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  • 1990-1994  (21,194)
  • 1935-1939
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (21,194)
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  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2797-2800 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer modification ; peptides ; poly (vinyl chloride) ; glutathione ; lithium salts ; tetrahydrofuran ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 202
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2841-2848 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyether ; crosslinking ; anionic coordinative ; phenylglycidylether ; DSC ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolymers from phenylglycidylether and several aromatic diglycidylethers are prepared using different ratios of difunctional comonomers and the AIP/ZnCl2 initiator system. It is found that the percentage of incorporated comonomer depends on the nature of the aromatic moiety introduced. The copolymers are characterized by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and turn out to be completely regular and with a high degree of isotacticity (about 80%) that confirms the high degree of regio- and stereoselectivity of the initiator system used. The thermal characteristics of copolymer networks are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Two fusion endotherms are observed which vary with the degree of crosslinking. By thermogravimetric analyses the thermal stability is found to increase when the crosslinking degree does. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 203
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2859-2866 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: condensation polymers ; Worganonickel-organosilicon copolymers ; organosilicon polymers ; siloxane polymers ; organometallic polymers ; organonickel complexes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of five novel organonickel-organosilicon alternating copolymers having the repeating unit —C6F4—Ni‘PBu3’2—C6F4—SiR2— [where SiR2 = —SiMe2—, —SiMe‘Hex’—, —SiPh2—, —SiMe2—O—SiMe2—, and —SiMe2—‘CH2’6—SiMe2—] are reported. The model compounds Ni‘PR3’2‘1,4-C6F4SiMe3’2‘PR3 = PMePh2 or PBu3’ were prepared via reactions of Ni‘PR3’2‘1,4-C6F4Li’2 with 2 equiv of SiMe3Cl, and were characterized by conventional analytical and spectroscopic measurements. The Polymers were prepared from the reactions of Ni‘PBu3’2‘1,4-C6F4Li’2 with 1 equivalent of SiMe2Cl2 ‘polymer 1, Mw = 15,800’, SiMe ‘Hex’ Cl2 ‘polymer 2, Mw = 7300’, SiPh2Cl2 ‘polymer 3, Mw = 8600’, O‘SiMe2Cl’2 ‘polymer 4, Mw = 13,900’ and ‘CH2’6‘SiMe2Cl’2 ‘polymer 5, Mw = 19,700’. The molecular weights for each polymer were fully determined by both GPC and VPO. The multinuclear ‘1H-, 19F-, and 31P [1H]’-NMR, FTIR, and UV-Visible spectroscopic data for each polymer unambiguously establishes its repeating unit structure. The observations indicate that introduction of the silyl or siloxane units into the organonickel backbones has remarkably decreased the chain rigidity of the organonickel-organosilicon polymers compared to their rigid rod organonickel analogues ‘i.e., —[—C6F4—Ni‘PR3’2—]n—’. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 204
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2919-2930 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: propenyl ethers ; vinyl ethers ; cationic photopolymerization ; biorenewable monomers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of several novel mono- and dipropenyl and divinyl ethers derived from renewable starting materials is described using simple, straightforward synthetic methods. Utilizing real-time infrared spectroscopy, the reactivity of the monomers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization was studied employing diaryliodonium and triarylsulfonium salts as photoinitiators. The monomers were shown to undergo very rapid cationic photopolymerization. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 205
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2953-2960 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: benzobisthiazole ; bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ; rigid-rod ; colorless ; 3-dimensional ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polycondensation in polyphosphoric acid of 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzene dithiol dihydrochloride with bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, as well as the corresponding dimethyl ester or diacid chloride, led to rigid-rod benzobisthiazole polymers. Colorless and soluble polymers with intrinsic viscosities as high as 30.6 dL/g (methanesulfonic acid, 30°C) were obtained. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum of a polymer film cast from methanesulfonic acid under reduced pressure displayed no absorptions in the visible range (400-900 °m). The polymer was thermooxidatively stable up to 420°C in air as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Fibers spun from a lyotropic polyphosphoric acid solution exhibited a tensile strength of 300-450 Ksi, a modulus of 26 Msi, and a compressive strength of 53 Ksi. Wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns of polymer fibers indicated a 3-dimensional crystal structure rather than a nematic liquid crystal structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 206
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    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2965-2970 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: lactide ; polymerization ; mechanism ; alcohol ; carboxylic acid ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of hydroxy and carboxylic acid substances on lactide polymerization in the presence of stannous octoate was investigated. A polymerization mechanism was postulated to attempt to explain the controversies existing in the literature and also to explain our experimental observations. Stannous alkoxide, a reaction product between stannous octoate and alcohol, is proposed as the substance initiating the polymerization through coordinative insertion of lactide. Alcohol can affect the polymerization through the reactions of initiator formation, chain transfer, and transesterfication. Carboxylic acid affects the polymerization through a deactivation reaction. Experiments showed that alcohol increased PLLA production rate while carboxylic acid decreased it. Both alcohol and carboxylic acid reduced PLLA final molecular weight. The higher the alcohol concentration, the lower the polymer molecular weight. However, the final molecular weight of PLLA was not sensitive to the carboxylic acid concentration. A polymerization induction period was observed at high carboxylic acid concentration, due to the deactivation reaction caused by carboxylic acid. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 207
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3009-3017 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Na ; Li poly(phenylene terephthalamide sulfonate salts) ion conductivity ; modified ethylene carbonate ; blend system ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To obtain thermally stable and mechanically strong sodium and lithium conducting polymers, we prepared Na+ and Li+ poly(phenylene terephthalamide sulfonate salts) (MW ∼ 5500). We also synthesized oligo(ethylene oxide) (3, 5, or 7 units of ethylene oxide) substituted ethylene carbonate and poly[oxymethylene-oligo(oxyethylene)]. These are high boiling point liquids with high dielectric constants as well as metal chelating properties. Polyelectrolyte systems were prepared by mixing Na+ or Li+ poly(phenylene terephthalamide sulfonate) salts with various amounts of modified ethylene carbonate and/or poly[oxymethylene-oligo(oxyethylene)]. Films (0.1-0.5 mm thick) obtained from the blends were found to have considerable mechanical strength; forming free standing films. The ionic conductivities of the Na+ and Li+ polyelectrolyte systems were 10-6-10-5 S/cm at 25°C. Thermal properties of these blend systems were investigated in detail. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 208
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3039-3046 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: liquid crystalline poly(imide-carbonate)s ; melt polycondensation ; nematic phase ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two series of novel thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(imide-carbonate)s were prepared by melt polycondensation from various arylene or alkylene bis(phenylcarbonate)s by using N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)pyromellitimide and N,N′-bis(hydroxypropyl)pyromellitimide as monomers. Thermotropic liquid crystalline properties were characterized by a polarizing microscope with a heating stage and a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Nematic melts were found for the synthesized aromatic poly(imide-carbonate)s. In order to investigate whether the pyromellitimide unit could be used as a mesogenic unit for preparing LC polymers, a series of aliphatic poly(imide-carbonate)s was prepared in this study. However, no significant LC textures were found under the observation by polarizing microscope. It was suggested that the aspect ratio of the pyromellitimide unit was too short to form liquid crystalline poly(imide-carbonate)s. In addition, it was interesting that the aliphatic poly(imide-carbonate)s with a longer spacer (n = 3) in the pyromellitimide unit showed better crystallinity. Thermostabilities of all synthesized poly(imide-carbonate)s were measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 209
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3091-3098 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer-bearing norbornadiene moiety ; polv(2,6-dirnethyl-p-plienylene oxide) ; photochemical valence isomerization ; phase transfer catalyst ; thermal reversion ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymers having pendant norbornadiene (NBD) moieties and rigid main chain were prepared from the reaction of partially brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) with a potassium carboxylate derivative of the corresponding NBD using a phase transfer catalyst in chlorobenzene. The photochemical valence isomerization of pendant NBD to quadricyclane (QC) moieties proceeded smoothly in the film state as well as polymer solution upon the irradiation by sunlight, xenon lamp, or high-pressure mercury lamp. The rate of isomerization was affected by the structure of main chain in the polymer and the substituent groups of NBD derivatives. The catalytic reversion of the resulting QC moiety to the original NBD proceeded smoothly in the solution with (5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-por-phine)cobalt(II) as the catalyst at room temperature; however, the reaction of NBD polymer containing poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) showed lower reactivity than that of the corresponding low molecular weight QC compound. When the cycle between the photochemical valence isomerization of NBD moiety to quadricyclane (QC) moiety and thermal reversion of QC moiety to NBD moiety at 160°C was repeated, the NBD polymer synthesized from PPO degraded gradually, whereas NBD polymer prepared from poly(4-chloromethylstyrene) decomposed easily. Therefore, the rigid PPO structure showed high resistance for the degradation of NBD moiety. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 210
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3099-3113 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: antioxidant role of α-tocopherol ; transformation products of α-tocopherol ; melt stabilization of LDPE ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The antioxidant role of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and the nature of its transformation products formed during extrusion of the polymer are investigated. The melt stabilizing effectiveness of α-tocopherol was found to be very high, higher than that of the commercial hindered phenol antioxidants, Irganox 1076 and 1010, after single and multiple extrusion. The high antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol as a melt stabilizer is due, at least in part, to its transformation products. The importance of the processing history and the parent antioxidant concentration on the transformation products is discussed. Transformation products of α-tocopherol were analyzed after each of the four extrusion passes of the polymer. These were fractionated, analyzed, and characterized by HPLC and spectroscopy, respectively. The main products formed are diastereoisomers of dimers and trimers, as well as aldehydes; the relative concentration of each was shown to depend on processing severity (number of extrusion passes) and the initial concentration of α-tocopherol. The dihydroxydimer was found to be formed at a high concentration relative to the other products and proportional with the initial concentration of tocopherol. Based on both the identity and distribution of transformation products, a mechanism is proposed for the melt stabilization effect of α-tocopherol in LDPE. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 211
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3141-3146 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: cationic polymerization ; phenothiazine derivatives ; cation radical ; electron transfer ; initiation mechanism ; vinyl ether ; electrochemical oxidation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3,7-Diethyl- 10-phenylphenothiazine (DEPPT), a phenothiazine derivative whose 3,7- and 10-positions are blocked, was synthesized. Potentiostatic electrolysis of DEPPT in acetonitrile (ACN) in the presence of 0.1M of LiClO4 at 0.7 V (vs. Ag/Ag/Cl) yielded the stable cation radical of DEPPT (DEPPT+·) which was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible spectroscopy, and ESR spectrometry. Stable cation radicals of 10-phenylphenothiazine and 3,7-diethyl-10-methylphenothiazine were also prepared. The cationic polymerization of n-butyl vinyl ether was initiated by these cation radicals, including DEPPT·+. The electron transfer mechanism for the initiation step, which we proposed previously, was supported by the fact that DEPPT·+ was capable of initiating the polymerization; dimerization of DEPPT·+ by releasing protons is precluded because 3,7- and 10-positions are all blocked. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 212
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3171-3182 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: high-temperature poly (ether sulphone) ; amine-ended polymer ; maleimide-ended polymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New high-temperature amorphous polymers with chlorine, amine, and maleimide chain-ends have been synthesized by nucleophilic polycondensation and fully characterized by 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and potentiometric titration. From chain-end determination, number average molecular masses were calculated. It was confirmed that transetherification during the synthesis led to a randomized polymer of the monomer residues. For nominally amine-ended polymers obtained by addition of m-aminophenol at the end of the synthesis, a small amount of hydroxyl chain-ends was observed. This is ascribed also to transetherification. Complete reaction of the amine chain-ends with maleic anhydride was demonstrated. Reaction of hydroxyl chain-ends with acetic anhydride was also observed. The thermal stability of these different polymers was investigated; lower thermal stability was observed for amine and maleimide-ended polymers. By two different methods, a Tg around 270d°C was determined for these novel amorphous aromatic polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 213
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3183-3188 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyacetylene ; polysiloxane ; polysilane ; dimethyltitanocene ; catalysis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dimethyltitanocene, in conjunction with a wide variety of compounds containing Si—H bonds, is an excellent catalyst for the polymerization of acetylene to give free standing films. Polymerizations of acetylene in a variety of siloxane and silane matrices using this catalyst system are described. The polyacetylenes produced with a [—(MeSiHO—)3—(Me2Si)17—]n random copolymer showed very similar properties to those previously produced by Naarman et al. with a Shirakawa-type catalyst in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. Ring, or chain, poly(methylhydrosiloxanes) with higher proportions of —(MeSiHO)— undergo redistribution in the course of acetylene polymerization to give polyacetylene embedded in an insoluble polysiloxane glass. Polyacetylene produced in a poly(phenylsilane) matrix yielded a 2-component material from which the polysilane could not be solvent extracted. The electrical conductivity of iodine doped samples of this material is somewhat lower than that of the pure polyacetylene, but its mechanical properties and its resistance to degradative oxidation are superior to those of either of the pure component polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 214
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 3201-3204 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: addition reaction ; oxetane ; triflic acid ; nonlinear optical ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 215
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: bisphthalonitrile ; cure catalysis ; polymerization mechanism ; polymer properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When 4,4'-bis (3,4-dicyanophenoxy) biphenyl is heated with small amounts of aromatic amine or amidine salts, a highly crosslinked polytriazine is obtained. This polymer has been shown to be the same as that reported when bisphthalonitriles are heated with amines. Salts promote this reaction more readily and the glass transition temperature of the polymer after post-cure at 315°C is generally 30°C higher than when free bases are used. The fracture properties and elasticity of the salt-cured polymer have been measured at temperatures up to 250°C. As a model system, the self reaction of phthalonitrile promoted by amines and their salts has been studied. In both cases, poly[4-(2-cyanophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,6-diyl-1,2-phenylene] is produced, and more efficiently using the salts. A reaction mechanism for this polymerization has been proposed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 216
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: reactive thermoplastic oligomers ; amine-terminated poly(aryl ether ketone)s ; side group interactions ; controlled molecular weight ; characterization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that amine-terminated poly(aryl ether ketone)s based on the reaction of 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone, and a substituted hydroquinone [either methylhydroquinone (MePK), t-butylhydroquinone (tBPK), or phenylhydroquinone (PhPK)] of controlled molecular weight and high amine-termination efficiency can be synthesized by a two-step reaction technique. Attempts to synthesize analogous materials by a one-step method were shown to be unsuccessful. The side groups are shown to have a large influence on the aromatic proton chemical shifts and this effect is characterized. The side groups and molecular weight are also shown to influence the thermal transitions of the respective polymers. The tBPK polymer possessed the highest glass transition temperature, while the MePK polymer was found to be the only semi-crystalline polymer; a unit cell is proposed. The side groups and molecular weight effects are also characterized as a function of thermal stability and mechanical properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 217
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: PMR-15 ; polyimides ; PMR-15 NMR-analyses ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variations in PMR-15 composites properties could be due to differences in their chemical compositions occurring during the curing cycle. Variations in the composition of the PMR-15 resin were studied for four different curing cycles, to determine the influences of parameters such as the heating rate or the presence of a temperature stage. The resin mixture was sampled at the same four different temperature points in each cycle and analyzed mainly by 1H- and 13C-NMR. Quantitative analysis of the different chemical species were realized by deconvolution of NMR spectra. At a given temperature, the resin contains the same molecules but in proportions which depend on the curing conditions and which reflect differences in the chemical reactivity of the monomeric species. We have precisely defined the temperature ranges at which each of the key reactions (amidization, imidization, exoendo isomerization) occurs. An imine condensation product of NE and MDA has been identified and shown to be present in the resin mixture even at low temperature. As a result of this study, two possible causes of resin alteration during ageing can be put forward: the presence of nonimidized BTDE moieties and the endo-exo isomerization reaction which will result in deformation and, possibly, microcracking, if reticulation of the end-capped nadimides is not total. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 218
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: multiacrylate ; template polymerization ; ladder polymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By reacting poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with acryloyl chloride, multiacrylate connected through a covalent bond with polymethacrylate chain (template) has been obtained. The free-radical polymerization of multiacrylate in dilute dioxane solutions at 75°C and 85°C was examined by IR spectrophotometry and the distribution of molecular weights of the resultant products was evaluated by gel permeation chromatography. The findings show that under selected conditions the polymerization proceeds along ordered acrylic double bonds on the template and results in a ladder-type polymer. At a temperature of 85°C, in addition to the intramolecular cyclopolymerization, intermolecular reactions proceed to a minor extent. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 219
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: bisaryloxyencephthalic Acids ; polyaramides ; rigid-rod polymers ; molecular blends ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several 2,5-bisaryloxyterephthalic acids were prepared by a new method, namely arylation of diethyl-2,5-bistrimethylsiloxyterephthalate. Rigid-rod polyaramides were prepared by polycondensation of silylated diamines with a terephthaloylchloride with two diphenylsulfone side chains. Another polyamide was prepared from 2,5-bis(4′-cyanophenoxy) terephthalic acid and 1,4-diaminobenzene. None of these polyaramides is meltable and their solubilities differ largely. A copolymer of 1,4-diaminobenzene and 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine is soluble in various organic solvents including polar vinyl monomers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 220
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polystyrene ; pyrolysis-gas chromatography ; end groups ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The determination of end groups in polystyrenes (PSts) polymerized anionically with n-butyllithium as the initiator was carried out by pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC). The relative proportions of the end groups decrease with increasing molecular weight (MW). Consequently, the peaks which reflect the structure of the end groups can be distinguished by comparing pyrograms of samples with different MW. By comparing the intensities of these peaks relative to total intensities of all the peaks in the pyrogram, the numberaverage molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer can be estimated. The observed Mn values of PSts estimated by this method are compared with those determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). By this method it was possible to make direct determination of Mn values of PSts with MWs between 1000 and ca. 1 million. Furthermore, the calibration curve produced by the relative intensity of one of the most characteristic peaks (2-phenyl-1-heptene; C4H9—CH2C (Ph) = CH2) for the end group to total intensity of all the peaks in the pyrogram, gave rapid and highly reproducible Mn values. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 221
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 3,3-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]phthalide ; aromatic polyamides ; soluble aromatic polyimides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3,3-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]phthalide (II) was used as a monomer with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids and dianhydrides to synthesize polyamides and polyimides, respectively. The diamine II was derived by a nucleophilic substitution of phenolphthalein with p-chloronitrobenzene in the presence of K2CO3. Polyamides IVa-g having inherent viscosities of 0.77-2.46 dL/g were prepared by the direct polycondensation of diamine II with diacids IIIa-g using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. The polyamides were readily soluble in a variety of solvents such as N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) and afforded transparent and flexible films from the polymer solutions. These polymers had glass transition temperatures (Tgs) in the 227-307°C range and 10% weight loss temperatures occurred up to 450°C. Polyimides VIa-e based on diamine II and various aromatic dianhydrides Va-e were synthesized by the two-stage procedure that included ring-opening, followed by thermal or chemical conversion to polyimides. Most of the polyimides obtained by chemical cyclodehydration procedure were found to soluble in DMF, NMP, o-chlorophenol, and m-cresol. The Tgs of these polyimides were in the 260-328°C range and showed almost no weight loss up to 500°C under air and nitrogen atmosphere. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 222
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 575-577 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: benzyloxyamine ; diisocyanate ; urea ; biuret ; polyaddition ; polybiuret ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 223
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Polyimidophosphonate ; dihydroxybismide ; phase transfer catalyst ; 31PNMR ; flame retardancy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis of dihydroxybisimide monomers and their subsequent polycondensation with dichlorophenylphosphine oxide by use of a phase-transfer catalyst are reported. The monomers were characterized by melting point, elemental analysis, and IR spectroscopy. The polyimidophosphonates were characterized by viscosity measurement, molecular weight determination, elemental analysis, IR, ESCA, 1H-NMR, 31P-NMR, and X-ray diffraction. Thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers were evaluated by TGA, DTA, and TMA. These polymers are self-extinguishing and readily soluble in highly polar solvents like DMF, DMSO, DMAC, NMP, HMPA, etc. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 224
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,3,4-thiadiazole ; activated difluoride ; aromatic diols ; polyethers ; nucleophilic substitution polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Seven 1,3,4-thiadiazole-containing polyethers with reduced viscosities of 0.27-1.44 dL/g were synthesized by the high-temperature solution polycondensation of novel activated difluoride, 2,5-bis (4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole, with aromatic diols possessing a variety of ring structures. The expected chemical structures were confirmed by IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Of all the polymers, three polyethers were highly crystalline and soluble only in limited solvents such as concentrated sulfuric acid. The other polyethers were amorphous and dissolved easily in a variety of organic solvents including N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), phenols, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Colorless to slightly yellow-colored, transparent, and tough films could be cast from the NMP solutions of the amorphous polyethers. The mechanical properties of the films were excellent, and their tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile moduli were in the ranges of 48-72 MPa, 5-7%, and 1.3-1.9 GPa, respectively. The amorphous polyethers had high glass transition temperatures of 204-299°C. All the polyethers were highly thermally and thermooxidatively stable and exhibited no weight loss up to 400°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded at 464-513°C in air. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 225
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: liquid crystal polymers ; transesterification ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The stability of a polymeric nematogen's chemical sequence was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and 13C-NMR; the nematogen studied was a thermotropic polyester and had a periodic chemical structure. Model compounds were used to investigate transesterfication in the melt at different temperatures with the addition of phenol or benzoic acid as analogues of polymer end groups. Ester interchange reactions at high temperature were found to be partly suppressed when acidic end groups of the periodic nematogen were capped. However, sequence reorganization was completely suppressed in capped nematogens when temperatures remained below the isotropization transition of the nematogen investigated. Rapid disordering of the periodic nematogen was observed above the nematic-isotropic transition, suggesting that both chemical and physical factors play a role in sequence redistribution of periodic nematogens. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 226
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; poly (vinyl chloride) ; photo-dehydrochlorination ; composite film ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polypyrrole (PPy) was deposited electrochemically on a platinum plate from a nitric acid solution of pyrrole. The PVC/PPy composite film was finally obtained by casting poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) onto the PPy electrode from a tetrahydrofuran solution of PVC. The prepared composite film was irradiated at 90°C with a low-pressure mercury lamp in the stream of hydrogen gas saturated with steam, and the PVC film was dehydrochlorinated, leading to the formation of conjugated polyene. The electrical conductivity (σ) of the PVC film in the irradiated composite film was reveled: σ=2.51 × 10-5S cm-1. By iodine doping, σ was further enhanced up to 5.04 X 10-3 S cm-1. The tensile strength of the irradiated composite film became larger than that of the original PVC film; i.e., the stress at break was: 461 (composite film); 401 kg cm-2 (PVC). These results were brought about by the doping of radical species to the conjugated polyene. The anion, NO-3, doped during the electrodeposition of PPy was photodecomposed to generate radical NO2 and this species was doped to the polyene, resulting in the formation of electrically conductive PVC and mechanically improved composite film. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 227
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 39-45 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: fluorinated polymers ; sulfur hexafluoride ; spark discharge ; polyethylene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluorination of low-density polyethylene, polyacetylene, and poly(vinyl alcohol) was carried out using SF6 gas under electric discharge. The polymers were partially fluorinated and the extent of fluorination was more in the case of poly (vinyl alcohol) than the other two polymers. The fluorinated polymers were characterized by elemental analysis (Fluorine), IR, and x-ray diffraction. Optical transparency of the films was also measured. The fluorinated polymers show better solvent resistance and decreased transparency than the virgin polymer. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 767-777 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: emulsion polymerization ; ion-free ; polybutadiene ; poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) ; polymer electrolyte ; latex ; core-shell ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of polybutadiene (PB) by emulsion polymerization with use of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) stabilizer was investigated. The goal was to prepare flexible latex films that clearly retain particle morphology in the solid state after heat treatment and contain no ionic, hydroxyl, or (primary, secondary) amino groups. The latex particle core composed of PB was nonpolar and rubbery, while the particle shell composed of PVP was polar and glassy. Average particle diameter was measured by the dynamic light scattering technique, and particles were imaged by scanning and transmission electron microscopic analyses. Dialysis of the latices resulted in successful exchange of the dispersion medium without precipitation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 789-795 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polycondensation ; serine ; aspartic acid ; inhibitors ; crystallization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Biocompatable, degradable polymers that are powerful inhibitors of mineral formation were synthesized by automated solid phase and thermal polycondensation techniques. These polymers are analogues of natural proteins isolated from CaCO3 biomineral and consist primarily of polyaspartic acid and serine or modified serine residues. Phosphorylation of the serine residues greatly enhanced the inhibitory activity of the polymers. Synthesis in the presence of orthophosphoric acid resulted in the decomposition and modification of serine. These modified residues when incorporated into the polyaspartic acid also enhanced inhibitory activity of the polymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 230
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1137-1147 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Ziegler-Natta catalysts ; propylene polymerization ; catalysts characterization ; supported catalysts ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this article we present the results of the preparation and characterization of two Ziegler-Natta precatalysts: MgCl2/Ethyl benzoate (EB)/TiCl4 and MgCl2/2,2,6,6 tetramethylpiperidine (TMPiP)/TiCl4 by means of FTIR, X-ray diffraction, SEM, BET surface area measurements, and other techniques applied at different steps of their preparation procedures.The precatalysts were prepared by impregnating with TiCl4 a given amount of MgCl2, which was previously ball-milled with the electron donor chosen.Prior to impregnation, the ball-milled material presented different surface compounds depending on the electron donor used: [(MgCl2)2] · 2EB, MgCl2 · EB, or a salt of the amine. The solid milled with EB is more homogeneous than the one milled with the TMPiP.Titanium is better retained in the solid milled with EB. This precatalyst has better morphological properties and larger BET surface area. By means of FTIR, we found evidences that an adequate surface structure for the formation of stereospecific sites in MgCl2/TMPiP/TiCl4 was formed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 231
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1189-1193 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1213-1223 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: chitosan ; semi-IPN hydrogel ; swelling kinetics ; pH-sensitivity ; controlled release ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aqueous swelling kinetics of a series of crosslinked chitosan (cr-CS) with glutaraldehyde (GA) interpenetrating polyether hydrogels have been studied as functions of pH, the N-deacetylation degree of chitosan, the amount of crosslinking agent, the electrolyte composition in solution, temperature, and gel composition. Based on these results, the swelling mechanism of the hydrogels was discussed. The release profiles of chlorhexidini acetas from the semi-IPN were also investigated. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 233
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1255-1262 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: organic phase/organic phase interfacial polycondensation ; quaternary ammonium group ; polyester/PVA blend film ; ionic conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triethyl-2,3-propanediolammonium chloride (TPC) was prepared and used for the preparation of polyester and copolyesters having quaternary ammonium groups in the side chains. The polycondensation of isophthaloyl dichloride with TPC and other dihydroxy compounds was performed by the organic phase/organic phase interfacial polycondensation method using N,N-dimethylacetamide/n-heptane or trimethyl phosphate/n-heptane as reaction media in the presence of tetramethyl ethylenediamine. Blend films were prepared from these polyesters and poly(vinyl alcohol) by casting from aqueous or aqueous NaOH solution. The electrical conductivity of the blend films is remarkably affected by the moisture content and in the order of 10-5 ∼ 10-8 S/cm in the presence of moisture. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 234
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 917-928 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; stable phenoxyl radical ; intramolecular hydrogen transfer ; termination ; hindered phenol ; copolymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (St), and vinyl acetate (VAc) were carried out in the presence of a novel phenyl acrylate derivative bearing a hindered phenol moiety (HPA). It has been clarified that HPA acts as a retarder and inhibitor for the polymerizations of MMA and VAc, respectively, and that in the polymerization of St it behaves as a monomer to give a copolymer. These additive effects were interpreted in terms of intramolecular transfer of the phenolic hydrogen in competition with propagation of the HPA radical to monomers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 235
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 961-969 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: ethylene ; copolymerization ; hindered piperidine ; UV stabilizer ; chemically bound antioxidant ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monomers having a norbornene as polymerizable group and a 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine as stabilizing moiety were prepared. This monomer was successfully copolymerized with ethylene using VAc3/AlEt2Cl as the catalytic system. Copolymers exhibited better stability under accelerated aging than polyethylene stabilized by classical blending with commercial hindered amines. Any attempt made to obtain copolymers using a high activity TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst was unsuccessful. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 987-991 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: palladium-catalyzed polycondensation ; soluble ethynylene-containing polyamides ; ethynyl-containing amide monomers ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 237
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 993-995 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: metathesis ; regioselective polymerization ; 7-alkylnorbornenes ; ab initio MO Calculations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 238
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: β-chitin ; squid pens ; modification reactions ; acetylation ; tosylation ; tritylation ; deacetylation ; 4-dimethylaminopyridine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical reactivity of β-chitin isolated from squid pens has been examined in various reactions to elucidate the possibility of facile modifications in simple manners leading to the preparation of derivatives with well-defined structures. β-Chitin swelled in common solvents such as methanol and pyridine unlike the ordinary α-chitin and exhibited much higher reactivity than β-chitin. Free amino groups present in β-chitin were easily and selectively acetylated with acetic anhydride in methanol to give chitin with a uniform structure, poly(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). When acetylation reaction was carried out in pyridine, O-acetylation proceeded smoothly besides N-acetylation. In the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst, even full acetylation was achieved under mild conditions. Tosylation was also quite efficient in pyridine without side reactions such as N-deacetylation which is unavoidable in the tosylation of α-chitin. β-Chitin also enabled direct tritylation in pyridine in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine. All these reactions were quite sluggish with β-chitin, and no reactions or only very low extents of substitution were observed, indicating the high potential of β-chitin as a versatile starting material for facile modification reactions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 239
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1057-1062 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: high temperature polyarylates ; tetraphenylpyrrolediol ; solubility ; crystallinity ; thermal behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new tetraphenylated heterocylic diol, 2,5-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-diphenylpyrrole, was synthesized in three steps starting from 4-methoxydeoxybenzoin. The tetraphenylpyrrole-containing polyarylates having inherent viscosities of 0.28-0.88 dL/g were prepared from the diol and various aromatic dicarboxylic acid chlorides by both phase transfer catalyzed two-phase polycondensation and high temperature solution polymerization methods. All the polyarylates were semi-crystalline, and were readily soluble in a variety of solvents including N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, m cresol, pyridine, and 1,4-dioxane. These polymers had glass transition temperatures in the range of 223-279°C, with no weight loss below 400°C in both air and nitrogen atmospheres. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 240
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermoplastic elastomers ; poly (-methylstyrene-b-isobutylene-b--methylstyrene) ; triblock copolymer ; living carbocationic polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparatory to triblock synthesis experiments, the cationic polymerization of α-methylstyrene (αMeSt) was investigated using the 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCI)/TiCl4 initiating system in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as electron donor (ED) and CH3Cl/n-hexane mixed solvent in the -80 to -40°C range. Conversions are influenced by temperature, [TiCl4], [Et3N], and [αMeSt]. The polymerization of αMeSt is living at -80°C: Both termination and chain transfer to monomer are frozen out, however, initiation is slow relative to propagation. Highly syndiotactic (〉94%) Pα Mest was obtained. At-60deg;C initiator efficiency is ca. 100%, but termination becomes evident. Et3N may act both as Ed and as proton scavenger. Novel poly(α-methystyrene-b-isobutylene-b-α-methylstyrene) (PαMeSt-PIB-PαMeSt) triblocks have been synthesized by adding αMeSt to biliving polyisobutylene carbocations (⊕PIB⊕) in the -80 to -40°C range. The effects of temperature, solvent polarity, and [Et3N] on the block copolymerization have been investigated. At -80°C, the rate of crossover from ⊕PIB⊕ to αMeSt is lower than that of propagation of PαMeSt⊕, so that the triblock is contaminated by PIB and PIB-b-PαMeSt. At -60°C, crossover occurs preferentially. The rate of propagation relative to that of crossover is also reduced by lowering the solvent polarity and increasing the [Et3N]. High crossover efficiency and blocking efficiency can be obtained under optimum blocking conditions. The triblocks are novel thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 451-456 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: hexamethylenediammonium adipate ; solid-state polycondensation (polyamidation) ; acid catalysts ; solid-melt transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Loss of diamine and distinct transition phenomena from the solid to the melt state restrain solid-state polymerization (SSP) of nylon salts from industrial application. To depress these phenomena temperatures well below the melting point of the starting material are employed, resulting however in low reaction rates. The need to use catalysts arises and accordingly in this study hexamethylenediammonium adipate (HMA) particles were polymerized containing a strictly controlled amount of uniformly distributed catalyst. The catalysts included boric, sulphuric, and phosphoric acids with boric acid being the most effective in accelerating the reaction while eliminating the tendency to agglomeration. In general, catalyst concentration up to a critical value plays a considerable role in the overall behavior. Furthermore, in agreement with non catalytic processes, the reaction temperature remains an influential parameter. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 242
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyaddition ; phosphorus-containing polymer ; saturated polymer ; phenylphosphine ; 1,4-divinylbenzene ; 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene ; flame resistance ; thermal stability ; DSC ; TG ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A polyaddition of phenylphosphine (PH) to 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB) or 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene (DIPB) was carried out by radical initiations or UV irradiation at 60-80°C in toluene under a nitrogen atmosphere. The soluble polymer with higher molecular weight ($\[ \bar M_w = 2 \times 10^4 \]$) was obtained in a high yield with AIBN initiator for 95 h in the presence of 5% excess of PH to DVB (monomer feed ratio [DVB]0/[PH]0 = 1/1.05). On the other hand, a polyaddition of PH to DIPB proceeded much slower than the case of DVB, but the high polymer was obtained in a high yield by choosing polyaddition conditions such as polyaddition temperature and initiator concentration. From 1H-NMR, IR analyses, and phosphorus content of the polymers, it was characterized that both polymers have the alternating structure consisting of PH and DVB or DIPB units in 1 : 1 ratio. The glass transition and decomposition temperatures of both polymers under a nitrogen atmosphere were almost similar: 15-30°C and 380-385°C, respectively; but, the polymers were oxidized by heating under an atmosphere of air. The polymers had a self-extinguishing property and the polymer blend of the flammable polymers such as polystyrene and polyethylene with the phosphorus-containing polymers exhibited an excellent flame resistance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1459-1469 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: methyl methacrylate ; redox polymerization ; kinetics ; mechanism ; additives ; copper saccharinate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetics of methyl methacrylate polymerization initiated by a redox system [cumene hydroperoxide (CHP)/copper saccharinate] were studied in bulk at 20°C in the presence of accelerators such as N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) and o-benzoic sulphimide (saccharin). Assuming a steady-state concentration of propagating radicals, the polymerization rate depends on the square root of the initiation rate and the kinetic orders with respect to each compound in the initiation step may be deduced. Initiation is first-order in CHP, copper saccharinate, and saccharin and second-order in DMPT. A reaction scheme consistent with these orders is proposed. The main features are the following: (1) CHP reduces rapidly Cu(II) to Cu(I); (2) a small fraction of Cu(I) is complexed with DMPT; (3) the complexed ions (Cu+, DMPT2) are strong reductants with respect to CHP whereas uncomplexed Cu+ are almost inactive; (4) the decomposition of CHP is strongly catalyzed by saccharin (protonated CHP is 13000 times more reactive than free CHP). Thus both accelerators are necessary to get high polymerization rates. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 591-596 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: chitosan ; polyether ; semi-IPN ; pH-sensitivity ; hydrogel ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 631-649 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: free radical ; exit ; emulsion ; polymerization ; experiment ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In emulsion polymerizations, desorption (exit) from latex particles of monomeric radical species that arise from transfer can be an important determinant of the overall kinetics. An examination of various methodologies for the testing of postulated free radical exit mechanisms is made. These utilize the model descriptions for the exit process presented in the accompanying article of Casey et al., employing data consisting of conversion as a function of time for the approach to steady state polymerization conditions. Experimental data are presented on the exit rate coefficients as a function of such experimental parameters as: particle size, monomer concentration, and aqueous-phase free-radical concentration for a series of styrene polymerizations at 50°C, where the average number of free radicals per particle (n̄) never exceeds 0.5. It is demonstrated for these systems that while the conversion/time dependence from a single run, under conditions sensitive to exit, is insensitive to mechanistic assumptions as to the fate of desorbed free radicals, the variation of the exit rate coefficient with particle size so obtained suggests a second order dependence on n̄, implying complete re-entry of desorbed free radicals under all conditions studied. Once the monomeric radicals have re-entered, they are more likely to remain inside the particle where they will either propagate or undergo termination rather than re-escape. The article also presents an estimate for the rate coefficient at 50°C of the first propagation step of the monomeric radical subsequent to transfer. The conclusions drawn here for seeded systems should prove useful for study of particle nucleation mechanisms, when exit is particularly likely in small, newly formed, particles. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 699-709 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: contact angle goniometry ; chemical derivatization ; plasma treatment ; polyethylene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma-oxidized polyethylene (O-PE) was derivatized with various chemicals and the advancing and receding contact angles with water, formamide, and tricresylphosphate were measured. The contact angles were used to evaluate the surface free energy (SFE) components in terms of the Lifshitz-van der Waals-acid base (LW-AB) model. The derivatization was directed to couple alkyl chains to carbonyl, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups generated on the surface of O-PE. Carbonyl groups were treated with hydrazine and then reacted with dodecanoyl chloride. Hydroxyl groups were first reacted with reactive dicarboxylic acid dichlorides or cyanuric chloride, respectively, and then with alkylamines because the direct bonding of long-chain alkyl carboxylic acid chlorides proceeds slowly and is, therefore, completed by surface restructuring. Carboxyl groups were chlorinated and in a second step reacted with alkylamines. The bonding of C12-alkyl chains can be sensitively detected by the LW part of the SFE. Concerning the receding contact angles, it is pointed out that the carbonyl groups are present on the surface in a higher concentration than hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The combination of contact angle goniometry (CAG) and chemical derivatization reactions supplies semiquantitative information about functional groups in the uppermost surface layer. In this way, a major shortcoming of CAG can be overcome. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 741-746 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymerization mechanism ; polymerization kinetics ; carbonate macrocyclization ; polycarbonate ; stopped-flow spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of phenylchloroformate (PCF) reactions have been used to model some of the key chemical events in carbonate macrocyclization. Three reactions have been studied using stopped-flow FT-IR spectroscopy: formation of acyl ammonium salt from PCF and three different trialkylamines, the conversion of acyl ammonium salt to urethane, and the condensation reaction between acyl ammonium salt and 4-isopropylphenol. The rate dependence was studied for triethylamine (TEA), diethylmethylamine (DEMA) and tri-n-butylamine (TBA) at 0°C in anhydrous CH2Cl2. The reactivity order for acyl ammonium salt formation for TBA: TEA: DEMA is 1 : 2.7 : 〉444. By contrast, condensation and urethane formation are not sensitive to the structure of the amine. The rate of condensation is comparable to the rate of acyl ammonium salt formation for TEA and TBA, while the rate of urethane formation is the slowest process for all three amines. These results are consistent with the view that the yield of macrocyclic polycarbonates is related to the concentration of the acyl ammonium salt. The optimum amine concentration for obtaining high yields of cyclics varies with the amine structure and parallels the difference in the rates of acyl ammonium salt formation. © 1994 John & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 779-787 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: latex film ; swelling ; liquid electrolyte ; polymer electrolyte ; ionic conductivity ; core-shell ; polybutadiene ; poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Latex films composed of fused polybutadiene (PB) and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) particles that contain no ionic, hydroxyl, or amino groups were swelled with lithium salt solutions to yield new polymer electrolyte materials. The latex particle consists of a nonpolar, rubbery core that contains the PB component and a polar, glassy shell that contains the PVP component. The particle core-shell morphology was retained in the solid state, after the latex dispersion medium was removed and the films dried at high temperatures, due to the high Tg of the PVP shell. The films swelled when immersed in lithium salt solutions, and ionic conductivity of swollen films was greater than 10-3 S/cm. Swelling and ionic conduction occurred only in the polar PVP component. Extraction of PVP occurred with extended swelling. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 815-827 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyester network ; glycerol ; succinic acid ; oligomers ; network microstructure ; 13C-NMR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oligomers of glycerol and succinic acid have been prepared by three different methods and characterised by solution 13C-NMR spectroscopy at 125.8 MHz. The first series of five oligomers was prepared by reacting glycerol with succinic anhydride; only one acid function of each succinic acid residue formed an ester by this means. They were readily distinguished as the shifts of their glycerol residues were dispersed over 16 ppm, and their shifts provided a guide to the assignment of shifts in the more elaborate oligomers. The second set of oligomers was prepared by treating glycerol with a small quantity of succinic acid, ester links being promoted by means of the reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCDI). When we used 2 mol of DCCDI/mol of acid in the presence of an excess of glycerol, no free acid functions remained, and a new set of oligomers was obtained. Furthermore, within this set the proportion of ring molecules was enhanced by repeating the reaction under much more dilute conditions. In this way the shifts of two ring oligomers were recognized in the spectrum. A different set of oligomers again was obtained when the esterification was performed with 1 mol of DCCDI/mol of succininic acid. After the first generation of oligomers had been identified in the mixtures produced by these three experiments, the reactions continued to produce larger oligomers with new fine structure features in the spectra. Glycerol trisuccinate was prepared in a pure form and heated in a vacuum to eliminate succinic acid groups and allow the formation of oligomers with two and three branch points. The structures successively produced by this reaction were readily recognized. In all we were able to recognize the formation of component structures in at least 17 different oligomers. The shifts of the carbons of the glycerol residues are sensitive to the substitution pattern at that residue, to whether the succinic acid residue to which they are linked has reacted a second time, and in some cases the methine shift is sensitive to how the succinic acid residue attached to a neighboring methylene carbon has reacted. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 859-867 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: phospholipid polymer ; graft copolymer ; macromonomer ; surface tension ; fluorescence ; domain structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-soluble graft copolymers with phospholipid polar group were synthesized by the macromonomer method and their properties in water were investigated by surface tension and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements. At first, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was polymerized in the presence of 3-mercapt propionic acid as a chain transfer agent and carboxyl group-terminated oligo (MPC) was obtained. The oligo (MPC) reacted with glycidyl methacrylate to convert the carboxyl group to a polymerizable methacryloyl group. The MPC macromonomer obtained was copolymerized with hydrophobic n-butyl methacrylate (BMA) and a graft copolymer was obtained. The graft copolymer, poly(MPC-graft-BMA), was water-soluble when the MPC unit mole fraction was above 0.40. The surface tension of the aqueous solution of poly(MPC-graft-BMA) did not depend on the polymer concentration below 0.1 wt %. This tendency was the same as that which appeared in aqueous poly(MPC) solution. The fluorescence intensity of hydrophobic probes observed in an aqueous solution of the poly (MPC-graft-BMA) was also the same level as that observed in the case of poly(MPC). These results clearly indicated that the poly(MPC-graft-BMA) took a domain structure like micelle in water, i.e., the hydrophobic poly(BMA) backbone was in the core part and the hydrophilic poly(MPC) chain formed the shell part of the micelle. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 949-960 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: dimethyltitanocene ; biodegradable polymers ; poly(glycolic acid) ; surface degradation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of this research was to selectively alter the rate of surface degradation of linear aliphatic polyesters without adversely affecting their bulk properties by way of functional group transformation, where the surface ester linkages would be converted to vinyl ether functionalities with dimethyltitanocene. It has been observed that dimethyl titanocene causes surface degradation of poly (glycolic acid) without adversely affecting its bulk properties, such as Mv, bursting strength, and thermal properties The vinvl ether resulting from the conversion of the PGA ester groups was unstable under ambient conditions, and further reacted by polymer chain scissioning, as was observed from measurements of molecular weight. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 937-947 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: terpolymerization reactions ; ternary azeotropy ; N-antipyryl acrylamide terpolymers ; alkyl acrylate terpolymers ; styrene terpolymers ; acrylonitrile terpolymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ternary copolymerization of N-antipyryl acrylamide (NAA) with different alkyl acrylates [methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), butyl acrylate (BuA)] or styrene (ST) and acrylonitrile (AN) were carried out in solution at 65°C in the presence of AIBN as a free radical initiator. Experimental terpolymerization daca agree well with calculations based on the Alfrey-Goldfinger equation. The determination of unitary, binary, and ternary azeotropes of various systems studied was easily handled by a computer program. Ternary azeotropic compositions for NAA-MA-AN, NAA-EA-AN, NAA-BuA-AN, and NAA-ST-AN system were 31.0 : 10.0 : 59.0, 37.0 : 09.0 : 54.0, 23.0 : 10.0 : 67.0, and 66.5 : 30.50 : 03.0 mol %, respectively. Selective unitary and binary azeotropic compositions were polymerized and the obtained results show good agreement between the theoretical and experimental terpolymer composition for each case. Also, pseudo-azeotropic regions were identified where the deviation between feed and polymer composition is very small. The azeotropic points of the four systems were confirmed using Tarasov et al.'s equations and were found to have satisfactory results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1657-1664 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: photofunctionalization ; photocrosslinking ; synthetic membranes ; permselectivity ; pervaporation ; surface properties ; tetrazole ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new type of membrane polymer, containing a photosensitive moiety, was synthesized. The photochemically induced functionalization and crosslinking of poly [acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene-co-2-(4-ethenyl) phenyl-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazole], ABSV, has been studied. A variety of dipolarophiles and phenolic compounds were applied to alter the polarity of the membrane surface. The functionalization and crosslinking were initiated by photoirradiation. DSC and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the modified polymer. Pervaporation experiments with a cyclohexane/benzene mixture (5 wt% benzene) were carried out, with the results showing, that the photochemical treatment significantly effects both permselectivity and flux. Solubility parameters were found to be useful to interpret the pervaporation data. In general, the selectivity towards benzene increases with the polarity of the membrane surface, i.e., with increasing polarity of the modifier. A mechanism to explain the influence of both functionalization and crosslinking on the membrane performance, is proposed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1839-1845 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: plasma ; cascade arc ; surface modification ; fluorination ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The depth of surface modification by low-temperature cascade arc torch is investigated. A stack of 10 sheets of nonwoven fabrics of polyester fibers is exposed to a low-temperature cascade arc torch containing CF4 or C2F4, and the fluorination effect is examined by ESCA. It is shown that interaction of chemically reactive species, created in a low-temperature cascade arc torch, with the surface is not limited to the surface contacted by the torch (flame). The results indicate that the fluorination effect is observed on surfaces which are shadowed from the torch by overlying fibers. The highest degree of fluorination is found on the second layer, rather than on the first layer which the torch contacts directly. No significant differences in the trends of penetration of CF4 and C2F4 treatment through porous samples are observed. However, ESCA data show principal differences in chemical structures of the surfaces treated with CF4 (nonpolymer-forming gas) and C2F4 (polymer-forming gas). These results indicate that chemically reactive species induced by the excited species of argon rather than primary species created by the ionization process seem to play predominant roles in the surface treatment as well as the low-temperature cascade arc torch polymerization of perfluorinated compounds. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1847-1865 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyurethanes ; siloxanes ; copolymers ; phase segregation ; flame retardancy ; segmented polyurethanes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Siloxane urethane block copolymers were prepared with siloxanes as the soft segment. Films were cast from a variety of solvents. Solvent has an effect on the segregation of soft and hard segments. Surface studies, including ESCA, EDS, and FT-IR, show well segregated block copolymers with enhanced siloxane on the surface. DSC studies show a low mp (-44°C) for the soft segment and a Tg for the hard segment above room temperature. These materials show higher thermal stability compared to polyether urethane block copolymers. These copolymers also show relatively good resistance to exposure to oxygen plasma and show improved flame retardancy compared to nonsiliconated, polyether polyurethane block copolymers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1893-1898 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: excimer laser ; organosilicon compounds ; additive-free polymers ; high chemical and spectral purity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Excimer lasers (ArF, λ = 193 nm, and KrF, λ = 248 nm) were used to generate polymers free of additives such as catalysts, initiators, or sensitizers. The layers obtained are of potential interest for medical applications and future molecular electronics. Dimethylpolysiloxanes and dimethylsiloxane copolymers that contain phenyl-, n-hexyl- or 3.3.3-trifluoropropyl groups or silicon-bound hydrogen atoms were crosslinked in the liquid phase, whereby layer thicknesses in the range from 1-300 μm were obtained. Disiloxanes and alkoxysilanes were deposited from the gas phase (LCVD, laser chemical vapor deposition) resulting in layer thicknesses below 1 μm. In almost all cases, organic layers with a smooth surface, transparency, and good adhesion were obtained on silicon as well as quartz substrates. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1909-1914 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: phase transfer catalyst ; free-radical polymerization ; kinetics of polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of phase-transfer catalyzed free-radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) was carried out with water-soluble initiator peroxomonosulphate (PMS) with phase-transfer catalysts (tetrabutylammonium chloride and benzyltributylammonium chloride (TBAC and BTBAC) in tolune/water two-phase systems in the temperature range of 45-55°C at fixed pH (4) and ionic strength. The rates of polymerization (Rp) were evaluated at various values of [PMS], [PTC], and [AN]. It has been observed that the rates of polymerization increase with an increase of [AN], [PMS], and [PTC]. A kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for the experimental observations. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1939-1947 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polytetrahydrofuran ; acetylhexachloro-antimonate ; chain transfer ; THF ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the presence of acetic anhydride, the catalyst containing protons makes the polymerization complex.1,2 Thus, whether the living center, during the polymerization process of THF, transfers to the acetic anhydride is a difficult problem to answer. In this article, CH3COSbCl6 is used as the catalyst to avoid the interference of the protons. It is found that acetic anhydride is an effective chain transfer agent, by the experiment at different temperatures for two systems in the presence or absence of acetic anhydride, and by the comparison of kinetic behavior. In the system without acetic anhydride at the temperature of 7, 15, and 22°C, the propagation rate constants of THF, kp are 7.90, 14.23, and 23.35 10-3L/Mol.S, respectively. In the presence of acetic anhydride, kp are 1.51, 2.85, and 4.98 10-3L/Mol.S; and ktr are 2.04, 3.59, and 6.49 10-4L/Mol.S, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1977-1982 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(arylamino-quinone)s ; p-benzoquinone ; aromatic diamine ; tetrahydrofuran ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several poly(arylamino-quinone)s (PAAQs) were prepared by the conventional solution polymerization of p-benzoquinone with various aromatic diamines in tetrahydrofuran. Polymers prepared by this method were found to be more soluble in many organic solvents compared to the PAAQs prepared by other reported methods. The poly(arylamino-quinone)s were obtained in 82.3-94.5% yield and had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.073-0.251 dL/g. Among the PAAQs, the polymer prepared from p-benzoquinone and 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB) had demonstrated exceptionally good solubility and thermal stability. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1423-1430 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: block copolymers ; free radical polymerization ; polydimethylsiloxane ; chain transfer ; rate constants for the transfer reactions ; thiuram disulfide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chain transfer constants (Ctr) for thiuram disulfide (TD) groups, included in the backbone of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of different chain lengths, in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) were determined from measurements of the degree of polymerization. Two methods were used. The first consisted of using the initiation and transfer properties of the thiuram disulfides groups, and the second, of using a more efficient free radical initiator than TD groups, in which case the former behaves only as a transfer agent. In both the methods, the Ctr of TD was evaluated in bulk polymerization of MMA at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C. Using the first method, the Ctr of TD was measured also in solution polymerization of MMA in toluene at 100°C and, with the second one, in bulk polymerization of styrene at 60, 80, and 90°C. PDMS-based macrothiuram disulfide (macroiniferter) behaves as an “azeotropic” transfer agent for MMA and styrene at 125°C and 110°C, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1497-1505 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: gel permeation chromatography ; emulsion polymerization ; fluorescent labels ; polymer fluorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emulsion polymerizations were used for preparing fluorescent-labeled polymers. The labeled polymers were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using both fluorescence (FL) and refractive index (RI) as detectors. The uniformity of polymer labeling was measured by the ratio between FL and RI signals, calculated by a computer software, on the basis of each GPC chromatogram. It was found that in emulsion polymerizations, the semicontinuous process can produce a more homogenous dye distribution in the host polymer molecules than the batch method. Uniform labeling of a polymer with various dyes can be achieved by the semi-continuous process. However, experimental conditions for polymerization, such as initiator concentration and the presence of surfactant or chain transfer agent, may influence the uniformity of dye distribution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1543-1550 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer-supported hydroxyl-containing monoazacrown ethers ; phase-transfer catalysis ; elimination ; alkoxide formation ; self-solvated alkoxides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Soluble polystyrenes with crown ether structures and hydroxyl groups adjacent to the macrorings were prepared by the reaction of epoxide-containing polystyrenes with monoaza-15-crown-5 or monoaza-18-crown-6. Rate of formation of the polymer-bound alkali cation-crown alkoxide ion pair from the soluble polystyrenes and aqueous NaOH or KOH depended on the loading of crown ether and hydroxyl units and on the size of the macroring. The elimination of HCl from less reactive 2-chloroethylbenzene with aqueous NaOH or KOH in the presence of the soluble polystyrene catalysts under two-phase conditions was limited mainly by the intrinsic reaction rate. The elimination of HBr from more reactive 2-bromoethylbenzene in the presence of the less (11%) ring-substituted polymer catalyst with 18-crown unit was limited by the alkoxide formation rate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1593-1597 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2135-2145 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymer support ; Ziegler-Natta catalyst ; ethylene ; polymerization ; copolymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel polymer-supported titanium-based catalyst shows high activity and nondecaying kinetic profiles for ethylene polymerization. The presence of 1-hexene comonomer drastically increases the catalyst activity, exhibiting a similarity to the MgCl2-supported catalysts. However, the nondecaying kinetic profiles of copolymerization distinguish this catalyst from the latter. Infrared analysis indicates that the transition metals were immobilized on the polymer support via functional groups. The effects of polymerization conditions on catalyst activity have been assessed. Characterization of the resulting polymer product by means of 13C-NMR, DSC, and SEM demonstrates a branch-free structure with high melting point, high crystallinity, and high molecular weight for the ethylene homopolymer. The reactivity ratios of ethylene-1-hexene copolymerization are evaluated from 13C-NMR analysis data. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2147-2153 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyaniline ; derivatives ; doping ; processing ; films ; gel ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight poly(o-methoxyaniline) was synthesized using a novel method in which the polymerization occurs in the presence of a neutral salt. The molecular weight of the polymer was greatly affected by the quenching procedure employed to conclude the polymerization. Conventional doping of the base form of poly(o-methoxyaniline) produced a yellow coloration of the doping solution and polymer degradation. It was found that the molecular weight of the polymer decreased significantly after washing or doping with certain aqueous acid media. The gelation conditions of N-methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP) solutions and film preparation were also investigated for polymers of various molecular weights. The gelation time in NMP decreased drastically with the increase in the polymer molecular weight (the same for solution concentration and temperature), until a critical point was reached after which its decrease was very slow. Flexible, free-standing, and stretchable films were readily obtained from the higher molecular weight polymers. Good quality doped gel films with conductivity of up to 1 S/cm were obtained under optimized doping conditions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2177-2185 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: photo-initiated base-formation ; polymer matrix ; O-acyloxime ; photolysis ; yield of amine ; acyloxyimino group ; thermal crosslinking ; recombination ; cage effect ; 6-membered cyclic intermediate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It was found that amines were formed efficiently by the photolysis of O-acyloximes followed by hydrolysis in polystyrene films and the relationship between structures of O-acyloximes and yields of amines were investigated. O-phenylacetyl acetophenone oxime (PaApO), O-pivaloyl acetophenone oxime (PApO), and O-benzoyl acetophenone oxime (BApO) as monofunctional O-acyloximes and O,O′-succinyl diacetophenone oxime (SDApO) and O,O′-glutaryl diacetophenone oxime (GDApO) as bifunctional O-acyloximes were examined. The yields of amines for PaApO and SDApO under N2 were ca. 70%, which was the highest among O-acyloximes examined in this experiment. On the other hand, the yields for PApO, BApO, and GDApO were less than 15% and it was verified that the hydrogen abstraction by imino radicals via 6-membered cyclic intermediates resulted in the lowering of yields. Although the effect of oxygen under photolysis on the yields of amine for PaApO was negligible under 50% conversion of PaApO, the yield decreased with further increase in the conversion and was 50% at 90% conversion. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2229-2234 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: tetrafluoroethylene ; propylene ; emulsion redox copolymerization ; fluoroelastomers ; reaction conditions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene with ammonium perfluorooctanoate, initiated by a redox system containing tert-butylperbenzoate (TBPB) was carried out. The effect of the components of the redox system Is (TBPB, FeSO4.7H2O, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and CH2(OH)SO2Na.2H2O) on the polymerization rate (R) and molecular weight ($\[ \bar M_n \] $) was studied. Among redox system components, Fe2+ concentration exerts the most significant effect (by power of 0.54) on the polymerization rate. It was found that R ∝ [Is]0.2-0.54 and Mn ∝ [Is]0.0-0.1 and polymerization reaction scheme was suggested for the action of the initiating system. The influence of the copolymerization conditions (pressure, temperature, stirring speed, and pH) is also discussed. The apparent activation energy of the reaction was found to be 46.0 kJ/mol. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2203-2221 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: cyanate ; epoxy ; mixed resins ; curing ; cross reaction ; 13C-, 15N-, and 1H-NMR ; oxazolidinone ; carbamate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The possible cross reactions indicated by solid-state NMR between cyanate functionalized resin and epoxy functionalized resin have been investigated by using both natural abundance and labeled monofunctional model compounds. These soluble products were isolated and purified by silica gel adsorption chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. They were fully characterized by high resolution 1H-, 13C-, 15N-NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. The major cross-reaction product is a racemic mixture of enantiomers, which contain an oxazolidinone ring formed by one cyanate molecule and two epoxy molecules. However, epoxy consumption lags cyanate consumption in the overall reaction as triazine formation from the cyanate is much faster than the two competing reactions, the cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy, and the self-polymerization of epoxy, under the conditions investigated. The cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy is limited. Approximately 12% of cross reaction between cyanate and epoxy was found in the overall reaction. In addition to the cross reactions of epoxy and cyanate, the reactions of epoxy and the carbamate, which is the major side product for the curing reaction of cyanate resin in solution, have also been investigated, and the mechanism of these reactions discussed. From the reactions of epoxy and carbamate, several products related to cross reaction between epoxy and cyanate have been isolated and identified. It is suggested that the reaction of epoxy and carbamate is one of the pathways in the overall cross reaction between epoxy and cranate resins. Finally, the mechanism of the overall cross-curing reaction between the diepoxy and dicyanate mixed resins is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2241-2249 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: iniferter ; living radical polymerization ; photopolymerization ; spin trapping ; dithiocarbamate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation of several N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate derivatives (RDC), i.e., benzyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, n-butyl, sec-, and tert-butyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamates, was investigated by the spin trapping technique to elucidate the polymerization mechanism of styrene (St) with RDC as iniferters. The scission of RDC occured at two different C—S bonds depending on the structure of the alkyl groups of RDC and the cleavage manner was dominated by both resonance and steric effects. It has been confirmed that RDC generating an N,N-diethyldithiocarbamyl radical acts as an effective iniferter and induces the living radical polymerization of St in homogeneous system. The polymerizations of St with tetraethylthiuram disulfide and p-xylylene bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate) were also discussed on the basis of the results of the spin trapping for RDC as the model compounds of the poly(St) chain ends. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2291-2300 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polycarbonate ; polysulfone ; liquid crystal ; 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropyl sulfonyl) propane ; smectic ; X-ray ; dipole-dipole interaction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone) homo- and copolymers were prepared from 1,3-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane (Diol-333) and various alkanediols. The copolymers are random in nature since they were prepared by melt copolymerization. Both the homopolymer and the copolymers exhibited multiple reproducible first-order transitions during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating scans, but most of them exhibited only single exotherm during cooling scans. Typical schlieren textures were observed when these polymers were cooled from their isotropic melts. The copolymers have wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns almost identical to that of the homopolymer except in the low-angle spacing, indicating their packing in the crystalline domain in similar. DSC, cross-polarized optical microscopy, and WAXD revealed that these polymers were smectic liquid crystalline at room temperature. Since aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s are flexible linear polymers with no rigid rod components, the liquid crystalline phase formation is probably directed by the dipole-dipole interactions between sulfone groups in adjacent chains. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1747-1753 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly(methyl methacrylate) ; polydimethylsiloxane ; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ; graft copolymers ; poly(alkyl methacrylates) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal stabilities of various poly(alkyl methacrylate) homopolymers and poly(methyl methacrylate-g-dimethyl siloxane) (PMMA-g-PSX) graft copolymers have been determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As expected, the thermal stabilities of poly(alkyl methacrylates) were a function of the ester alkyl group, and polymerization mechanism. In particular, thermally labile linkages, which result from termination during free radical or nonliving polymerization mechanisms, decrease the ultimate thermal stabilities of the polymers. However, graft copolymers, which were prepared by the macromonomer technique with free radical initiators, exhibited enhanced thermal stability compared to homopolymer controls. A more complex free radical polymerization mechanism for the macromonomer modified polymerization may account for this result. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1903-1908 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyimides ; pendant hydroxyl ; hydrophilic ; amine hydrochloride ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High Tg polyimides containing pendant phenolic hydroxyl groups were synthesized in high molecular weight via one-step solution polymerization of the dihydrochloride salt of 4,6-diaminoresorcinol with various commercially available dianhydrides. Polymerization proceeds via initial dissociation of diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride to hydrogen chloride gas and diaminoresorcinol, followed by rapid dissolution of diaminoresorcinol and polymerization with the dianhydride monomer to afford soluble, fully-cyclized polyimide. The resulting poly(hydroxy-imide)s, which contain two phenolic hydroxyl groups per repeat unit, were soluble in amide solvents and dilute aqueous bases, displayed reasonably high glass transition temperatures and a high degree of water uptake. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1931-1938 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: FEP ; styrene ; radiation grafting ; synthesis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Gamma radiation-induced grafting of styrene into FEP films was investigated by the pre-irradiation method. The degree of grafting was found to be strongly dependent on the synthesis conditions, such as radiation dose, monomer concentration, crosslinker, temperature, and film thickness. The order of dependence of the rate of grafting on pre-irradiation dose and monomer concentration was found to be 0.64 and 1.90, respectively. The activation energy for the grafting in the temperature range of 50-80°C was determined to be 27.9 kJ/mol. A negative first order dependence of grafting on film thickness was observed. The results suggest that the initial grafting takes place at the film surface and proceeds to the middle by progressive diffusion of monomer through the polystyrene grafted layers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1969-1975 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: high-performance aromatic polyethers ; aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization ; aromatic polyether ketone containing imide ; thermal behavior ; high-temperature polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(arylene ether ketone)s containing imide units were prepared by the aromatic nucleophilic displacement reaction of the potassium salts of bisphenols with bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)phthalimides in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at elevated temperature. The polymers having inherent viscosities of 0.34-0.77 dL/g were obtained in 2 h. The polymers exhibited glass transition temperatures ranging from 216 to 268°C and decomposition temperatures (5% weight loss under air atmosphere) ranging from 450-570°C mainly depending on the bisphenols used in the polymer synthesis. The isothermal TGA measurements (400°C under air or nitrogen atmosphere) revealed that the 4,4'-biphenol- and hydroquinone-based poly(arylene ether ketone imide)s belong to a superior class of heat resistant polymers. The mechanical properties of these polymers are also described. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1991-1995 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: allenyl ethers ; oligo(oxyethylene)s ; crosslinking ; nonionic hydrogel ; cationic catalyst ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic crosslinking reactions of poly(allenyl ether)s having oligo(oxyethylene) moieties prepared by the radical polymerization of the corresponding allenyl ethers were carried out under some varied reaction conditions. For instance, a crosslinked polymer was obtained in 82% yield by the treatment of poly(ethylene glycol methyl allenyl ether) (1a) with 1.2 mol% of BF3·OEt2 (2) under high concentration in dichloromethane (46 wt %). The gels obtained showed good swelling properties in water, alcohols, and polar organic solvents such as dichloromethane. In particular, the degrees of swelling of these gels in aqueous sodium chloride (1M) were quite similar to those in ion-free water, indicating that these gels served as nonionic hydrogels. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2023-2027 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,2,-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane ; crosslinker ; network structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The quantitative synthesis and complete characterization of 1,2-bis(p-vinylphenyl)ethane (p,p-BVPE) and its meta-, para-mixed isomers are reported. These crosslinkers copolymerize randomly with p-methylstyrene, leading to random crosslink distributions. The crosslinkers are prepared by Grignard coupling of (m,p)-vinylbenzyl chloride in tetrahydrofuran at low temperature to give the statistical mixture of m,m-, m,p-, and p,p-isomers in quantitative yield. Pure p-vinylbenzyl chloride is converted to pure p,p-BVPE. p,p-BVPE has also been separated from the mixture of isomers. The isomers are characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR and by reversed-phase HPLC. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1957-1968 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; alkyl crotonate ; 1,2-disubstituted ethylene ; propagation rate constant ; termination rate constant ; substituted polymethylene ; thermal property ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Radical polymerization of several alkyl crotonates (RCr) was carried out in bulk or in benzene in the presence of radical initiators. Homopolymerization of RCr bearing bulky ester alkyl groups, e.g. tert-butyl (tBCr), 1-adamantyl (AdCr), and 3,5-dimethyl-1-adamantyl crotonate (DMAdCr) proceeded to give a polymer with molecular weight of several thousands despite of the steric hindrance and chain transfer by the presence of the β-methyl group, while the methyl and ethyl esters gave no polymer. The kinetics of the polymerization was examined in detail and absolute rate constants were evaluated by means of electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The propagation rate constants of RCr were 0.41-1.0 L/mol s, being much smaller than those of the corresponding methacrylates (530-570 L/mol s). The termination rate constants were also determined from the analyses of steady state and non-steady state polymerizations. Radical copolymerizations of AdCr (M2) with several vinyl monomers (M1) were carried out in bulk at 60°C and the rate constants for cross propagations were calculated to examine reactivities of the monomer and its polymer radical. The structure and thermal properties of the resulting poly (AdCr) were also investigated. Onset temperature of decomposition and glass transition temperature of poly(AdCr) were revealed to be much high as 302 and 234°C, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 1997-2001 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polymers with pendant phosphonium salts ; antibacterial activity ; effect of side-chain length ; viable cell counting method ; polycationic biocides ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymeric phosphonium salts with different side-chain length between the main chain and the active group, poly[4-2-tributyl-phosphonioethyl)styrene chloride-co-4-(2-chloroethyl)styrene] and poly[4-(3-tributylphosphoniopropyl)styrene chloride-co-4-(3-chloropropyl)styrene], were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were examined by the viable cell counting method in sterile distilled water. The antibacterial activity was found to decrease as the side-chain length increased. The most significant finding is a peculiar concentration dependence of the antibacterial activity, which demonstrated the presence of an optimal concentration. The observed specific effects of the side chain length and the concentration on the antibacterial activity seem to be ascribed to the state of aggregation of the polycationic biocides in aqueous solution. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2039-2047 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: liquid crystal ; cyclic siloxane ; hydrosilation ; cholesterol ; biphenyl ; phase behavior ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of 24 cyclic siloxane-based liquid crystalline compounds was synthesized using conventional hydrosilation chemistry. Variables examined included ring size, spacer group length, and type and composition of pendant mesogeric groups. Both pentamethylhydro- and tetramethylhydrosiloxane rings were reacted with mesogens based on cholesterol, biphenyl, or equimolar mixtures of both. Four different length spacer groups containing terminal vinyl groups were used to attach the mesogens to the cyclic siloxane core. The thermotropic liquid crystalline phase behavior was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). A lengthening of spacer groups resulted in lower crystallization temperatures for the biphenyl-based compounds and lower glass transition temperatures for the cholesterol- and mixed mesogen-based compounds. The tetramethyl ring derivatives exhibited higher glass transition or crystallization temperatures than their pentamethyl counterparts. Biphenyl-based compounds exhibited low temperature crystalline phases while the cholesterol-based compounds exhibited low temperature glassy phases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2073-2083 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; anionic polymerization ; polyimide ; thermal stability ; itaconic derivatives ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-alkyl-substituted itaconimides (RII) and N-(alkyl-substituted phenyl)itaconimides (RPhII) with various alkyl substituents were prepared and polymerized in the presence of a radical or anionic initiator to give high molecular weight polymers in high yields. The effects of the alkyl substituents on the polymerization reactivities were investigated. It has been revealed that RII and RPhII have the highest polymerization reactivity compared with other itaconic and citraconic derivatives including dialkyl itaconates and citraconimides. The structure and some properties of poly(RII) and poly(RPhII) were examined. These polymers were found to have excellent thermal stability, better than poly (dialkyl itaconate)s. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2099-2110 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polylactide ; macromonomer ; ring-opening polymerization ; graft copolymers ; amphiphilic gel ; biocompatible ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The functional aluminum alkoxide, Et2Al—O—(CH2)2—O-C(O)—C(CH3)=CH2, is a very effective initiator for the (D,L)-lactide (LA) polymerization in toluene at 707deg;C. The coordination-insertion type of polymerization is living and exclusively yields linear P (D,L)-lactide macromonomers of a predictable molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution. IR and 1H-NMR studies show that the methacryloyl group of the initiator is selectively and quantitatively attached to one chain end, whereas the second extremity is systematically a hydroxyl function resulting from the hydrolysis of the living growing site. α,ω-Dimethacryloyl-P(D,L)-lactides, i.e., α,ω-macromonomers, have also been successfully synthesized by the additional control of the termination step, i.e., by reaction of Al alkoxide end groups with methacryloyl chloride. α-Macromonomer and α,ω-macromonomer P(D,L)-lactides are easily free-radical copolymerized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), resulting in a hydrophilic poly (HEMA) backbone grafted with hydrophobic P(D,L)-lactide subchains and a biodegradable amphiphilic network, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2629-2639 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: molecular composite ; liquid-crystalline polymer ; lyotropic polyamide ; polyimide ; semi-interpenetrating polymer network ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2,2'-Dimethyl-4,4'-diamino-biphenyl was used to prepare a lyotropic amine-terminated polyamide (PBTA) prepolymer with terephthaloyl dichloride, and an amide oligomer with reactive endcaps of maleimide, respectively. The former was employed in an attempt to increase the solubility of PA/PI block copolymers, and the latter to produce a three-dimensional (isotropic) reinforced molecular composite through the technology of a semiinterpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN). PBTA prepolymer was copolymerized with an amine-terminated polyimide via a coupling reaction using terephthaloyl dichloride. The resultant block copolymers were characterized by IR, NMR, ηinh and GPC to confirm that the copolymerization reaction was precisely accomplished, as well as to determine their composition and molecular weight. Thermal analysis and lyotropic behavior were also studied for these copolymers. Rigid-rod amide oligomer was crosslinked in the presence of another flexible polyimide. Five sets of semi-IPN films were prepared under varying compositions. The curing conditions were investigated by DSC; in addition, the cured semi-IPNs exhibited a single phase (1 Tg) according to examination by an instrument for thermally stimulated current (TSC). No large-scale phase separation was observed in SEM images of the fractured surfaces. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2199-2201 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: high performance aromatic polyethers ; aromatic nucleophilic substitution polymerization ; aromatic polyether containing benzoxazole ; high temperature polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2267-2274 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: amylopectin, iodine binding capacity ; amylopectin, iodine binding energy of ; iodine binding and amylopectin fine structures ; Amylose-iodine and amylopectin-iodine complexes of fixed composition ; peak shift in amylose-iodine spectrum and different iodine species ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The iodine binding capacity (IBC) of amylopectin (AP, from potatoes) is determined to be around 0.38% (w/w) of the total AP in the solution. The mass of iodine bound comprises about 13.6% of the mass of AP involved with the complex, suggesting that with every four iodine atoms bound there are 23 anhydroglucose residues (AGU). Since our previous study indicates that four iodine atoms within the helix of 11 AGUs form a chromophore unit in the API complex, only 48% of the AGUs (11 out of 23) in the AP molecule are directly involved with the iodine. The heat of reaction for the API complex formation is determined to be around -47 kJ/mol of I-I units bound and is significantly lower in magnitude than that of the amylose-iodine (AI) complex [Biopolymers, 31, 57 (1991)]. A possible mechanism has been proposed for the formation of AI and API complexes with fixed compositions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2301-2309 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: poly (chloroprene-co-maleic anhydride) ; characterization ; monomer reactivity ratios ; microstructure ; monomer sequence dyads ; 13C-NMR spectroscopy ; pyrolysis GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The radical copolymerizations of chloroprene (CP) and maleic anhydride (MAH) were carried out with AIBN in 1,4-dioxane at 60°C. The monomer reactivity ratios were estimated as r1 (CP) = 0.38 and r2 (MAH) = 0.07. Microstructures in the copolymer of chloroprene (CP) and maleic anhydride (MAH) were investigated by 75.4 MHz 13C-and 300 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopies. Resonances were assigned to the monomer sequence dyads CC, CM, and MC (C = chloroprene, M = maleic anhydride). Well resolved fine structure in the 13C-NMR spectra showed that 1,2- and 3,4-structural chloroprene units were negligible in the copolymer. The pyrolysis characterization of the copolymer was also investigated by the pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The fragments of CP and MAH monomers and CP-MAH hybrid dimer, CO, and CO2 were identified after pyrolysis of the copolymer. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 286
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2345-2363 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: biomedical ; poly(D,L-lactide) ; poly(∊-caprolactone) ; poly (ester-urethane) ; L-Lysine diisocyanate ; absorbable ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bioabsorbable poly(ester-urethane) networks were synthesized from ethyl 2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate (L-lysine diisocyanate) (LDI) and a series of polyester triols. LDI was synthesized by refluxing L-lysine monohydrochloride with ethanol to form the ester, which was subsequently refluxed with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane to yield a silazane-protected intermediate. This product was then phosgenated using triphosgene. Polyester triols were synthesized from D,L-lactide, ∊-caprolactone, or comonomer mixtures thereof, using glycerol as initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. Polyurethane networks were cured using [NCO]/[OH] = 1.05 and stannous octoate (0.05 wt %) for 24 h at room temperature and pressure and 24 h at 50°C and 0.1 mm Hg. LDI-based polyurethane networks were totally amorphous and possessed very low sol contents. Networks based on poly (D,L-lactide) triols were rigid (Tg ∽ 60°C) with ultimate tensile strengths of ∼ 40-70 MPa, tensile moduli of ∼ 1.2-2.0 GPa, and ultimate elongations of ∼ 4-10%. Networks based on ∊-caprolactone triols were low-modulus elastomers with tensile strengths and moduli of ∼ 1-4 MPa and ∼ 3-6 GPa, respectively, and ultimate elongations of ∼ 50-300%. Networks based on copolymers displayed physical properties consistent with monomer composition and were tougher than the networks based on the homopolymers. Tensile strengths for the copolymers were ∼ 3-25 MPa with ultimate elongations up to 600%. Hydrolytic degradation under simulated physiological conditions showed that D,L-lactide homopolymer networks were the most resistant to degradation, undergoing virtually no change in mass or physical properties for 60 days. ∊-Caprolactone-based networks were resistant to degradation for 40 days, and high-lactide copolymer-based networks suffered substantial losses in physical properties after only 3 days. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 287
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2395-2400 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: pseudo IPNs ; PCU ; CR ; conducting polymer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of pseudo IPNs of poly(carbonate-urethane) (PCU) and crosslinked polychloroprene (CR) have been synthesized and characterized. The single phase morphology of these novel pseudo IPNs has been confirmed by DSC measurements and electron microscopy. The room temperature electrical conductives of homopolymers and pseudo IPNs have been investigated for both undoped and iodine-doped samples. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2425-2430 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: anionic ; polymerization ; living ; methyl methacrylate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithium diisopropylamide is an efficient initiator for the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate in polar solvents at -78°C. Predictable molecular weights based on the initiator concentration were obtained, yields were quantitative, and molecular weight distributions were relatively narrow (〈1.30). The presence of an amino end group and confirmation of the initiation mechanism were confirmed by potentiometric titration using HClO4. Number-average molecular weights determined by titration agreed well with values determined by SEC. Other lithium dialkylamides that contain larger alkyl groups such as lithium diisobutylamide were less efficient initiators. This was attributed to the more nucleophilic anion due to less steric hindrance near the nitrogen atom. Molecular weight distributions were significantly broadened (〉2.0), and molecular weight control was not achieved. However, polymer yields were quantitative. In all cases, PMMA stereochemistry was indicative of a solvent-separated lithium counterion, and triad compositions were identical to organolithium initiated homopolymers, i.e., 78% syndiotactic, 20% heterotactic, and 2% isotactic. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2469-2477 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: acyclic dience metathesis ; ADMET ; depolymerization ; aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization ; ROMP ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acyclic dience metathesis (ADMET) depolymerization of functionalized furan-based polymers prepared via aqueous ring-opening polymerization of 7-oxanobornenes has been investigated. Results indicate that while very high molecular weight poly [exo-N-methyl-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboximide] can be depolymerized to oligomers with ease, poly [2,3-dicarbomethoxy-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2,5-diene] is more resistant to depolymerization under similar conditions. This difference may be due to differential interaction of the carbonyls in the side chains with the metal atom of the catalyst in the proposed metallacyclobutane intermediate. ADMET depolymerization of poly [2,3-bis (trifluoromethyl)-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2,5-diene] was feasible, however, the extent of depolymerization was decreased due to the use of a coordinating solvent (THF) used during the depolymerization process. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2501-2504 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: thermoreversible polymer ; Diels-Alder polymerization ; retro-Diels-Alder degradation ; difurufuryladipate ; bismaleimidodiphenylmethane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermoreversible reaction of Diels-Alder polymer composed of difurufuryladipate with bismaleimidodiphenylmethane was studied in dimethylformamide solution. The retro-Diels-Alder degradation occurred gradually at 90°C and Diels-Alder polymerization proceeded quickly at 60°C. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2551-2558 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: latex ; polymer electrolyte ; dual-phase ; acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) ; styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) ; TEM ; EELS ; EDX ; percolation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dual-phase polymer electrolytes (DPE) that have high ionic conductivity (〉 10-3 S/cm) and good mechanical strength were prepared by mixing NBR and SBR latices and casting films. The latex films absorbed large quantities of lithium salt solution (e.g., 1M lithium perchlorate in γ-butyrolactone) to obtain DPE films but did not dissolve with swelling. The NBR phase is polar and was impregnated selectively with the polar lithium salt solution, whereas the SBR phase is nonpolar and formed a mechanically-supportive matrix. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM), electron energy loss spectral (EELS), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses showed microscopically the dual-phase structure. Evidence for swelling by lithium salt solution was found only in the NBR phase and not in the SBR phase by EDX microanalysis. Ionic conductivity as a function of NBR content or swelling degree showed clearly that a percolation threshold for ionic conductivity exists. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2603-2603 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 293
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2625-2628 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Crosslinked poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (carbonate-urethane) as well as full interpenetrating network on their base (IPN) were characterized by precise heat capacity measurements in the temperature interval 1.2-150 K. As judged by the positive sign of the excess Gibbs free energy in the whole temperature interval above 30 K, the apparently single-phase state of IPN is thermodynamically unstable; however, its kinetic stability is ensured by permanent chamical crosslinks prohibiting the incipient phase separation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2663-2675 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: polyimides ; polyimide synthesis ; transimidization route ; imide siloxane copolymers ; perfectly alternating segmented imide siloxane copolymer ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New strategies for the synthesis of perfectly alternating segmented polyimide-polydimethyl siloxane copolymers were developed by utilizing a transimidization method. Imide oligomers endcapped with 2-aminopyrimidine were reacted with aminopropyl terminated (dimethyl siloxane) oligomers to afford perfectly alternating segmented imide siloxane copolymers. The polymerization was conducted in solvents such as chlorobenzene and chlorofrom. High molecular weight, fully imidized perfectly alternating segmented imide siloxane copolymers were obtained within 2 h at temperatures of 60-110°C. The mechanism of the reaction was further elucidated via model compounds and NMR characterization. The block copolymers exhibited two Tgs due to the microphase separation of the polyimide and polysiloxane phases. The Tg of the polyimide phase was a function of the length of the polyimide block. However, partial phase mixing was also evident from the DSC results on the imide siloxane copolymers prepared with low molecular weight polyimide segments. Thermooxidative stability and tensile properties of the perfectly alternating segmented imide siloxane copolymers were found to be principally dependent on the amount of poly (dimethyl siloxane) incorporated in the copolymer and did not correlate with the poly (dimethyl siloxane) or polyimide block lengths. The stress-strain behavior of both solvent cast films or molded films is also reported. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2709-2713 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: bis(triphenylphosphine) bis(2-propinyl-l-ol) palladium catalyst ; propargyl alcohol ; polymerization ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Homogeneous polymerization of propargyl alcohol (OHP) with Pd (C=CCH2OH)2(PPh3)2 [Pd=C] catalyst in CHCl3-CH3OH mixed solvent system has been investigated. [Pd=C] was found to be a novel effective catalyst for the OHP polymerization. Some features, kinetic behavior, and effect of solvent for the OHP polymerization are described and discussed. The overall polymerization activation energy was found to be 75.6kJ/mol and the rate equation can be expressed as Rp = kp[OHP] [Pd=C]0.7, where kp = 3.14 × 10-4 L0.7/ mol0.7 S (60°C). Polypropargyl alcohol (POHP) obtained is a brown powder with a number-average molecular weight (M̄n) of 103-2 × 103, and soluble in MeOH, DMF, and DMSO. Conducting properties of the resulting POHP were investigated. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2745-2754 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical polymerization ; copolymerization ; chain transfer ; α-(substituted methyl) acrylate ; α-(substituted methyl) styrene ; addition-fragmentation ; Co (III) complex ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dimerization of methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, methacrylonitrile, and α-methylstyrene to 2-substituted-1-allylic compounds [CH2=C(X)CH2C(CH3)2X] (X = COOR, C6H5, or CN), and methyl α-ethylacrylate to a 3-substituted-2-allylic compound [CH3CH=C(COOCH3)CH2C(CH3)(C2H5) COOCH3] was carried out by catalytic chain transfer using benzylbis (dimethylglyoximato) (pyridine) cobalt (III). These dimers were then used as addition-fragmentation chain transfer agents in the polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and styrene at 800C or above. Cross-dimers from methacrylic ester-α-methylstyrene and methacrylonitrile-α-methylstyrene mixtures were similarly prepared. Except for those from methyl α-ethylacrylate and methacrylonitrile, all the dimers participated in the addition-fragmentation and the copolymerization to different extents. The dimer of methyl α-ethylacrylate was actually inactive during the styrene and methyl methacrylate polymerizations. The methacrylonitrile dimer was primarily incorporated in the polymer chain through copolymerization. Among the dimer and the cross-dimers from α-methylstyrene with the other monomers, those bearing the α-methylstyrene moiety in the α-substituent [CH2=C(X)CH2C(CH3)2C6H5, X=COOCH3, COOC2H5, and CN] are noted as highly reactive chain transfer agents. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2789-2792 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: conjugated polymer ; carbazole ; electrochemical ; electrochromic ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 298
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2809-2816 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: 1,4-bis((3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane ; polycarbonate ; poly(carbonatesulfone) ; liquid crystalline ; dipole-dipole interaction ; dielectric constant ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone) homopolymer (PC-343) and random copolymer (PC-343-10) were synthesized from 1,4-bis(3-hydroxypropylsulfonyl)butane (Diol-343) and a 1/1 molar mixture of Diol-343 and 1,10-decanediol, respectively. As a comparison, an aliphatic polycarbonate homopolymer (PC-10) was prepared from 1,10-decanediol. While PC-10 exhibited a single melting peak during its DSC heating scan, both PC-343 and PC-343-10 exhibited multiple reproducible first-order transitions during DSC heating scans. Both PC-343 and PC-343-10 showed broad reflections in their WAXD diagrams; the crystalline order of PC-343 is higher than that of PC-343-10. Based on the DSC and WAXD results and our discovery on the liquid crystalline behavior of aliphatic poly(carbonate-sulfone)s from 1,3-bis(hydroxypropylsulfonyl)propane, we suggest PC-343 and PC-343-10 are liquid crystalline and the liquid crystalline phase formation is directed by the dipole-dipole interactions between sulfone groups. Films were obtained from these polymers by compression molding and dielectric analyses were conducted on them. One glass transition related dielectric relaxation was observed in PC-343-10. One glass transition related dielectric relaxation and one sub-glass transition related dielectric relaxation were observed in PC-343. The glass transition temperature increases with the increase of sulfone content in the polymers. A dramatic rise in dielectric constant with temperature was observed in PC-343 and PC-343-10 at low frequencies, which is probably due to the sulfone dipole interaction with the electrical field. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2867-2871 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: radical ring-opening polymerization ; keten-O, N-acetal ; cyclic esteramide ; benzoyl peroxide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of 5-ring ketene-O, N-acetals with peroxides was investigated. It was shown that benzoyl peroxide adds to monomers 5a and 5b by ring opening, giving the corresponding linear diester amides 6a and 6b, respectively. The ketene-O,N-acetal 5c adds benzoyl peroxide, without ring opening, by addition to the exomethylene group, giving the cyclic-O,N-acetal diester 6c. With phthaloyl peroxide cyclic esteramides 7 and oligomeric products are formed. The chemical structures of the addition products were confirmed by NMR spectra and elemental analysis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 32 (1994), S. 2895-2909 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: propenyl ether analogues ; cationic photopolymerization ; monomer synthesis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of aromatic monomers bearing cationically polymerizable propenyl groups were prepared and characterized using the readily available starting materials: isoeugenol and o-allyl phenol. Monomers with both propenyl and vinyl ether functional groups were also synthesized by the reaction of these starting materials with chloroethyl vinyl ether. The reactivity of the resulting monomers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization was studied using differential scanning photocalorimetry and photogel point measurements. Their thermal properties were determined using thermogravimetric analysis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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