In service, some plastics components are subjected to intimate mixtures of creep and fatigue loading, such that both have the potential to cause component failure. This paper examines, for the case of a single design of an injection molded fitting that comprised part of a polyethylene pipeline system, the response of that fitting to fatigue loading patterns that included significant elements of creep loading. The performance of the fitting was monitored and the data interpreted in terms of the concepts of fractional fatigue and fractional creep damage. The approach helps in identifying the design criteria to be used for components that are to be subjected to complex fatigue loadings. For the cases where significant creep-fatigue interactions occur, such that the additive damage was nonlinear, the method can identify critical frequencies at which maximum damage occurs. This style of analysis will be most useful for plastics components that are used in critical applications where failure has to be avoided.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262209
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  • 160
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    Monitoring the initial phase of a slow curing epoxy through the dynamic viscoelastic properties (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1563-1567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal curing of an epoxy mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and diglycidyl ether of 1,4 butanediol was monitored through the dynamic viscoelastic properties. Measurements were made at a frequency of 37.7 s-1 using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer Model R-17 fitted with a piezoelectric load cell and interfaced with a microcomputer. Cures were conducted at four temperatures, 15.6 ± 0.2°C to 40.1 ± 0.2°C with the cure time varying from 35 to 11 hours, respectively. Additional measurements of the steady shear viscosity, up to three hours after cure initiation, were conducted using a Weissenberg Rheogoniometer Model R20. These results show that in the early stages of the cure cycle, the fluids show low elasticity and constant viscosity. Also, independent of temperature, the relationship, η′ = 0.05 η″, holds, although it is not maintained near the gel point. This implies that initially, the longest relaxation time is independent of the extent of reaction and the temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262206
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    Causes of edge beads in cast filmsDirector of Packaging Research and Development, Kraft, Incorporated, 301 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 462-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cast polymer films are extruded through a uniform thin slit onto a quench roll. Between the die and the quench roll, thick edges called edge beads form, which have to be trimmed from the film, and are often scrapped. The relation between edge beads and neck-in is shown. Three causes of edge beads are discussed: surface tension, die swell, and an edge stress effect. Surface tension and die swell effects can be important in low viscosity and elastic materials respectively. The predominant cause of edge beads is an edge stress effect which occurs because the film is stretched between the die and the roll. The edge elongates in uniaxial stress while the center material elongates in plane strain.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260704
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    An experimental investigation of capillary extrudate swell in relation to parison swell behavior in blow molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 508-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was carried out to study and characterize the capillary extrudate swell and parison swell behavior in extrusion blow molding of two commercial blow molding grade high density polyethylene resins. The capillary extrudate swell behavior of these resins were determined employing a capillary rheometer and a special thermostatting chamber. Parison swell behavior was determined using an Impco A13-R12 reciprocating screw blow molding machine in conjunction with cinematography and pinch-off. The experimental conditions under which capillary extrudate and parison swell data can be related are elucidated. Excellent agreement is found between the area swell values determined on the basis of capillary and parison swell experiments.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260709
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    Phase continuity and inversion in polymer blends and simultaneous interpenetrating networks (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A semi-empirical expression for predicting phase continuity and inversion in polymer blends and simultaneous interpenetrating networks (SINs) was developed and examined experimentally. A rheological model based on the volume fraction, φ, and viscosity, η, led to the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{{\rm \eta }_{\rm 1} }}{{{\rm \eta }_{\rm 2} }} \cdot \frac{{\phi _{\rm 2} }}{{\phi _{\rm 1} }} \cong 1 $$\end{document} as the criteria for dual phase continuity for phases 1 and 2. This relation was evaluated for two systems: a castor oil polyester-urethane/polystyrene SIN, and a mechanical blend of polystyrene and polybutadiene. Literature data was also examined. A gradual phase inversion was found, with a region of dual phase continuity in between. While predictions of phase continuity were confirmed for the mechanical blends, they were not confirmed for the SIN system. This was probably due to rapid gelation at the point of phase inversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260802
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  • 164
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    Microstructural influences on volumetric properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A water-displacement method was used to measure the specific volume of three styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymers over the temperature range 4°C to 65°C. The polymers contained 0.268. 0.293, and 0.482 weight fraction polystyrene, varied in molecular weight, and are known to be phase-separated at these temperatures. Coefficients of thermal expansion were also obtained and found to be constant over this temperature range. Results are compared with various models of composite behavior, the most successful of which is the linear mixing rule which gives good predictions over this composition range. Deviations for specific volume are negative, and for expansion coefficient positive, from the linear rules. More complex behavior is suggested, however, and this is interpreted in terms of microstructural characteristics. Some apparent contradictions in data reported by other workers are explained. Results are presented also for samples stretched uniaxially up to 300 percent strain; only slight evidence of dilation is seen at 22°C. but increase of the expansion coefficient is more apparent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260803
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  • 165
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    Phase structure of polyetherpolyol-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate-based reaction injection molded (RIM) polyurethanesThis paper was presented in part at the annual meeting of the Society of Polymer Science in Japan in 1981 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 585-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyetherpolyol-4,4/-diphenylmethane diisocyanate based polyurethanes were prepared by reaction injection molding (RIM). The degree of phase separation and morphology, which govern the mechanical properties, was investigated by X-ray scattering, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The phase reversion occurred at just a 70 weight percent concentration of the based reagent. The degree of phase separation increased with the molecular weight of polypropyleneglycol and decreased with the ethyleneoxide capping content. Morphology was influenced by injection rates.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260902
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  • 166
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    Dimensional stability of polystyrene/polymeric liquid crystal blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 600-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recovery experiments above Tg have been performed on polymeric liquid crystal (PLC) - polystyrene (PS) blend sheets obtained from extrusion and subsequent hot drawing. The data reported show that a significant improvement of the dimensional stability of a drawn thermoplastic material can be obtained by adding a low percentage of non-compatible polymeric liquid crystals that are oriented during the hot drawing process. The fibrils formed act as a constraint for a certain amount of polymer surrounding them and consequently these highly oriented sheets, once exposed to high temperature, will mainly stress relax and do not creep. This effect disappears when the melting temperature of the oriented crystalline phase is reached. Compatible PLC-PS blends do not show any improvement on the dimensional stability compared to the unfilled matrix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260904
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  • 167
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    Characterization of uniaxially oriented isotactic polypropylene films using sonic velocity measurements (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 593-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple and useful experimental method has been developed for obtaining shear compliance properties for film samples using sonic velocity measurements at room temperature. In this method, the transmit and receive transducers were aligned in such a way that a shear wave was generated and transmitted through the sample. The method was used to determine the in-plane shear compliance properties of three well characterized uniaxially oriented isotactic polypropylene films with draw ratios of 1.2, 4, and 6 respectively. It was observed that shear velocities at angles 0 through 45° were symmetrical to those from 90 through 45°. Further, as the draw ratio of these film samples increases, the determined sonic shear compliance in the draw direction decreased linearly. In addition to he shear data, the in-plane tensile compliance data were also determined for these three films for comparison. Collectively, these sonic tensile and shear data were analyzed to evaluate the four in-plane material compliance constants, S33, S22, S44, and S23, required to characterize a film in plane stress. Finally, a previously developed two parameter model was used to predict both the shear and tensile sonic modulus properties based on orientation parameters and intrinsic properties of isotactic polypropylene. The predicted properties agreed reasonably well to the experimental data generated for these film samples in spite of the fact that the two parameter model assumes the in-plane shear compliance to be a constant independent of the test angle.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260903
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  • 168
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    Qualitative and quantitative analysis of multilayer coextruded and laminated films (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 605-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The packaging industry is undergoing a period of rapid expansion in the use of multilayer and coextruded containers. This presents a challenge to the analytical chemist, who must characterize these extremely complex structures. The state of the art for the production of the new generation of containers, including methods, materials and structures, will be briefly reviewed. The applications of such containers and the motivations for the analysis of the structures involved will also be reviewed. The methods for the analysis of these multilayer and coextruded structures will then be considered in detail. The characterization of the surfaces involved will be emphasized. Techniques to identify, quantify, and determine the orientation of the structures will be discussed. The use of infrared spectroscopy (with emphasis on internal reflection spectroscopy) for the identification of the materials in these structures will be discussed. Also, the use of infrared spectroscopy in quantitatively determining the composition and orientation of the structures will be presented. The use of optical microscopy and combined microscopy/infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of the layer structures will be discussed. The use of auxiliary techniques for the completion of the analysis of the complex layer structures will be presented.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260905
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  • 169
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    Effects of water absorption on physical properties and degree of molecular orientation of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 620-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is known to be a hygroscopic thermoplastic, which absorbs moisture from its environment at a rapid rate. The water absorption characteristics of PET as a function of relative humidity, exposure time, temperature, thickness, and molecular weight are reported here. Results indicate that absorbed moisture has significant influences on the physical properties of PET, leading to large decreases in the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature, and degree of molecular orientation.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260907
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  • 170
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    Multiple crazing at crack tips in PVC under plane strain conditions (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 626-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nature of the yield zone at the crack tip of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe materials has been investigated. Microscopy studies employing a plasma etching technique reveal the presence of multiple crazes ahead of the crack tip in the interior of specimens of pure PVC, CaCO3 filled PVC, and PVC pipe compound. The craze zone and the fracture toughness of blade-notched specimens are compared with those of fatigue pre-cracked specimens. Both types of specimens have similar fracture toughness values and form multiple crazes upon loading, suggesting that multiple crazing Is an intrinsic property of the material. The kinetics of craze initiation and the development of the multiple craze zones have also been explored.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260908
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  • 171
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    Residence time distribution in a commercial twin-screw extruder (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 640-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The residence time distribution of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) polymers in a counterrotating twin screw commercial extruder was determined and analyzed. The experimental technique involved the use of manganese dioxide as a tracer after being neutron activated and was injected into the extruder during normal operation without interrupting the poly(vinyl chloride) compound production. The experimental results enabled us to better understand the flow and mixing conditions in the extruder.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260910
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  • 172
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    Crystallization of poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) in carbon fiber composites (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 633-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tendency of carbon fiber to nucleate the zation of poly(etherettterlcetone) (PEEK) has been evaluated by DSC and other techniques. As the carbon fiber content was increased, the supercooling necessary for PEEK crystallization decreased. The repeated melting (at 396°C) of the same PEEK sample results in a decrease of the number of nuclei for crystallization. At equivalent thermal histories, PEEK with carbon fiber was found to have a higher nucleation density than PEEK itself. The surface of carbon fibers and nuclei in the PEEK matrix compete for crystallization growth. As the holding time in melt was increased, the number of matrix spherulites formed on cooling decreased, hence a more pronounced transcrystalline region was developed. Correspondingly, the composites preheated in the melt for 100 min showed about two times the transverse tensile strength and strain-to-failure of those preheated for only 30 min. Corresponding fracture surface produced in tension showed that the former samples had a greater matrix adhesion to the carbon fiber than the latter.A strong interfacial bond is thus developed by crystallization on carbon fiber surface. Destroying nuclei in the PEEK matrix by long preheating enhances crystallization on the carbon fiber.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260909
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  • 173
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    A mass transfer model for a twin-screw extruder (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 647-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mass transfer model was developed to represent the desorption of a volatile species from a molten polymer in an extruder consisting of co-rotating twin screws in a figure-eight bore. The melt undergoes a series of alternating exposure and mixing processes while being transported axially through the device. The model relates the ratio of entrance to exit concentrations of the volatile species to the dimensions of the screws, the rate of their rotation, the rate of polymer flow, and the diffusion coefficient of the volatile species in the polymer. Experimental data, obtained with a halocarbon-polybutene system in a twin-screw extruder, were compared with predictions of the model. For the observed performance, the model predicts a process screw length about 14 percent below the actual screw length in the experimental extruder.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260911
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  • 174
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261001
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  • 175
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    Measurements of cycle time in injection molding of filled thermoplastics (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 877-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study presents the results of measurements of the sealing and cooling periods of the injection molding cycle of filled thermoplastics, both periods constituting a major part of the cycle. The compounds used were based on HDPE, PP, and PS. The fillers were calcium carbonate, carbon black, and magnesium oxide. The latter two materials were chosen for their high thermal conductivity. The sealing time was determined by a gravimetric method, while the measurement of the cooling time was based on the assessment of the recovery of the ejector marks for samples ejected after varying times of cooling. Increasing filler content produced significant and reproducible reductions of the cycle time. Such effects were especially pronounced with the high thermal conductivity fillers. The cooling process was also treated theoretically, starting from the heat conduction equation and producing a fully satisfactory description of the experimental data. Furthermore, the value of the thermal diffusivity, exemplified by the HDPE/MgO compounds, was in good agreement with the values obtained from current composite expressions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261207
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  • 176
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261401
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  • 177
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    Simulation of welding flows in a slit. Part I: Kinematics (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1012-1019 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinematics of ideal welding flows generated by a thin-plate divider, a cylinder, or a slab in a slit channel are studied by using a finite element analysis. The analysis includes simulations of Newtonian and Carreau fluids. There are two flow configurations. First, a single plate-divider or an obstacle was positioned symmetrically in a slit channel with no-slip at the walls. In the second, an infinite number of plate-dividers or obstacles were positioned in parallel, and the boundary walls were infinitely far away. It was found that extensional flow dominates the region near the stagnation points of obstacles and plate-dividers, and that the fluid elements near the weld interfaces have a strain history of both high stretching and shearing. The thickness of the elongated region is reduced as the thickness of the plate-divider increases. Shear-thinning tends to increase the rate of extension. However, its influence on the flow field tends to lessen as the width of the flow channel or the obstacle size increases. A no-slip condition at walls causes slightly stronger elongational flow in the weld interface than does the symmetric condition of perfect slip at walls.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261408
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  • 178
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    Evaluating screw performance: Extrusion process stability and the degree of mixing from melt rheology data and from measurement on an instrumented extruderPresented at the Polymer Engineering Session during 2nd Intl. Congr. Chem. Eng., Montreal, 1982. (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1007-1011 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A comprehensive study of polyethylene extrusion was carried out with an instrumented extruder on several screws differing in geometry and paralleled with capillary rheometry of the extrudate leading to melt viscosity and elasticity functions. Assuming Oldroyd's constitutive equation for molten polyethylene and the extrudate melt temperature oscillation (ΔTm) as a measure of the process stability and an indication of melt mixing quality, it was found that the product of the dimensionless numbers (Deborah, De and Brinkman, Br) correlates well (r = 0.93) with ΔTm. Since the Br and De groups follow from the rheological characteristics of the melt and the extrusion process parameters, a relationship of type: ΔTm = a + b (De) (Br) appears useful in designing an extrusion process (for a polymer of known rheology) with respect to its stability, and indirectly, its mixing efficiency.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261407
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  • 179
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    Optimization of nonvaporizing nylon 6 reactors with stopping conditions and end-point constraints (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1033-1044 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this study, optimal temperature profiles (or histories),T(t), are obtained for nonvaporizing plug-flow (or batch) Nylon 6 reactors using the minimum principle. Two objective functions are studied, one in which the monomer conversion, convtf, is maximized, and the other in which the undesirable side product (cyclic dimer) concentration in the output stream, [C2]tf, is minimized. The control variable, temperature, is constrained to lie between 220°C and 270°C in order to ensure single phase polymerization. The most significant difference between this study and earlier ones is that the residence (or reaction), time tf, is not specified a priori, but is determined optimally by the use of a ‘stopping’ condition such that the polymer product has a number-average chain length, μn, equal to some desired value μn.d. Simultaneously, an end-point constraint is used, which, depending on the objective function used, forces either the cyclic dimer concentration or the monomer conversion at the end of the reactor to lie at a specified value, [C2]d or convd. Thus, this algorithm incorporates stopping conditions as well as end-point constraints and so is more complex than earlier ones, but the results are more meaningful. Different nonisothermal optimal temperature profiles are obtained for the two objective functions studied, depending on the values of μn.d, convd, [C2]d, and the feed water concentration, representing the complex interplay of several opposing factors.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261503
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  • 180
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    Analysis of transient sorption and permeation in heterogeneous media (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1045-1049 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data on hexane vapor sorption in phase-segregated polybutadiene/polystyrene blends are reported, which exhibit seemingly non-Fickian characteristics that previous workers with styrene/butadiene copolymer attributed to a diffuse interphase. These data, plus results derived from a model of sorption in heterogeneous media containing a slowly permeable dispersed phase, indicate that the mere presence of two phases with different diffusion time constants is a sufficient condition for apparently non-Fickian overall behavior. Consequently, definitive morphological inferences cannot be drawn from such observations. In addition, results of modeling the corresponding permeation process are analogous to those obtained in an earlier study of permeation with immobilizing chemical reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261504
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  • 181
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    Temperature changes in poly(methyl methacrylate) and high-density polyethylene during rapid compressive deformation (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1060-1065 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adiabatic temperature changes for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and high-density polyethylene are reported as the result of rapid compressive stress applications at different temperatures. A specially-modified Instron capillary rheometer was used in the experiments. Results were examined by determining the experimental thermoelastic coefficients (δT/δ). These were compared with the predicted coefficients from the equation (δT/δ) = ∝LTo/ρCp. Good agreement was found for ambient temperature, and deviations were found for higher temperatures. High-density polyethylene showed higher temperature changes than PMMA, the causes for which are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261506
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  • 182
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261601
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  • 183
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    Guest editor's message (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1089-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261602
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  • 184
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    Integral sorption with induced crystallization (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1066-1078 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We studied the integral sorption of saturated, organic vapors in amorphous films of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using a spring balance apparatus. The penetrants employed (methylene chloride [MeCl2] and N. N. dimethyl formamide [DMF]) induce substantial crystallization of the polymer during sorption. The experimental data (mass of vapor absorbed versus exposure time) do not obey Fick's law for diffusion but reflect the influence of time dependent polymer swelling and crystallization. The data show that polymer swelling controls the penetrant transport in thin films, while molecular diffusion in the highly swollen semi-crystalline polymer controls in thick films. Small activation energies were found for transport in thin films suggesting that ductile deformation controls the swelling in PET. A mathematical model developed previously explains the important features of the experiments.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261507
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  • 185
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of cryo-ground rubber on melt flow and mechanical properties of polypropylene (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1079-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of cryo-ground rubber (CGR) on melt flow and mechanical properties of polypropylene has been investigated. Cryo-ground rubber was incorporated in the polypropylene matrix (a) in powder form and (b) as masterbatch with natural rubber. Natural rubber was found essential as a dispersing agent. The loading of cryo-ground rubber has no significant effect on viscosity at high shear rates (〉61 s-1) but at lower shear rates (〉61 s-1), viscosity functions change shape with increasing cryo-ground rubber content. The dynamic mechanical properties revealed that polypropylene is thermodynamically incompatible with natural rubber and cryo-ground rubber. Cryo-ground rubber in the powder form shows poor adhesion to polypropylene matrix and, therefore, decreases the impact strength at higher loading. Addition of masterbatch of cryo-ground rubber and natural rubber improves the impact strength of polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261508
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  • 186
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photochemistry of azide-phenolic resin photoresists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1090-1095 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photochemistry of a negative working photoresist, MRL, composed of poly(4-hydroxystyrene) and an aromatic monoazide compound, 4-azido-4′-methoxychalcone, has been examined, The major products of photolysis of MRL films are primary amine, secondary amine, and poly(4-hydroxystyrene) with increased molecular weight. The polymeric secondary amines are generated from the nitrene insertion into the backbone carbon-hydrogen bonds of the polymer. Hydrogen abstraction from the polymer by the nitrene with subsequent polymer radical recombination results in the increase in the molecular weight of the poly(4-hydroxystyrene), rendering the exposed areas insoluble in both aqueous alkaline and organic developers. Rapid decrease in the dissolution rate of the poly(4-hy-droxystyrene) with increasing molecular weight is separately ascertained.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261603
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  • 187
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer simulation of turbulent mass transfer at a mobile interface (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1108-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions to the unaveraged mass balance equation for the case of a flat mobile interface reveal that both high- and low-frequency velocity fluctuations can contribute to mass transfer. This is in contrast to transport to a solid boundary where only low-frequency fluctuations, normal to the wall, are important. The average mass transfer coefficient is found to depend on Schmidt number to the -0.5 power, in agreement with classical theories. It is related to the velocity field in the liquid primarily through the mean-square value of the gradient of normal velocity fluctuations at the interface.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320707
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  • 188
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-Performance multivariable control strategies for systems having time delays (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 914-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new high-performance multivariable time delay compensator is presented that contains the Ogunnaike-Ray compensator as a special case, reduces to the Smith predictor for a single delay, and approaches the realizable part of the process inverse as a limit. The straightforward design procedure is illustrated with several distillation control examples.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320603
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  • 189
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of separation efficiency in thermal diffusion columns with a permeable vertical barrier (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 971-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A separation theory in thermal diffusion columns with a permeable vertical barrier has been derived by making use of the orthogonal expansion method. It is shown that the undesirable remixing effect can be effectively reduced and controlled by introducing a permeable vertical barrier. Considerable improvement in separation was obtained when the position of the barrier was carefully chosen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320607
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  • 190
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-liquid reaction systems: A heuristic model and its steady solutions (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 981-990 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To identify conditions under which gas-liquid reaction systems exhibit natural oscillations, a model is formulated in which the time scales of the elementary processes play a leading role. The steady solutions of the model problem are investigated, with the finding that at most one solution may lie in each of five temperature ranges, each range corresponding to a dominant physicochemical process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320608
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  • 191
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of interfacial shear and entrainment models on flooding predictions (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1027-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320613
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  • 192
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pole-placement self-tuning control of a fixed-bed autothermal reactor. Part II: Multivariable control (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1015-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The multiinput/multioutput pole-placement self-tuning controller (MIMO PPSTC) previously developed by McDermott and Mellichamp is used to control a fixed-bed autothermal reactor with internal countercurrent heat exchange. The performance of the controller is demonstrated using step changes in the set points and in the primary disturbance variables. It is shown that the complete temperature profile can be maintained by controlling two temperatures in the catalyst bed: one just before the hot spot and the other at the exit of the bed. Simulated results using a 36th-order nonlinear reactor model operating at both an open-loop upper stable steady state and an open-loop unstable steady state are presented. Experimental results for a fixed-bed autothermal reactor operating at an upper stable state are presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320611
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  • 193
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catalysis and surface science edited by H. Heinemann and G. A. Somorjai, Marcel Dekker, NY, 1985, $75.00 (U.S.A. and Canada), $90.00 (all other countries) (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1053-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320618
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  • 194
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1055-1056 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320622
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  • 195
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exploiting the Gibbs-Duhem equation in separation calculations (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1057-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various ways of building quasi-Newton matrix approximations that satisfy the special form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation are studied. Partition symmetry, the separability of the functions in γ and in φ, and the method of iterated projections are used in order to develop thermodynamically consistent matrix approximations with good secant information. Many examples are presented which show that exploiting the special form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation results in improved numerical performance. Ways of exploiting the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation in addition to the special form of Gibbs-Duhem equation, and thus the isobaric form of the Gibbs-Duhem equation, are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320702
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  • 196
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle size improvement by a countercurrent tower crystallizer (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1099-1107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous, staged-feed column crystallizer was investigated to obtain enlarged product size distribution in precipitation from solution. Stage population balances, in moment form, were solved analytically for several single-feed configurations. It was found that internal staging permits control of the solids concentration profile, and if collision nucleation is unimportant then countercurrent operation yields the greatest product size enlargement. Nucleation kinetic parameters for a given salt indicate the potential product size improvement, compared to product from an MSMPR crystallizer of equal volume.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320706
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  • 197
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractionating condensation and evaporation in plate-fin devices (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1116-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model that describes fractionation with condensation and evaporation in a plate-fin device has been formulated. It is capable of evaluating profiles of composition, temperature, and flow rate for both liquid and vapor streams in an extended surface device. The device may be adiabatic or nonadiabatic and the surface may be incompletely wetted. Compared to experimental measurements, the model predictions showed ± 1 number of transfer unit deviation along the length of the device. The predictions of the top and bottom flow rate ratio showed a 5-10% deviation for adiabatic and condensation runs and a 25% deviation for evaporation runs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320708
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  • 198
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of gas-solid adsorption data by the error-in-variables method (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1138-1145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recently developed error-in-variables method of calculating regression parameters was applied to the modeling of gas-solid adsorption equilibria. The method accounts for error in all experimental variables in the regression calculations. Regression coefficients from pure component data calculated by the new method were used to predict multicomponent equilibria. The multicomponent predictions using pure component parameters calculated by the error-in-variables method were more accurae than predictions using parameters calculated by conventional least-squares regression.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320711
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connectivity effects for surface diffusion of adsorbed gases (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1158-1168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonlocal models for the surface transport of adsorbed gases on solids are proposed and compared to experimental data. These models take into account connectivity effects due to heterogeneous adsorption potential surfaces and introduce a more realistic calculation of the surface mean free path.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320713
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanisms and kinetic modeling of calcium oxalate crystal aggregation in a urinelike liquor. Part I: Mechanisms (1986)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 32 (1986), S. 1176-1185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The tendency for aggregation and disruption of aggregates of calcium oxalate dihydrate (CaOx) crystals in urinelike mother liquor was quantitatively studied in a two-stage mixed-suspension, mixed-productremoval crystallizer/Couette-flow aggregator operated in series. The degree of aggregation was obtained by comparing measured numbersize and volume-size crystal distributions in the crystallizer and aggregator outlets. Aggregation was a strong function of CaOx supersaturation and may have changed slightly with rotation speed in the Couette-flow aggregator. Rupture of the aggregates increased as the spindle rotation in the aggregator increased (presumably increasing turbulence). Average shear rates in these experiments were appreciably above estimated physiological levels.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690320715
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