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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (658)
  • 1985-1989  (658)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1985  (658)
  • Chemical Engineering  (658)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (658)
Material
Years
  • 1985-1989  (658)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 812-820 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batchwise fluidized bed combustion of a coal has been carried out to investigate the generation of elutriable carbon fines by attrition of the burning char, Differences between the purely mechanical attrition and the combustion-assisted attrition of the char have been outlined. The time required to “activate” the char surface as regards attrition explains certain features of carbon elutriation curves. Attrition rate constants determined from these curves are compared with those previously found by continuous fluidized combustion of the same coal.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 821-825 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model has been developed for prediction of Wilson parameters from single component properties. Activity coefficients and VLE data for miscible binary or multicomponent systems can be calculated from the standard form of the Wilson equation using these properties. The major advantage of this model is that experimental determinations of binary data are not required. Relevant properties for a fairly large number of chemical species have been provided. This method has been compared with UNIFAC, which is generally used for prediction of activity coefficients and has been found to give comparable results with considerably less computational effort.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 826-834 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simple thermal resistance models of packed-bed heat transfer can be used to derive predictive formulas for the effective axial and radial thermal conductivities and apparent wall heat transfer coefficient. In particular, the behavior of the heat transfer parameters over the entire range of Reynolds number can be explained by considering the two asymptotic cases of low Re (solid phase dominant) and high Re (fluid phase dominant).
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 835-841 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study investigated solids mixing of a group A fine powder in a 0.15 m ID expanded top fluid bed with a ferromagnetic tracer. The superficial gas velocity was raised from 0.075 to 1.1 m/s, causing the bed to go through bubbling, slugging, and turbulent fluidization regimes. A countercurrent flow model described the data well at low gas velocities. The bed assumed a more homogeneous appearance at higher gas velocities; a one-dimensional axial dispersion model was used to correlate the data. Axial dispersion coefficients increased with gas velocity. The data agree well with literature data for low gas velocities.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 857-859 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 842-848 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our previous theoretical model was extended to predict the heat and mass transfer phenomena in microwave-heated porous materials. A water-filled sandstone was heated in microwaves and its drying rates and temperature profiles were measured. Predictions agree well with observations. Besides moisture loss rates and temperature profiles, the model also predicts local moisture content, gas densities, and pressure. These latter quantities were not measured in our work, but are of interest since they reveal the basic mechanisms of heat and mass transfer in internally heated porous media.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 860-862 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 849-856 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have measured the density of an equimolar gas mixture of C2H6-CH3Cl between 323.15 and 473.15 K at pressures to 14.0 MPa. Interaction second virial coefficients and dew-point pressures are extracted from the measurements. Intermolecular force constants for the Lennard-Jones and Stockmayer models are determined optimally for like and unlike pair interactions. Recent methods of prediction for second virial coefficients, both pure and interaction, are tested against experiment.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 881-889 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper is a survey of recent published works on the dynamic and steady state modeling of emulsion homo- and copolymerization in batch, semicontinuous, and continuous latex reactors. Contributions to our understanding of diffusion-controlled termination and propagation reactions, molecular weight, long chain branching and crosslinking development, polymer particle nucleation, and of the dynamics of continuous emulsion polymerization are critically reviewed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 895-902 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New measurements are presented for film height and pressure drop for vertical gas-liquid annular flows. Improved methods for predicting the film height and interfacial friction factor are developed for situations in which the liquid film flow rate is known.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 890-894 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The diffusion coefficients of potassium chloride and sodium chloride were measured in concentrated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions at 25°C employing Gouy interferometry. The results indicate a maximum in the diffusivity vs. concentration curve near saturation followed by a rapid decline in diffusivity toward zero with increasing concentration in the supersaturated region. This behavior supports the idea that the diffusion coefficient approaches zero at the spinodal concentration. The data were successfully correlated by modifying an empirical activity coefficient equation (Robinson and Stokes, 1955) to account for molecular cluster effects and employing the calculated activity coefficients along with a predictive equation for diffusivity in electrolytes (Robinson and Stokes, 1955).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1041-1043 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1329-1337 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption of organics inot activated carbon particles within a fixed-bed adsorber is modeled using the concept of mixing cells. The adsorption isotherm of these organics is taken to be rectangular because of the commonly observed strong affinity of organics into activated carbons. The model equations are solved by a singular perturbation method, and this results in a graphical procedure similar to that of McCabe and Thiele used in distillation column design. Such a graphical procedure provides a quick means to determine the adsorbate profiles along the adsorber for a given time and also the breakthrough curve, which reflects the performance of the adsorber.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1338-1348 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model was developed to predict the heat and mass transfer phenomena in porous materials. A water-filled sandstone was heated in a convective oven and its water loss rates and temperature profiles were compared with theoretical results. In addition to local temperatures, moisture content, gas densities and pressure, this model also predicts the fluid flow pattern in the heated sample.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1504-1509 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid holdups and wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients in three-phase fluidized beds with glass beads and cylindrical γ-alumina particles were determined experimentally. It was found that the product of heat transfer coefficient and liquid holdup in three-phase fludized beds is equal to that in corresponding liquid-solid fluidized beds. A generalized correlation equation for heat transfer coefficients in both liquid-solid and three-phase fluidized beds was proposed based on the above relationship.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1510-1515 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Tracer diffusion coefficients in liquid cyclohexane of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene have been determined from 298.2 to 523.2 K (TR = 0.54 ∼ 0.95) using the Taylor dispersion method. Positive deviations from the Arrhenius relationship are observed as the critical temperature is approached, but a rough-hard-sphere theory is found to be adequate for describing the data across the entire temperature range. On the basis of the computer simulation results for hard-sphere fluids, correlations involving solute and solvent critical volumes and their molecular weights have also been developed for practical applications. Tracer diffusivities in supercritical carbon dioxide are also adequately represented by the proposed correlation, as the fluid density is not far removed from that of liquid carbon dioxide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1516-1527 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Noncontinuous processes involving batch and semicontinuous processing operations are typically subject to significant levels of process parameter variations. Intermediate storage is commonly used to mitigate the effects of these variations. A taxonomy and analysis is presented of the various types of parameter variations: elementary and composite, single and multiple, homogeneous and mixed, overlapping and nonoverlapping. Sufficient conditions are developed which insure that continuity of periodic operation can be maintained in the presence of these various types of process variations. These conditions serve as the basis of storage sizing procedures developed in the companion paper.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 863-864 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 865-867 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 871-873 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mathematical model described in Part I is applied to predict CH4 and tar yields in rapid hydropyrolysis of softening coal particles. Predicted effects of pressure and particle size agree with trends previously measured in a screen heater apparatus.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 918-926 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The catalyzed direct reduction of lead sulfide with carbon and lime was investigated at several temperatures and under two different inert gas atmospheres. The catalyzed reduction kinetics were determined both with a nitrogen atmosphere and a helium-rich helium-nitrogen atmosphere. The reduction kinetics under the latter were decidedly superior to those under the former. The differences were interpreted in terms of faster diffusion rates in a helium medium and synergistic effects. The catalyst used was a ternay eutectic mixture (K, Li, Na)2CO3, which amounted to 2.5 wt. % of the PbS:4CaO:4C reaction mixture.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 927-934 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Residues accumulating within the cavities of a small-pore zeolite, isolated by extraction, are composed of a series of aromatics up to a distinct cutoff at pyrene. Similar analysis of partiall-regenerated catalyst reveal pathways by which residue oxidation can occur and pathways by which these residues can participate during methanol decomposition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1121-1127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theory for the identification of criteria within which a continuous isothermal mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer can exhibit concentration multiplicity (i.e., multiple steady states) is developed. Power law growth and power law magma-dependent nucleation kinetic models are used to describe the crystallization kinetics. Applications to specific cases together with figures delineating regions of multiplicity are presented. The stability of these steady states is analyzed by using small perturbations around the steady state. Growth ratedispersion is shown to be unimportant in establishing this concentration multiplicity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1241-1248 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory of deposition of compressible, particulate beds on cyclindrical surfaces is developed for both constant-pressure and constant-rate filtration. Radial flow is encountered in tubular filters and in both filtering and sedimenting centrifuges. It differs mathematically from filtration on planar surfaces in the manner in which the frictional drag balance on the particle structure is coupled with Darcy's equation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semiempirical expression for the Helmholtz energy of mixed electrolyte solutions in solvents mixtures is obtained from the solution of the mean spherical approximation given by Planche and Renon (1981) for a nonprimitive model of interactions. A consistent set of analytical equations for the related thermodynamic properties was further derived and used to represent osmotic coefficient data of strong aqueous electrolytes at 25°C. Data correlation was performed on more than 80 systems up to a 6 M molality using generally one adjustable parameter for each single electrolyte; from these parameters the properties of mixtures can be calculated in a predictive manner without additional parameters.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1263-1274 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combustion retorting of oil shale is analyzed. By using coordinate systems moving at the same velocity as reaction zones, a model is obtained for the fully developed thermal wave which would exist after the wave has progressed a sufficient distance into the bed. Of particular interest is the interpretation of oil yield in terms of the structure of the wave and of operating variables.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1275-1287 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of the hydrodynamic processes occurring in a periodic cycled plate column is developed and experimentally confirmed. The model is applied to the prediction of the holdup distribution and the investigation of hydrodynamic problems. An effective manifold arrangement is proposed to minimize the uneven liquid draining encountered in previous experimental studies.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1297-1303 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reaction of carbon dioxide with mono- and diethanolamine in such nonaqueous solvents as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol and in water were studied using a stirred tank absorber with a plane gas-liquid interface at 303 K. The reaction was found to be of first order with respect to carbon dioxide for every solvent. The order of reaction with respect to ethanolamine was found to be unity only for an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine and for the other solutions, ranged from 1.4 to 2, depending on the solvent species. The reaction order was increased in the order of water, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. The variation of the reaction order with the solvent species could be explained in terms of a reaction scheme via a zwitterion. Almost linear dependence of the logarithm of the reaction rate constant on the solubility parameter of the solvent was derived.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 874-876 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 878-878 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 35
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 903-911 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is developed for rapid hydropyrolysis of softening coal particles. It is aimed to represent previously measured effects of pressure and particle size on product yields. The model includes a global chemical reaction scheme combined with diffusional transport of hydrogen dependent on the transient physical properties of the coal. Model predictions are compared with experimental data in a companion paper.
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  • 36
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 935-942 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A transient mathematical model has been developed which describes the behavior of packed-bed catalytic converters during warmup. Model predictions agree very well with the results of engine-dynamometer experiments for three Pt-alumina catalysts of widely different properties, thus demonstrating the validity of the model.
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  • 37
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 957-964 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Six char samples generated from two coals were impregnated by solutions with different concentrations of Na2CO3 and /or K2CO3. The catalyst solution penetration was studied, the catalyst uptake was measured, and the effects of impregnation on the char pore structure were determined experimentally. The results indicate that the impregnated catalysts reside only on particle exteriors without significant penetration. The overall rate of reaction is therfore the combination of catalytic reaction on particle exteriors and noncatalytic reaction on the pore surfaces inside the particle. A kinetic model is presented that takes these findings into account.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 950-956 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a small bubble is driven through a liquid phase to a liquid-gas interface, a thin liquid film forms between them and drains until an instability forms and coalescence occurs. Following Lin and Slattery (1982b), Chen et al. (1984) and Hahn et al. (1985) analyzed this process, neglecting the effects of electrostatic forces and of the surface viscosities. Here we extend their theory to include the effects of the surface viscosities. We employ a modification of the development by Barber and Hartland (1976; Flumerfelt et al., 1982) for a draining film bounded by parallel planes.For a large intermediate range of the surface viscosities, the coalescence time is a strong function of these parameters. Inclusion of the surface viscosities acts to moderate or even reverse trends previously established for the dependence of the coalescence time on the bubble radius, the viscosity of the film liquid, the interfacial tension, the strength of the London-van der Waals forces, and the density difference between the two phases.
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  • 39
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 965-972 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxidation rates of Na2CO3- and K2CO3-impregnated char samples were measured in an isothermal kinetic control regime. The results were analyzed by a previously developed model to extract the intrinsic catalytic reactivities, freed from superimposed noncatalytic and structural effects. Although the overall catalyzed rates are only several times greater than their uncatalyzed counterparts, the intrinsic catalytic rates were found to be four orders of magnitude greater. The results further indicate that the function of the catalyst is to increase the number of active sites without affecting the activation energy. The overall reaction kinetics are demonstrated to contain the combined contributions of both catalytic and noncatalytic reactions, and in this context the effects of multiple catalysts as well as of the pore structure development during reaction can be understood and interpreted.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 973-981 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Prior studies have demonstrated that char gasification rates vary with conversion, showing a maximum at an intermediate level. In this work experimentally determined char-air reaction rates and corresponding pore structures are compared to assess the applicability of a previously proposed random pore model and to extract pertinent chemical and physical parameters. Results on six different chars are presented and analyzed to obtain structure parameters, intrinsic kinetics, and activation energies. Agreement between two independent evaluations of the structure parameters demonstrates the degree of applicability of the random pore model and supports the view that rate variations with conversion are controlled by pore structural changes, even though overall rates also include contributions of intrinsic reactivity.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 992-998 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work dispersive mixing and chemical reactions are treated simultaneously by resorting to the theory of stochastic processes. A fluidized-bed reactor is modeled by discretizing it into ideally stirred tanks of various sizes corresponding to bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases. All parameters in the model are correlated with known or experimentally obtainable quantities. Examples using a complex chemical reaction are given to demonstrate the applicability of the approach.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 982-991 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The internal diffusion coefficients, Di, of pure methane, ethane and ethylene as well as some of their binary and ternary mixtures, have been calculated at 20°C for solid particles of a commercial activated carbon. It has been observed that the contribution of the surface migration mechanism to the global mass transfer process inside the adsorbent particles can be as much as 70-80%. Values for the surface migration coefficient Ds have also been calculated from the relation Di = Dg + KDs, where K is a dimensionless mean slope factor. Values found for both coefficients are of the same order of magnitude as those reported in the literature for similar systems.All the values for the internal diffusion coefficients of these pure components and their mixtures fit into a single correlation curve, the characteristic kinetic curve of the adsorbent.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1010-1018 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The nature of the interaction between the flowing phases in a cocurrent gas-liquid downflow through packed beds depends on the type of the flow regime. The interaction is poor and geometric in nature in gas-continuous flow and becomes high and dynamic in pulse flow due to gas dispersion, acceleration, and mixing of the liquid in the pulses. Models to calculate pressure drop in each of the flow regimes are presented, taking into account the respective interactions. Experimental data on pressure drops and liquid holdups were measured in gas-continuous flow for 3 mm glass spheres and 6 mm Raschig rings. An air-water system is used. The literature data on pressure drops and the experimental data, covering liquid velocities from 0.001 m/s to 0.029 m/s and gas velocities from 0.097 m/s to 2 m/s, were compared with the calculated values. It was found that the pressure drop due to dynamic interaction can be as low as 10% and as much as 80% of the total pressure drop for the data examined in this work. An empirical correlation for holdup in gas-continuous flow is given for Rashig rings.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 999-1009 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model has been proposed for the condition of incipient fluidization in a centrifugal fluidized bed. The model is based on the balance between the overall forces, including the centrifugal and fluid frictional forces, exerted on the fluidized particles and the overall effective weight of the particles. Equations have been derived from the model for predicting the critical fluidizing velocity and the maximum pressure differential (or pressure drop) through the centrifugal bed. A series of experiments was carried out with different solid particles, bed rotational speeds, and bed heights. The resultant data for the critical fluidizing velocity and the maximum pressure drop of the bed indicate that the proposed model is valid and the derived equations are of practical use.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1019-1028 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dense phase voidage, εD, dense phase superficial gas velocity, uDo, and absolute bubble rise velocity, uB, were measured at pressures up to 8300 kPa in a pilot-scale, fluidized bed of Group A and boundary Group A/B powders. The mean equivalent bubble diameter, db, near the top of the bed was inferred from uB, and known bed operating conditions. Increased pressure at fixed superficial gas velocity, uo, increased εD and uDo and decreased db for Group A powders. The marked decrease in inferred maximum bubble size, dbmax' with increased pressure could not be explained by a decrease in gas contributing to bubble flow, uBo, but rather appeared to be the result of a bubble instability phenomenon limiting bubble growth.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1036-1038 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1039-1040 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1044-1046 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1047-1050 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1051-1051 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1051-1052 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1053-1054 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1057-1057 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1059-1068 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local instantaneous solid-liquid mass transfer coefficients were measured in two-phase gas-liquid downflow through packed columns for 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm cylinders. An electrochemical technique was used. Liquid flow rates from 3.0 to 26.6 kg/m2·s and gas flow rates from 0.07 to 1.16 kg/m2·s covered the gas-continuous, ripple, and pulse flow regimes. Time-averaged mass transfer coefficients in trickle flow and in pulse flow for the pulse proper and the base (outside the pulse) were found to increase with increasing gas and liquid rates. Correlations are presented in terms of liquid phase Reynolds numbers and in terms of Kolmogoroff numbers. The mass transfer coefficients in the pulse were found to correspond closely to the coefficients that would be attained in the dispersed bubble flow regime.
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1077-1085 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A perturbation chromatography technique using radiotracer gases has been developed to determine the adsorption equilibrium constants and diffusivities in molecular sieves. The ethane and ethylene 13X molecular sieve systems were studied in regions of high concentration. The data obtained by this technique are shown to be in agreement with equilibrium data obtained by static methods and with kinetic data obtained by adsorption uptake and chromatographic methods, but not with kinetic data obtained using NMR techniques. The tracer-pulse chromatographic technique is much more efficient for obtaining gas adsorption equilibria and intraparticle diffusivities and is considerably easier to adapt to wide pressure and temperature ranges than the conventional methods.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1069-1076 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The surface dynamics of pendant aqueous droplets forming at a submerged nozzle in an immiscible organic solvent have been studied using a novel laser-activated photochromic tracer technique. This enabled a small element of surface to be labeled so that its subsequent history could be recorded photographically.Results for aqueous droplets forming in toluene in the absence of any mass transfer indicated only a slow interfacial circulation from the front to the rear, and there was no indication of any surface renewal as a result of hydrodynamic flow even at nozzle Reynolds numbers as high as 300. By contrast, the introduction of any one of a number of organic solutes into the toluene phase led to sporadic Marangoni-type interfacial disturbances, which in turn resulted in rapid replacement of elements of the droplet surface. It is proposed that renewal of the droplet surface is dependent on solute diffusion in the present instance and that the processes of surface renewal and mass transfer are likely to be interactive.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized methodology for estimating minimum fluidization velocity at elevated pressure and temperature was developed on the basis of a general correlation for pressure drop through fixed beds of spherical particles proposed by Barnea and Mizrahi (1973) and extended by Barnea and Mednick (1975). Comparison with experimental results shows good agreement.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1093-1104 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The filtration efficiency of a granular bed filter was investigated in the domain where inertial effects are dominant. A filtration model predicting single sphere and total bed efficiencies based on trajectory calculations of dust particles in the voids of the granular bed was developed. The model uses the flow field in a bed of spheres arranged in a body-centered cubic array for which the filtration efficiency was found to be a function of a modified Stokes number defined by St′ = St × F where the function F depends only on the Reynolds number. The value of the function F can be found experimentally or predicted from the Ergun correlation to be F = 1 + 0.0157 Re. The filtration efficiency calculated using the model agrees well with experimental results obtained in beds of dense cubic packing of spheres especially at relatively low Reynolds numbers (Re 〈 200) and relatively high Stokes numbers (St′ 〉 0.01). The prediction of the theoretical model also agrees well with experimental data for randomly packed beds at low porosities and low Reynolds numbes.
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1105-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mixing of gases and particles in confined, coaxial jets with angular secondary steam injection into suddenly expanded mixing chambers was studied. The effects of secondary stream injection angle, mixing chamber diameter and length, primary jet solids loadings, particle size, and secondary stream velocity on particle and gas mixing rates were determined. Gas mixing was much faster than particle mixing. Angular secondary injection significantly increased the initial gas and particle mixing rates but had little effect on the overall length of duct needed for complete mixing. The effects on initial gas mixing rate of combined angular secondary injection and increased secondary velocity were additive.
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1113-1120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of the trailing vortex introduced by van't Riet and Smith (1975) is used for evaluation of the mean velocity and intensity of periodic velocity fluctuations in the turbine impeller discharge flow. From the analysis of forces acting on the trailing vortex, it follows that geometric similarity in the impeller discharge flow can be expected for the Reynolds number range Re ε 〈1.5 × 104; 9.0 × 104〉 and for the radial distance up to one-tenth of the impeller diameter. The calculated profiles of mean velocity and intensity of periodic velocity fluctuations agree with published data and permit the declaration of boundary conditions for the impeller discharge flow for numerical modeling of turbulent fluid flow in turbine impeller agitated tanks.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1128-1135 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper demonstrates the application of the theory of temperature multiplicity to the continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) cooling crystallizer as described by the coupled solute and energy balances along with the associated population balance transformed into moment equations. Exact uniqueness and multiplicity criteria are developed. Applications to specific cases together with diagrams depicting the effects of the important variables on the regions of multiplicity and uniqueness are presented.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1136-1148 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on a continuous distribution function instead of the mole fractions of individual components, a consistent building of continuous thermodynamics is presented. It may be favorably used in all cases where there are a large number of very similar chemical species such as in polymers, in heavy petroleum fractions, or in coal-derived liquids.
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The motion and transport mechanisms of a condensing droplet initially contaminated with insoluble monolayer surfactant material are examined through a theoretical approach. The surface tension gradient force induced by the surfactant and the shear stress from the relative motion between droplet and its ambient vapor are evaluated on the droplet surface as major forces affecting the internal motion of the droplet. The strength of the internal motion ranges from one order of magnitude smaller than the free stream velocity for slight surfactant contamination to almost a complete stop in motion for high surfactant concentration.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1157-1166 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evolution of slow, irreversible, isothermal, second-order chemical reactions between two nonpremixed species is experimentally studied in a field of quasiisotropic grid turbulence developing in a water tunnel. The experiments provide some basic data on the interaction between the turbulent mixing and the reaction, which tends to remove the mixed species.
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1167-1177 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models have been developed for the separation of binary gas mixtures in permeator modules housing two different types of membranes simultaneously. The membranes are selected so as to exhibit reverse selectivities toward the components of a mixture, i.e., so that one membrane is more permeable to one of the components while the second membrane is more permeable to the other component. The mathematical models describe the membrane separation process for three kinds of flow patterns of the permeated (low pressure) and unpermeated (high pressure) gas streams in the permeator, namely, “perfect mixing,” counter-current flow, and cocurrent flow. Numerical solutions of the models indicate that the extent of separation achievable in a two-membrane permeator can be much higher than in a conventional single-membrane permeator. Also, for given product compositions, the membrane area requirements of the former permeator can be lower than those of the latter. Countercurrent flow is generally the most efficient flow pattern in a two-membrane permeator, and “perfect mixing” is the least efficient one, but the opposite is true under special operating conditions.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1178-1186 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gradient theory of equilibrium fluid microstructures is extended to nonequilibrium isothermal processes. The theory is applied to steady diffusion across liquid-liquid interfaces. It is shown that local equilibrium across a fluid-fluid interface is maintained even in the presence of very high diffusion fluxes and that the concept of an interface acting as an applied potential energy for a diffusing species is of limited utility. The theory is suited for practical, semiempirical calculations of structure, stress, and isothermal transport in systems containing interfaces.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1202-1212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Significant noise (random error) is common in an on-line signal when measuring the particle size distribution in a fluidized bed. The application of optimal estimation theory to obtain a filtering algorithm that can rectify such measurements is detailed. Off-line simulation studies demonstrate that the filtering algorithm yields a measure of particle size distribution that is well-behaved, accurate, and able to track in real time as conditions change in the bed.
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1187-1201 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The measurement test proposed by Mah and Tamhane (1982) allows the gross error associated with a measurement to be directly identified without a separate procedure. In this paper a comprehensive evaluation of this test was carried out based on two different definitions of its power. The influence of constraints, network configuration, position of measurement, magnitudes of gross error and standard deviations, number of measurements, and other factors were summarized as rules and guidelines for the application of this test. The simulation procedure developed in this investigation may be used to design a gross error detection scheme for any specific application.
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1213-1216 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1217-1219 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1220-1222 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1223-1225 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1393-1396 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1397-1400 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1381-1388 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Newton and quasi-Newton methods have been used in chemical process design and optimization calculations for quite some time. They continue to be used today, both in the traditional sense and as part of the more recent hybrid method. While Newton-based fixed-point methods have been used to solve many different kinds of chemical process design and optimization problems, perhaps the point of single largest application has been that of multicomponent separation problems, especially equilibrium stage distillation.Quite aside from this, classical thermodynamics provides us with certain fundamental mathematical and physical relationships governing the behavior of nonideal solutions, those being the homogeneity of partial molar excess properties and their derivatives and the Gibbs-Duhem equation.In this work, we draw a connection between the class of Newton-based fixed-point methods and classical nonideal thermodynamics. That is, it is shown that, with the exception of Newton's method, none of the conventional Newton-like methods gives matrix approximations that are thermodynamically consistent. In other words, all existing nonsymmetric and symmetric quasi-Newton formulae generate matrix approximations that do not satisfy, for either the zerodegree homogeneity or Gibbs-Duhem equations.In light of this, a new class of quasi-Newton formulae is presented for use in chemical process problems whose models include chemical and/or phase equilibrium. In particular, several new quasi-Newton formulae are presented that give Jacobian or Hessian approximations that satisfy the zero-degree homogeneity and/or Gibbs-Duhem equations, in addition to the usual secant and perhaps symmetry and sparsity condition. This new class of formulae is called thermodynamically consistent quasi-Newton formulae. Some numerical results are presented that show that these thermodynamically consistent quasi-Newton formulae can provide improvements in reliability and computational efficiency when compared to existing Newton-like methods.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1401-1404 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1405-1405 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1427-1434 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The transient responses of a fixed-bed reactor to step increases and decreases in CO, O2, and/or CO2 feed concentrations were measured and interpreted. It is shown that dynamic methods yield vastly more phenomenological and mechanistic information than steady state measurements, with significantly less experimental effort.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1435-1440 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interpretations of a variety of transient experiments are combined with information from the literature to reveal the roles played by the Co3O4 catalyst surface and adsorbed species. The reaction path depends on the oxidation state of the catalyst. A rather coherent picture of oxidation-reduction catalysis by a metal oxide is obtained.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1441-1445 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An hypothesis is proposed to explain the origin of short-lived sites observed in nucleate pool boiling. Conditions are postulated under which microbubbles might circulate into the superheated liquid region and serve as the source of these nucleation sites. Consequences of this possible mechanism are examined for explanations of hysteresis effects and scatter of results in boiling research.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1446-1460 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The method of integral relations is used to derive a nonlinear two-wave equation for long waves on the surface of vertical falling liquid films. This equation is valid within a range of moderate Reynolds numbers and and be reduced in some cases to other well-known equations.The theoretical results for the fastest growing waves are compared with the experimental results concerning velocities, wave numbers, and growth rates of the waves in the inception region. The validity of the theoretical assumptions is also confirmed by direct measurements of instantaneous velocity profiles in a wave liquid film.The results of the experimental investigation concerning nonlinear stationary waves and the evolution of initial solitary disturbances are presented.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1461-1474 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper the problem of distillation sequence synthesis with heat integration is formulated and solved as a mixed integer linear superstructure optimization problem. Allowing both conventional and multieffect distillation, two alternatives for generating a superstructure are shown, then a formulation is presented which approximates the synthesis problem as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Examples illustrate the method. Reported computer times suggest that earlier algorithmic methods for discovering the better sequences among those allowed by the problem formulation, and without the option of multieffecting, are an order of magnitude slower than this approach.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1475-1479 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In earlier work the authors presented a simple method to synthesize heat-integrated distillation sequences through the use of simple sketches on a diagram displaying temperature vs. enthalpy. Embedded in that work is the useful but in-correct assumption that the reboiler/condenser heat loads and the temperature-difference across the column are independent of the temperature (pressure) level at which the column is operated. This assumption of constancy is removed here, and it is shown how to calculate the minimum utility target using a small linear programming formulation. It is also shown how to use the results of this calculation to synthesize distillation sequences that approach the bound discovered. For the example problems solved, the minimum utility target calculated increases about 25 to 60% over that calculated assuming constant QΔT. The sequences synthesized based on this improved target are virtually the same as the constant QΔT method produces, suggesting that the earlier method is indeed a useful approach.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1480-1487 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In horizontal two-phase flow, transition from stratified to slug flow occurs due to the nonlinear instability of finite amplitude interfacial waves. The nonlinear equations describing interfacial waves in stratified two-phase flow are solved by a multiple scales perturbation method. Instability criteria and amplification factors are determined. The phase velocities that are calculated to lead to amplification of finite amplitude interfacial waves are well below those based on linear stability criteria. This is in agreement with existing experimental data on transition from stratified to slug flow in horizontal channels.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed to calculate the overall mass transfer coefficient in an agitated liquid extraction column containing a wide range of drop sizes. The method applied the drop size distribution diagram to estimate the volume percentage of stagnant, circulating, and oscillating drops in the drop population. Individual mass transfer coefficients were then evaluated for the corresponding drop state, using the different single-drop mass transfer models, after which the overall coefficient Kcal was calculated as the fractional sum of the individual coefficients and their proportion in the drop population. These estimated mass transfer coefficients have been compared with results obtained from a large rotating disc extractor 0.45 m in diameter and 6.75 m high, extracting acetone between water and Clairsol (a parafinic hydrocarbon, principally decane). Good agreement was obtained in the majority of the experiments when the Rose-Kintner correlation was applied to evaluate the dispersed phase mass transfer coefficient of the oscillating drops. In all experiments agreement between the calculated and experimental overall mass transfer coefficients was improved by evaluating the concentration driving force by applying Simpson's rule, thereby introducing corrections for the variation in flowrate along the column and for possible backmixing.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1498-1503 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of the displacement of a viscous fluid in a porous medium by a less viscous fluid containing an additive is considered. For the case in which the total amount of injected additive is fixed, a theory has been formulated to find the graded mobility profile which minimizes the instability due to an adverse mobility ratio. The result is a constrained nonlinear eigenvalue problem in which the mobility ratio of the fluids, α, and the total dimensionless amount of additive, N, appear as parameters. Estimates show N is typically large for practical situations. An asymptotic solution for large N is developed which shows that the optimal mobility profile is always an exponential curve at leading order. It is shown that although the optimal mobility profile is nearly exponential, the optimal concentration profile is not necesarily so, contrary to previous suggestions in the literature. Furthermore, it is shown that, unlike the case of a mobility jump, a graded mobility process under optimal conditions has amplifications independent of displacement velocity. We also discuss a possibile stabilization mechanism due to the very long wavelength disturbances which occur under optimal conditions.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 943-949 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The converter warmup model developed previously (Oh and Cavendish, 1985) has been used to simulate the performance of a packed-bed converter during the cold-start portion of vehicle emissions tests. Despite the highly transient converter inlet conditions, the model successfully predicts tailpipe mass emissions as a function of time.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1029-1035 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A qualitative analysis is developed for the displacement of an unstable foam in a porous structure. The effects of the magnitude of the London-van der Waals forces, of the surface tension, of the surface viscosities, of the quality (volume fraction of the gas), of the bubble size, and of the viscosity of the foaming agent solution are investigated. A number of qualitative conclusions are drawn regarding three aspects of mobility control: distribution of bypassed oil, speed of displacement, and displacement efficiency.Ideally, any change in formulation should increase both the speed of displacement and the displacement efficiency. This is possible only by decreasing the surface viscosities. With all of the other variables, whenever either the speed of displacement or the displacement efficiency is increased, the other is decreased. Whether both the speed of displacement and the displacement efficiency actually increase on reducing the surface viscosities depends on whether the effects of the surface viscosities are dominant.
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1051-1051 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 90
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 31 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1226-1228 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1229-1230 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1231-1232 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1249-1262 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The combustion of processed shale is analyzed. By using a coordinate system moving with the same velocity as the combustion zone a model is obtained for the fully developed temperature wave. Of particular interest is the interpretation of this wave in terms of the kinetics and thermal effects of the reactions that are involved.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1288-1296 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted on the mass transfer rates which occur during the continuous devolatilization of bubble-free polymeric solutions in a corotating twin-screw extruder. Experimental measurements of the mass transfer rates, when reported in terms of the product of the individual liquid phase mass transfer coefficient and the surface area for mass transfer per unit volume of empty extruder, were found to correlate well with screw speed in accordance with the predictions of a model based on penetration theory. It is shown, however, that significant differences exist between the measured and predicted values for the rates of mass transfer, which leads to the conclusion that the surface area for mass transfer is substantially smaller than the value computed on the basis that continuous films are formed on the surfaces of the screws and the barrel wall.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1304-1312 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The temperature rise at a gas-liquid interface due to heat evolution and the relevant enhancement factor for gas absorption rate are analyzed for absorption, with an instantaneous irreversible reaction and with a first-order irreversible reaction allowing for the temperature dependence of the major physicochemical properties. The analysis reveals that, unlike isothermal absorption, the film theory solutions with the replacement of any system parameters do not give a reasonable approximation to the realistic penetration theory solution, except in the case of the physical absorption regime. However, the modified Danckwerts analysis, in which the physicochemical properties are evaluated at the time-averaged interface temperature, is shown to be useful in obtaining the approximate penetration theory solutions with satisfactory accuracy.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1313-1321 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The etch-decoration transmission electron microscopy technique was used to measure the turnover frequencies of the C-CO2 reaction in the temperature range 600-900°C. The absolute rate constants of the elementary rate steps were determined, and were in reasonably good agreement with statistical theories. The rates on monolayer steps of graphite were higher than those on multilayer steps by approximately four orders of magnitude at 800°C, because the C—O bond in the reaction intermediate is stronger by about 9 kcal/mol on the monolayer steps. The rates of vacancy formation in the lattice were also determined. The vacancies are formed by atomic oxygen dissociated from CO2.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 99
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1322-1328 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activated carbon beds with adsorbed n-octane are regenerated using hot air. Effects of pressure, feed temperature, and initial loading on temperature and concentration breakthrough curves are studied. For moderate and high values of these variables, effluent vapors are found to be saturated with hydrocarbon during part of the heating step, indicating the presence presence of liquid within the bed. Regeneration behavior is predicted with reasonable accuracy using a nonisothermal stage model.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 100
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    AIChE Journal 31 (1985), S. 1349-1359 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic behavior of deep-bed filtration was studied by considering two limiting situations. In the first case it was assumed that deposition leads to the presence of a reasonably smooth deposite layer over filter grains. In the second case particle aggregates, once formed, were assumed to remain rigid and the deposited particles to act as additional collectors. The effect on filter performance of the media change resulting from the presence of these two types of deposits was examined quantiatively.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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