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  • 1990-1994  (133)
  • 1993  (133)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (133)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid phase oxidation of α-pinene initiated by ozone. 1. Conversion of α-pinene and formation of its hydroperoxide (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 68-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of ozone as initiating agent in the liquid phase oxidation of α-pinene has been investigated. The first intermediate product of the reaction is the hydroperoxide of α-pinene. Both, ozone partial pressure and its initiation time exert an inhibiting effect on the conversion of α-pinene but yield higher selectivities for the hydroperoxide of α-pinene compared with those of oxidation without ozone. In all cases, temperature was found to be the most important variable affecting the oxidation rate. From a mechanism of radical reactions, kinetic equations, consistent with the experimental results, corresponding to α-pinene oxidation rate and net formation rate of its hydroperoxide, were obtained. The rate constants are given as functions of temperature. The results also suggest that a fraction of the hydroperoxy radicals decomposes to yield other products such as verbenol and verbenone, identified in this work, and whose kinetics will be reported in a later paper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160112
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal analysis of solids production processesPaper presented by A. Mersmann at the International Conference on the Analysis of Thermal and Energy Systems (Athens' 91) in Athens, June 3-6, 1991. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present work investigates the energy consumption of a solids production process. Such a process consists of three different operation units: crystallization/precipitation, solid-liquid separation by centrifuges or filters and drying of wet crystals. Each unit is analyzed with the objective of minimizing the energy consumption. Operating conditions, process design and other characteristic parameters (crystal size, porosity and physical proporties) are discussed with the aim to evaluate their influence on the process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient behaviour of an impulsively heated fluid (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Approximate as well as reasonably exact numerical solutions of the equation of conservation have previously predicted that sudden heating of a solid surface adjacent to a region of gas will generate a slightly supersonic wave with small positive amplitudes in pressure, temperature and density, and thereby a small mass velocity in the direction of wave propagation. If the gas is confined by a second parallel surface, the wave is predicted to be reflected repeatedly from both surfaces and to decay slowly due to viscous and thermal dispersion. This process, which has been termed thermoacoustic convection, is presumed to result in transient heating of the confined gas and heat transfer through it at rates greatly exceeding that of pure thermal conduction. The current work constitutes the first quantitative experimental confirmation of this behaviour. Numerical solutions obtained for support and guidance of the experimental work define for the first time the conditions required for the generation of a wave of significant strength.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160203
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature oscillation technique for determination of local convective heat transfer coefficients without fluid temperature measurementPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensingenieure”, Cologne, September 25 to 27, 1991. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new experimental technique with periodic laser heating is described and applied to the measurement of local heat transfer coefficients at the inner surface of an agitated vessel. Only radiative surface temperature measurements on the outer wall of the vessel are necessary.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general method of designing gas and gas-liquid injectors using laws of turbulent jet mixingPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Cologne, 25-27 Sept. 1991. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 94-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the equation for entrainment of a turbulent free jet, a simple method of designing gas and gas-liquid injectors is presented. Using the formula for mass flow ratio of an injector consisting of a nozzle and a short cylindrical mixing tube open at both ends, a general equation for designing any injector with variable geometry and flow resistances is given. The optimization procedure is outlined. Compared to the conventional design of injectors, starting from macroscopic mass and momentum balances, the present method is much simpler, easily applicable and involves only one empirical entrainment coefficient. It is particularly advantageous in the case of variable density of the motive and entrained fluids since the density ratio appears explicitly in the relevant equations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bed collapse technique for estimating parameters of generalized wake model for a three-phase fluidized bed (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic behaviour of a cocurrent gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed was studied by using the bed collapse technique. The key parameters, k and x, of the generalized wake model were estimated. Compared with other existing methods for evaluating the parameters k and x, the bed collapse technique shows some distinct advantages. Parameters are derived directly from experiments in a three-dimensional three-phase fluidized bed and there is no need to assume that a bubble and its wake form a perfect sphere. Hold-up data of the three-phase fluidized bed predicted by the generalized wake model with k and x estimated by the bed collapse technique are in good agreement with those obtained via the traditional pressure-drop method.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extended cyclone theory for gas flows with high solids concentrations (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Large recirculation cyclones with high concentrations of particulate solids have gained considerable importance in the field of circulating fluidized bed technology. To calculate a combustion process, the influence of the cyclone on the circulating quantity of solids and their grain size distribution must be known. Measurements in a 105-MW-plant in 1989 showed that the existing cyclone theory was not sufficient for this purpose. In a laboratory cyclone (900 mm in diameter), the separation and classification of solids in a gas flow was investigated. The cyclone was fed from a fluidized bed and operated with cold air and quartz of various grain size distributions. Based on this experimental device and the theory of momentum transfer between solids and gas flow, a new, more accurate method of calculating the separation efficiency was developed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160303
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of solids concentration and static mixers on fluid dynamics in three-phase fluidized bed bioreactors (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of solids concentration and static mixers on the hydrodynamics of the gas phase was studied for a three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor (air, nutrient solution, biocatalyst Ca alginate beads). Axial gas hold-up profiles, radial gas velocity profiles, mean bubble diameter and gas/liquid interfacial area per unit volume were measured in a bubble column (DR = 0.142 m, HR = 1.748 m). The influence of solids concentration on the gas hold-up is insignificant; static mixers enhance the gas hold-up in the reactor volume element in which they are installed. Axial gas velocity decreases with increasing solids concentration. At high solids concentrations, static mixers exert little influence on the gas phase but, at low concentrations, they do. A model is suggested to describe the influence of solids concentration (characterized by turbulent viscosity vt) and static mixers (characterized by profile parameter n) on the gas velocity profile.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160302
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of the gas phase in bubble columns (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 303-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conventional two-bubble-class model for bubble column reactors has been modified to account for interactions between the two bubble classes. It is shown that the modified model is more consistent with the observed residence time distribution in the gas phase than the conventional model. The results indicate that there is an intensive cross-mixing between the bubble phases. This study also reveals that the modified two-bubble-class model cannot be distinguished from the single-bubble-class model solely on the basis of the residence time distribution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160504
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow regimes in circulating fluidized beds (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on a comprehensive hydrodynamic analysis, a practical definition of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) regime has been proposed. It was established that two flow regimes are involved in a CFB: fast fluidization and dense phase conveying. By demonstrating the variation of pressure gradient in both the lower and the upper section of the bed versus superficial gas velocity, the criteria for the determination of transition velocities have been obtained. Literature data which over wider operating conditions, particle properties and bed diameters from the basis of the obtained generalized correlations of transition velocities. A quantitative flow diagram is presented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160505
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wall factor for acceleration and terminal velocity of falling spheres at high reynolds numbers (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 314-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The wall factor for spheres in the acceleration and terminal velocity ranges was determined experimentally for very high Reynolds numbers (13 500 〈 Re 〈 70 000). Experiments were performed with 12, 15, 18, 21, 25 and 31.75 mm spheres, falling in water inside cylinders 3.4, 4.9, 7, 10, 14 and 19 cm in diameter. A published empirical equation was found to yield good results for the terminal velocity wall factor in the range of studied Reynolds numbers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160506
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on parametric sensitivity and safe operation criteria of batch processes (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 318-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat accumulation in batch reactors may eventually lead to a temperature runaway. Critical values of process parameters were used to investigate process safety. Parameter sensitivity is discussed for a wide range of operating conditions. Two criteria for safe operation are presented, based on critical values of process parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160507
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial fires and explosions due to electrostatic ignition (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Static electricity is a frequent source of fires and explosions in industry. A variety of operations may generate static electricity leading to such fires and explosions. This requires adequate preventive and protective measures against this hazard. The present paper describes the theory and mechanism of electrostatic sparking, parameters needed to assess the respective hazard in a plant, safety measures to combat electrostatic problems, common operations where such problems exist and measures to eliminate or mitigate these problems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160508
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigations of flow, turbulence and subspace formation on cold models of gas-stirred reactors with a view to describing mixing processes by mathematical models (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 161-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretical and experimental investigations were performed with cold water models of bottom-blown metallurgical ladles in order to develop a mathematical description of the mixing processes in such reactors. This analytical model is based on the subdivision of the reactor into interacting subspaces, whereby each subspace is regarded as an ideal mixer. The convective mass transfer between the subspaces is represented by constant coupling coefficients, and the mass balance for the material to be mixed in provides a homogeneous system of differential equations to determine the time dependence of concentration in the individual subspaces. Different combinations of interacting subspaces are represented. The flow field and the distribution of turbulence intensity measured by LDA in water models and the concentration profiles in mercury models measured by EMF cells show that a subdivision into five subspaces is adequate. Size, position and interaction coefficients are also determined by experiments. The calculated mixing times agree well with those measured.
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160304
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of coal desulphurization by Acidianus brierleyi (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acidianus brierleyi was demonstrated to remove pyritic sulphur from coal. A. brierleyi was also found capable of catalyzing the removal of what is normally reported as organic sulphur from coal 171US34. A kinetic analysis was performed by assuming a first order reaction. The first order kinetics allowed a comparison with literature data for Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Also, formation of jarosite was taken into account in the analysis. The simple first order kinetics was observed to fit the data on removal of sulphur satisfactorily.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160306
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multi-step kinetic model for phenol oxidation in high-pressure water (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 186-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model for the oxidation of phenol in high-pressure water has been developed and compared with experimental data taken from literature. The model assumes a chain reaction propagated by O⋅ and OH⋅. Production of the hydroxyl radical by the reaction of atomic oxygen and water induces a chain-branching effect, which is particularly effective at low temperatures and high pressures. The proposed model gives a fair correlation of the experimental data in the whole examined temperature and pressure range and appears significantly better than a simpler, power-law kinetic model. The relibility of the model is strengthened by the consideration of values obtained for the kinetic parameters (in particular for the activation energies) which compare well with the literature.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160307
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical model of dehydroisomerization of methylcyclopentane using a bifunctional catalyst blend (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of dehydroisomerization of methylcyclopentane in presence of bifunctional catalysts under industrial operating conditions is presented. The model consists of six differential equations. The rate constants are expressed as polynomial functions of the catalyst blend, and coefficients of these polynomials were determined from numerous measurements, taken along the axis of a tubular reactor. The resulting polynomial coefficients led to reaction rate constants which yielded results close to the actual process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160308
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid phase equilibria in the system hydrogen sulphide-water at high pressure. Application of an extended Henry's law (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 200-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Henry's law is often used to correlate the solubility of a gas in water. Such an approach is frequently employed to calculate the solubility of hydrogen sulphide in water. However, Wright and Maass [1] clearly demonstrated that the strict Henry's law did not apply to the solubility of hydrogen sulphide in water. That is, the solubility of hydrogen sulphide is not directly proportional to its partial pressure, even at seemingly low pressures. By accounting for the non-idealities in the vapour phase, Carroll and Mather [2] showed how a simple modification of Henry's law could be used for moderate pressures (up to 1 MPa). In this paper, a further extension of Henry's law is used to model the vapour-liquid equilibrium at higher pressures and temperatures. It is also applied to liquid-liquid and vapour-liquid-liquid equilibria, areas where Henry's law is rarely used.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160309
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial tension in systems with a supercritical component at high pressures (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial tension of the binary systems pelargonic acid/ethane, pelargonic acid/carbon dioxide, linoleic acid/ethane, and linoleic acid/carbon dioxide was measured at 313, 333, and 353 K and pressures ranging up to 250 bar, using the capillary rise and Du Nouy ring methods. Both these methods yield similar values. The surface excess of supercritical components is deduced from the measurement results with the aid of Gibbs adsorption equation. The surface excess concentration increases with increasing gas activity, runs through a pronounced maximum, later decreasing rapidly to very small values. Near the surface excess maximum, a falling film of fatty acids disintegrates into a mist of tiny droplets.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160310
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160401
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction of zinc by alkyl thiophosphoric acids with emulsion liquid membranes (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Treatment of a given multicomponent cationic mixture was studied applying the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) separation technique for Zn recovery. Experimental apparatus and conditions are described. Comparative studies using two zinc-selective ion exchangers (thio-DEHPA and dithio-DEHPA) were carried out whereby the composition of the liquid membrane and the operating conditions were investigated for both extractants. A useful method of representing the concentrations of the feed and the receiving aqueous phase is proposed, which allows the occurrence of break-up and/or osmosis to be easily detected.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160311
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid homogenization in agitated tanks (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a very simple model of liquid homogenization in a mixing tank. The model, based on the pumping capacity of impellers and the degree of homogeneity, is valid for turbulent mixing; however, it has been extended to transient regime of mixing (Re = 100 to 1000).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160403
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of selected methods for downstream processing in the production of bacterial lipase (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 405-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzymes are of growing interest to the chemical and pharmaceutical industries as highly specific biocatalysts. An obstacle to a large-scale application of such proteins is the expenditure on recovery operations which can amount up to 80% of the total production costs. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate in detail the individual stages of downstream processing in order to obtain high product yields without loss of quality. After a survey of recovery operations and information on some special features of proteins which are relevant to downstream processing, this paper deals with the methods of precipitation, chromatography and foam fractionation. Several results obtained with a real, multicomponent system, namely the supernatant of lipase fermentation, are presented and compared with one another.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160609
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of tetrachloroethene photochlorination in a homogeneous system (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 429-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of free-radical chain reaction of tetrachloroethene photochlorination in a homogeneous liquid system is discussed and three kinetic models based on the reaction mechanism are presented. The parameters of these three models have been evaluated on the basis of experimental data presented in [1].
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160612
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity evaluation of a catalytic distillation packing for MTBE productionDedicated to Professor Dr. Horst Langemann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The octane enhancer methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) can be produced very efficiently from methanol and isobutene in a reactive distillation column where the heterogeneous catalyst also acts as distillation packing. Some mathematical models have been published for the simulation of such a process but they focus on the physical transport processes between the vapour and liquid phases. However, the aim of this paper is to analyze the importance of the internal and external multicomponent mass and heat transfer phenomena on the catalyst under boiling conditions. Therefore, experiments were carried out in a reactive distillation column at different compositions of feed, column pressures and reflux ratios using a Raschig ring shaped acidic ion exchange resin as the catalyst. The temperature and composition of the liquid phase entering and leaving the catalytic column section were measured. These data were used to evaluate the effectiveness factor of the catalyst with a rigorous macrokinetic model. It is shown that the effectiveness factor varies significantly along the column length. Under certain operating conditions, decomposition of MTBE can occur accompanied by boiling processes inside the catalyst macropores.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160412
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    Transient behaviour of shell and tube heat exchangersPaper presented by W. Roetzel at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrensingenieure”, Wein, September 30 to October 2, 1992. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 296-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the dispersion model rather than on the conventional pluf-flow model, a method of predicting the transient behaviour of parallel and counterflow heat exchangers is developed, whereby the effects of shell-side flow maldistribution and the finite heat capacities of both fluids, tube bundle and shell are considered. The final solution has been obtained by numerical inversion of the Laplace transform, to determine the transient responses to arbitrary inlet temperature variations. The experiment was carried out in a one pass tube heat exchanger. The comparison between therotical and experimental results is presented and the feasibility of this method is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160503
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    A learning feedforward control strategy for the concentration control of recycle reactors. Part II: Disturbance control (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 26-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A disturbance control scheme for the concentration control of differential recycle reactors is developed which is based on the learning feedforward control strategy. Steady-state decoupling eliminates interactions between the closed loops of this non-linear, multivariable control system, thereby significantly improving the response to disturbances. Since the process model is iteratively updated, the control strategy can be regarded as a model identification adaptive control. Simulation experiments show the performance of the overall control concept.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160106
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  • 28
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    Binary ion exchange equilibrium for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ and H+ ions on amberlite IR-120 (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for ion exchange equilibria of binary systems on Amberlite IR-120 resin, at different temperatures and total ionic concentrations in aqueous solutions. These systems exhibit non-ideal behaviour in both phases, and the equilibrium characterization has been based on the law of mass action, using Wilson and Meisssner, and Kusik equations to correlate the activity coefficients in the resin and aqueous solutions, respectively. Equilibrium constants, standard thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free enthalpy changes, enthalpy and entropy) and Wilson binary parameters were obtained as functions of temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160107
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of operating characteristics of agitators in tubes (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 172-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Operating characteristics of an agitator in a tube are necessary for the calculation of its pumping capacity and power consumption in a given configuration. General dimensionless equations for pumping and power characteristics are presented which were derived by inspection analysis of basic equations. Experimental procedure for the determination of these characteristics is put forward. This procedure is based on the measurement of flow rate or pressure rise and power consumption for an agitator in a draft tube, calandria or closed tube. The measurements and their evaluation are illustrated on the example of a three-blade screw agitator.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160305
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  • 30
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    Comparative studies of dehydrocyclization of n-octane and iso-octane on bifunctional and monofunctional Pt/Al2O3 catalysts (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dehydrocyclization of n-octane and iso-octane to ethyl benzene, and ortho-, para-, and meta-xylenes was investigated on mono- and bifunctional platinum/alumina catalysts in a microcatalytic reactor with hydrogen as carrier at 1.8 atm pressure and between temperatures of 573 and 763 K, using pulse technique. On bifunctional Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, the total conversion of both n-octane and iso-octane was found to start from a high value and decrease with increasing temperature for all pulse volumes investigated. However, iso-octane was found to be more reactive than n-octane. There was only one primary product, namely iso-octane, in the n-octane reaction. As regards the iso-octane reaction, two primary products, ethyl benzene and o-oxylene were identified. For both reactions, these primary products decreased to a minimum as temperatures increased. On monofunctional (non-acidic) Pt/Al2O3, the total conversion of n-octane increased with temperature and passed through a maximum. The primary products of the reaction were ethyl benzene and o-xylene.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160103
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of kinetic parameters of benzene hydrogenation in a trickle bed reactor (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 347-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high pressure and high temperature catalytic hydrocracking unit based on trickle-bed reactors was constructed. Data obtained under conditions simulating those of industrial processes, were evaluated. Partial wetting characteristics of trickle beds were especially taken into account in the interpretation of results together with combined contributions of gas and liquid phase reactions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160512
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Pellet heat transfer coefficients in packed beds: Global and local values (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pellet heat transfer coefficients in a packed bed have been obtained, both for specific individual pellets and for the entire bed. They are referred to as local and global values, respectively. It appears that the local values are scattered around the global value. This is due to the heat transfer coefficient of individual pellets being statistically distributed, as a result of the randomnes of the packing. At low Reynolds numbers, both global and local values fall well below Nu = 2, which is the lower limit for a single sphere in absence of convection. In the literature, this behaviour has been attributed i.a. to axial dispersion and fluid maldistribution. However, these phenomena cannot explain why the same behaviour is observed in slurries. The fact that the local values fall below Nu = 2 would suggest that neither of these explanations is valid for packed beds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160602
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  • 33
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    A physical model for the prediction of liquid hold-up in two-phase countercurrent columns (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 370-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the determination of liquid hold-up in gas/liquid two-phase countercurrent columns filled with random or structured packings. The equations resulting from the established physical relationships are varified against the values for liquid hold-up determined experimentally on 56 different column packings and 16 gas/liquid systems. The experimental and calculated results agree well, with only slight deviations. This also applies to the range between the loading and flooding points for two-phase countercurrent flow.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160603
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  • 34
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    A learning feedforward control strategy for the concentration control of recycle reactors. Part III: Implementation and operationDedicated to Professor Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 376-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to verify its performance, the learning feedforward control strategy was applied to the catalytic methanation of CO-rich synthesis gas. Details of the implementation in hardware as well as in software are discussed. The experimental results confirm the functionality of the learning feedforward control. Suggestions are given for further improvement of the control strategy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160604
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  • 35
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    Investigations on hydrodynamics of radial flow moving bed reactorsThis paper was presented at ACHEMASIA'92, International Meeting on Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China, May 1992. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 383-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributions of pressure and velocity in the main channels were studied in a radial flow cold model of a moving bed reactor, 500 mm in diameter, in four different gas flow modes, inward Z gas flow, inward Π gas flow, outward Z gas flow, outward Π gas flow. It has been found that, in outward Π gas flow mode, the axial non-uniformity of the gas is at a minimum. The following correlations are proposed for the momentum recovery factors Ka and Kb: Ka = 0.684 + 0.0128 (du/dx)/u, Kb = 1.135 + 0.0158 (du/dx)/u. Pressure distributions in the main channels can be accurately predicted using Ka and Kb.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160605
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Standardization of a newly designed vibrating capillary apparatus for the preparation of microcapsules (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 395-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vibrating capillary apparatus (VCA) was designed and constructed for the preparation of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) microcapsules using gelatin as a coating polymer. The microcapsules were characterized by physico-chemical methods. The apparent diffusion coefficient Da and diffusion rate constant KBL of the drug were measured at pH of 1.2 and 7.2. Better controlled release products were obtained in the VCA.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160607
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  • 37
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    Correlation and prediction of gas solubility in heavy complex liquids (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A lattice-gas model is used for calculating the solubilities of light gases in heavy complex hydrocarbons. For waxes, the model gives a good prediction of the solubilities on using the molecular weight of the liquid to describe the solvent. For crude oils and coal-derived liquids, the prediction is of only modest quality. However, it does improve on using experimental Henry's constants.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160608
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of energy dissipation rate in an agitated gas-liquid system (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 389-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents a theoretical description of the relationship between the rate of energy dissipation per unit volume and the mean kinetic energy of turbulence per unit volume in a mechanically agitated gas-liquid system. For agitated systems with standard (Rushton) turbine impellers, the effect of the aeration rate on the distribution of the rate of energy dissipation per unit volume in the system was investigated. It follows from the experiments carried out that the gas flow rate significantly affects the rate of energy dissipation per unit volume in the impeller region as well as in the bulk of the agitated batch. In the impeller region, the investigated rate of energy dissipation markedly increases with increasing gas flow rate and, in the remaining part of the agitated batch, it decreases. Moreover, the rate of energy dissipation near the impeller depends strongly on the local gas hold-up which corresponds to the regime of two-phase flow behind the impeller blades (i.e. to the occurrence of clinging of ragged cavities).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160606
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  • 39
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    The concept of statistical molecular association and its application to reaction kinetics and chemical equilibriaDedicated to Professor Dr. Horst Langemann on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple statistical theory of molecular association has been developed, taking into account only the probability of residence of one or more molecules in an association volume. The result is a one parameter model which may be applied successfully to reaction kinetics and chemical equilibria of associated compounds. General concentration time profiles are presented and limiting cases discussed. Usefulness of the principle is demonstrated on experimental results.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160402
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of single and double inert tracer fluctuation measurements in a continuous stirred tank (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 234-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comparison is made between two different methods using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring local concentration fluctuations in the same stirred tank. The first method using a single inert fluorescent tracer yields a segregation index quite different from that determined by the second method, which requires two inert tracers, a fluorescent one and a fluorescence quencher. By recalling the theoretical background, it is demonstrated that the characteristic segregation indices should be equal for the experiments under consideration. According to the discussion, it is likely that the double tracer method gives more reliable results.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160404
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  • 41
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    Reactive liquid-liquid test system Zn/Di (2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid/n-Dodecane. Equilibrium and kinetics (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 413-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reviews the models for equilibrium and kinetics of the system Zn/D2EHPA/n-dodecane (and other diluents), published during the past decade, as well as values of the appropriate model parameters, i.e. of equilibrium and reaction rate constants. The reviewed kinetic models comprise those for kinetic, diffusional and mixed mass transfer regimes. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the rate equation within the kinetic regime has the same mathematical structure as the equations for the overall mass transfer rate within the diffusional and mixed mass transfer regimes. This means that the same equation interprets experimental data from each of the three regimes. Thus, a fit of experimental data to a model is not sufficient for discriminating between the mass transfer regimes. Results of kinetic experiments, using a stirred mass transfer cell with constant interfacial area, are presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160610
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  • 42
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    Targeting for CO2 emissions for Total SitesPaper presented by B. Linnhoff at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Vienna, Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 1992. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 252-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an approach based on the concepts of Pinch Technology for Total Site targeting for fuel and power. If specific CO2 emissions for fuel and power are known, the approach will also target for CO2 emissions for any given site in the industry. The approach takes account of the trade-offs between process fuel and steam, between steam, site fuel and cogeneration, and of fuel mix. A case study is described where an 18% reduction in global CO2 emissions is possible through the correct use of these trade-offs.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160407
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  • 43
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    Micromixing effects on a parallel reaction in flow reactors (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using the micromixing concepts of Danckwerts and Zwietering, the Peclet number Pe has been correlated mathematically to the degree of segregation J for the axial dispersion model. The results were applied to compare the micromixing effects on a model, mixed-order parallel reaction system in continuous flow reactors. Axial dispersion model, and Ng and Rippin's two-environment model were used to find the micromixing effects in tubular and stirred tank reactors, respectively. The performance of these reactors, with varying geometries, has been evaluated in terms of overall conversion, selectivity, and yield under identical operating and reaction conditions. The overall conversion increases in a tubular reactor with the increase in J, irrespective of the kinetic orders. However, in a stirred tank reactor, the conversion is found to be micromixing-sensitive, depending on the order of reaction. For m = 1 and n = 2 (case 1), the conversion is fairly insensitive to micromixing effects while it decreases for m = 0.5 and n = 1 (case 2) with increasing J. For the same extent of micromixing, a tubular reactor gives, in both cases, a higher conversion than a stirred tank reactor. The selectivity, in either case, decreases in both reactors with increasing segregation effects. However, in each case, the selectivity of a tubular reactor was fairly close to that of a stirred tank reactor at the same value of J. As far as the yield is concerned, both reactors achieve nearly the same value, without significant micromixing effects.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160406
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  • 44
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    Measurement of gas hold-up in three-phase systems by ultrasonic technique (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 260-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was established by using double impulse method that the transmission time of an ultrasonic wave, which passes near a bubble, is either shorter or longer than that in the liquid system. This is attributed to the fluid vortex originated by the bubble rising ahead of the wave. The longitudinal distribution of gas hold-up in a three-phase system, measured by analyzing wave shape and reduction of transmission time is in good agreement with that obtained by using the static pressure method. This indicates the possibility of application of ultrasonic techniques to the simultaneous measurement of phase hold-ups in the three-phase system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160408
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  • 45
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    Drying characteristics of starch in an inert medium fluidized bed (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 263-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of gas velocity (0.32 to 0.67 m/s), inlet gas temperature (25 to 100 °C) and the mass ratio of starch to inert particles (0.1 to 0.4) on the drying rate of starch in a 0.083 m-ID × 0.80 m-high inert medium fluidized bed were investigated. The drying mechanism in an inert medium fluidized bed can be classified into adhesion-dispersion, evaporation and disintegration steps. The drying rate increases with the increasing inlet gas temperature and velocity; the rates being about 10 times those reported for an agitated pan dryer. However, the drying rate decreases slightly as the mass ratio of starch to inert particles increases. Also, the drying rate exhibits a maximum at an optimum bed porosity. The drying rate data obtained in an inert medium fluidized bed have been correlated with the relevant dimensionless groups, i.e. Stefan and particle Reynolds numbers based on the theory of isotropic turbulence.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160409
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Techno-Economic investigation of an air humidification-dehumidification desalination process (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 270-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article presents a humidification-dehumidification (H.D.) process suitable for desalination of sea- and brackish water. The work correlates performance characteristics of the combination of different components in such a loop. Water yield, energy requirement and design data are evaluated as functions of different parameters. The investigation covered water to air mass ratios ranging from 60 to 80, concentration ratios between 2 and 5, at a temperature difference of between 10 and 16 °C, along the liquid for dehumidification. The results showed that 76% of energy consumed in the humidifier is recovered by condensation. Increase of the concentration ratio to 5 can reduce the make-up water and rejected brine by about 58% and 24% respectively. Cost calculations show that the H.D. process has significant potential as an alternative for small capacity desalination plants and permits to operate systems as small as 10 m3/day in output.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160410
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Cooling water treatment by ozonization (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 275-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ozonization of water in a cooling tower was investigated. A laboratory experimental set-up was employed to study changes in water quality during ozonization. Measured data were analyzed in the context of cooling water's resistance to corrosion, scaling and biofouling. A method is proposed for determining the suitable dosage of ozone for maintaining the necessary water quality. It has been found that ozonization is very effective in maintaining the correct water quality for the required purpose and provides an attractive alternative to the conventional multiple chemical method of cooling water treatment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160411
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160501
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  • 49
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    Biocatalytic treatment of waste airPoster presented at the annual meeting of German process engineers, Sept. 25-27, 1991 in Cologne. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 40-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biological processes are becoming increasingly popular in dealing with waste air problems. Compared to chemical and physical treatment methods, they offer several advantages, especially in handling of waste air contaminated with low concentrations of biodegradable organic and, occasionally, inorganic substances. Two types of commercial systems are currently in use: biofilters and bioscrubbers. The aim of our studies was to develop an innovative concept of reactor design and engineering called “biocatalyst” (Biokatalysator). Our biocatalytic three-phase system lies in between the conventional biofilter and bioscrubber, using biomass immobilized on macroporous, tubiform supports installed in parallel to the air flow. In laboratory-scale investigations, a bioreactor was continuously fed with solvent-laden air, which produced a more cost-effective mode of operation than the conventional bioscrubber systems.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160108
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  • 50
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    Mass transfer in packed columns: The cylinder model (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 46-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to predict mass transfer in packed columns, it is necessary to know the interfacial area. The well-known and often cited equation (Onda, Kolev, Zech, etc.) do not yield precise values for the mass transfer coefficient βL ae or the interfacial area ae, especially for modern packing elements. A new model will be presented which takes into account the structure of packing (cylinder model) as well as the structure of the liquid hold-up. This model allows the separation of liquid flow through packings into its main constituents, i.e. rivulets and drops (freely falling). The determination of the structure of liquid flow allows the prediction of effective interfacial areas as well as of volumetric mass transfer coefficients for irrigated large packing elements manufactured from plastics, metals or ceramic. The applicability to novel future packings is one of the advantages of the new model.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160109
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  • 51
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    Influence of recycling on mass transfer and reaction in a G-L jet loop reactor with variable interfacial area (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of recycling on mass transfer, characterized by the volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa, was investigated by absorbing CO2 into water in a laboratory jet loop reactor. Based on a mathematical model, which includes the correlation function kLa = kLa(rL), a first order chemical reaction and the variation of interfacial area, a = a(εG), caused by strong absorption effects, the interaction ‘recycling - mass transfer - reaction’ was simulated and its influence on the reactor performance is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160110
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160201
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  • 53
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    Kinetics and mechanism of oxidative coupling of methane over sodium-manganese oxide catalyst (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 62-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of methane oxidative coupling (OCM) was studied using 1 g of Na-Mn2O3 catalyst at 1073 to 1123 K, in an integral flow reactor (I.d. = 10 mm), at atmospheric pressure with methane and oxygen partial pressures of 0.27 and 0.13 bar, respectively, so that the ratio of CH4 to O2 was 2. The flow rate range was 50 to 200 ml/min. the kinetic data were analyzed by the Rideal-redox type of rate equation assuming the methyl radical and active surface oxygen to be the steady-state intermediates. Oxidation and reduction rate constants (Kox, Kred) for methane consumption were calculated from experimental catalysis results by computer simulation using the multiple least squares method. The activation energies at rate constants Kox and Kred for this type of catalyst were reported as 43.26 and 62.2 kcal/mol, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160111
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  • 54
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    Performance of the scaba 6SRGT agitator in mixing of simulated xanthan gum broths (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Power consumption under non-aerated and aerated conditions was measured in a 0.45 m diameter tank containing a range of xanthan gum solutions, using the Scaba 6SRGT impeller. Well-mixed caverns were measured in a transparent Carbopol solution. The data are compared with previous results obtained with a Rushton turbine in the range of Reynolds numbers, Re, between 1 and 2000. In each case, the non-aerated power numbers were similarly related to Re except that the Po values of the Scaba 6SRGT were 3 to 4 times smaller. Under aerated conditions, the aeration rate does not affect the power number, Pog, with the actual value falling as a result of increasing xanthan concentration. The Pog/Po vs Re curve passes through a minimum which is lower at higher xanthan concentrations. At the same Reynolds number, the decline in power consumption of the Scaba agitator due to aeration is 20 to 50% smaller than that observed with a Rushton turbine. Well-mixed cavern shapes and sizes are also very similar to those observed with Rushton turbines and can be predicted from equations available in literature. However, instabilities in torque could present a problem in broths containing xanthan in concentrations above 35 kg m-3. Nevertheless, the Scaba agitator offers an interesting retrofitting possibility for xanthan fermentation, which could lead to improved performance.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160206
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  • 55
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    Gas and solids mixing in a commercial FCC regenerator (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixing of gas, solids and heat in a commercial FCC regenerator, 5.76 m in diameter, was investigated. This regenerator was operated at a high superficial gas velocity (〉1.2 m/s) and high temperature (650-710°C). It is classified as a highly efficient regenerator. The profiles of coke content in the catalyst, gas composition, temperature and pressure were obtained by sampling and instrumental measurement. It was confirmed that a proposed axial dispersion model could be used for a satisfactory prediction of these experimental profiles. The values of gas and solids dispersion coefficients are also presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160207
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  • 56
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    Effect of filling method on the packing distribution of a catalyst bed (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 114-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bulk density of a catalyst bed in two-dimensional reactor model has been measured by a radiogauging method. Three ways of introducing the catalyst were used. Attention was paid to bulk density near the wall and the bottom of the model. A homogeneous distribution of the catalyst was obtained in the case of the “rainy” (uniform) filling method using a grid distributor.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160208
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  • 57
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    Fuzzy evaluation of large suspension mixing tanks (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Any process engineering scale-up procedure is a source of uncertainties and risk. This paper presents an algorithm that completely eliminates the traditional scale-up procedure using a direct application of “large-scale” industrial knowledge. The large-scale knowledge base is represented by fuzzy descriptions of 489 existing suspension mixing tanks. A fuzzy reasoning algorithm is used to answer different queries. Therefore, a flexible user-computer dialogue is possible. A practical example is given in full detail.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160210
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  • 58
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160301
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  • 59
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    Quantitative rate equations for change of phase (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 130-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new set of rate equations for gas desorption has been derived from the laws of thermodynamics and motion and the kinetic theory of gases. The equations assume that gas desorption or absorption originally represents an isothermal change at the interface, similarly to condensation or vaporization. The mass transfer in gas desorption or absorption is initially caused by external work being done on the system and takes place as work done by the system which instantly develops a concentration gradient, increases in internal energy and temperature, and a deviation from the ideal gas behaviour inside MTZ in the process of mass transfer. After cessation of external work, these conditions disappear following the transfer of a small residual mass at a constant velocity and a decrease in internal energy inside the MTZ.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160211
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  • 60
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160101
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  • 61
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    Predicting mass transfer in packed columnsSummary of papers presented at AIChE 1988 National Spring Meeting, New Orleans, LA/USA, and AIChE 1988 Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C./USA. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Countercurrent-flow columns are widely used in production processes in the chemical industry and their application in ecological engineering is of increasing importance. A theoretical model is presented here that allows mass transfer to be described in terms of packing geometry and physical properties which influence the gas-liquid or vapour-liquid systems in absorption, desorption and rectification columns. The relationships derived from the model can be applied to all countercurrent-flow columns, regardless of whether the packing has been dumped at random or arranged in a geometric pattern.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160102
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  • 62
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    Increased surface tension of pretreated plastics investigated with a fully automatic device (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 24-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of surface tension of flame-, plasma- and UV-treated PP-EPDM samples show that all three methods of pretreatment significantly increase the surface tension. The flame or plasma pretreatment increases especially the polar element of surface tension while the UV-treatment enhances the disperse element. The measurements were carried out with a new fully automatic unit for determining contact angles (AURAM).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160105
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  • 63
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    Optimization and adaptive control of a semi-batch synthesis reactorPaper presented by J. Uhlemann at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Köln, September 25 to 27, 1991. (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimization of a chemical synthesis aims at an adjustment of the operating conditions, i.e. pH, temperature and initial concentrations, in order to obtain maximum yield, minimum operating costs or similar. The optimization effort may be considerable so that, in many cases, its cost cannot be justified, especially for small volume products. This paper introduces a new strategy, namely to establish the optimum operating conditions with a relatively small effort. The new approach is illustrated by the synthesis of 2-furyl oxirane. In the first step, a simplified mechanistic process model has to be determined on the basis of easily accessible experimental data. Initial and final concentrations of all reacting components, reaction time and temperature must be known. A two-step evaluation yields the stoichiometric coefficients of all the occurring reactions as well as the parameters of the Arrhenius model. This so-called trend model is used in the optimization of the operating conditions. It is not only important to know the optimum operating conditions but also to maintain them as close as possible in practical operation. An adaptive controller is well suited to such an application and its use is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160104
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  • 64
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    Conversion of ethanol over metal-exchanged zeolites (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 332-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of metal exchange between zeolites and alkali metals (Li, Na, K; zeolite Y, ZSM-5, T), alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; ZSM-5), transition metals (La, Ce, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Cu, Zn; ZSM-5) and aluminium (ZSM-5) on the conversion of ethanol were studied. Activities of the catalysts and selectivities for ethene, C3+ olefins, paraffins and arenes strongly depended on the cation, chosen for the modification. Only ethene was formed by alkali exchanged zeolites, the most active being Li-Y. This could be confirmed by a long-term ageing test with Li-Y pellets under semi-industrial conditions. The exchange of ZSM-5 with alkaline earths or transition metals permitted the formation of a wide variety of products, raning from high ethene to high aromatic yields. A correlation between certain product selectivities and electronegativity was only possible in a rough approximation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160509
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  • 65
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160601
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  • 66
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    A study of phase equilibria sensitivity in the 1,1,1-trichloroethane-1,2-dichloroethane separation by distillation (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 338-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sensitivity of the plate number and reflux ratio to the description of vapour-liquid equilibria in the 1,1,1-trichloroethane-1,2-dichloroethane separation was calculated via case studies. Published experimental data are not sufficiently accurate to satisfy an adequate overdesign of the distillation column. On the other hand, the data are suitable for the design of an extractive distillation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160510
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  • 67
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    Defect structure of metal oxides at high temperatures (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High temperature oxidation of some metals contained in special alloys has been studied. Defect models for pure an doped CoO and pure NiO were developed and fitted to electrical conductivity data. The models involve different kinds of theoretically possible complex defects with different numbers of vacancies and interstitials forming a cluster. Equilibrium constants for defects formation have been estimated using an algorithm based on the constrained variation method that allows fitting of data to implicit models involving errors in all the measured variables. Results indicate the presence of a significant concentration of complex defects in CoO at high temperatures, while confirming the rather small concentration of these defects in NiO.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160511
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  • 68
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    Electrical conductivities of pure organic liquids (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 238-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents a method of evaluating electrical conductivities of pure organic liquids. Emphasis is placed on the methodology of selection, correlation and analysis of experimental data. The proposed method brings order out of conflicting, confusing and chaotic experimental observations. It is also shown that the consistent and evaluated data are generated at a fraction of the cost and time required for producing the original raw experimental data.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160405
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  • 69
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    Comparison of cracking and hydrocraking of n-heptane on H-ZSM-5 catalystsDedicated to Professor Emeritus Dr. Hanns Hofmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 422-428 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid catalyzed cracking and bifunctional cracking of n-heptane were investigated on HZSM-5 catalysts. At a reaction temperature of 543 K, the cracking on metal-free zeolite was found to be directly proportional to hydrogen partial pressure. Hydrogen influences the hydrogenation of product olefins and carbon deposits and therefore enhances the overall activity. Under the same conditions, in the presence of platinum, the hydrocracking rate reaches a maximum with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. The reaction can be formally described by a Langmuir Hinshewood mechanism: hydrogen is adsorbed on Pt in competition with hydrocarbons. The maximum reaction rate depends on a favourable ratio of the two adsorbed reactants. The energy of activation of hydrocracking was over 100 kJ/mol higher than that of acid cracking.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160611
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    Fuzzy sets. Introduction to theory and applications in process engineering (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 16 (1993), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fuzziness is quite a different notion from probability. Probability describes the objective uncertainty obtained on the basis of a large number of observations. Fuzziness describes the uncertainity that has a subjective meaning. Fuzzy notions describe the degrees of possession of a given property. The popularity of fuzzy set theory in solving control problems results from its ability to treat some situations which are difficult to deal with by the classical control theory. Fuzzy sets are used to control ill-defined, complex, non-linear systems. There are two aspects of this phenomenon. The first aspect concerns the descriptive ability of fuzzy sets. The second important feature is the applicability of fuzzy sets to work with incomplete, contradictory and subjective information. Fuzzy set theory is becoming increasingly important tool in the new fast developing disciplines of artificial intelligence: expert systems and neural networks. It creates completely new opportunities for the application of fuzzy sets in chemical engineering.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270160502
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    Description of Two-dimensional Distributions of Particle Size and Particle Velocity of a flowing discontinuous phase by means of special mathematical functionsDedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As potential approximation functions for measured two-dimensional distributions, the two-dimensional normal distribution and the two-dimensional log-normal distribution are presented, in addition to mixed forms in which one of the two variables is linearly and the other logarithmically normally distributed. For all four distribution functions, regression curves are calculated, with x being understood as independent and y as dependent variable. The general concept is applied to the specific case of a two-dimensional distribution of particle size x and particle velocity y. In this context, a number of particularities result from the fact that a distinction has to be made between concentration-dependent and flux-dependent measurement.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100404
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    Light Scattering by Anthophyllite-Crocidolite Asbestos Fibers. Part II: Comparison of various approximate theories with the EBCM theoryDedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 212-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the geometry of the fiber ends on the scattered intensities is considered. A new modification of the Rayleighdebye-Gans (RDG) approximate theory, the Mie Substitution Theory (MST) theory, is introduced. The Boundary Value Method (BVM) for the infinite cylinder, the RDG theory, the Shifrin (SFR) modification of the RDG theory and the MST theory are compared with the EBCM theory for various values of fiber diameter, length, refractive index and for various fiber orientations, including random orientation. Scattering from suspensions of fibers, typical of UICC crocidolite and anthophyllite asbestos fibers, is considered using the BVM, the MST and the RDG theories when the fibers are assumed to be aligned and the MST and the RDG theories when the fibers are assumed to be randomly oriented.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100409
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  • 73
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    Comparison of Dry Test Sieving on Woven Wire Cloths versus electroformed sheetsDedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 222-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dry test sieving results given by woven wire cloths with a square mesh and by round electroformed apertures were compared using sands of various origin. The difference has been found to be constant and independent of substance and quantile. The quantile obtained on a square mesh was converted into the corresponding quantile on an electroformed sheet of the same nominal aperture by multiplication by a constant factor of 1.21 ± 0.04.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100410
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  • 74
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100501
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  • 75
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    Announcements (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 38-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100108
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  • 76
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    Particle Dynamics in an Electrohydrodynamic Flow Field investigated with a two-component laser-doppler velocimeter (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laser-Doppler instrument has been used to measure the migration velocity of NaCl particles in an electrohydrodynamic flow field of an electrical precipitator. The measured average migration velocity of 1.40-μm particles (number distribution median with a geometric standard devitation of 1.46) is approximately five to six times higher than the calculated steady-state velocity for a 1.40-μm particle, provided there is a saturation charge of at least 90f%. Further, the particle velocities in the main flow direction are also influenced by the electrical operation conditions. Both observations demonstrate the important role of the state of the electrohydrodynamic flow field (superposition of moving gas ions and neutral gas molecules) on the particle transport, characterized by the dimensionless electrohydrodynamic number NEHD. A comparison between six different electrohydrodynamic states revealed that NEHD ≍ 1 is a critical value for the mutual interactions between the gas ions and the neutral gas phase. Whereas for NEHD values 〉 1 the stochastic particle motion is chiefly determined by the nonsteady-state character of the negative corona, for NEHD values 〈 1 the particle velocity fluctuations are governed by the turbulence level of the neutral fluid. These finding might be helpful in adjusting the operating conditions in electrical precipitators for and optimized particle separation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100203
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  • 77
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    Sampling of Autocorrelating Powder Flows (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 70-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sampling powder flows in industrial grinding circuits are discussed. Work was done with different types of sampler and with different minerals and sampling objectives. It was found that all the samplers showed marked autocorrelation in sample mass for all the minerals ground. Typical autocorrelation could be found at both high (1 · 10-3-15 · 10-3 Hz) and low (1 · 10-4 - 4 · 10-4 Hz) frequencies. Higher frequencies were attributed to powder transport and low frequencies to mill circuit variations. The effects of the found autocorrelation on systematic errors and on industrial sampling schemes are discussed. Systematic sampling produced large errors if operated at sampling intervals that were high-frequency autocorrelation frequencies or small multiples of these. Low-frequency autocorrelation was less detrimental to the sampling results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100207
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  • 78
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    Flow Characteristics of Granular Bulk Materials (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper discusses the interest in conventional triaxial tests widely used in soil mechanics for a better understanding of both the mechanical behaviour and flow characteristics of granular bulk materials. It proposes a rheological characterization of granular foodstuffs on diverse types of stress path using a conventional triaxial cell. The characteristic state concept, defining the disaggregation threshold of the granular structure, is found to be suitable and even indispensible for examining the mechanical behaviour and the flowability of stored bulk materials. The experimental results readily suggest, as an indicator of the arching effect, a rheological index that characterizes the particle interlocking breakdown and hence the flowability of the stored materials. In addition, this study offers a realistic physical meaning for parameters in use in constitutive models (yield conditions and flow rules) when describing granular flow in various hopper geometries. The case of silos equipped with vibrating hoppers necessitates additionally the study of the rheological behaviour of materials under cyclic and vibratory loadings in order to analyse the processes of densification or disaggregation conditioning the flowability of the stored materials during emptying operations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100209
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  • 79
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    Applied Fractal Geometry and the Fineparticle Specialist. Part I: Rugged boundaries and rough surfaces (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 99-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fractal Geometry developed in 1977 by B. Mandelbrot describes the structure of rugged systems by extending the concepts of classical dimensional analysis to include a fractional addendum to the topological dimension of a system in order to describe the space filling properties of the rugged system. In the 15 years since the publication of Mandelbrot's book describing his seminal ideas fractal geometry has found many applications in fineparticle science and technology. This body of applied knowledge is now known as Applied Fractal Geometry. The purpose of this review is to focus on the various branches of applied fractal geometry of interest to the fineparticle specialist in a systematic manner. The first part is concerned with ruggedness of fineparticle boundaries, the structure of simple porous bodies, fragmentation and powder production, the assessment of the properties of such materials as paper, and the characterization of rough surfaces. The second part will explore the use of fractal dimensions to describe mixing operations, composite bodies, such as synthetic bones, and paint films.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100302
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  • 80
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    Particle Sizing by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Part IV: Resolution of bimodals and comparison with other particle sizing methods (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 118-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The practical performances of single and multi-angle photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) for resolving bimodal distributions of industrial poly (methyl methacrylate) samples was investigated in a comparative study by several users affiliated to academic and industrial groups and by two suppliers of commercial equipment. The results for the harmonic intensity averaged diameters obtained by cumulants analysis reported by the different laboratories are in agreement, in addition to the results for the normalized second cumulants. The uncertainty on the latter quantities is large, however. For the bimodal samples with two populations with average diameters in a ratio of about 2.5 : 1, not all users were able to resolve the distribution in its components by single-angle PCS. Some slight improvement was obtained by multi-angle PCS. Other indirect techniques (polarization intensity differential scattering, static light scattering data and disc photosedimentometer) appeared to be superior for resolving the bimodal distributions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100304
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  • 81
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    Model-Based On-Line Analysis of Disperse Systems on the example of digital fourier spectroscopyDedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With progress in the advancement of measuring techniques and information processing, it is increasingly possible to analyse even complex signals with on-line methods. After fundamental considerations concerning the evaluation of such signals, digital Fourier spectroscopy is explained as an example of a new development. With this method the image of a particle collection will be transformed by the Fourier transformation. Methods such as used with laser diffraction spectrometry are applied to calculate back to the particle size distribution. After a description of the principles of the procedure, its application is demonstrated by different examples. It can be shown that digital Fourier spectroscopy is superior to conventional image analysis methods especially if the particle density in the image is high and the particles overlap. In a further development step it should be possible to determine the particle size distribution of the bulk from an image of its surface.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100608
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  • 82
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    The Characterisation of Particles Using the Settling Rate dependent movement in two phase flowsRevised version of a paper presented at the 25th Anniversary Conference “Particle Size Analysis”, Loughborough, University of Technology, 17th-19th September 1991.Dedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The drawback of conventional sedimentation methods, mainly their extremely long sedimentation time for small particles, can be overcome in two phase flow systems. In this paper several principles which permit the rapid determination of settling rate distributions are discussed. Settling rate distributions can be determined from the accelerated particle movement in a flow of constant velocity at low and high solids concentrations. Another system uses accelerated flow at low solids concentrations. The best utilisation of settling rate applications have socalled cross flow systems as set up in a stagnation point flow, in a flow round a bend, or in the decelerated particle movement perpendicular to a flow of constant velocity.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100403
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  • 83
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    Fractal Dimensions in Data Space; New descriptors for fineparticle systemsDedicated to Professor Friedrich Löffler on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fractal dimensions in data space are being used to describe fineparticle systems. The relationship between these new parametric descriptions of fineparticle systems and a more classical description of such system using the classical hyperbolic function is discussed. It is shown that fractal dimensions in data space are useful for presenting data for such diverse systems as pigment clusters in composite materials, avalanching powder systems, ballistically fractured material and pore size distribution of porous bodies as determined by mercury intrusion methods. In particular new data is presented on the usefulness of fractal dimensions for describing the flow properties of powders with and without silica flow agents.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100407
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  • 84
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    The Use of Laser Backscatter Instrumentation for the on-line measurement of the particle size distribution of emulsions (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 279-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The response of the Partec laser backscatter particle size analyzer has been tested under a variety of conditions. Various materials posessing different light scattering characteristics have been examined and the response of the Partec instrument has been evaluated. In particular the system response to transparent particle systems (e.g. oil in water emulsions) tas been studied. It has been found that the Partec laser backscatter instrument provides reasonably accurate and reproducible results when used to characterize opaque, highly reflective particles such as hydrated alumina, but suffers from a lack of sensitivity to fine transparent particles such as oil droplets. The instrument does, however, readily detect the presence of opaque particle contaminants in oil-water emulsions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100512
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  • 85
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    Editorial (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 300-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100602
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  • 86
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    Non-Invasive Size-Control of Pneumatically Conveyed Particles (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 353-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Investigations on the size control of pneumatically conveyed coarse particles were carried out using a microphone which detects the structure-borne sound caused by the impact of the particles on the pipe wall. Modes of eigenvibrations of the pipes are excited up to a maximum frequency, which decreases with increasing particle size. In an assembly of different sized particles, the lower frequencies are more stimulated as the fraction of larger particles increases. Changes in the particle size distribution are detected by analysing the intensities of the vibration modes which are set up in the walls of the tube by particle impact. One application is the monitoring of the upper range of a particle size distribution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100610
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  • 87
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    Determination of the Fractal Dimension of the Irregular, Compressive Stress-Strain Relationships of brittle, crumbly particulates (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The apparent fractal dimension of normalized rugged compressive force-deformation curves of two types of brittle particulates was determined using the blanket algorithm. Although the shape of the original force-deformation relationships of the individual specimens was irreproducible, the apparent fractal dimension of the normalized data was fairly constant and characteristic of the material. The applicability of the algorithm and the validity of the results were tested with computer simulated relationships generated with a set of Weierstrass functions whose fractal dimension was known a-priori. It is demonstrated that as long as the resolution along the two axes is the same, the fractal dimension so calculated provides an absolute rather than a relative measure of the relationship's jaggedness.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100603
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  • 88
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    Estimation of the Effective Measuring Volume of Single-Fibre Reflection Probes for solid volume concentration measurements (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 48-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The working principle of the single-fibre reflection (SFR) probe is that light emitted by a laser diode is guided into the measuring volume by the same fibre which receives the proportion of light reflected by the particles in the vicinity of the probe tip and transmits it back to a photosensitive element. In contrast to other configurations of fibre optical probes, the SFR probe is characterized by an unambiguous calibration graph over the entire range of solid volume concentration values. SFR probes have been successfully applied to different kinds of multiphase flow systems, e.g. fluidized beds, pneumatic conveying lines, elutriators and thickeners.A particular question for the interpretation of measurements has always been the effective size of the measuring volume, which is mainly determined by the solid volume concentration. In this paper a simplified mathematical model of the signal generation by backscattering of the emitted light at the particle surfaces is given. The theory takes into account the average optical properties of the solids and their particle size distributions.The particle properties are determined on the basis of this model, which finally delivers the shape, size and depth of the effective measuring volume. For particle sizes between 30 and 120 μm the depth of the measuring volume of a 600-μm fibre probe is between 0.2 mm for solid concentrations near the fixed-bed state and approximately 4 mm for solid volume concentrations as low as 0.1 vol.-%.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100204
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  • 89
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    In-Line Particle Size Determination for Jet Agglomeration Processes (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 74-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In jet agglomeration plants, powders are agglomerated to obtain good instant properties. The free-falling initial material is wetted in a spray cone by droplets or in a steam jet by condensation at the particle surface. In a subsequent region of high particle concentration, collision between particles occurs and agglomerates form, if the forces of adhesion are strong enough. A commercial measurement device, working according to the principle of Fraunhofer diffraction, was modified for in-line application. It was used to measure particle size distributions and concentrations of solid particles and droplets in jets. A model is presented to calculate local particle sizes by means of mass balances from integral measurements over large volumes. The results of in-line particle size and agglomerate size analyses show the practical importance of dry agglomeration during transport and lead to a better understanding of the subsequent wet agglomeration process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100208
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  • 90
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    Announcements (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 92-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100211
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  • 91
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    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100301
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  • 92
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    Particle-Induced Limits of Accuracy in Laser Doppler Anemometry (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) is one of the most advanced optical measuring techniques for flow velocities and is widely used in industrial and academic laboratories. Based on numerous applications in the past, there is no doubt that LDA is one of the most accurate flow measuring techniques. However, recent investigations have shown that the period lengths of LDA signal bursts are not as constant as one might expect within the individual burst. This can induce an additional scatter in the signal frequency and in the determination of flow velocity from individual bursts. This paper describes experimental investigations which show qualitatively and quantitatively that the particle passage through the laser beams shortly before the point of intersection, i. e. the LDA measuring volume, yields a distorted LDA fringe pattern. The latter results in a scatter of the measured velocity data for those particles passing the center of the measuring volume at the same time.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100305
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  • 93
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    Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Industrial Colloidal Slurries using ultrasonic spectroscopy (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several solid-liquid suspensions containing submicron particles at moderate to high concentrations (5 to 50 volume percent) are encountered in industrial slurry processing. Measurements of ultrasonic attenuation spectra are used in a newly developed AcoustoPhor particle analysis system to get particle size distributions of such colloidal suspensions. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of the AcoustoPhor system. The automated ultrasonic spectrometer component of the AcoustoPhor system was tested using a reference silicone liquid for its accuracy and precision. The particle size distribution (PSD) estimation capabilities were evaluated using a set of well-dispersed slurries covering a wide range of particle concentrations. Sensitivity to process variations was evaluated in field tests at a pigment manufacturing plant. The AcoustoPhor system appears to be capable of providing reliable PSD data for inorganic pigment slurries with particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 100 micrometers at particle concentrations as high as 50 volume percent.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100503
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  • 94
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    Image Analysis for Off-Line Characterisation of mineral particles and prediction of processing properties (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 271-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper discusses the application of image analysis to multiphase mineral particles. The emphasis is on the development of automatic and routine methods which provide reliable data for the process engineer. Optical systems are discussed briefly, but electron beam instruments are shown to offer many advantages for the identification and discrimination of mineral species. Image capture and analysis procedures are described together with the application of the measured data to aid our understanding of the processing properties of particles of complex structure. Examples are given from studies of beach sands, silver minerals, flyashes, ore characterisation, flotation of base metals, grinding and liberation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100510
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Study of the Fracture of Pellets Fired Against a Target (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pellets of sintered Al2O3 of approximately 3 mm diameter and length were broken in the Brazilian mode and the distribution of strength obtained. It was found that there was also a distribution of Young's modulus E. Hertzian theory implies that the maximum impact force of a pellet fired against a rigid target would depend on E. However, since the pellets can strike in different geometries there is a distribution of impact force for a fixed E. Comparison of theory with data obtained with a force-time transducer as the target showed that the major variation of maximum recorded force could be assigned to the variation of E. The median of the maximum recorded force varied with velocity as v6/5, implying that the pellets behaved approximately as impacting spheres. An attempt was made to predict the probability of breakage in one impact from convoluting the distribution of impact force with the strength distribution from the Brazilian test converted to the equivalent strength distribution expected for impacting spheres. This gave the correct order of magnitude but did not accurately predict the experimental values.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100609
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 364-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100612
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100101
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Angular Polarization Ratio for the Characterization of Small Droplets in Oil Sprays (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 19-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The angular patterns of the polarization ratio were calculated for droplets with diameters between 0.020 and 50 μm at 500 nm wavelength. It was observed that the patterns for droplets slightly smaller than 1 μm were dominated by a backward peak belonging to the glory. The peak was successfully used to characterize aerosols of light and heavy oils with a Junge-like size distribution. Experiments conducted with heavy oil sprays produced by air-assisted atomization presented the same feature. A quantitative comparison of the experimental results with the Lorenz-Mie theory showed that the size distribution of these sprays was bimodal.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100105
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100201
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of Size, Number Concentration and Velocity of Aerosol Particles using an optical particle counter (1993)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 10 (1993), S. 56-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An aerosol measurement instrument is presented which allows for the simultaneous measurement of the size distribution, number concentration and velocities of particles. A commercial optical particle counter (OPC) was modified in terms of optics and signal evaluation to provide the required measurement information. The design of this instrument allows the definition of a cubic measuring volume by purely optical means. This is achieved by an aperture/lens system which projects a sharply defined light beam into a stream of aerosol flow. Light scattered from single particles at average angles of 90° is collected by two opposite receiver units, each projecting light on to a separate photomultiplier. The intensity of the scattered light with this instrument is found to be an unambiguous function of the particle size. The total number of particles detected per unit time results in the particle flux. The particle velocity can be calculated, in principle, through the correlation of the signal length and the optical length of the measuring volume, provided that the particles have a straight trajectory through the measuring volume and the measuring volume length in the mean flow direction is well defined. The absence of sharpness in real optical projections effects a border zone of definite length, in which the illumination declines to zero. This leads, together with the low-pass filtering of the particle signals, to an increase in the length of the signal slopes, causing some difficulties in the determination of the signal length. A digital signal evaluation technique was developed that renders possible the clear differentiation between the slope and the kernel region of the signal. The latter represents the motion of particles through the completely illuminated region, which can be a more accurate parameter to define the signal length. In addition to the signal length determination, a cross-correlation technique was tested for its potential to obtain particle velocity. the instrument has two interlaced measuring volumes of nearly the same size, which are shifted for this special application in the main flow direction by 20 μm. The phase difference between the signals from the two photomultipliers, together with the optical distance, yields the particle velocity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19930100205
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