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  • 1995-1999  (4,514)
  • 1955-1959  (1,475)
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  • 1890-1899  (195)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (6,678)
  • Agrobacterium
  • transformation
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Modular Vector for Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007686408369
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of leaf explants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1999), S. 387-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Almond ; Prunus ; Transformation ; Agrobacterium ; Adventitious regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) leaves were transformed with the marker genes gusA (β-glucuronidase) and nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Bacterial strains and preculture of explants affected efficiency of gene transfer evaluated by transient expression assays. Following transformation, shoots were induced from primary explants on medium without kanamycin and exposed to selection 20 days after cocultivation. From 1419 original leaves, four shoots (A, B, C and D) were obtained that showed amplification of the predicted DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After micropropagation of these shoots, only those cloned from shoot D gave consistently positive results in histochemical GUS detection and PCR amplification. Southern blot hybridisation confirmed stable transgene integration in clone D, which was also negative in PCR amplification of an Agrobacterium gene. Additional molecular analysis suggested that the remaining three shoots (A, B and C) were chimeric.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050591
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism in Polyamide of Dytek®-A and Dodecanedioic Acid (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1133-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: branched diamine ; melting ; polyamides ; polymorphism ; transformation ; WXRD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Our X-ray work of Dytek®-A, 2-methyl-pentamethylenediamine, containing polyamides shows polymorphism, whereas the polyamides with linear diamines do not. The polyamide of Dytek®-A and dodecanedioic acid, MPMD-12, is singled out for discussion and compared with the unbranched analogs of polyamides 6,12 and 5,12. Due to the presence of the -CH3 side group in the 2-position of the diamine, the polyamide MPMD-12 exhibits two stable crystal conformations. The new δ polymorph is not seen in linear polyamides 6,12 and 5,12. Studies by DSC polyamide MPMD-12 clearly illustrates at least two crystal forms, γ and δ, coexisting over a wide temperature range, and the isolation of each phase is possible by controlling temperature and time. The DMA modulus in the temperature region between the glass transition (or alpha relaxation) and melting transition shows strong dependence on the thermal history as demonstrated in a study of crystallization kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010105028316
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Green-fluorescent protein facilitates rapid in vivo detection of genetically transformed plant cells (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1999), S. 707-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Green-fluorescent protein ; Transformation ; Particle bombardment ; Agrobacterium ; Sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Early detection of plant transformation events is necessary for the rapid establishment and optimization of plant transformation protocols. We have assessed modified versions of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria as early reporters of plant transformation using a dissecting fluorescence microscope with appropriate filters. Gfp-expressing cells from four different plant species (sugarcane, maize, lettuce, and tobacco) were readily distinguished, following either Agrobacterium-mediated or particle bombardment-mediated transformation. The identification of gfp-expressing sugarcane cells allowed for the elimination of a high proportion of non-expressing explants and also enabled visual selection of dividing transgenic cells, an early step in the generation of transgenic organisms. The recovery of transgenic cell clusters was streamlined by the ability to visualize gfp-expressing tissues in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050647
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loiseleur) (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 335-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; ß‐glucuronidase ; lamiaceae ; lavandin ; neomycin phosphotransferase II ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lavandin (Lavandula x Emeric ex Loiseleur) is an aromatic plant, the essential oil of which is widely used in the perfume, cosmetic, flavouring and pharmaceutical industries. The qualitative or quantitative modification of its terpenes‐containing essential oil by genetic engineering could have important scientific and commercial applications. In this study, we report the first Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated gene transfer into lavandin. The transformation protocol was optimized by lengthening precultivation and cocultivation periods and by testing five different bacterial strains. We obtained transformed callus lines at a frequency of 40–70 with strains AGL1/GI, EHA105/GI and C58/GI. Transgenic shoots were regenerated from these kanamycin resistant calli and rooted on selective medium with 150 mg l-1 kanamycin. The final percentage of transgenic plants obtained varied from 3 to 9, according to the strain used, within 6 months of culture. The presence of the introduced β‐glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II genes was shown both by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Transgene expression was investigated using histoenzymatic β‐glucuronidase assays, leaf callus assays and RT‐PCR. Results showed that both β‐glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II genes were expressed at a high level in at least 41 of the transgenic plants regenerated. This efficient transformation strategy could be used to modify some genetic traits of lavandin (flower colour, pathogens resistance) and to study the biosynthesis of the major monoterpene components of its essential oil (linalool, linalyl acetate, camphor and 1,8‐cineole).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008948113305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Bar Gene Confers Herbicide Resistance in Transgenic Lettuce (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; bialaphos ; phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to bialaphos, a broad-spectrum herbicide, was introduced into Lactuca sativa cv. Evola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens strains 0310 and 1310, both carrying the bialaphos resistance (bar) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes, were used for transformation. Primary transformants were selected on kanamycin sulphate-supplemented shoot regeneration medium. Integration of both transgenes was confirmed by non-radioactive Southern hybridisation. The hypervirulent plasmid ToK47 in A. tumefaciens strain 1310 generated multiple insertions of T-DNA in some transgenic plants; the absence of pToK47 (strain 0310) resulted in single gene inserts in all plants tested. Resistance to glufosinate ammonium was observed in axenic seedlings grown on medium supplemented with the herbicide at 5 mg l−1 and in glasshouse-grown plants sprayed with the compound at 300 mg l−1. Stable expression of the bar gene was observed in R2 generation plants. The kanamycin resistance of R1 seedlings was observed by germinating seeds on medium supplemented with 200 mg l−1 kanamycin sulphate. The presence of NPTII protein and PAT enzyme activity were demonstrated by ELISA and PAT enzyme assay respectively. Transgenes segregated in a Mendelian fashion in some plant lines in the R1 generation; herbicide resistance also segregated in the expected ratio in the R2 generation in most transgenic lines. This study confirmed that an agronomically important transgene can be integrated and stably expressed over several generations in lettuce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008891216134
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of pasta wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) with high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes and modification of dough functionality (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ; pasta wheat ; transformation ; seed protein modification ; flour quality improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Particle bombardment has been used to transform three cultivars (L35, Ofanto, Svevo) and one breeding line (Latino × Lira) of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). These varieties were co-transformed with plasmids containing selectable and scorable marker genes (bar and uidA) and plasmids containing one of two high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit genes (encoding subunits 1Ax1 or 1Dx5). Ten independent transgenic lines were recovered from 1683 bombarded scutella (transformation efficiency thus 0.6%). Five lines expressed either subunit 1Dx5 or 1Ax1 at levels similar to those of endogenous subunits encoded on chromosome 1B. To identify the effects of the transgenes on the functional properties of grain, three lines showing segregation for transgene expression were used to isolate sibling T2 plants which were null or positive for the transgene product. Analysis of these plants using a small-scale mixograph showed that expression of the additional subunits resulted in increased dough strength and stability, demonstrating that transformation can be used to modify the quality of durum wheat for bread and pasta making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681321708
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable genetic transformation of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) after cocultivation of embryogenic tissues with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 429-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: transgenic trees ; scaffold attachment region ; Agrobacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A genetic transformation procedure for white pine has been developed after cocultivation of embryogenic tissues with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This efficient transformation procedure led to an average of four independent transformed lines per gram of cocultivated embryogenic tissue and up to 50 transformed lines can be obtained in a routine experiment. Constructs bearing the uidA gene or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were introduced and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity was followed over time. The expression of the uidA gene was lowest with a 35S-gus-intron construct and was 20-fold higher with a 35S-35S-AMVgus::nptII construct. The addition of scaffold attachment region (SAR) sequences surrounding the gus::nptII fusion did not significantly enhance the GUS activity. Transformed mature somatic embryos have been germinated and plantlets are presently being acclimatized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009683605841
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of the endospermous legume guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and analysis of transgene transmission (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ; β-lactamase inhibitor ; sulbactam ; transformation ; transgene stability ; transgenic guar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for transformation of the large-seeded endospermous legume guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and a study on transmission of the transgenes to offspring generations are presented. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a T-DNA construct harbouring a β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII), maximum transformation frequencies of cotyledonary explants were obtained using 145 mg/l kanamycin sulfate as selective agent. Carbenicillin and cefotaxime, used for the elimination of Agrobacterium after co-culture, displayed considerable toxicity to guar tissues but replacing most of these β-lactams by the non-phytotoxic β-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam as well as addition of thidiazuron and silver thiosulfate increased transformation frequencies up to 10-fold in total. The presence of the transgenes in the primary transformants was demonstrated by genomic DNA analysis of GUS-positive shoots. Chimaeric plants (5–10%) were identified by GUS analysis at the flowering stage and were discarded. Analysis of the R1 offspring from 17 independent transformants showed that in 41% of those, the uidA gene(s) was expressed and stably inherited consistent with Mendelian genetics. This was also found for the R2 and R3 generations of single copy transformants. On the other hand, a large proportion (47%) of the primary transformants gave R1 offspring in which 100% of the plants were GUS-negative. Analysis of these plants by PCR revealed that, at least, most of the transgene sequences were absent, suggesting that they had not been transmitted from the parent transformants. This occurred at similar high frequencies (40–50%) irrespective of the estimated copy number of the transgenes. Thus, major parts of the transgenes, even when present in multiple copies, displayed aberrant transmission, at a high frequency, in the process of going from the primary transformants to the first offspring generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602722423
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial male sterility in transgenic tobacco carrying an antisense gene for alternative oxidase under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: alternative oxidase ; antisense ; male-sterility ; tapetum-specific promoter ; tobacco ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria is the terminal oxidase of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway and is encoded by a nuclear gene. A 1 kb genomic fragment including exon 3 of the alternative oxidase was amplified by PCR from the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. This fragment was connected to a tapetum-specific promoter in the antisense orientation and then introduced into tobacco. The pollen viability in three transgenic plants ranged from 2% to 60%. The reduced pollen viability cosegregated with the transgene in a selfed progeny. Immunolocalization of alternative oxidase protein in the immature flower bud section indicated that expression of alternative oxidase protein in tapetum of the transgenic plant was much lower than that of the non-transformant. The histological observation and protein gel-blot analysis showed that the development of pollen grains in the transgenic plant did not progress after the degradation of the tapetum, and the amount of alternative oxidase in pollen grains of the transgenic plant became lower than that of the non-transformant. These results suggested that the alternative oxidase activity in the tapetum has a significant effect on the pollen development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606601521
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expansive Visibilization of Work: An Activity-Theoretical Perspective (1999)
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 63-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Keywords: activity theory ; action ; transformation ; expansive learning ; intervention ; visibilization ; health care ; medical records
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Work is commonly made visible along two dimensions: the linear and the socio-spatial. Both are limited to depicting work in terms of relatively discrete actions. Activity theory introduces the crucial distinction between collective activity systems and individual actions. Expansive visibilization of collective activity systems offers a powerful intervention methodology for dealing with major transformations of work. The linear and the socio-spatial dimensions of work actions are seen in the broader perspective of a third, developmental dimension of work activity. Four steps are identified in a cycle of expansive visibilization, combining activity-level visions and action-level concretizations. The cycle is examined in detail as it unfolded in an intervention study at a children's hospital in Finland. It is concluded that expansive visibilization, driven by contradictions and seeking to reconceptualize the object and motive of work, is not a straightforward process which can be neatly controlled from above. Coherent analytical explanation and goal-setting may come only after the creation and practical implementation of innovative solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008648532192
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) and its Impact on the Isolation of Pathogenicity Genes in Fungi Attacking Plants (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; transformation ; plant disease ; recombination ; plant pathogenic fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development of molecular techniques for phytopathogenic fungi aims at the identification of fungal genes whose products are essential for successful infection of the host plant. Initial approaches have relied on isolating candidate genes and generating null-mutations by homologous recombination. Unfortunately, the results of this strategy have not been overly successful. This has led to a search for alternatives which allow an unbiased identification of pathogenicity genes. One method, which has proved successful in several systems, is a tagging mutagenesis procedure termed restriction enzyme mediated integration (REMI). In this mini-review we describe this procedure and review its features and results of its use when applied to the identification of fungal genes required for disease development in planta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008757414036
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mini binary vector series for plant transformation (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 711-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; binary vector ; T-DNA ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A streamlined mini binary vector was constructed that is less than 1/2 the size of the pBIN19 backbone (3.5 kb). This was accomplished by eliminating over 5 kb of non-T-DNA sequences from the pBIN19 vector. The vector still retains all the essential elements required for a binary vector. These include a RK2 replication origin, the nptIII gene conferring kanamycin resistance in bacteria, both the right and left T-DNA borders, and a multiple cloning site (MCS) in between the T-DNA borders to facilitate cloning. Due to the reduced size, more unique restriction sites are available in the MCS, thus allowing more versatile cloning. Since the traF region was not included, it is not possible to mobilize this binary vector into Agrobacterium by triparental mating. This problem can be easily resolved by direct transformation. The mini binary vector has been demonstrated to successfully transform Arabidopsis plants. Based on this mini binary vector, a series of binary vectors were constructed for plant transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006201910593
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positive-negative selection and T-DNA stability in Arabidopsis transformation (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; Agrobacterium ; T-DNA ; CodA ; positive-negative selection ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analysed the application of positive-negative selection for the selection of homologous recombination interactions between the chromosome and a T-DNA molecule after transformation of plant cells. Two different genomic loci in a cell suspension of Arabidopsis thaliana were chosen to study gene targeting events. One was the chalcone synthase (CHS) gene present as a single copy and the second an hemizygous chromosomally inserted T-DNA containing the hpt gene, conferring resistance to hygromycin, flanked by CHS sequences. The target lines were transformed with replacement-type T-DNA vectors which contained a positive selectable marker flanked by the regions of the CHS gene and a negative selectable marker to counter-select random insertions. As negative marker we used the Escherichia coli codA gene encoding cytosine deaminase, conferring upon the cells sensitivity to 5-flourocytosine (5-FC). Doubly selected transformants represent 1–4% of the primary transformed cells. Targeting events were not found at the chalcone synthase locus nor at the artificial hpt locus in a total of 4379 doubly selected calli, corresponding to at least 109 475 individual primary transformants. We show by PCR and Southern analysis that the 5-FC resistance in the majority of these cells is associated with substantial deletions of the T-DNA molecule from the right-border end.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006192225464
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wnt Signalling in Mammalian Development and Cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer and metastasis reviews 18 (1999), S. 215-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7233
    Keywords: transformation ; tumour ; Frizzled ; Dishevelled ; glycogen synthase kinase-3β
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wnt signalling is involved in a variety of mammalian developmental processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, through which they contribute to the development of tissues and organs such as the limbs, the brain, the reproductive tract and the kidney. Wnts are secreted ligands that control cell processes via at least two pathways, one of which, the ‘canonical’ Wnt signalling pathway, operates through the cytosolic stabilisation of a transcriptional co-factor, β-catenin. This is achieved by downregulating the activity of a β-catenin turnover complex. Evidence from tumour expression studies, transgenic animals and in vitro experiments suggests that inappropriate activation of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway is a major feature in human neoplasia and that oncogenic activation of this pathway can occur at many levels. Inappropriate expression of the Wnt ligand and Wnt binding proteins have been found in a variety of human tumours. Further downstream, dysregulation of the β-catenin turnover complex, by loss of the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli or Protein Phosphatase 2A proteins, or by activating mutations of β-catenin, has been found in several tumour types, and is believed to be a key step in neoplastic progression. Transcriptional targets of the Wnt pathway include the cellular oncogenes cyclin D1 and c-myc. Activation of the Wnt signalling pathway by various means can therefore be a primary cause in oncogenesis, affecting cell proliferation, morphology and contact inhibition, as well as co-operating with other oncogenes in multistep tumour progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006369223282
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Institutional transformation at South African universities: Implications for academic staff (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 275-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Keywords: academic staff ; curriculum change ; equity ; governance ; staff development ; student needs ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In South Africa the restructuring of the higher education system and the transformation of higher education institutions are located within the country's broad political and socio-economic transition to democracy. This paper focuses particularly on institutional transformation, and pays attention to the implications of the process of transformation for academic staff. The following five interlinked and interdependent issues characterizing institutional transformation in South African higher education are identified: democratising the governance structures of institutions increasing access for educationally and financially disadvantaged students restructuring the curriculum focusing on developmental needs in research and community service redressing inequalities in terms of race and gender. Although the overall effect of institutional transformation is experienced rather negatively by many academic staff members, the paper concludes that academics have to be empowered by means of staff development to remain active partners in the transformation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003768229291
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by municipal digester sludge (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: abiotic ; biological ; cell-free extract ; chloroethane ; dechlorination ; 1,1-dichloroethane ; 1,1-dichloroethene ; digester ; methanogenic ; transformation ; 1,1,1-trichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic transformations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), and chloroethane (CA) were studied with sludge from a lab-scale, municipal wastewater sludge digester. TCA was biologically transformed to DCA and CA and further to ethane by reductive dechlorination. TCA was also converted to acetic acid and 1,1-dichloroethene (11DCE) by cell-free extract. 11DCE was further biologically converted to ethene. This pathway was confirmed by transformation tests of TCA, DCA and CA, by tests with cell-free extract, and by chloride release during TCA degradation. With cell-free extract, acetic acid accounted for approximately 90% of the TCA transformed; tests with live cells indicate that the fraction of TCA transformed by this pathway decreased with lower biomass. The dechlorination of DCA to CA and CA to ethane was not stoichiometric. A high rate of TCA removal was observed under the experimental conditions. The results indicate that removal of TCA in anaerobic digestion should be complete, but DCA and CA could persist in a normally operating digester.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008336103968
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban development in East Germany — specific features of urban transformation processes (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: housing market ; suburbanisation ; transformation ; urban development ; urban renewal ; East Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse the main characteristics of post-socialist urban development in East Germany, especially the differences compared to urban development in other East and Central European countries. In spite of the many similar problems and processes in urban development, specific features of East Germany are characterised by the rapid growth of suburbia, especially in the first phase of transition, by the proceeding activities of urban renewal and revitalisation, and by a lower level of social polarisation and socio-spatial segregation as compared to other post-socialist countries. Important conditions for urban development in East Germany exist in special support programmes, high subsidies and other financial transfers as well as in engaged planning conceptions of the local authorities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007016912703
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A promoter from sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus drives transgene expression in banana and other monocot and dicot plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 1221-1230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: constitutive expression ; GFP ; GUS ; Musa ; ScBV ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 1369 bp DNA fragment (Sc) was isolated from a full-length clone of sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus (ScBV) and was shown to have promoter activity in transient expression assays using monocot (banana, maize, millet and sorghum) and dicot plant species (tobacco, sunflower, canola and Nicotiana benthamiana). This promoter was also tested for stable expression in transgenic banana and tobacco plants. These experiments showed that this promoter could drive high-level expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in most plant cells. The expression level was comparable to the maize ubiquitin promoter in standardised transient assays in maize. In transgenic banana plants the expression levels were variable for different transgenic lines but was generally comparable with the activities of both the maize ubiquitin promoter and the enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The Sc promoter appears to express in a near-constitutive manner in transgenic banana and tobacco plants. The promoter from sugarcane bacilliform virus represents a useful tool for the high-level expression of foreign genes in both monocot and dicot transgenic plants that could be used similarly to the CaMV 35S or maize polyubiquitin promoter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006125229477
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selectable marker-free transgenic plants without sexual crossing: transient expression of cre recombinase and use of a conditional lethal dominant gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 223-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: conditional lethal dominant gene ; Cre/loxP ; Nicotiana tabacum ; site-specific recombinase ; transformation ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic tobacco plants were produced that contained single-copy pART54 T-DNA, with a 35S-uidA gene linked to loxP-flanked kanamycin resistance (nptII) and cytosine deaminase (codA) genes. Retransformation of these plants with pCre1 (containing 35S transcribed cre recombinase and hygromycin (hpt) resistance genes) resulted in excision of the loxP-flanked genes from the genome. Phenotypes of progeny from selfed-retransformed plants confirmed nptII and codA excision and integration of the cre-linked hpt gene. To avoid integration of the hpt gene, and thereby generate plants totally free of marker genes, we attempted to transiently express the cre recombinase. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (pCre1) was cocultivated with leaf discs of two pART54-transformed lines and shoots were regenerated in the absence of hygromycin selection. Nineteen of 773 (0.25%) shoots showed tolerance to 5-fluorocytosine (5-fc) which is converted to the toxic 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase. 5-fc tolerance in six shoots was found to be due to excision of the loxP-flanked region of the pART54 T-DNA. In four of these shoots excision could be attributed to cre expression from integrated pCre1 T-DNA, whereas in two shoots excision appeared to be a consequence of transient cre expression from pCre1 T-DNA molecules which had been transferred to the plant cells but not integrated into the genome. The absence of selectable marker genes was confirmed by the phenotype of the T1 progeny. Therefore, through transient cre expression, marker-free transgenic plants were produced without sexual crossing. This approach could be applicable to the elimination of marker genes from transgenic crops which must be vegetatively propagated to maintain their elite genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006184221051
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence and functional analysis of the left-hand part of the T-region from the nopaline-type Ti plasmid, pTiC58 (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 765-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Ti plasmid ; oncogenes ; e gene ; 3′ gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline strain C58 transfers a large, 29 kb T-DNA into plant cells during infection. Part of this DNA (the `common DNA') is also found on the T-DNA of octopine strains, the remaining DNA is nopaline strain-specific. Up to now, only parts of the C58 T-DNA and related T37 T-DNA have been sequenced. We have sequenced the remainder of the nopaline-specific T-DNA (containing genes a to d) and acs to iaaM. Gene c codes for a new unknown T-DNA protein. Gene a is homologous to the agrocinopine synthase gene. Genes b, c′, d and e are part of a larger family: they are related to the T-DNA genes 5, rolB, lso and 3′. Genes 5, rolB and lso induce or modify plant growth and have been called T-DNA oncogenes. Our studies show that gene 3′ (located on the TR-DNA of octopine strains) is also oncogenic. Although the b–e T-DNA fragment from C58 and its individual genes lack growth-inducing activity, an a-acs deletion mutant was distinctly less virulent on Kalanchoe daigremontiana and showed reduced shoot formation on Kalanchoe tubiflora. Shoot formation could be restored by genes c and c′ in co-infection experiments. Contrary to an earlier report, a C58 e gene deletion mutant was fully virulent on all plants tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006370207379
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimisation of procedures for microprojectile bombardment of microspore-derived embryos in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 57 (1999), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: biolistics ; gene expression ; haploid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the PDS-1000/He Biolistic® Particle Delivery System, the microprojectile travel distance, rupture disk pressure and DNA/gold particle concentrations were assessed in order to optimise short and longer-term β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression in microspore-derived embryos of wheat. The effects were also evaluated of using sterile filter paper to support explants and treatment with a high osmoticum medium (0.2 M mannitol/0.2 M sorbitol or 0.4 M maltose). In the optimised procedure, wheat microspore-derived embryos (MDEs), were placed on filter paper and incubated on medium containing 0.4 M maltose, for 4 h pre- and 45 h post-bombardment. Five μl pAHC25 (0.75 mg ml-1 in TE buffer) was precipitated onto 25 μl gold particles (60 mg ml-1 in sterile water), using 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M) and 50 μl CaCl2 (2.5 M). The particles were centrifuged and resuspended in 75 μl absolute ethanol prior to the preparation of 6 macrocarriers. A microprojectile travel distance of 70 mm, a rupture pressure of 1300 p.s.i., and a vacuum of 29′′ Hg were employed. Maltose at 0.4 M in the support medium was the most important factor influencing GUS activity in bombarded tissues. GUS activity, 1 day post-bombardment, reached 52 ± 17 GUS-positive foci/MDE (mean ± s.e.m, n=3), with 17 ± 4 foci/MDE at 15 days, giving a 3.0-fold increase (p〈0.05) compared to expression in MDEs bombarded on medium without a high osmoticum treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006384525513
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of transgenic orchid plants with hygromycin selection by particle bombardment to protocorms (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 58 (1999), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: ß-glucuronidase ; dendrobium ; hygromycin phosphotransferase ; orchid ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protocorms of orchid (Dendrobium hybrid) were transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a helium-pressured PDS 1000 particle gun. Gold particles coated with plasmid DNA containing ß-glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (Hpt) marker genes were used. Potentially transformed tissues were identified by active growth on MS medium supplemented with 50mg l-1 hygromycin. After 4–6 months of continuous selection, 15 hygromycin-resistant lines were recovered. Integration of transgenes into the genome of the transformed protocorms and plantlets were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay and Southern blot hybridization. The transgenic protocorms have gone through propagation for more than 8 months and maintained their transgenic characters. These results indicate that we have established a system for orchid transformation in a relatively high frequency and the transgenes are stably expressed in the transgenic plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006334605947
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of state transition mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by fluorescence video imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 61 (1999), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; LHC II phosphorylation ; mutagenesis ; Photosystem II redox control ; state 2 to state 1 transition ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms adapt to varying light conditions by changing the distribution of light energy between Photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I) during so-called state transitions. To identify the genes involved in this process, we have exploited a simple chlorophyll fluorescence video-imaging technique to screen a library of nuclear mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for colonies grown on agar plates that are disturbed in their ability to regulate light energy distribution between PS I and PS II. Subsequent modulated fluorescence measurements at room temperature and 77 K fluorescence emission spectra confirmed that 5 mutants (0.025% of total number screened) were defective in state transitions. [32P]orthophosphate phosphorylation experiments in vivo revealed that in one of these mutants, designated stm1, the level of LHC II polypeptide phosphorylation was drastically reduced compared with wild type. Despite WT levels of PS I and PS II, stm1 grew photoautotrophically at reduced rates, compared with WT especially under low light conditions, which is consistent with an important physiological role for state transitions. Our results highlight the feasibility of video imaging in tandem with mutagenesis as a means of identifying the genes involved in controlling state transitions in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006229308606
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple method for plasmid mediated transformation of different Bacillus species (1999)
    Springer
    Biotechnology techniques 13 (1999), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6784
    Keywords: Bacillus ; plasmids ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple and easy method for the introduction of plasmid DNA into different species of Bacillus was developed. The method involves the suspension in a transformation buffer of nutrient agar grown cells in their late exponential phase and the addition of unpurified plasmid DNA. Transformants were obtained at a frequency of about 103 to 105 stable transformants per μg of plasmid DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008941007983
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-Term Transformation and Redistribution of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Arid-Zone Soils: II. Incubation at the Field Capacity Moisture Content (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 221-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arid-zone soils ; field capacity ; fractionation ; heavy metals ; kinetics ; redistribution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformation of added Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, in two arid-zone soils incubated in the field capacity moisture regime for one year, were studied. The heavy metals were fractionated into six empirically defined fractions using a selective sequential dissolution (SSD) protocol optimized for arid-zone soils. Each of these fractions was named based on the major soil component targeted for dissolution during the specific SSD step, but it is not assumed that they are mineralogically and chemically totally specific. The transformations of the metals in the two soils incubated at the field capacity regime were compared with those at the moisture saturation regime (Han and Banin, 1997). An initial fast stage of transformation of the soluble metals from the exchangeable (EXC) fraction to the less labile fractions (the carbonate (CARB) fraction for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu, and the organic matter (OM) fraction for Cr, and to some extent Cu and Ni) occurred during the fractionation and within one hour after addition. This was followed by a second stage, involving long-term transformation processes of all metals: added Cd was transferred from the EXC into the CARB fraction; added Cr was transferred from the CARB to the OM fraction and Pb was transferred very slowly to the easily reducible oxide (ERO) fraction. Added Cu, Ni and Zn were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the ERO fraction and to some extent OM and RO fractions. In Part I of this series, we reported that during incubation in the saturated moisture regime, Zn and Ni were transferred mainly into the RO and OM fractions. Cadmium, Cr and Pb underwent the same transformation pathways during the slow long-term process, with slightly different rates, in both water regimes. At low levels of addition, the incubated soils moved over one year towards a distribution similar to that of the native soil. At higher levels, the soils still remained removed from the quasi-equilibrium which characterized the native soil, even at the end of one year of incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005006801650
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DDT ; kinetic ; organic pollutant ; sediment ; sorption ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005087429581
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; The Results of an International Workshop (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric fate ; atmospheric transport ; deposition ; emission ; long-range transport ; pesticides ; registration ; remote area ; risk assessment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Health Council of the Netherlands organised an international workshop on the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere and possible approaches for their regulatory environmental risk assessment. Approximately forty experts discussed what is currently known about the atmospheric fate of pesticides and major gaps in our understanding were identified. They favoured a tiered approach for assessing the environmental risks of atmospheric dispersion of these chemicals. In the first tier a pesticide's potential for emission during application, as well as its volatilisation potential should be assessed. Estimates of the former should be based on the application method and the formulation, estimates of the latter on a compound's solubility in water, saturated vapour pressure and octanol/water partition coefficient. Where a pesticide's potential for becoming airborne exceeds critical values, it should be subjected to a more rigorous second tier evaluation which considers its toxicity to organisms in non-target areas. This evaluation can be achieved by calculating and comparing a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By applying an extra uncertainty factor the PNEC can be provisionally derived from standard toxicity data that is already required for the registration of pesticides. Depending on the distance between the source and the reception area, the PEC can be estimated for remote areas using simple dispersion, trajectory type models and for nearby areas using common dispersion models and standard scenarios of pesticide use. A pesticide's atmospheric transport potential is based on factors such as its reaction rate with OH radicals. It should be used to discriminate between those compounds for which only the risks to nearby ecosystems have to be assessed, and those for which the risks to remote ecosystems also have to be determined. The participants were of the opinion that this approach is, in principle, scientifically feasible, although the remaining uncertainties are substantial. Further field and laboratory research is necessary to gain more reliable estimates of the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, to validate and improve environmental fate models and to validate the applicability of standard toxicity data. This will increase both the accuracy of and our confidence in the outcome of the risk assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238703698
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of gene transfer in bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; conjugation ; DNA ; evolution ; gene transfer ; transduction ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of genetic information by transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria occurs frequently in nature. These diverse gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria are the result of evolution and are not linked to reproduction as in eukaryotic organisms. In this review, gene transfer in bacteria will be considered from an evolutionary perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008830914223
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of cholesterol by Micrococcus species mediated by plasmid DNA (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 411-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Electroporation ; Micrococcus species ; steroid biotransformation ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A steroid-biotransforming strain RJ6 was identified as Micrococcus roseus. This bacterium has a 10 kb plasmid pMQV10. Curing mediated through cultivation of the culture with a low concentration (200 ng/ml) of mitomycin C is described. Loss of cholesterol degradation (chol+) and streptomycin resistance (Smr) phenotypes as a consequence of the loss of plasmid indicate the extrachromosomal location of these two genes in this strain. An electroporation procedure was developed for transformation of cured strain of Micrococcus (RJC6) by plasmids. Frequency of greater than 105 transformants/μg DNA was achieved, which is 100-fold higher than the standard transformation procedure that yielded 5.3×103 transformants/μg DNA in the same strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008990910303
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airflow and temperature distribution in two-dimensional drying bins (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 36 (1999), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Keywords: flows in porous media ; transformation ; heat transfer ; drying bins ; conformal mapping.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of a drying or cooling store aims to provide an even airflow distribution, when aerated, for preservation purposes. The airflow in some curved bottom bins are studied in this paper. The flow is modelled, using Darcy's law. A generalized Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is employed to reduce the problem of computing streamlines and isobars of airflow to solving a single nonlinear equation for the flow angle along the wall. Corresponding to different bin shapes, a few computed streamlines and isobars of airflow are presented, showing the effect of changing bottom geometries on the air flow. Heat transfer in such bins is also investigated. Based on an analysis of the far field of airflow, finite-height bins are considered. Analytical solutions of the heat conduction equation in terms of streamlines and isobars are obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004488010532
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of Migration and Endophytic Presence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Rose Plants (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 39-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; crown gall ; systemic infection ; rose ; endophyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens was isolated from stem tumors of several rose cultivars showing that the bacterium is the causal agent of aerial galls in rose plants. No differences were observed in the characteristics of the Agrobacterium isolates from crown or aerial galls. Stem inoculation of ten rose cultivars showed that all of them were susceptible to A. tumefaciens but differences in the size of the resulting tumors were observed. The movement of A. tumefaciens in rose plants was demonstrated using two wild type strains and two antibiotic resistant mutants. Three months after inoculation, the inoculated strains were recovered in the roots, crown and below and above the inoculation site but low numbers of pathogenic Agrobacterium cells were isolated. New tumors appeared in 5% of the noninoculated wounds. A. tumefaciens was isolated from the stem at different distances from the tumor in naturally infected plants. In symptomless commercial plants, the isolation from the roots, crown and at different stem levels demonstrated the existence of systemic and latent infections in rose. Direct isolation using a nonselective and selective media with or without a previous enrichment step were efficient methods for isolating tumorigenic Agrobacterium from the different parts of rose plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008660500107
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphology, cytoskeleton, and substrate dependence of proliferation after transfection of immortalized rat embryonic fibroblasts with E7 gene of type 16 human papilloma virus (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human papilloma virus ; transformation ; actin ; fibronectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transfection of rat embryonic fibroblasts with E7 gene of type 16 human papilloma virus changed the cytoskeleton and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in two clones of transformed cells. Cell morphology and substrate-dependent proliferation were also changed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02432813
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Nützliche, das Schöne und die Natur (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 4-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290102
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Et in scientia ego! Von ästhetischen Momenten und Poetischen Potentialen der WissenschaftHans-Günter Gassen zum 60. Geburtstag (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 6-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Irgendwie wird niemand mehr richtig glücklich mit der Wissenschaft, so erfolgreich sie auch ist und so sehr unsere alltäglichen Verrichtungen von ihren Ergebnissen und Lieferungen auch abhängen. Das Verständnis der öffentlichen Beobachter nimmt trotz aller Bemühungen nicht zu, sondern ab, und die professionellen Betreiber sehen sich unentwegt nach ihrer Verantwortung gefragt und in ethische Debatten verstrickt. Die ursprüngliche Idee, daß Wissenschaft nur gut sein kann, hat massiv an Überzseugungskraft verloren, und dieser Verlust tritt deshalb besonders deutlich hervor, weil man spürt, wie die alte Basis der Rationalität brüchig geworden ist, ohne einen neuen Grund zu erkennen, auf den man in Zukunft bauen kann. Dabei übersehen wir ein Fundament, auf dem Menschen immer schon gestanden haben und zu dem sie also auch zu jeder Zeit wieder zurückkommen können.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290103
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mikrohabitat Pflanzengalle: Das Zusammenleben von Gallmxsücken und Pilzen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 18-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gallmücken (Cecidomyiidae) sind unter den Insekten die häufigsten Verursacher von Vergallungen an Pflanzen. Diese morphologischen Veränderungen von Pflanzenteilen sind die Folge begrenzter Wachstumsreaktionen des Pflanzegewebes (Hypertrophien). Gallen sind nicht nur Lebensräume des Gallinsektes, sondern stellen Mikroökkosysteme dar, in denen sich Beziehungen zwischen dwen beteiligten Organismen abspielen können.Eine sowohl für Entomologen als auch für Mykologen besonders interessante Sonderform dieser Lebensgemeinschaften sind Pflanzengallen, in denen neben dem Gallerreger regelmäßig das Mycel bestimmter Pilze zu finden ist (Abbildungen 1a und b). Untersuchungen an der Fruchtgalle der Gallmücke Asphondylia melanopus an Wiesen-Hornklee (Lotus corniculatus) deuten darauf hin, daß das Zusam menleben von Insekt und Pilz alles andere als zufällig ist.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290105
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunüberwachung und Entzündung - ein komplexes Wechselspiel zwischen Leukozyten und Endothelzellen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 26-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Alle höheren Wirbeltiere besitzen ein ausgefeiltes Immunsystem, das im wesentlichen zwei Aufgaben hat: den Organismus vor Infektionen durch Krankheitserreger zu Schützenund den Organismus von entarteten Tumorzellen zu befreien.Um diese Aufgabe zu bewältigen, hält das Immunsystem die weißen Blutkörperchen oder Leukozyten parat: Makrophagen und Granulozyten vernichten eingedrungene Erreger. Lymphozyten produzieren Antikörper (B-Zellen), welche die Erreger neutralisieren; sie sezernieren Zytokine (T-Helferzellen), welche die Immunreaktion gergen den Erreger koordinieren, oder sie wirken als Killerzellen (T-Killerzellen), die in virusinfizierten Zellen und Tumorzellen den programmierten Zelltod (Apoptose) auslösen.Aus ihrem Aufenthaltsort - die Leukozyten zirkulieren passiv im Blutgefäßsystem - ergibt sich ein prinzipielles Problem. I nfektionen oder Zellentartungen entstehen in den meisten Fällen nicht in den Blutgefäßen, sondern in den Geweben des Organismus. Um den Ort der Infektion zu erreichen, müssen die Leukozyten die Blutgefäße verlassen und in das betroffene Gewebe einwandern. Gleichzeitig muß gewährleistet werden, daß nur diejenigen Leukozyten das Gewebe infiltrieren, die dort auch gebraucht werden; würden alle Leu kozytentypen unkontrolliert in ein bestimmtes Gewebe einwandern, käme es zu unerwünschten Nebeneffekten, wie Autoimmunreaktionen oder chronischen Entzündungen. Das Auswandern von Leukozyten muß also sehr genau reguliert werden.In der jüngsten Vergangenheit hat sich herausgestellt, daß den Leukozyten die notwendige Information von den Endothelzellen - den Zellen, welche die innere Oberfläche der Blutgefäße auskleiden - vermittelt wird. Über eine Kaskade von Zell-Zell-Interaktionen, vermittelt durch Zelladhäsionsmoleküle, werden die richtigen Leukozyten am richtigen Ort festgehalten und zum Auswandern in das Gewebe veranlaßt. Durch die Aufklärung der molekularen Mechanismen beginnt sich nun eine Antwort au f die Frage abzuzeichnen, wie verschiedene Leukozyten ihren Weg in die verschiedenen Kompartimente des Organismus finden. Die Kenntnis dieser molekularen Mechanismen bietet Ansatzpunkte für Therapien von Krankheiten, die durch eine fehlregulierte Entzündungsreaktion ausgelöst werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290106
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    Blaue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 56-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290110
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  • 39
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290113
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  • 40
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    Redaktorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 68-68 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290202
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  • 41
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290201
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  • 42
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    Genmanipulation nach Wunsch: gewebsspezifisch und induzierbar (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 70-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die gezielte Veränderung von Genen, in der Fachsprache als “homologe Rekombination” bezeichnet, stellt heute eine der grundlegendsten Methoden dar, um Informationen über die Funktion dieser Gene zu erlangen. 1987 wurde das erste Gen ausgeschaltet [6]. Seit dieser Zeit steigt die Zahl der durch homologe Rekombination erzeugten “Knock-Out”-Mäuse mit mehreren hundert Stämmen pro Jahr Zunehmend an. Knock-Out-Mäuse tragen Genmutationen, die in einem Ausfall des betroffenen Gens resultieren. Mit den bisher durchgeführten Methoden werden diese Mutationen schon in die Zellen der Keimbahn der Maus eingeführt.Dies hat zur Auswirkung, daß der gesamte daraus entstehende Organismus, jede einzelne seiner Zellen, die Genveränderung aufweist. Handelt es sich bei dem veränderung aufweist. Handelt es sich bei dem veränderten Gen um ein lebensnotwendiges Gen, welches zum Beispiel in der Embryonalentwiclung eine tragende Rolle spielt, so kann sein Ausschalten zu schwerwiegenden Störungen in der Entwicklung des Embryos oder sogar zu seinem Absterben im Mutterleib führen. Obwohl diese Mutationen sehr dazu beigetragen haben, unser Verständnis über die Funktion dieser Gene in der frühen Entwicklung des Embryos zu verbessern, erlauben sie es nicht, ihre Funktion während späterer Stadien oder im erwachsenen Tier zu untersuchen. Gerade dies ist aber oft wünschenswert, um menschliche Erbkrankheiten oder die Entstehung von Krebs am Mausmodell studieren zu können. 1994 gelang es zum ersten Mal, gezielte Genmutationen auf einen bestimmten Zelltyp zu beschränken. Rajewsky und seine Mitarbeiter bedienten sich dabei der Eigenschaften des Cre/LoxP-Rekombinationssystems. Mäuse, welche das DNA-Polymerase β-Gen (polβ) auf herkömmlichem Weg verloren ahtten, erwiesen sich als nicht labensfähig, und Fragen betreffend der Funktion dieses Proteins blieben unbeantwortet.Unter Verwendung der Cre/LoxP-Technologie gelang es den Forschern, den polβ-Knock-Out auf ein einziges Gewebe zu beschränken. Der die Mutation tragende Organismus war labensfähig un d Funktionsanalysen konnten unternommen werden, zum Beispiel die Rolle der Polymerase bei der somatischen Rekombination ‘;4’. Inzwischen ist es mittels Cre/LoxP möglich, jedes beliebige Gen in jedem beliebigen Gewebe oder Zelltyp und zu jedem gewünschten Zeitpunkt zu verändern.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290203
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Extrem saure Seen in Deutschland (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290206
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  • 44
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290208
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  • 45
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    Blaue Liste (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290209
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  • 46
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    Die historische Seite (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290408
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  • 47
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290410
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  • 48
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    Blaue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Asbstract.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290411
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    Autorenrichtlinien (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 258-258 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290413
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 4/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 260-260 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290414
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  • 51
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    Exotische Biologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 266-266 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290502
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    Gibt es ein Cytoskelett in Prokaryoten? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 278-285 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eukaryotische Zellen sind hochorganisierte Strukturen, deren, Ordnung wesentlich von einem intakten Cytoskelett mitbestimmt wird. Mirotubuli, Aktin und Intermediärfilamente bilden komplexe Netzwerke in der Zelle, deren Organisation sehr dynamisch ist und sich kontinuierlich durch abbau vorhandener und Aufbau neurer Filamenta ändert. neben Strukturaufgabe erfüllen die Netzwerke wichtige Funktionen bei der intrazellulären Verteilung von Zellkomponenten beziehungsweise bei der Aufnahem oder Abgabe von Substanzen (Endo- und Exocytose). Prokaryoten hingegen besitzen kein vergleichbares Netzwerk, ihre Struktur wird weitgehend durch die als Exoskelett fungierends Zellwand gewährleistet, und Stoffaufnahme oder Sekretion erfolgen nicht organellvermitelt. Andere dynamische vorgänge wie die Chromosomenverteilung und die Zellteilung waren bisher nur sehr schlecht verstanden. Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen dieser beiden Vorgänge haben nun erste Hinweise ergeben, daß die prokaryotische Zelle wesentlich komplexer aufgebaut, ist, als bisher vermutet wurde und wahrscheinlich auch ein Cytoskelett besitzt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290504
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Rütsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 307-307 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290508
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  • 54
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 310-311 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290511
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  • 55
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 5/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 312-312 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290512
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  • 56
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    Interdisziplinäres (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VII 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290514
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    Physik (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XII 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290516
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    Pharmazie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XIV 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290517
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    Die phylogenetische Stellung des Neandertalers (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 320-329 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290603
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    RNA-Editing 1999 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 336-345 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren wurden immer mehr RNA-Editingprozesse entdeckt, welche die Abfolge der Nukleotidbausteine einer RNA nach der Abschrift aus dem zugehörigen Gen variieren. Mit der modifizierten Sequenz der Nukleotide ändert sich natürlich auch der Informationsgehalt der RNA - eine Proteinsequenz ist damit in diesen Fällen nicht mehr vollständig aus der DNA-Sequenz vorhersagbar. Teilweise verändert sich ein RNA-Molekül durch Editing so sehr, daß der Zusammenhang zwischen RNA und dem entsprechenden Gen in der DNA überhaupt nicht mehr zu erkennen ist.Inzwischen sind bei vielen verschiedenen Eukaryoten viele Spielarten des RNA-Editing bekannt. RNA-Editing kann einzelne oder mehrere Nukleotide einfügen und andere entfernen. Manche reife “richtige” mRNA ist in Trypanosomen nach dem RNA-Editing mehr als doppelt so lang wie die ursprüngliche Kopie des Gens. In anderen Fällen, insbesondere bei den höheren Eukaryoten von Moos bis Maus, verändern Desaminierungsreaktionen einzelne Basen in ihrer Identität. An spezifischen Orten einer RNA entsteht dabei aus einem Cytidin ein Uridin oder aus einem Adenosin- ein Inosinnukleotid. Sind diese Veränderungen in den mRNA-Editing in den mitochondrialen mRNAs der Pflanzen zur Regel. Hier ist praktisch jede mRNA vom RNA-Editing betroffen, das die vererbte Information an bis zu 1000 Positionen in den mRNAs korrigiert.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290605
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    Biologische Folgen der CO2-Erhöhung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 353-363 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Verbrennung von großteils fossilen Kohlenstoffverbindungen hat seit Beginn der industriellen Revolution einen Anstieg der CO2-Konzentration in der Atmosphäre von nahezu 30% bewirkt. Aus im Polareis eingeschlossenen Luftblasen ist bekannt, daß sich die Konzentration von 190 ppm (parts per million) zum Höhepunkt der letzten Eiszeit auf etwa 290 ppm um 1800 und heute durchschnittlich 364 ppm erhöht hat ‘;42’. Seit einigen Jahrzehnten ist die Zunahme der CO2-Konzentration in der Atomosphäre durch kontinuierliche Messungen belegt. Aufgrund der Eisbohrkerne wissen wir auch, daß der CO2-Pegel im Laufe der letzten 45000 Jahre immer zwischen 1990 und 290 ppm pendelte und nie aus dieser 100 ppm Bandlbreite ausbrach (Abbildung 1).
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  • 62
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    Flechten als Anzeiger der Luftqualität (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 364-370 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bioindikatoren sind lebende Anzeiger für Umweltfaktoren. Flechten, die vordergründig unscheinbaren Doppelwesen aus Pilz und Alge, können auskunft über das Ausmaß der Luftbelastung einer Region geben. SIe werden in der Umweltüberwachung neben anderen Bioindikatoren unter Verwendung teilweise hoch standardisierter Verfahren eingesetzt. Mit entsprechender Anleitung können jedoch auch Schülerinnen und Schüler der Jahrgangsstufen 10 bis 13 oder erwachsene Laien Flechtenkartierungen durchführen und so Information über den Zustand der Luftqualität ihrer Region erhalten. Die gewonnenen Daten bieten eine gute Grundlage für weiterführend Auswertungen und Arbeiten im Bereich Stadt- oder Landschaftsökologie (Abbildung 1).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290608
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    Blaue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 375-375 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290612
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    Was ist eigentlich schön? Die Herkunft des Schönen. Grundzüge der evolutionären Ästhetik. Von Klaus Richter. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1999. 352 S., 16 Farbtafeln, 85 sw-Abb., geb., DM 78,-. ISBN 3-8053-2539-8 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 376-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290614
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    Wissenschaft und Markt. Faszination Innovation. Von Hans-jürgen Quadbeck-Seeger. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 1998. 296 S., DM 48,-. ISBN 3-527-29563-1 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 377-377 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290615
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    Naturinterpretation vor hundert Jahren. Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, natur-wissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öfentlichkeit, 1848-1914. Von Andreas W. Daum. R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1998. XII, 617 S., zahlreiche Abb., DM 148,-. ISBN 3-486-56337-8 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 378-378 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290618
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    Histologie am Bildschirm. Histologie. Wirbeltiere unter dem virtuellen Mikroskop. Von S. Bungart und F. paris. CD-ROM, Bioscop; Bezugsadresse: Dr. Sabine Bungart, Auf dem Helwe 9, 44892 Bochum, DM 198,- (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 376-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290620
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    Struktur, Funktion, Biogenese und Evolution des Photosystems II (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 36-43 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Das Photosystem II (PSII) ist der größte Pigment-Protein-Komplex in der Thylakoidmembran höherer Pflanzen, in eukaryotischen Algen und in prokaryotischen Cyanobakterien. Seine Funktion besteht in der Übertragung von Elektronen von Wasser auf Plastochinone, wobei Sauerstoff freigesetzt wird. Die Energie für diese Reaktion wird vom Sonnenlicht geliefert, welches über eine große Anzahl von Pigmenten (Chlorophylle, Carotinoide, Physcobiline) absorbiert wird. Nach deren Anregungen wird die Energie auf ein besonderes Chlorophyll, das P680 im Reaktionszentrum, weitergeleitet. Danach werden eine Reihe von Redoxreaktionen ausgelöst, die letztendlich zur Synthese von ATP und NADPH an der Photosynthesemembran führen. Die Sauerstoff-freisetzende (oxygene) Photosynthese scheint vor mehr als 3,8 Millionen Jahren etabliert worden zu sein, und die wesentliche Organisation und die Struktur des PSII sind während der Evolution des Pflanzenreichs weitgehend erhalten geblieben.In eukaryotischen Organismen (Pflanzen und eukaryotischen Algen) befinden sich die Gene für die PSII-Protein teilweise im Plastidengenom (Plastom) und teilweise im Kerngenom (Tabelle 1). Der Grund könnte folgender gewesen sein: Die im Zellkern vorhandenen Gene codieren entweder Komponenten, die au f der prokaryotischen Ebene noch nicht vorhanden waren (beispielsweise die luminalen 23 und 16 Kilodalton (kDa) Polypeptide), oder sie wurden vom cyanobakteriellen Genom nach der Endosymbiose in den Zellkern übertragen (beispielsweise das luminale 33 kDa Protein, siehe unten). Durch die Aufteilung der genetischen Information auf die beiden Kompartimente konnte die Symbiose stabilisiert werden, da der Eindringling nun nicht mehr unabhängig vom Wirt leben konnte. Obwohl die Mechanismen, welche die Expression der im Zellkern und in der Plastide codierten Gene steuern, sehr unterschiedlich sind und die Kopienzahlen der einzelnen Gene zwischen 1 und 10000 schwanken können, ist es erstaunlich, daß eine derartig effiziente Regulation der Expression und der Zusammenlagerung (Assemblierung) des Komplexes stattfindet.In diesemk Artikel sollen Form, Funktion, Biogenese und Evolution des PSII-Komplexesd von prokaryotischen blaugrünen Algen, Grünalgen und höheren Pflanzen verglichen werden. Weiterer Schwerpunkt ist die Lokalisation und Expression von Genen, die für Strukturkomponenten vom PSII codieren. Schließlich wird noch auf solche Komponenten eingegangen, die regulatorische Funktionen beui der Assemblierung dieses Multiproteinkomplexes besitzen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290107
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    Kontrazeption beim Mann (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 110-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als Fertilitätsrate bezeichnet man die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau in ihrer Lebensspanne. Wenn Zu- Oder Abwanderung in einer Population gering sind, läßt eine Fertilitätsrate von 2,0 eine konstante Bevölkerungszahl erwarten. Bei der Entwicklung der Erdbevölkerung beobachtet man in den industrialisierten Ländern derzeit keinen Anstieg. Die Fertilitätsrate liegt in den USA bei 2,1 und in Europa durchschnittlich bei 1,4. Mit 1,2 und 1,15 haben Italien und Spanien dabei die weltweit niedrigsten Fertilitätsraten. Somit ist örtlich sogar ein Bevölkerungsrücksgang zu erwarten. Auch in ostasiatischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südasien und in afrikanischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südlich der Sahara finden wir jedoch nach wie vor relativ hohe Gebeurtenraten. Im westafrikanischen Nigeria liegt die Fertilitätsrate bei 6,3. Für Indien und Pakistan werden Werte von 3,5 und 5,6 angegeben. Es gibt also noch viele Regionen mit einer hohen Fertilitätsrate. Manche Wissenschaftler gehen sogar davon aus, daß sich die Zahl entsprechender Staaten eher noch erhöhen wird ‘7’. Deshalb weichen auch die Schätzungen voneinander ab, bei welcher Bevölkerungszahl Wachstumsstillstand eintreten wird. Viele Demographen gehen davon aus, daß sich die Erdbevölkerung bis zum Jahr 2050 bei 10 Milliarden stabilisieren wird ‘9’. Andere schätzen, daß danach ein weiterer Ansteig auf etwa 12 Milliarden menschen zu erwarten ist ‘7’. Der Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen in den industrialisierten Ländern wurde mit kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen erzielt, die uns schon lange zur Verfügung stehen und die gut eingeführt sind. Auf den ersten Blick Sch eint es somit aus bevölkerungspolitischer Sicht auf dem Gebiet der Kontrazeption keinen zwingenden Bedarf für Neuentwicklungen zu geben. Dennoch sind Forschungsaktivitäten im Gang, die auf eine pharmakologische Kontrazeption beim Mann gerichtet sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden neben den traditionellen Möglichkeiten, die dem Mann zur Kontrazeption offenstehen, der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund und der Entwicklungsstand einer “Pille für den Mann” vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290207
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    Biologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290213
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    Chemie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. X 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290215
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    Interdisziplinäres (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XIII 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290217
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    Transgene Pflanzen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 130-130 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290302
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    Anwendung der „Grünen Gentechnik“ ohne ökologische Risiken? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Generell ist der Markt für gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen und daraus hergestellte Produkte in den letzten Jahren gewachsen. In Deutschland zeigen sich indessen eher verhaltene Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung ‘3’. Die wirtschaftliche Entfaltung der Gentechnik und Biotechnologie ist in Deutschland noch gering. Als ein Maß für den Entwicklungsstand der Gentechnik in der Pflanzenzüchtung ‘2’ und damit unter anderem auch deren Auswirkung auf die Futter- und Lebensmittelproduktion kann die Anzahl von Freisetzungsvorhaben mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) gelten. Von den rund 1300 Freisetzungsvorhaben im Bereich der EU entfallen 90 auf Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu den anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten rangiert Deutschland damit auf dem siebenten Platz.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290305
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    Perspektiven molekularer Pflanzenzüchtung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 142-150 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Primäre Aufgabe der Pflanzenzüchtung ist es, Sorten zu schaffen, die unter den jeweils gegebenen hohe und stabile Erträge mit der jeweils geforderten Qualität des Ernteproduktes liefern. In methodischer Hinsicht ist Pflanzenzüchtung die konsequente Anwendung genetischer Grundlagen, wie der Mendel'schen Vererbungsregeln und der Gesetzmäbigkeiten der quantitativen Genetik. Während die Methoden der klassischen Pflanzenzüchtung in Abhängigkeit von den botanischen Gegebenheiten der zu bearbeitenden Kulturpflanzen im wesentlichen auf der Anwendung qualitative und quantitativgenetischer Gesetzmägkeiten beruhe, haben in den vergangenen Jahren insbesondere Zell und molekularbiologische Methoden - zusammenfassend als “Biotechnologie” bezeichnet - verstärkt Eingang in die praktische Pflanzenzüchtung gefunden. Ihre Nutzung eröffnet neue Wege.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290304
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 188-188 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290310
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    Gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen für die Pflanzenzucht - Saatgut, Sortenwesen und Biotechnologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 167-176 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Umfragen zur Nutzung gentechnischer Verfahren in der Lebensmittelproduktion, an verschiedenen Orten von unterschiedlichen Organisatioonen durchgeführt, haben stets ein ähnliches Ergebnis: etwa 60-70 % der Verbraucher lehnen den Einsatz der Gentechnik bei der Lebensmittelproduktion ab. Nach den Gründen befragt, geben sie an, daß sie die Gentechnik in bezug auf Gesundheit und ökologische Folgen für gefährlich halten. Weiterhin führen 50-60 % der Befragten aus, daß sie die bestehenden Gesetze zur Kontrolle der “Grünen Gentechnik” für nicht ausreichend halten. Würde man Kenntnisse und Urteil gemeinsam abfragen, so ergäbe sich vermutlich, daß die meisten Regeln und Gesetze in den Bereichen Pflanzenzüchtung, Feldanbau und Produktvermarktung unseren Mitbürgern - selbst Biologen - unbekannt sind. Deshalb soll nachfolgend der Versuch unternommen werden, das gesetzliche Regelwerk darzustellen, welches bei der Züchtung von Saatgut, von der Forschung bis zu Vermarktung und Anbau, zu beachten ist. Dabei soll besonders das Nebeneinander beziehungsweise das Ineinandergreifen der verschiedenen Regelungsbereiche erläutert werden (siehe auch Abbildung 1). Eine Geneüberstellung der europäischen und der US-amerikanischen Rechtssituation hinsichtlich der Zulassung gentechnisch veränderter Pflanzensorten soll den Hintergrund für den Forderungskatalog an den europäischen Gesetzgeber abgeben.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290307
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290401
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    Liebe Leserinnen, lieber Leser (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 198-198 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290402
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    Tiermehlherstellung und -nachweis in Futtermitteln - eine seit der BSE-Epidemie bekannte Problematik (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 208-217 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die “bovine spongiforme encephalopathy” (BSE) wurde 1986 in britischem Rindvieh diagnostiziert ‘36’. vorliegende Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Krankheit durch Zustaz von kontaminiertem Tier-und/oder Knochenmehl entstand, das einen Scrapieähnlichen Erreger (siehe unten) enthielt, der von Schafen oder Rindern stammte ‘37’. Der orale Weg der Infektion konnte durch Verfütterung von hirnhomogenaten BSE erkrankter Rinder an Ziegen experimentell belegt werden ‘2’.Es wurde schon Anfang des jahrhunderts empfohlen, Proteinzustz Futtermitteln beizumischen. Die Verfütterung an Wieder käuer wurde in verschidenen Ländern praktiziert ‘8’. Sie stellt keine Besonderheit der britischen Agrarindustrie dar.In diesem Artikel soll ausgeführt werden, was Tiermehl ist, wie es produzxiert und wie es in der amtlichen Futtermittelkontrolle nachgewiesen wird. Es wirde die Kontamination von Futtermitteln für Wiederkäuer mit Spuren von Bestandteilen tierischer Herkunft im Produktionsprozeß dargestellt und das Problem des Nachweises solcher Sputren in Futter diskutiert. Abschließend wird auf die Zukunft des Produktes “Tiermehyl” im Zusammenhang mit Alternativen zur bestehenden Entsorgung toter tierischer Körper und von Schlacht abfällen eingegangen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Jagd- und Paralysierungsstrategien solitärer Wespen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 223-237 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu den faszinierendsten “Waffen” im Tierreich gehören die Gifte. Auch viele Insekten setzen Gifte ein, zum Beispiel als Wehrgifte, wie sie von den staatenbildenden sozialen Hymenopteren, den Bienen, Hornissen und Faltenwespen bekannt sind. Die Wirkung dieser Gifte ist aufgrund ihrer medizinischen Bedeutung bereits intensiv untersucht. Über die Art und Weise der Giftinjektion sowie die Wirkungsweise der Gifte solitär lebender Wespenarten, etwa von Weg- und Grabwespen, ist vergleichs weise wenig bekannt. Eine Besonderheit der solitären Wespenarten ist, daß ausschließlich ihre Weibchen Insekten oder Spinnen jagen, um ihre künftige Brut zu versorgen. Spezielle jagdstrategien verringern dabei die Gefahr, daß potentielle Beutetiere die jagenden Wespenweibchen früch zeitig entdecken. Ist ein Beutetier optisch und/oder chemisch identifiziert. wird es je nach Wespenart durch einen oder mehrere Stiche paralysiert (gelähmt). Anfängliches Abwehrverhalten, selbst größerer Beutetiere, wird auf diese Weise unterbunden, und die Opfer können an einen sicheren Ort, ein Nest oder eine umfangreiche Nestanlage mit günstigem Mikroklima, gebracht werden, wo anschließend ein Ei abgelegt wird. Die sich auf ihrem Wirt entwickelnde Larve ist so vor dem Zugriff durch Feinde geschützt.Die an der Beute als Folge eines Stiches zu beobachtenden Giftwirkungen reichen von der vollständigen Paralyse, also dem totalen, in einigen Fällen auch irreversiblen Verlust der Fähigkeit, such zu bewegen, über vielfähigkeit, sich zu bewegen, über vielfältige, durch sas Gift bewirkte auffällige Verhaltensänderungen. Im Hinblick auf das Nervensystem lassen sich peri pher und zentral wirkende Gifte unter sscheiden, wobei der Wirkort durch das Stechverhalten der Wespe vorgegeben sein kann.
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    Blaue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 308-309 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Der Nachhaltigkeitsgedanke bei der Nutzung der Natur ist, zumindest als Begriff, jedermann bewußt. Daß es selbstverständlich auch nicht-nachhaltige Umweltnutzungen gibt, wird uns klar, wenn wir an die überdüngten, blaualgen verseuchten Gewässer insbesondere in den neuen Bundesländern denken, uns die Hochwässer in den süddeutschen Flüssen dieses Frühjahrs vor Augen führen, durch die Braunkohletagebau-Regionen Mitteleuropas fahren oder uns die Wasser- oder Winderosionsprobleme in deutschen Landschaften vergegenwärtigen. Dies sind nur einige, willkürlich zusammengestellte Beispiele. Das Institut für Gewässerökologie (IGB) versucht, den Gedanken der nachhaltigen Bewirtschaftung von Binnengewässern zu präzisieren und in aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten umzusetzen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290509
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290101
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    Der weite Weg der europäischen Waldbäume (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 12-17 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die heutigen Wälder, die man in Europa vorfindet, waren nicht immer dort. VOr 22000 Jahren - im Hochglazial - gab es nur im Mittelmeergebiet die klimatischen Voraussetzungen für das Wachstum von Bäumen. Allerdings waren dies meist keine dichten Wälder, sondern Steppen mit einzelnen Baumgruppen. Das bedeutet jedoch, daß die heute in Europa wachasenden Bäume während der letzten 12000 Jahre - also seit dem Ende der letzten Eiszeit - nach Mittel- und Nordeuropa eingewandert sein müssen. Am Beispiel der Waldbäume Eiche (Quercus), Hainbuche (Carpinus), Fichtet (Picea) und Tanne (Abies) soll diese Einwanderung aufgezeigt werden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290104
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  • 85
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    Aus der Redaktion (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 55-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290109
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  • 86
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    Mikroorganismen reinigen Abwasser von giftigen Quecksilberverbindungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 44-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Quecksilber und seine Verbindungen haben trotz ihrer Giftigkeit vielfältige medizinische und industrielle Anwendungen. Die Nutzung des Quecksilbers durch den Menschen hat jedoch erhebliche Umweltbelastungen, insbesondere quecksilberbelastete Abwässer und Böden, zur Folge, die auch mit physikalisch-chemischen Sanierungsverfahren nicht befriedigend beseitigt werden können, da die Verfahren häufig teuer oder nicht spezifisch genug sind. Mikroorganismen haben im Laufe ihrer Evolution einen Mechanismus entwickelt, um Quecksilberverbindungen zu entgiften. Er beruht auf den Aktivitäten von zwei durch das mikrobielle mer-Operon codierten Enzymen, Quecksilberreduktase und Quecksilberlyase, die in der Lage sind, Organoquecksilberverbindungen und ionuisches Quecksilber in metallisches Quecksilber zu überführen. Die mikrobielle Quecksilberreisistenz kann eingesetzt werden, um quecksilberhaltige Abwasserströme mittels eines einfachen, umweltfreundlichen Verfahrens zu reinigen.Innenansicht einer Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyseanlage zur Gewinnung von Chlor und Natronlauge nach dem Amalgamverfahren. Bei diesem Prozeß wird auch heute noch in großem Umfang Quecksilber eingesetzt. In den Elektrolysezellen dieser Halle befinden sich insgesamt etwa 50 Tonnen Quecksilber.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290108
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  • 87
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 58-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290111
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  • 88
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    Bioberuf (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290112
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  • 89
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    Tagungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 61-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290114
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  • 90
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 1/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 153-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290115
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  • 91
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    Gelatinöses Zooplankton - materialsparende Leichtbauweise im Ozean (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290205
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  • 92
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    Schädlich oder umweltverträglich: Müllheizkraftwerk-Schlacke - ein Zankapfel zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290204
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  • 93
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290210
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  • 94
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    Bioberuf (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290211
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  • 95
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 2/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290212
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Physik (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290214
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Pharmazie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290216
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  • 98
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290301
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  • 99
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    Die historische Entwicklung der Pflanzenzüchtung in Deutschland: das Beipiel der Öpflanze Raps (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290303
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  • 100
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    Nachweis gentechnischer Veränderungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 158-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gentechnikspezifische rechtliche Vorgaben sind beim Herstellen von gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen (GVP), Arbeiten mit GVP und dem Vermarkten von GVP einzuhalten. Diese reichen von der Anmeldung oder Genehmigung der gentechnischen Arbeit in einer gentechnischen Anlage, der Dokumentation der Arbeiten, bis zu den erforderlichen Genehmigungen von Freisetzungen oder des Inverkehrbringens der GVP.Die Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben erfordert ebenso wie die praktische Überwachung geeignete Nachweisverfahren. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der gesetzlichen Etikettierungsvorschriften für gentechnisch veränderte Organismen sollen diese Verfahren hier vorgestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290306
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