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  • 1980-1984  (819)
  • 1983  (819)
  • Physics  (538)
  • Engineering  (281)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A frontal method based solution of the quasi-three-dimensional finite element model for interconnected aquifer systems. Steady and unsteady equations, with the E.N.S. method for fluid mass balance evaluation (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 445-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Quasi-three-dimensional ; Interconnected Aquifer Systmes ; Fluid Mass Balance ; Iterated Frontal Method ; Predictor-Corrector Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The quasi-three-dimensional equations controlling the groundwater flow in heterogeneous and interconnected aquifer systems are discretized by finite elements, considering also the aquifer branching. A new method for fluid mass balance evaluation based on the equivalent nodal source (E.N.S.) concept allows one to express the balance in conservative terms, and interpret finite element equations as nodal balance equations. The solution of the system is based on the frontal method. Use of substructures limits the frontal increase in correspondence to the aquifer branching. In the steady state, the frontal method is integrated with an iterative solution technique to eliminate the frontal increase caused by the presence of aquitards. It converges very rapidly, using a forcing technique with an automatic parameter definition. In the unsteady case the same scope is achieved using a predictor-corrector procedure which employs the Crank-Nicolson method in the corrector phase.This very stable procedure permits use of fairly long time-steps and concerns the case of source terms depending on piezometry (problem of interaction between water table and river). This method has been tested with several fairly complex cases.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030503
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified dodge algorithm for the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations and compressible duct flows (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 493-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Modified ; Dodge ; Algorithm ; Parabolized ; Navier-Stokes ; Computational Fluid Dynamics ; Low Speed Flow ; Channel Flow ; Zebra Algorithm ; Mass Balancing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A revised version of Dodge's split-velocity method for numerical calculation of compressible duct flow has been developed. The revision incorporates balancing of mass flow rates on each marching step in order to maintain front-to-back continuity during the calculation. The (chequerboard) zebra algorithm is applied to solution of the three-dimensional continuity equation in conservative form. A second-order A-stable linear multistep method is employed in effecting a marching solution of the parabolized momentum equations. A chequerboard iteration is ued to solve the resulting implicit non-linear systems of finite-difference equations which govern stepwise transition. Qualitive agreement with analytical predictions and experimental results has been obtained for some flows with well-known solutions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incompressible flow in a rapidly rotating cylinder with a source/sink distribution in the lateral wall and a free inner boundary (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 529-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Strongly Rotating ; Incompressible ; Free-surface ; Finite-difference ; Coriolis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flow of an incompressible fluid in a rapidly rotating right circular cylinder is considered. A source/sink mass distribution at the lateral wall, which is azimuthally uniform and symmetric across the midplane, causes a deviation from wheel flow. The container is only partially full and the inner free surface is allowed to deviate slightly from the vertical. A finite-difference solution of the full axisymmetric, non-linear governing equations was used to obtain the flow field. A special implicit technique for the Coriolis terms which maintains geostrophy was developed and is described. The results obtained for a low Rossby number flow compare quite favourably with the linearized solution. Results are also presented for a case wherein the non-linear terms are important.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030602
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractional step algorithm for estuarine mass transport (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 567-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Advection ; Convection ; Estuary ; Fractional ; Step ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Moving ; Co-ordinates Transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A successful and economical fractional step algorithm for the convection-dispersion-reaction equation is described. Exact solutions are adopted for the reaction and convection steps, the latter by the introduction of a moving co-ordinate system. The dispersion step uses an optimized finite difference algorithm which specifically accommodates the grid non-uniformity. The excellent performance of the algorithm is confirmed by numerical experiments together with computations of the Fourier response and integrated square error characteristics.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030604
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a high accuracy finite difference technique to steady, free surface flow problems (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: QUICK ; Finite Difference ; Free Surface Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spatially third-order accurate QUICK finite difference technique is applied to the solution of the depth-integrated equations of motion for steady, subcritical, free surface flow in a wide, shallow, rectangular channel with and without an abrupt expansion. The conservative, control-volume discretization of the equations of motion and the use of QUICK in approximating required cell and cell face average quantities is discussed. Results presented show that it is possible to obtain stable solutions for advective free surface flows without resorting to implicit numerical smoothing.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030605
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerically induced oscillations in finite element approximations to the shallow water equations (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 591-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Element Method ; Wave Equation ; Numerical Noise ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical noise has been a problem with finite element solutions to the shallow water equations. Two methods used to reduce the noise level are evaluated, and these results are compared with published results for equal-order interpolations. The two methods are mixed-interpolation (quadratic interpolation for velocity and linear interpolation for sea level) and a spectral form of the wave equation. Whereas mixed interpolation removes the troublesome sea level mode, it can still have considerable noise in velocity. The spectral wave equation is efficient and does not contain the spurious eigenmodes which contribute to high noise levels.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030606
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stream function finite element solution for two-dimensional natural convection with accurate representation of nusselt number variations near a corner (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 605-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural ; Convection ; Stream ; Function ; Finite ; Element ; Formulation ; C1 ; Continuity ; Truncated ; Quintic ; Restricted Variational Principle ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element stream function formulation is presented for the solution to the two-dimensional double-glazing problem. Laminar flow with constant properties is considered and the Boussinesq approximation used. A restricted variational principle is used, in conjunction with a triangular finite element of C1 continuity, to discretize the two coupled governing partial differential equations (4th order in stream function and second order in temperature). The resulting non-linear system of equations is solved in a segregated (decoupled) manner by the Newton-Raphson linearizing technique.Results are produced for the standard test case of an upright square cavity. These are for Rayleigh numbers in the range 103-105, with a Prandtl number of 0.71. Comparisons are made with benchmark results presented at the 1981 International Comparison study in Venice. In the discussion of results, emphasis is placed on the variation of local Nusselt number along the isothermal walls, particularly near the corner. This reveals a noticeable source of error in the evaluation of the maximum Nusselt number by lower order discretization methods.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030607
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030101
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030102
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A transonic quasi-3D analysis for gas turbine engines including split-flow capability for turbofans (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Turbomachines ; Finite Elements ; Transonic Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical approximation is taken to the solution of the complex flows existing in gas turbine engines with transonic blading. The quasi-3D approach decouples the problem into through-flow and blade-to-blade solutions. An industrially practical finite element through-flow solution is developed and for blade-to-blade solutions a transonic finite areas method is utilized. The finite element code developed is capable of operating in an analysis or a design mode. In both modes a dynamic relaxation factor is employed and considerable reduction in solution time can be achieved. Comparisons to streamline curvature methods are carried out for simple analytical and complex industrial problems.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030103
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of solution of Navier-Stokes equations using a variational formulation (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Navier-Stokes ; Incompressible Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A variational formulation for the solution of two dimensional, incompressible viscous flows has been developed by one of the authors.1 The main objective of the present paper is to demonstrate the applicability of this approach for the solution of practical problems and in particular to investigate the introduction of boundary conditions to the Navier-Stokes equations through a variational formulation. The application of boundary conditions for typical internal and external flow problems is presented. Sample cases include flow around a cylinder and flow through a stepped channel.Quadrilateral, bilinear isoparametric elements are utilized in the formulation. A single-step, implicit, and fully coupled numerical integration scheme based on the variational principle is employed. Presented results include sample cases with different Reynolds numbers for laminar and turbulent flows. Turbulence is modelled using a simple mixing length model. Numerical results show good agreement with existing solutions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030104
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of tidal residual currents in a wide estuary, using a finite element method (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Tides ; Residual Currents ; Finite Elements ; Modal Separation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: From the linearized, time-independent, constant depth, shallow water tidal equations in an f-plane for a two-layer estuary, two independent modal Helmholtz equations are derived. These modal equations are solved using a fifth-degree finite element technique. The first and second space derivatives of the complex modal tidal elevations, and thus the modal currents and their first derivatives, are evaluated directly from the solution at each node of the finite element mesh.The Stokes drift, which is the major part of the residual tidal flow, is evaluated from these nodal values of the currents and their derivatives. Good agreement is obtained with the exact analytical solution for a wedge-shaped estuary with a wedge angle of π/3, using a mesh of 64 equilateral triangles with sides approximately 1/10 of the wavelength 2πC2/σ of a Kelvin wave solution for the short-wavelength mode.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030106
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical solution of viscous flows using integral equation methods (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 71-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Boundary Elements ; Hamel Flow ; Free Surface ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A formulation of the boundary element method for the solution of non-zero Reynolds number incompressible flows in which the non-linear terms are lumped together to form a forcing function is presented. Solutions can be obtained at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. The method was tested using the flow of a fluid in a two-dimensional converging channel (Hamel flow) for which an exact solution is available. An axisymmetric formulation is demonstrated by examining the drag experienced by a sphere held stationary in uniform flow. Performance of the method was satisfactory. New results for an axisymmetric free jet at zero Reynolds number obtained using the boundary element method are also included. The method is ideal for this type of free-surface problem.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030107
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two comments on: Consistent vs reduced integration penalty methods for incompressible media using several old and new elements1 (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030108
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formulation of a linear three-dimensional hydrodynamic sea model using a Galerkin-eigenfunction method (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 33-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vertical ; Eddy ; Viscosity ; Galerkin ; Method ; Hydrodynamic ; Model ; Eigenfunction ; Currents ; Roughness length ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The three dimensional linear hydrodynamic equations which describe wind induced flow in a sea are solved using the Galerkin method. A basis set of eigenfunctions is used in the calculation. These eigenfunctions are determined numerically using an expansion of B-splines.Using the Galerkin method the problem of wind induced flow in a rectangular basin is examined in detail. A no-slip bottom boundary condition with a vertically varying eddy viscosity distribution is employed in the calculation. With a low (of order 1 cm2/s) value of viscosity at the sea bed there is high current shear in this region. Viscosities of the order of 1 cm2/s) value of viscosity at the sea bed there is high current shear in this region. Viscosities of the order of 1 cm2/s near the sea bed together with high current shear in this region are physically realistic and have been observed in the sea.In order to accurately compute the eigenfunctions associated with large (of order 2000 cm2/s at the sea surface to 1 cm2/s at the sea bed) vertical variation of viscosity, an expansion of the order of thirty-five B-splines has to be used. The spline functions are distributed through the vertical so as to give the maximum resolution in the high shear region near the sea bed.Calculations show that in the case of a no-slip bottom boundary condition, with an associated region of high current shear near the sea bed, the Galerkin method with a basis set of the order of ten eigenfunctions (a Galerkin-eigenfunction method) yields an accurate solution of the hydrodynamic equations. However, solving the same problem using the Galerkin method with a basis set of B-splines, requires an expansion of the order of thirty-five spline functions in order to obtain the same accuracy.Comparisons of current profiles and time series of sea surface elevation computed using a model with a slip bottom boundary condition and a model with a no-slip boundary condition have been made. These comparisions show that consistent solutions are obtained from the two models when a physically relistic coefficient of bottom friction is used in the slip model, and a physically realistic bottom roughness length and thickness of the bottom boundary layer are employed in the no-slip model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030105
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 99-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030109
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030201
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030202
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal numerical method for simulating dynamic flow of gas in pipelines (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Gas Networks ; Computational Methods ; Simulation ; Optimization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite difference methods for solving the linear model describing unsteady state flow in pipelines are considered in the present paper. These methods are compared with each other in order to determine the best one, which meets the criteria of accuracy and relatively small computation time.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030204
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Numerical solutions for solute transport in unconfined aquifers (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 103-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Aquifers ; Convection ; Dispersion ; Finite Difference ; Finite Element ; Mass Transport ; Numerical Solutions ; Unconfined Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Two numerical methods for solving the problem of solute transport in unsteady flow in unconfined aquifers are studied. They are the method of characteristics (MOC) based on the finite difference method (FDM), and the finite element method (FEM). The FEM is further subdivided into four schemes: moving mesh, pseudo-Lagrangian (FEM1); stationary mesh, pseudo-Lagrangian (FEM2); pseudo saturated-unsaturated, Eulerian (FEM3); and non-stationary element, Eulerian (FEM4).Experiments on a one-dimensional flow case are performed to illustrate the schemes and to determine the effect of discretization on accuracy. In two-dimensional flow the above methods are compared with experimental results from a sand box model. Results indicate that for a similar degree of accuracy, the FEM requires less computational effort than the MOC. Among the four FEM schemes, FEM4 appears to be most attractive as it is the most efficient and most convenient to apply.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030203
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    A finite element method for high Reynolds number viscous fluid flow using two step explicit scheme (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 137-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Selective Lumping Scheme ; High Reynolds Number ; Vortex Shedding ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents the finite element method for the analysis of unsteady viscous flow of fluid at high Reynolds numbers. The method is based on the explicit numerical integration scheme in time and uses three node triangular finite elements. For the convenience of the formulation, slight compressibility is considered. For the explicit scheme, the selective lumping two step scheme has been successfully employed. Vortex shedding behind a cylinder has been computed and compared with the conventional experimental results. The results agree favourably when both schemes are compared.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030205
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some integration techniques for the analysis of viscoelastic flows (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Viscoelastic Flow ; Non-Newtonian Flow ; Memory Fluids ; Memory Integral Fluids ; Maxwell Fluids ; Generalized Maxwell Fluids ; Convective Integration ; Metal Rolling ; Residence Time ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030206
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030301
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030209
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    Numerical analysis of a moving boundary problem in coastal hydrodynamics (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 179-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Wave ; Run-up ; Hydrodynamics ; Moving-boundary ; Finite-element Model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element model to tackle the moving boundary problem of wave run-up on moderately steep slopes is developed. The special aspects considered in this study are (1) the modification of shallow water equations to accommodate the effect of vertical accelerations and (2) the use of Lagrangian acceleration coupled with an element that adapts itself to the moving boundary closely. The pressure term in the one-dimensional momentum equation is derived using the Eulerian equation in the vertical direction. This takes care of the vertical accelerations which are significant during the motion of a wave on moderately steep slopes. The element near the boundary is allowed to change its dimension so that the fluid boundary is closely followed. Such a flexible element precludes the need for approximation of the variables with regard to the indefinite position of the boundary. This element is split into two when its dimension becomes unduly large compared to the unchanging elements. The need for such a splitting is shown by an examination of the entries in the global matrix. Results of water profile as a wave runs up a structure are given. A brief history of the work on similar problems is outlined.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030207
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  • 26
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    Noise problems with ephemeral streams in aquifer models (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Aquifer Model ; Leakage ; Noise ; Averaging ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Previous papers12 have drawn attention to the sustained oscillations (‘noise’) in the solution by successive over-relaxation of the equations from the finite difference approximation of regional groundwater flow including ephemeral streams. This paper shows that the trouble can be avoided by introducing an averaging step in the algorithm; the trouble can also be avoided by ‘under-relaxation’ but this is far less efficient than averaging.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030208
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    Generating exact solutions of the two-dimensional Burgers' equations (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Burgers' Equations ; Exact Solution ; Fluid Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030302
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    Natural convection in a square cavity: A comparison exercise (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 227-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Comparison ; Natural Convection ; Numerical Methods ; Validation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A number of contributed solutions to the problem of laminar natural convection in a square cavity have been compared with what is regarded as a solution of high accuracy. The purposes of this exercise have been to confirm the accuracy of the bench mark solution and to provide a basis for the assessment of the various methods and computer codes used to obtain the contributed solutions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030304
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    The solution of a convection-diffusion-reaction equation arising from cathodic reduction in a pulsating crack (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Cathodic Reduction ; Convection-Diffusion-Reaction ; Characteristics ; Finite Differences ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper derives the convection-diffusion-reaction equation governing the reaction between the dissolved oxygen in sea-water and the steel walls of a pulsating crack. By the neglect of the diffusion term it is shown that an exact solution of the convection-reaction equation can be obtained. A numerical method for the solution of the complete convection-diffusion-reaction equation is derived by the use of finite differences. The numerical computation of the initial transient and the final periodic steady-state values is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030303
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    Natural convection of air in a square cavity: A bench mark numerical solution (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural Convection ; Numerical Methods ; Bench Mark Solution ; Square Cavity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Details are given of the computational method used to obtain an accurate solution of the equations describing two-dimensional natural convection in a square cavity with differentially heated side walls. Second-order, central difference approximations were used. Mesh refnement and extrapolation led to solutions for 103≤Ra≤10 6 which are believed to be accurate to better than 1 per cent at the highest Rayleigh number and down to one-tenth of that at the lowest value.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030305
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    OPtimum design for potential flows (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 265-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Optimization ; Finite Elements ; Partial Differential Equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Described in this paper is a methodology for solving a particular class of optimum design problems in Fluid Mechanics, namely optimum design problems for aerofoils when the corresponding fluid flow is potential. The methods described in this paper operate directly in the physical space, and take advantage of the variational formulation of the partial differential equation modelling the flow. The techniques of optimal control, optimization and the finite element method are used. Numerical examples are also given.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030306
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    Angled jet flow model for a diesel engine intake process - random vortex method (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 283-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Random Vortex Method Model ; Multiple Jet Flow ; Two-Stroke Uniflow Diesel ; Intake Process ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A numerical model is developed to study the interactions of multiple angled jet flows in the inlet port plane of the Detroit Diesel 6V-92 two-stroke engine cylinder. The random vortex method is used in two dimensions.Results show axisymmetric swirl initially. As flow develops, the centre of the swirl moves to the mid-radius region and begins to precess about the cylinder centre. The flow becomes progressively more chaotic as time progresses.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030307
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    A comparative study of central and upwind difference schemes using the primitive variables (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Primitive Variables ; Navier-Stokes ; Central Difference ; Upwind Difference ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The use of the velocity-pressure formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for the numerical solution of fluid flow problems is favoured for free-surface problems, more involved flow configurations, and three-dimensional flows. Many engineering problems involve such features in addition to strong inertial effects. The computational instabilities arising from central-difference schemes for the convective terms of the governing equations impose serious limitations on the range of Reynolds numbers that can be investigated by the numerical method. Solutions for higher Reynolds numbers Re 〉 1000 could be reached using upwind-difference schemes. A comparative study of both schemes using a method based on the primitive variables is presented. The comparison is made for the model problem of the driven flow in a square cavity. Using a central scheme stable solutions of the pressure and velocity fields were obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 5000. The streamfunction and vorticity fields were calculated from the resulting velocity field and compared with previous solutions. It is concluded that total upwind differencing results in a considerable change in the flow pattern due to the false diffusion. For practical calculations, by a proper choice of a small amount of partial upwind differencing the vorticity diffusion near the walls and the global features of the solutions are not sigificantly altered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030308
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    Letter to the Editor (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 314-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030310
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    Announcements (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 315-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030311
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    A brief note on upwind collocation (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Collocation ; Finite Element Method ; Upwind Schemes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Upwind collocation on Hermite cubics is compared to orthogonal collocation with respect to effective diffusion. The one-dimensional constant coefficient advection-diffusion equation is employed to this end. The effective diffusion coefficient is determined exactly and is found to be dependent on the nodal solution values. The effective diffusion coefficients of three other upwinding schemes are also presented. Upwind collocation is found to have an effective diffusion coefficient like other upwinding schemes plus an extra term which may enhance or reduce the non-advective flux, depending on the problem solution and point location within the domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030309
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    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030401
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    Errata (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030402
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    A survey of some second-order difference schemes for the steady-state convection-diffusion equation (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 319-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Convection Diffusion Equation ; Linearized Burger's Equation ; Finite Difference Schemes ; Accuracy Convection Dominated Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a survey of several finite difference schemes for the steady-state convection-diffusion equation in one and two dimensions. Most difference schemes have O(h2) truncation error. The behaviour of these schemes on a one-dimensional model problem is analysed in detail, especially for the case when convection dominates diffusion. It is concluded that none of these schemes is universally second order. One recently proposed scheme is found to yield highly inaccurate solutions for the case of practical interest, i.e. when convection dominates diffusion. Extensions to two and threedimensions are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030403
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    Numerical simulation of liquefied fuel spills: I. Instantaneous release into a confined area (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 333-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Liquid Column Collapse ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The shallow-water equations in radial symmetry are solved numerically to simulate the collapse of a cylindrical liquid column into an area surrounded by a concentric dike. The following three subcases of this problem are considered: a liquid column collapsing onto a layer of the same liquid, a liquid column collapsing onto a solid surface, and a column of lighter liquid collapsing onto a heavier liquid (i.e. liquefied natural gas (LNG) spilled onto water). The results for the three categories are compared and the differences and similarities between them are analysed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030404
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    Turbulent heat transfer via the F.E.M.: Heat transfer in rod bundles (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 363-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Heat transfer associated with forced convection between bundles of cylindrical fuel rods is analysed using the finite element method. A subchannel technique is employed and the numerical results are compared with previous experimental and numerical values. The solid and fluid zones are analysed, for temperature distribution, as a single domain.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030406
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    Numerical simulation of liquefied fuel spills: II. Instantaneous and continuous LNG spills on an unconfined water surface (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 347-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; LNG Pool Spreading ; Continuous and Instantaneous Spills ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple numerical model based on the shallow water equations in radial symmetry is used to simulate both instantaneous and continuous spills of liquefied natural gas (LNG) onto a water surface. Using the computed results, a study is made of the similarities and differences in the pool structure resulting from the two types of spills. For instantaneous spills a relation linear on a logarithmic plot is suggested between the maximum pool size and the spill volume. The effects of shear forces and surface cohesivity on the evolution of the spill are also examined.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030405
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    Announcements (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 425-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030409
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    Masthead (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030501
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    An ‘assumed deviatoric stress-pressure-velocity’ mixed finite element method for unsteady, convective, incompressible viscous flow: Part I: Theoretical developmentBased in part on a Ph.D. dissertation to be submitted by C-T. Yang to Georgia Tech. (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 377-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Mixed Method ; Assumed Deviatoric Stress ; Galerkin Formulation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A formulation of a mixed finite element method for the analysis of unsteady, convective, incompressible viscous flow is presented in which: (i) the deviatoric-stress, pressure, and velocity are discretized in each element, (ii) the deviatoric stress and pressure are subject to the constraint of the homogeneous momentum balance condition in each element, a priori, (iii) the convective acceleration is treated by the conventional Galerkin approach, (iv) the finite element system of equations involves only the constant term of the pressure field (which can otherwise be an arbitrary polynomial) in each element, in addition to the nodal velocities, and (v) all integrations are performed by the necessary order quadrature rules. A fundamental analysis of the stability of the numerical scheme is presented. The method is easily applicable to 3-dimensional problems. However, solutions to several problems of 2-dimensional Navier-Stokes' flow, and their comparisons with available solutions in terms of accuracy and efficiency, are discussed in detail in Part II of this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030407
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    Free surface wave motions and interactions (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 399-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Free Surface ; Waves ; Wave ; Motions ; Fluid-Structure ; Interactions ; Finite ; Difference ; Methods ; Lagrangian Formulation ; Triangular Grids ; Numerical Methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper investigates the problems involved in the numerical simulation of free surface wave motions and surface wave effects on marine structures. Various approaches that might be taken in meeting these problems are discussed, and their relative advantages and disadvantages are considered. One particular approach combines a Lagrangian formulation of the governing equations, a triangular grid and a finite-difference solution procedure. Since this approach has some distinct advantages in the numerical calculation of fluid flows which include a free surface, it formed the basis for the development of one particular computer code, SPLISH. Sufficient progress has been made with the SPLISH code to demonstrate the attractiveness of numerical calculations for wave flow problems. Recent computational results demonstrate that realistic time-varying local flow fields, pressures and forces on and near structures such as a half-cyclinder on the ocean floor can be determined from numerical calculations for certain conditions. Good agreement is found in comparison of the numerical results from SPLISH, recent linear wave Green's function and fifth-order asymptotic solutions for wave motion over a bottom seated half-cylinder, and an experimental simulation in a wave channel.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030408
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    Wave envelope and infinite elements for acoustical radiationThis invited paper is an extended, and refereed version of one presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Finite Elements in Flow Problems held in Tokyo, Japan, January 26-29, 1982. (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 507-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Elements ; Infinite Elements ; Acoustics ; Wave Propagation ; Radiation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Finite element models are presented for the calculation of near and far field acoustical radiation. These models are applied to the specific problem of fan noise radiation from axisymmetric turbofan inlets. In all cases conventional acoustic finite elements are used within an inner region close to the inlet. The far field is represented by infinite elements or wave envelope elements. Theory and results are presented for the case with zero mean flow. Comparisons of computed data with analytic solutions and measured values establish the utility of both the infinite element and wave envelope element schemes in determining the near field values of acoustical pressure. The wave envelope scheme is shown to be effective also in the far field. Both schemes use meshes an order of magnitude more sparse that would be required in conventional numerical discretizations, and may consequently be applied at modest computational cost.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030506
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    A multi-vortex model of leading-edge vortex flows (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 543-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Low-aspect Ratio Wings ; Leading-edge Separation ; Vortex Shedding ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A multi-vortex model of the vortex sheets shed from the sharp leading edges of slender wings is considered. The method, which is developed within the framework of slender-body theory, is designed to deal with those situations in which more than one centre of rotation is formed on the wing, for example on a slender wing with lengthwise camber or with a strake. Numerical results are presented, firstly for situations where comparison can be made with a vortex sheet model and secondly for cases, such as those described above, where a vortex sheet model is unable to describe the flow. Where comparison is available, agreement is good and in the cases where more than one vortex system is present interesting interactions are obtained.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030603
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    The mechanisms of latex particle formation and growth in the emulsion polymerization of styrene using the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 269-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method is presented that provides experimental information which is qualitatively and quantitatively sensitive to assumptions made as to the mechanisms of free radical entry and of latex particle formation in emulsion polymerization systems. The method consists of (1) obtaining (by electron microscopy) the full particle-size distributions (PSDs) at several different times soon after the cessation of latex particle nucleation, (2) using these PSDs to determine the volume dependences of the various rate coefficients governing particle growth by fitting the data to the appropriate evolution equations, and (3) employing these empirical rate coefficients to find that time dependence of the nucleation rate which fits the early-time PSD (again using the evolution equations). This method is quite sensitive to mechanistic assumptions: for example, one is able to determine whether or not the nucleation rate is an increasing or decreasing function of time. The technique is applied to a styrene nucleation system employing sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant at well above the critical micelle conventration. The data cannot be fitted even qualitatively by a simple one-step nucleation mechanis, whether it involes micellar entry or homogeneous nucleation. It is found, on the other hand, that the results can be accurately fitted by assuming that coagulation events between primary colloidal particles, perhaps formed by homogeneous nucleation, dominate both the nucleation process and the entry of free radicals into mature latex particles. In addition, the data indicate that the rate of free radical entry into the latex particles decreases with increasing particle size, at least for particles of unswollen radius less than ca. 40 nm.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210126
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
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    Synthesis and polymerization of 8,9-benzo-2-methylene-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4,4]nonane (BMTN) (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 353-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 8,9-Benzo-2-methylene-1,4,6-trioxaspiro[4,4]nonane (BMTN) was prepared by the reaction of phthalide with epichlorohydrin, followed by dehydrochlorination. BMTN was polymerized with di-t-butyl peroxide (DTBP) to give a solyble polymer with a high molecular weight and good thermal stability. The infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra indicated that the polymer structure contained aromatic ester and ketone in the backbone. Tg and Tm of homopolymer of BMTN were, respectively, 98 and 282°C. BMTN was also readily copolymerized with such vinyl monomers as methyl methacrylate (MMA), acrylonitrile (AN), and maleic anhydride (MA), but not with styrene, in the presence of radical initiators. AN and MA, in particular, were spontaneously copolymerized with BMTN in the absence of radical initiators at 40°C. From the results of ultra violet (UV) spectra it is suggested that spontaneous copolymerization proceeds via a charge-transfer complex between BMTN as an electron donor and AN or MA as an acceptor.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210205
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    Carbon-13 NMR of 1,2-polybutadienes: Configurational sequencingPresented at Division of Spectroscopy of the IUPAC 28th International Symposium on Macromolecules, Amherst, MA, July 12-17, 1982. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 365-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon-13 Fourier-transform spectra (67.88 MHz) of 1,2-polybutadienes (PBDs) (I-IV) were obtained. The triad and pentad intensities were calculated for the olefinic methylene carbon (C-1). Bernoullian and first-order Markov-chain propagation statistics were tested to fit the experimental data. The pentad placements for the olefinic methine carbon (C-2) were also assigned using the data calculated for the C-1 carbon. Fine-structure splitting due to placements higher than pentads was observed for both C-1 and C-2 carbons in PBD samples III and IV.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210206
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    The examination of bromine-containing fire retardants in unsaturated polyester resins by means of pyrolysis residue analysis (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method has been developed for following the bromine and weight losses of fire retarded UPE as a function of temperature. The results obtained by this method indicate that those bromine-containing fire retardants which exhibit a linear LOI-bromine concentration relation, the bromine concentration in the pyrolytically produced fuel remains more or less constant, while for those materials which deviate positively from the linear relation (that is they are more efficient), the bromine concentration in the fuel tends to peak at certain temperatures. When this effect is combined with variation in composition of the pyrolytic fuel, a situation can arise where a high bromine concentration coincides with a fuel particularly sensitive to flame quenching by bromine. Such a combined effect may be the reason why some brominated fire retardants are far more effective than others.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210207
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  • 53
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    Isomerization of polyamide prepared from bicyclic oxalactam (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 397-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Anionic solution polymerization of bicyclic oxalactam, 8-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-7-one (abbreviated as BOL), at 25°C yields the polyamide with both carbonyl and imino groups at the axial positions in the tetrahydropyran ring. On the other hand, the polyamide obtained by bulk anionic polymerization of BOL at 100°C has more complicated structures, probably due to the isomerizations and side reactions. The most frequent isomerization of the polyamide was the transfer of the carbonyl group adjacent to the tetrahydropyran ring from the equatorial to the axial position in the presence of base or acid catalyst at 25°C. Mechanisms are discussed from the viewpoint of the characteristic bonds in the polyBOL chain.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210209
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  • 54
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    Azo initiators for the preparation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienesNCL Communication No. 2993. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Azo compounds such as di(4-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, di(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, di(2-hydroxypropyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, and di(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate were prepared and used as initiators for the preparation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes (HTPBs) of molecular weight (M̄n) ranging from 2000 to 7500 and functionality between 1.90 and 3.0. The polymers were prepared by free-radical solution polymerization in dioxane and toluene. The polymers obtained were characterized for their molecular weight, hydroxyl number, functionality, and instrinsic viscosity.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210208
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by a manganese(III) acetate glycerol redox system (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 407-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of polymerization of acrylonitrile(AN) initiated by manganese(III) acetate in the presence of glycerol was investigated in the temperature range of 30-40°C. The effect of varying the concentrations of glycerol, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, metal ion, and monomer on the rate was studied. A suitable reaction scheme and rate expression have been proposed. Termination was mutual and was caused by the combination of two growing polymer radicals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210210
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    Quantitative DSC evaluation of phase segregation rate in linear segmented polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Linearly segmented polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas are known to be phase separated; one phase is the soft phase, the other, the hard domain. Quantitative evaluation of the degree of phase separation was obtained by DSC. An estimation of the dispersed soft segments outside the soft phase can be made by ΔCp measurements and the increase in glass transition (Tg) can be attributed to the presence of hard blocks in the soft phase. The segregation rate depends on the nature of the soft segments which decrease from hydrogenated polybutadiene to polybutadiene to polyether. It also depends on the nature of the chain extender from aliphatic to aromatic diol and from aliphatic to aromatic diamine. The presence of soft segments in hard domains can be related to the thermoplastic behavior of the polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210211
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  • 57
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    Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by an enolizable ketone-carbon black system (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by an enolizable ketone (R1—CO—CH2—CO—R2)-carbon black system was investigated. Although enolizable ketone itself could not do so, the polymerization of MMA was initiated by enolizable ketone in the presence of carbon black. In addition, a chloranil-enolizable ketone system was able to initiate the polymerization of MMA. It was found that the enol form of the ketone and quinonic oxygen groups on the carbon black surface played an important role in the initiation system; namely, it was considered that the polymerization was begun by the ketone radical (R1—CO—CH—CO—R2) formed by a one-electron transfer reaction from enolate ion to quinonic oxygen groups. The effect of solvent on the process was also studied. The rate of the polymerization increased, depending on the solvent used, in the following order: benzene 〈 1,4-dioxane 〈 dimethyl sulfoxide 〈 N,N-dimethylformamide 〈 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, it became apparent that during the polymerization poly(methyl methacrylate) was grafted onto the carbon black surface (grafting ratio was ca. 40% when benzene was used as solvent) and the carbon black obtained gave a stable colloidal dispersion in organic solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210212
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    Electronic Resource
    Binding of methyl orange and its homologs by polyion complexes consisting of a piperidinium cationic polymer and various polyanions in aqueous solution (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study was made of the formation of polyion complexes between a piperidinium cationic polymer and polyanions and of the binding of azo-dye anions (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl orange) by these complexes. Sodium poly(acrylate), poly(styrenesulfonate), dextran sulfate, and carboxy-methylcellulose were used as polyanions. The resultant polyion complexes (insoluble in aqueous solutions) were compared for their ability to bind the small organic molecules in aqueous solutions, for example, of urea and an inorganic electrolyte (KCI), and exhibited a strong binding affinity toward these small anions. Polyion complexes that consisted of sodium poly(acrylate), dextran sulfate, and carboxymethylcellulose as polyanions cooperated in the binding, whereas the polyion complex of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) did not. It was suggested that small organic anions interact with the polyion complexes primarily through electrostatic and hydrophobic forces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210214
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    Oligomers from biphenyl, biphenyl-d10, or p-terphenyl with aluminium chloride-cupric chloride: Mechanism, ESR, and conductivity (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 457-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Biphenyl and biphenyl-d10 were coupled by aluminum chloride-cupric chloride. For the two systems, the yields of p-quaterphenyl, p-sexiphenyl, and sublimation residue were compared. The results, which have mechanistic significance, are similar to those reported earlier for benzene versus benzene-d6; that is, a decrease in DP for the deuterated substrate. p-Sexiphenyl, obtained from biphenyl or p-terphenyl and aluminum chloride-cupric chloride, displayed a concentration of 3 × 1017 spins/g in ESR. There was little or no change in spin density after sublimation or crystallization. Even after drastic purification by a variety of techniques the radical character persisted. Biphenyl was polymerized by aluminum chloride-cupric chloride at temperatures in the 50-155°C range. Processable polymers with m- and p-phenylene linkages were produced. When doped with AsF5, the highest conductivity obtained was 7.3 × 10-2 Ω-1 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210215
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  • 60
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    Characterization of phenol-terminated polystyrenes by means of 13C-NMR spectroscopy (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 435-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the presence of many alkylphenols, cationic polymerization of styrene by aluminium chloride leads to low-molecular-weight polystyrenes that contain end groups derived from the phenols. The fraction of phenolic end groups in the polymer is estimated by ultraviolet (UV) measurements to be 40-70% dependent on phenol and the reaction conditions. Phenol is incorporated into the polymer over the whole range of molecular weights (up to 7000). At high phenol concentrations, a significant proportion of the product consists of 1:1 and 1:2 phenol-styrene adducts. The position of attack of the growing carbenium ion on the phenol can be determined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. With 2,6-dialkylphenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, the high field aromatic resonance near 119.7 ppm is shifted downfield by about 16 ppm when the phenol is incorporated into the polystyrene as an end group. This is interpreted as an exclusive attack of the growing carbenium ion on the 4-position of the phenol. With 2,4-dialkylphenols, such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, a corresponding downfield shift shows that reaction occurs only at the 6-position. The preferred site of attack for phenols such as 2-alkylphenols which lack both ortho- and parasubstituents, is the 4-position. With such phenols attack at the 6-position is not excluded. Low-molecular-weight adducts contain 1-methylbenzyl end groups and 13C-spectra are consistent with their presence in the higher-molecular-weight polystyrenes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210213
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    Spectroscopic studies of poly(vinylamine) containing optically active thymine derivatives as grafted pendants (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical properties of poly(vinylamine) containing optically active (+)- or (-)-2-(thymin-1-yl) propionyl groups as grafted pendants (PT) and the related monomer (MT) and dimer models (DT) were investigated by UV, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR spectroscopy. Highly syndiotactic PT has a smaller hypochromicity versus MT and a larger optical rotation than the less syndiotactic PT in various solutions. These results are attributed to an interaction between the configurational arrangement of thymines, the conformation of the polymers, and base stacking between thymines. The interactions of these polymers with poly(adenylic acid) (polyA) were also studied and the results compared with other vinyl-type nucleic acid model polymers. The isomers of the optically active dimer models [prepared from meso and (dl)-2,4-diaminopentane] were separated. The CD spectra of (+)-D(-)T in CHCl3 and trifluoroethanol (TFE) displayed extremely solvent-dependent exciton coupling of the π-π* (B2u) transition of the base chromophore, which was not observed in the other models or polymers, except the meso-type dimer model (meso)-D-(-)T. This coupling decreased with increasing solvent dielectric constant, while UV hypochromicity increased. This behavior as well as the 360-MHz NMR spectra suggest that (+)-D(-)T exists in an extended form in solvents of low dielectric constant and gradually assumes a stacked conformation as the dielectric constant increases.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210221
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    The synthesis and characterization of nadimidized aromatic bisaspartimides and their polymerization to high-temperature-resistant laminating resinsPresented at the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 183rd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 29-April 2, 1982. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 565-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4,4′-Bis(N2)-{4-[4-(2,3-bicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-dicarboximido)phenoxy]-phenyl(-aspartimido)-di-phenyl ether (2NAD/1020) and various similar polymer percursors were synthesized from bismaleimides by the Michael addition of two moles of aromatic diamine followed by end capping of the resultant amino-terminated bisaspartimide groups with nadic anhydride. These precursors were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), proton, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (1H- and 13C-NMR). Thermal polymerization of 2NAD/1020 by heating it above its melting point gave a reddish brown thermoset polymer. The curing behavior and thermal stability of these nadimides were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis studies. Graphite fiber laminates were prepared from these polymer precursors and their mechanical properties evaluated. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectra of the precursors and thermosets have given an understanding of their decomposition behavior. The structures of the thermosets were examined by FT-IR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210223
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    Ceric-ion-initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile in the presence of sucrose (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 599-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210226
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    Fluorescence of auramine O and its binding to poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6) and to polyvinylbenzoglyme in water (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 579-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Binding of the cationic dye auramine O (AuO) to the polysoap-type polymers poly(vinylbenzo-18-crown-6) (P18C6) and polyvinylbenzoglyme (PVBG) in water were studied by fluorimetry and dialysis. The quantum yield of P18C6-bound AuO was found to be 0.028, the value being 0.018 for AuO bound to PVBG. The intrinsic binding constants were found to be 2.2 × 104M-1 (P18C6) and 1.2 × 104M-1 (PVBG), the respective first binding constants being 317 and 63M-1. Addition of crown-ether-complexable cations such as K+, Tl+, or Cs+ converts the neutral poly(crown ether) into a polycation, causing repulsion of the cationic dye and a strong decrease in the AuO fluorescence. AuO fluorescence was also studied in the absence of polymer in ether solvents, giving θ values of 0.011 and 0.018 in THF and dioxane. Traces of water rapidly form a nonfluorescent species. Solutions of AuO in water without polymer present exhibit very strong fluorescence on addition of BPh4 anions owing to formation of AuO+, BPh4- ion pairs and higher aggregates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210224
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    A new solid-phase polymerization - metal phthalocyanine sheet polymers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 589-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal reactions of pure metal(11) 4,4′,4″,4′″-phthalocyanine-tetracarboxylic acids of copper, cobalt, and nickel at 350-400°C in vacuum have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Based on these observations, novel in situ reactions for the synthesis of heat-resistant phthalocyanine “sheet” polymers are described. The poly(metal phthalocyanine) polymers of copper, cobalt, and nickel so synthesized have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. The most noteworthy property of these polymers is their extreme resistance to heat in an anaerobic atmosphere and their high char yields (89-93%) at 800°C in a nitrogen atmosphere.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210225
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    Preparation of 1,4-dihydronicotinamide polymers with spacers between the polymeric matrix and catalytic center and their use in the reduction of ethyl benzoylformate (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 603-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210227
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    Polymerization of allyl esters of unsaturated acids. X. cyclopolymerization of methallyl methacrylate (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 609-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210228
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    Aromatic poly-Schiff's bases (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 615-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210229
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    The inhibitory effect of carboxylic acids on the catalyzed reaction between dimethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 623-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210230
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    The solubility of cellulose in liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solution: The effect of composition and temperature on dissolution and solution properties (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 651-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dissolution process and some solution properties of cellulose in mixtures of liquid ammonia (NH3) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) are discussed. The mole fraction ratio of NH3, NH4SCN, and H2O which dissolve cellulose were determined. The effect of temperature on several solution properties was also examined. The temperature coefficient d In [n]/dT for the limiting viscosity number [n] has a value of -1.58 × 10-2 °C-1. This is considered to be rather large but is, in fact, a common occurrence for almost all cellulose derivatives in solution. The values for the Huggins constant K′ showed no systematic trends with temperature. They did, however, suggest the presence of considerable association of the cellulose in solution. Miscibility results of adding the cellulose solutions to organic liquids are also reported.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210302
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    Synthesis of polyamides from active 4,4′-diacylbis-2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-5-thiones and -ones and diamines under mild conditions (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 637-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New active bisamides, 4,4′ -diacylbis-2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-5-thiones and -ones having various electron accepting groups in the oxadiazoline units were synthesized, and their reactivities toward diamines were investigated. The polycondensation reactions of the bisamides derived from 2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-5-thiones with both aliphatic and aromatic diamines occurred rapidly even at room temperature to form high-molecular-weight polyamides in quantitative yields. The reactivities of the bisamides having electron accepting groups such as p-chloro and p-nitro groups, particularly p-nitro groups, toward diamines were much higher than that of the corresponding bisamide having no such group. It was also found that reaction conditions such as solvent, monomer concentration, and temperature had a strong influence on the molecular weight of the resulting polyamides. Aminolysis of several benzoyl derivatives of 2-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoline-5-thiones and -ones was also carried out as a model reaction, and the effect of electron accepting groups on the reactivity of these compounds was discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210301
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  • 72
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    Synthesis and characterization of linear high molecular weight poly(amino-s-triazine)s (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 671-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A two-phase polycondensation reaction was used to prepare high molecular weight linear poly-(amino-s-triazine)s from aminodichloro-s-triazines and diamines. These polymers contain a high concentration of melamine-type units in the polymer backbone. Molded specimens exhibited good mechanical properties and resistance to organic solvents. Dimethyl substitution at the exocyclic amino group led to a significant reduction in indentation resistance, strength, and modulus.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210303
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  • 73
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    Mechanism of flame retardant action of red phosphorus in polyacrylonitrile (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 679-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of flame retardant (FR) action of red phosphorus in polyacrylonitrile combustion was investigated by thermogravimetry, flash-pyrolysis GC-MS, and combustion methods. Red phosphorus was found to increase the thermal stability in air of polyacrylonitrile and to induce a char residue increment on this substrate. Both these effects disappeared when pyrolysis was carried out under nitrogen flow. Flash-pyrolysis GC-MS experiments showed that red phosphorus does not alter the pyrolysis product distribution of polyacrylonitrile, which implies that there is no specific interaction between polyacrylonitrile and red phosphorus. These data also showed that polymeric red phosphorus decomposes to volatile white phosphorus (P4) during pyrolysis. These observations allow us to propose a simple model for the mechanism of FR action of red phosphorus on polyacry-lonitrile at the molecular level. Combustion data for polyacrylonitrile-red phosphorus mixtures are in agreement with the proposed mechanism of FR action.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210304
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  • 74
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    Phenylated polyimides via bifunctional monomers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 883-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of two phenylated bifunctional monomers, dimethyl 4-(4-(p-aminophenoxy)phenyl)-3,5,6-triphenylphthalate and dimethyl 4-(4-(4-(p-aminophenoxy)phenoxy)phenyl)-3,5,6-triphenylphthlate, was accomplished. Polymerization in solution or by a bulk polymerization procedure yielded a series of low molecular weight phenylated polyimides. The polymers were soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and exhibited thermal stabilities comparable to other polyimide systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210322
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    Esters of alternating copolymers of maleic or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride with alkyl vinyl ethersThis paper is dedicated to Professor Junji Furukawa on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, with warmest personal wishes. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 891-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Maleic anhydride or 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride was copolymerized with a number of alkyl vinyl ethers, with AIBN as the initiator. The comonomers were always alternating and were obtained in yields ranging from 15 to 99%. The acid anhydride group in both series of copolymers was converted to the corresponding methyl esters in a two-step reaction. The structure of these polymers was established by elemental analysis and by infrared, 1H-and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Addtional characterization of these copolymers were carried out by viscosity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry for the determination of glass transition temperatures, and thermal degradation for the determination of the thermal stability of the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210323
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  • 76
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    Further study of polyamide synthesis by direct polycondensation reaction with triphenyl phosphite and metal salts (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 913-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210324
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  • 77
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    Use of NMR triad data for the determination of reactivity ratios (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210325
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  • 78
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    Anionic polymerization of lactones initiated by alkali graphitides. II. Changes in the KC24 structure during polymerization of lactones (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 937-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structural changes in the potassium graphitide KC24 in its interaction with ∊-caprolactone, γ-butyrolactone and pivalolactone are examined by profilometric measurement and electron scanning microscopy. The interaction of KC24 with a nonpolymerizable lactone-γ-butyrolactone proceeds without delamination of the graphitide. The polymerization of ∊-caprolactone and pivalactone in the interlayer spaces of KC24 leads to destruction of the initiators structure. An increase in the temperature and monomer concentration enhances the delamination of the graphitide.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210402
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  • 79
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    Anionic polymerization of lactones initiated by alkali graphitides. I. Polymerization of ∊-caprolactone initiated by KC24 (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 923-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of the reaction conditions (time, temperature, concentrations of the monomer, and the initiator) on the amount and composition of the oligomers and high molecular products formed during the heterogeneous anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactone was investigated. The polymerization was initiated by KC24 in xylene or tetrahydrofuran. Conditions were found under which intra- and intermolecular transesterification was strongly suppressed, thus providing the opportunity for the formation of polyesters with viscometric molecular masses of more than 300,000 and good yields (80% and higher). The total quantity of products with a viscometric molecular mass below 2500 did not exceed 15%; that of the cyclic dimer was not in excess of 5%. Peculiar features of the KC24 initiated polymerization are the insignificant rise in the number of oligomers and the formation of high polymers even in strongly diluted solutions of ∊-caprolactone (0.2 mol/L and lower). The quantity and molecular mass of the polymers obtained decreased as the temperature increased. It was also established that the polymerization of the cyclic dimer of ∊-caprolactone is not initiated by KC24.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210401
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  • 80
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    Electrochemical electron-transfer process of polymers containing N-methylphenothiazine (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 953-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For a fundamental study of the electrochemical behavior of electroactive polymers a series of poly(3-vinyl-10-methylphenothiazine) (polyMPT), copolymers of 3-vinyl-10-methylphenothiazine and methyl methacrylate (MMA) (copolyMPT), and 3-ethyl-10-methylphenothiazine (EMPT) (a related monomer model) were prepared. The methylphenothiazine groups in these compounds showed reversible, one-electron oxidation waves in the triangular-were voltammograms. From a detailed comparison of the voltammograms between these polymers and EMPT it was revealed that the electroactive groups in poly MPT were not the “noninteracting” centers in the strict sense, whereas those in copolyMPT, in which the centers are spaced with the MMA segments, were typically noninteracting in nature; that is, in polyMPT the oxidation takes place at the potential 40 m V lower than that of EMPT and copolyMPT exhibited a wave identical to that of EMPT in shape and potential. The exhaustive electron transfer occurred from polyMPT to the electrode. On the other hand, a significant number of centers remained unoxidized in copolyMPT. The self-exchange electron transfer within the polymer coil facilitates the exhaustive oxidation. For this event the proximity of the centers was an essential factor.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210404
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  • 81
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    Long-lived polymer radicals. IV.For Part III see ref. 4. Reactions of poly(N-methylacrylamide) and poly(N-methylmethacrylamide) radicals with binary mixtures of vinyl monomers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 943-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-methylacrylamide (NMAAm) and N-methylmethacrylamide (NMMAm) were polymerized to give polymer microspheres containing living propagating radicals. The microsphere polymer radicals were allowed to react with some binary mixtures of vinyl monomers including alternating copolymerization combinations. The reaction processes were investigated by ESR spectroscopy. In the poly(NMMAm) radical/methyl methacrylate (MMA)/styrene (St) system, the propagating radical from MMA was mainly observed at the higher MMA concentration, while polySt radical prevailed at the lower MMA concentration. In the poly(NMMAm) radical/α-methylstyrene (α-MeSt)/diethyl fumarate system, the α-MeSt radical was exclusively observed, while the maleic anhydride (MAn) radical was predominantly observed in the α-MeSt/MAn system. In the MAn/diphenylethylene system, the propagating radicals from both monomers were observed at comparable concentrations. The poly(NMAAm) microsphere radical behaved differently in the reaction with the MMA/St mixture. The poly(NMAAm) microsphere was found to incorporate preferentially St, leading to formation of the St radical. The St preference was enhanced in the St/cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA) system. These results were in agreement with those of block copolymerization via the reaction of poly(NMAAm) radical with the MMA/St or CHMA/St mixture, where the compositions of the resulting polymers were analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210403
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  • 82
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    Preparation of polymer colloids by chemical reactions in aerosols. I. Poly(p-tertiarybutylstyrene)Supported by NSF Grant CHE-80 13684 and the Monsanto Company. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 961-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure was developed by which polymer colloids can be prepared by polymerizing aerosol droplets of monomers with an initiator in the vapor state. This work describes the formation of poly(p-tertiarybutylstyrene) particles by exposing the corresponding monomer droplets to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. It was found that the monomer-to-initiator mass ratio is the critical factor in determining the uniformity and morphology of the particles. Under ideal conditions spheres of narrow size distribution are obtained. Otherwise porous particles or soft particles with whiskers may develop. The aerosol was prepared in a falling film generator, but other procedures for producing monomer droplets may be used.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210405
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  • 83
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    Photoconductivity and hole transport in polymers of aromatic amine-containing methacrylates (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 969-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substantial hole transport can be achieved in organic polymers simply by incorporating aromatic amine groups into the monomer. Hole mobilities similar to or greater than those in poly(N-vinyl-carbazole) (PVK) were measured in a series of high molecular weight arylamine-substituted polymethacrylates. The hole transport in these polymers is electric-field-dependent as in PVK, varying between E and E2 within a range of 4 × 104 - ∼9 × 105 V/cm. The polymers also exhibit carrier generation in ultraviolet (UV) light in the range of absorption. Synthesis of the monomers, their polymerization, and the general properties of these polymers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210406
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  • 84
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    Stereochemistry of photoinitiated emulsion polymerization (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1085-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples made by emulsion polymerization (EP) has been determined by NMR spectroscopy at higher resolution than any previous study. When photoinitiation is employed at room temperature, the polymer obtained is highly syndiotactic and more stereoregular than that obtained in homogeneous radical polymerization under the same conditions. The percentage of racemic dyads and the length of racemic sequences vary significantly with the degree of conversion and the temperature, but not with variation of the hydrophobic or the hydrophilic part of the detergent molecules. A magnetic field of 5 kG or less accelerates the polymerization reaction and increases the polymer molecular weight when dibenzyl ketone is employed as oil-soluble photoinitiator, and has an indirect influence on the polymer tacticity. From measurements of the temperature dependence of the polymer steric composition, the difference of activation enthalphy and entropy of the meso and racemic additions have been calculated. The values do not follow the correlations from precedent literature for radical polymerization in solution if the reaction is considered a first-order Markov process. The persistence ratio p depends on the detergent and the temperature of the EP; in some cases its difference from unity exceeds the experimental error. These results are interpreted as a conformational effect of the locus of the polymerization in the first stage of the EP (when micelles are present) that favors the racemic addition more than is expected in a homologous solvent such as an alkane, e.g., at the same temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210416
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  • 85
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    Melt spinning of syndiotactic 1, 2-polybutadiene for preparation of carbon fibers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1111-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal crosslinking and loss of vinyl unsaturation of syndiotactic 1, 2-polybutadiene(s-PB) at 180-230°C were prevented by stabilizers with 3, 5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyloxy group. The s-PB samples (mp 140-198°C and MW 20,000-70,000) that contained the stabilizers could be melt-spun at a temperature below 220°C into 1-denier fibers to be used for the preparation of carbon fibers. The s-PB fibers with higher mp and/or higher MW could be obtained by the addition of a high boiling solvent such as tetralin. The relationship between the molecular structures of s-PB and the properties of resulting s-PB fibers, including the degree of molecular orientation measured by birefringence and x-ray diffraction, is presented. Spun fibers showed small swellings here and there along the fiber axis, which would have resulted from the inhomogeneity of the melt of s-PB spun at a temperature slightly above the melting point. The gelation was unlikely to occur.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210418
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  • 86
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    A regenerable immobilized NADH model. Reduction of α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone by 1, 4-dihydronicotinamide anchored to macroreticular polystyrene (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1125-1137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A regenerable dihydronicotinamide immobilized on a macroreticular polystyrene carrier was developed and used in an aqueous medium for the reduction of trifluoroacetophenone to the corresponding alcohol. It was shown that the second-order rate constant for the polymer-bound reagent is significantly lower than that of the low-molecular-weight analog 1-benzyldihydronicotinamide. The observed reaction rate, however, was of the same order of magnitude as that due to enrichment of substrate in the polymeric pores. It was possible to depress the undesired side reactions to 10-15% per reaction cycle, thereby allowing reutilization of the functionalized polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210419
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  • 87
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    Synthesis of crosslinked poly(α-amino acids) with various functional groups (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1289-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The esterification of the carboxyl group in copoly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid) was carried out using N-hydroxysuccinimide and dicyclohexylcarbodimide to yield the activated site for the coupling reaction with amino compounds. The α-helix stability of the reactive copolymer thus obtained is remarkably affected in the presence of succinimide ring. This copolymer was proved to react nearly completely with amino alcohols such as 2-aminoethanol, 3-aminopropanol, and diethanolamine. The copoly(N5-hydroxyalkyl-L-glutamine) thus prepared is insoluble in water, since the benzyl ester remains in this copolymer. The copoly(α-amino acids) having another functional group were also prepared using aminoalkylsilane. Crosslinked poly(α-amino acids) were prepared by the reaction of the reactive copolymer with a low-molecular-weight polymer of PBLG having one amino group on each end of its main chain which was obtained from the corresponding NCA using p-diaminobenzene as an initiator. Another crosslinked polymer was prepared using an alkyl diamine such as 1,6-diaminohexane or 1,12-diaminododecane as a crosslinking reagent. The crosslinked copoly(α-amino acids) bearing the activated site are able to further react with various compounds having amino groups.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210506
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  • 88
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    Preparation of AB polyacylthioureas and related copolyacylthioureas (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1331-1345 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of sulfinylaminobenzoyl chlorides with lead thiocyanate gave sulfinylaminobenzoyl isothiocyanates (SBIs), from which were derived aminobenzoyl isothiocyanate hydrochlorides (ABIHs). AB polyacylthioureas (PATUs) with inherent viscosities of up to 0.28 dL/g were obtained by treating the SBI with an equivalent of water in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). Low-temperature solution polyaddition of the ABIH afforded AB PATU with inherent viscosities of up to 0.66 dL/g, which were further increased to as high as 0.75 dL/g by adding lithium bases to the polymerization mixtures. Polyaddition of isophthaloyl diisothiocyanate with intermediate diamines formed by hydrolyzing the adducts of SBI and aromatic diamines afforded copolyacylthioureas with inherent viscosities of up to 1.15dL/g. The copolymers were generally soluble in NMP, whereas solubilities of the AB PATU in analogous solvents were relatively low. Thermogravimetric analyses in both air and nitrogen exhibited weight losses of 5% at 204-236°C for AB PATU and at 170-192°C for the copolymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210509
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  • 89
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    Mechanism of thermal depolymerization of trimethylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanePresented in part at the Inorganic Coatings Symposium, 182nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Las Vegas, 1982. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1361-1369 
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    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: “Catalyst-free” trimethylsilyl end-blocked polydimethylsiloxanes of Mn = 68,300 and 111,000 were isothermally depolymerized above 400°C. The volatilized products were a mixture of cyclic oligomers and trace quantities of Me3Si(OSiMe2)nOSiMe3 (n = 0,1). The relative degree of polymerization was followed as a function of fractional conversion. The data were consistent with the oretical curves for a mechanism involving initiation by random siloxane bond cleavage followed by a rapid and complete unzipping of the kinetically active fragments. It is suggested that catalysis may be responsible for the initiation process, thus accounting for the low activation energy (43 Kcal/mol) relative to the siloxane bond energy (108 kcal/mol).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210511
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  • 90
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    Photopolymerization reactions initiated by copper (II)-amino acid chelates: Investigation of the initiating species by flash photolysis. I (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1371-1384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Flash photolysis of copper (II)-bis(amino acid) complexes (amino acids: glutamic acid, serine, or valine) in deaerated aqueous solution produces transient species having absorption maxima at around 350 nm. The transient species are identified as copper (II)-alkyl complexes. In the case of Cu(valine)2 at pH 〉 6.5 formation of Cu(II)-alkyl complex is not observed; this is interpreted to be due to the presence of two bulky methyl groups of the coordinated valine ligand, which hinders the rearrangement. Pseudo-first-order rate constants for the decay of the transients are determined at different pH with varying concentration of amino acid ligand. The free-radical species of the complexes responsible for the initiation of the vinyl polymerization reactions are identified as Cu(I)-coordinated amino acid radicals which are formed in the primary photochemical reaction of the complex. A mechanism for the secondary reactions involving the initiating species consistent with the nature of the product formed and the pH dependence of the decay of the transients is proposed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210512
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  • 91
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    Electronic Resource
    Backbone-assisted reactions of polymers. V. Kinetics of isomerization of poly(chloromethylthiirane) and poly(3-chlorothietane) in solution (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1417-1422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reversible isomerization of poly(chloromethylthiirane) and poly(3-chlorothietane) represents a new kind of polymer reaction and a new method of copolymer synthesis. In chloroform, in dichloromethane, or in nitrobenzene the reaction is well described by reversible first-order kinetics. A rate increase of ca. 40% on changing the solvent from chloroform to nitrobenzene is consistent with an isomerization mechanism that involves a rate-determining attack of the backbone sulfur atom on the neighboring carbon-chlorine bond and rapid ring-opening of the thiiranium ion intermediate by chloride ion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210515
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation curing of methacryloyloxyalkyl carbonates (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1401-1416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of studying the radiation curing of methacryloyloxyalkyl carbonates (MC), a new type of oligomer, are presented. These oligomers are notable for their high rates of radiation curing. The radiation yield G(-M) is 2 × 105 for MC and 2 × 104 for triethylene glycol dimethyacrylate. The polymerization rate of MC appeared to be proportional, independent of the conversion degree, to the irradiation dose rate in the power of 0.9-1.0 (for dose rates ranging from 0.4 to 15 rad/s). In regard to the temperature dependence of the polymerization rate of MC for small conversion degrees, two temperature regions with different values of effective activation energy (18-20 kcal/mol and 2 kcal/mol, respectively) were observed. When an irradiated MC sample is being unfrozen, its polymerization occus in the region of devitrification (220-240°K). As distinct from mass polymerization, in the polymerization of MC solutions in acetone and benzol the mobility of growing chains increases so that the bimolecular termination becomes possible and the limiting conversion of double bonds is derived. Rather small irradiation doses necessary for curing MC and the proportionality of the radiation-induced polymerization rate to the dose rate make these oligomers valuable for various industrial applications.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210514
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of photopolymerization of acrylamide initiated by copper (II)-bis(amino acid) chelates in aqueous solution. II (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1385-1400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of photopolymerization reactions of acrylamide initiated by copper (II)-bis(amino acid) chelates with amino acids glutamic acid, serine, or valine were studied at 30°C. The extent of monomer conversion increases with increased initiator concentration and falls off after reaching a maximum. Analysis of the results shows that for lower concentrations of the initiator, the rate of monomer disappearance is proportional to light absorption fraction fε1/2[monomer] and the square root of the intensity. At higher concentrations of the initiator, the rate of monomer disappearance is proportional to Fε/[initiator]1/2; the monomer exponent is 1.5 and the intensity exponent 0.5. Mutual termination of the radicals is proposed at lower concentrations of the initiator; at higher concentrations of the initiator termination of the initiator radical by the copper (II) complex along with mutual termination occurs. The initiator radical species is identified from flash photolysis studies of these complexes as the Cu(I)-coordinated radical. The effect of pH on the monomer conversion is explained. The data indicate a free-radical mechanism of polymerization and a reaction scheme is proposed for the polymerization reactions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210513
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Photocrosslinking of polymethoxymethylstyrene and copolymers containing (2,2-disubstituted-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxymethylstyrene (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1423-1433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methoxymethylstyrene (MSt), (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxymethylstyrene (MMSt), and (2-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxymethylstyrene (EMSt) were synthesized and homopolymerized and copolymerized. The photochemical behavior of resultant homopolymers and copolymers with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) were investigated. The infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) spectra of poly(MSt) showed that new bands ascribed to methyl benzoate residue increase rapidly with irrdiation time in air, but no detectable changes are observed in vacuum. The solubility measurements of poly(MSt) indicate that the main factor in crosslinking is the direct coupling of the benzyl radical generated by UV irradiation, which was confirmed by photopolymerization of MMA by means of benzyl methyl ether. It was also found that copolymers of MMSt or EMSt with MMA or St are easily crosslinked by UV irradiation. From the results of solubility measurements of these copolymers irradiated both in air and in vaccum, it was concluded that not only the 1,3-dioxolane structure but also the benzyl methyl ether structure takes part in photocrosslinking, as we expected.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210516
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of monomers that expand on polymerization. Synthesis and polymerization of 2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with phenyl groups (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1435-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,6,7-Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with phenyl group were prepared to obtain monomers which expand on polymerization. 1-Phenyl-4-ethyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (I) could expand 0.2% during polymerization at a temperature slightly higher than the melting point. 1,4-Diphenyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (II) also expanded as much as 1.4% on polymerization. Further, the hydrolysis of 2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with p-substituted phenyl groups were investigated to estimate the stability in water.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210517
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of in-cage and out-of-cage recombination of initiator radicals in solution polymerization using labeled initiators (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1445-1455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amount of in-cage and out-of-cage recombination of initiator radicals has been measured by recovering the recombination products of simultaneous decomposition of an unlabeled and a deuterium-labeled initiator. The occurrence of recombination products generated from both an unlabeled and a deuterium-labeled initiator fragment, which can be monitored in a mass spectrometer, indicate out-of-cage recombination. It turned out that in the course of decomposition of dibenzoylperoxide in benzene, biphenyl was not produced by direct recombination of the phenyl radicals originally generated, but rather by interaction with benzene. Upon decomposing azoisobutyronitrile in various solvents, however, both in-cage recombination and out-of-cage recombination were observed. When small amounts of styrene were added to such systems, the initiator radicals tended rather to react with styrene than to undergo out-of-cage recombination.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210518
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with ethyl α-cyanocinnamate (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1457-1473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trisubstituted ethylene, ethyl α-cyanocinnamate, is readily copolymerized with vinyl acetate by a conventional radical initiator. Terminal, penultimate, and “complex” copolymerization models were applied by using the data of composition of the copolymers obtained in bulk and by copolymerization in benzene, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The model based on the participation of the monomer complexes describes satisfactorily the deviation from the terminal copolymerization model. The proton NMR analyses of the monomer mixtures indicate that the interaction between the monomers leads to the formation of weak monomer complexes. Kinetic studies of the initial rate dependence on the total monomer concentration and monomer feed composition enabled us to evaluate the degree of participation of the free uncomplexed monomers and the monomer complex in the propagation reactions. The contribution of the complexed monomers in the propagation stages increases with the increase in total monomer concentration. The initial rate of the copolymerization is proportional to the square root of the initiator concentration, thus confirming the bimolecular termination of the macrochains. The rate constants of the addition reactions of the complex and free monomers were evaluated from the kinetic studies. The quantitative kinetic treatment provided information regarding the relative weight of the termination reaction and indicated that the termination in the system occurs predominantly by the cross-termination reaction between two growing polymer radicals with different kinds of monomer units at the ends. Additional information on the termination in this system was obtained from viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210519
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of imidazole catalysis in the curing of epoxy resinsTaken from the Ph.D. thesis of Fiore Ricciardi, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 1982. (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1475-1490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of imidazole catalysis in the curing of epoxy resins was studied using the PGE/1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, and 1,2-dimethylimidazole model systems and another model system based on trichloromethylethylene oxide. It was demonstrated that imidazolium systems, generated in the curing reaction, show an inherent instability leading to cleavage of an N—C bond or the 2-C—H bond (2-unsubstituted imidazoles). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to follow specific changes in the IR spectrum of the curing mixture during polymerization. The identification of carbonyl absorptions occurring during the polymerization led to the conclusion that ketone formation is a general occurrence in the cure of epoxides with nitrogen compounds. We have also shown that imidazoles are regenerated during the curing process by at least two routes. One pathway for the regeneration of the catalyst involves N-dealkylation of the imidazole via a substitution process. Another route, β-elimination, afforded carbonyl compounds, which account for the previously unexplained appearence of infrared bands in the 1650-1770 cm-1 region during the curing process. These investigations demonstrated the true catalytic function of the imidazole. Possible mechanisms for the regeneration of the catalyst are also suggested.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210520
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of some aspects of the photodegradation of plasticized PVC (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1491-1504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized with a phthalate ester was photodegraded with both farultraviolet (λ mainly 254 nm) and near-ultraviolet (λ 〉 280nm) light. Multiple changes in the infrared spectra of the films were thus induced. The PVC underwent oxidation, dehydrochlorination, and simultaneous chain scission and crosslinking. Some of the phthalate ester was split along the aliphatic side chains, leading to lower-molecular-weight analogs, while a further fraction became firmly bound to the crosslinked part of the PVC. Reaction sequences to account for this complicated series of changes are suggested.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210521
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal(II) 4,4′,4″,4′″-phthalocyanine tetramines as curing agents for heat resistant epoxy formulations (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 21 (1983), S. 1505-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Pure metal(II) 4,4′,4″,4′″-phthalocyanine tetraamines (MPTA) have been used to cure epoxy resins in a homogeneous reaction. Infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analytical studies were used to characterize these materials and to evaluate the optimum curing conditions. Considerable improvement in the heat resistance of the epoxy resin cured with MPTA over those cured with other commonly used curing agents was observed. This was expected from the highly aromatic structure of the phthalocyanines. A noteworthy feature of these cured materials is their high anaerobic char yield, 73.5-75%, higher than in any heretofore known cured epoxy systems. Preliminary mass spectral studies on the cured polymers are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.170210522
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