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  • 1965-1969  (3.354)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1870-1879
  • Physics  (1.849)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1.448)
  • Engineering General
  • Ultrastructure
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 84-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Inorganic salts ; Atherosclerosis ; Diffraction ; Aorta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La diffraction à rayons X, la diffraction électrique et le microscope électronique suggérent qu'en dehors des composants usuels de calcium phosphate (apatite), un nombre d'autres éléments et radicaux sont également présents dans l'arteriosclérose aortique, lesquels sont capables de jouer un rôle dans le développement de la plaque «calcifiée» et dans celui de la lésion anorganique, caractéristique pour l'artériosclerose juvenile. Selon les cas étudies, l'artériosclerose aortique peut se présenter déjà au cours de la troisième decade de la vie et sa composition anorganique est presq'identique à celle de la plaque développée.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die Befunde der Röntgendiffraktion als auch jene der Elektronendiffraktion und der Elektronenmikroskopie lassen vermuten, daß bei der Aortenatherosklerose zusätzlich zu den üblichen Komponenten von Calciumphosphat (Apatit) eine Reihe anderer Elemente und Radikale vorhanden sind; diese können eine Rolle spielen bei der Entwicklung der “verkalkten” Plaque und bei anorganischen Läsionen juveniler Atherosklerosen. Bei den untersuchten Fällen kann die Aortenatherosklerose bereits im 30. Lebensjahr auftreten; die anorganische Zusammensetzung der Plaque ist nahezu identisch mit jener der bereits entwickelten.
    Notizen: Abstract X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and electron microscopy suggest that in aortic atherosclerosis, in addition to the usual components of calcium phosphate (apatite), a number of other elements and radicals are present which may play a role in the development of the “calcified” plaque and in juvenile atherosclerotic inorganic lesion. In the cases studied, aortic atherosclerosis may appear as early as in the third decade and its inorganic composition is almost identical with the developed plaque.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Microaneurysms (conjunctival) ; Ultrastructure ; Epinephrine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La réponse des dilatations vasculaires conjonctivales à l'application locale d'adrénaline a été testée chez 25 sujets. Les dilatations veinulaires irrégulières disparaissaient, les microanévrysmes veinulaires subissaient une contraction partielle, tandis que les microanévrysmes capillaires ne se contractaient pas après application d'adrénaline. Des spécimens de biopsie de la conjonctive ont été examinés au microscope à lumière et au microscope électronique chez quatre sujets diabétiques, chez lesquels les microanévrysmes avaient été mis en évidence par biomicroscopie. On a noté un épaississement marqué de la membrane basale et un agrandissement du cytoplasme endothélial dans les capillaires dilatés. Les péricytes étaient normaux en nombre et en apparence. Chez trois non-diabétiques les dilatations capillaires conjonctivales n'ont pas subi ces modifications. On a observé un degré plus faible d'épaississement de la membrane basale chez un diabétique plus jeune. La découverte de microanévrysmes capillaires conjonctivaux chez un diabétique semblerait donc indiquer la présence de microangiopathie.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Das Ansprechen von Bindehautgefäß-Aneurysmen auf lokale Adrenalinapplikation wurde bei 25 Vp. überprüft. Darunter verschwanden unregelmäßige venöse Erweiterungen und die venösen Mikroaneurysmen kontrahierten sich teilweise, während sich die kapillären Mikroaneurysmen unter Adrenalin nicht verkleinerten. Biopsiepräparate aus der Bindehaut von 4 Diabetikern, bei denen sich durch Biomikroskopie Mikroaneurysmen hatten nachweisen lassen, wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. In den erweiterten Kapillaren fielen dabei eine deutliche Verdickung der Basalmembran und eine Vermehrung des endothelialen Cytoplasma auf. Die Pericyten erschienen nach Zahl und Aussehen normal. Erweiterungen von Bindehautkapillaren bei 3 Nichtdiabetikern zeigten diese Veränderungen nicht. Bei einem jüngeren Diabetiker ließ sich eine weniger ausgeprägte Verdickung der Basalmembran beobachten. Der Nachweis von Mikroaneurysmen in den Bindehautkapillaren eines Diabetikers spricht also für das Vorliegen einer Mikroangiopathie.
    Notizen: Summary The response of conjunctival vascular dilatations to topical epinephrine was tested in 25 subjects. Irregular venular dilatations disappeared, venular microaneurysms underwent partial contraction, while capillary microaneurysms did not contract following application of epinephrine. Biopsy specimens of the conjunctiva were examined by light and electron microscopy in four diabetic patients in whom microaneurysms had been demonstrated by biomicroscopy. Marked thickening of the basement membrane and enlargement of the endothelial cytoplasm were noted in the dilated capillaries. Pericytes were normal in number and appearance. Conjunctival capillary dilatations in three nondiabetics failed to show these changes. A milder degree of basement membrane thickening was observed in a younger diabetic. The finding of conjunctival capillary microaneurysms in a diabetic would thus appear to indicate the presence of microangiopathy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 12 (1969), S. 116-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Schwann Cell ; Acoustic Neuroma ; Tumor
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Eine ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung von 50 Acusticusneurinomen wurde durchgeführt. Die lichtoptisch charakteristischen dichten, lockeren und vacuolären Areale dieses Tumors waren aus Zellen aufgebaut, die zwei gemeinsame ultrastrukturelle Eigenschaften aufweisen: a) Das Cytoplasma bildet Bündel sehr dünner, langer Fortsätze in engem Kontakt zueinander und/oder mit ähnlichen Fortsätzen benachbarter Zellen. Das zarte EPR scheint direkt für die Bildung dieser Fortsätze verantwortlich; b) alle diese Zellen und ihre Fortsätze waren stets von einer Basalmembran umgeben. Der extracelluläre Raum in vielen Tumoren erscheint entweder “leer” oder enthält ein feingranuläres Material und wenige kleine Bündel feiner Filamente. In jedem untersuchten Tumor enthielt der Extracellularspalt in den dichten Arealen bandförmige fusiforme Fasern (Luse-Körper) von sich wiederholenden 1200Å Makroperioden. Nur in einigen Tumoren enthielt der extracelluläre Raum der lockeren Gebiete natives fibröses Kollagen. Voll und teilweise bemarkte Nervenfasern mit hyperplastischen Schwann-Zellcytoplasma fanden sich in wenigen Geschwülsten. In einigen wurde auch eine konzentrische Anordnung von Zellen und Fortsätzen beobachtet. Ein Vergleich zwischen den untersuchten Tumoren und fetalen menschlichen peripheren Nerven führte zu dem Schluß, daß Schwann-Zellen und nicht Fibroblasten die meisten, wenn nicht alle Zellen von Acusticusnervengeschwülsten bilden. Das Perineurothel kann allerdings nicht als zweiter Sitz der Geschwulstbildung ausgeschlossen werden.
    Notizen: Summary An ultrastructural study of 50 acoustic neuromas was made. The dense, loose, and vacuolated areas of light microscopy, characteristic of these tumors, were composed of cells exhibiting two common ultrastructural features: a) The cytoplasm formed bundles of very thin, long processes in intimate contact with each other and/or with similar processes from neighboring cells. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum appears to be directly responsible for the formation of these processes; and b) All of these cells and their processes were consistently surrounded by a basement membrane. The extracellular space in many tumors appeared either “empty” or contained a fine granular material and a few small bundles of fine filaments. In every tumor studied the extracellular space, in the dense areas, contained banded fusiform fibers (Luse bodies) of 1,200 Å repeating macroperiods. In only some tumors, the extracellular space of the loose areas contained native fibrous collagen. Fully myelinated and partially myelinated nerve fibers with hyperplastic Schwann cell cytoplasm were found in a few tumors. A tactoidal arrangement of cells and cell processes was also found in some tumors. A comparison between fetal human peripheral nerves and the tumors studied, led to the conclusion that the cells of Schwann and not fibroblasts form most, if not all the cells of acoustic nerve neoplasms. The perineurothelium, however, could not be excluded as a second site for the development of these tumors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Decalcification ; Chromium Sulphate ; Ultrastructure ; Dentine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une méthode nouvelle de décalcification histologique utilisant des solutions aqueuses de sulfate de chrome basique (III) est appliquée à des coupes fines de dentine humaine adulte. L'observation en microscopie électronique montre une bonne conservation structurale dans les régions extra-cellulaires. L'aspect de la matrice péricanaliculaire est particulièrement étudié. On y reconnait plusieurs couches bien individualisées. Une bonne concordance est notée entre les résultats obtenus par microscopie optique et électronique, permettant d'établir une hypothèse nouvelle sur la formation de la dentine péricanaliculaire.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Eine kürzlich entwickelte Methode zur histologischen Entkalkung mittels wäßriger Lösungen von basischem Chrom III-Sulfat wird an dünnen Schliffen von menschlichem Dentin Erwachsener angewandt. Darauffolgende Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop zeigten eine sehr gute Wiedergabe der morphologischen Einzelheiten in den Extrazellulär-Regionen. Besonders beachtet wurde das Aussehen der peritubulären Matrix, innerhalb welcher gut differenzierte Schichten erkannt werden konnten. Eine wesentliche Übereinstimmung bestand zwischen Elektronenmikroskopie und kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an derselben Matric unter dem Mikroskop. Diese Methode ermöglicht es, eine neue Hypothese über die Bildung des peritubulären Dentins aufzustellen.
    Notizen: Abstract A recently-developed method for histological decalcification using aqueous solutions of basic chromium (III) sulphate has been applied to thin sections of adult human dentine. Subsequent studies in the electron microscope show a very good retention of morphological detail in the extracellular regions. Special attention was given to the appearance of the peritubular matrix within which well-differentiated layers were recognised. There was substantial agreement between electron microscopy and recent studies of the same matric under the light microscope, allowing a novel hypothesis for the formation of the peritubular dentine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Carbonate ; Gland ; Ultrastructure ; Spherolith
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les cellules activement sécrétantes des glandes riches en calcium deLumbricus terrestris ont une forme en dôme. La partie basale de la cellule présente de nombreux prolongements ramifiés. Ces prolongements contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries, ainsi que des invaginations de la membrane formant des vésicules qui migrent dans diverses parties de la cellule. Le noyau irrégulier est en position centrale. La région supranucléaire contient surtout de l'ergastoplasme, plusieurs appareils de Golgi et de nombreuses granules provenant de l'appareil de Golgi. Ces granules augmentent de taille et sont rejetées dans le sinus de la glande, où elles se modifient et se calcifient pour donner des sphérolithes. Des radioautographics glandulaires, obtenues 1/2 heure après injection de Ca45, montrent une localisation isotopique, située presque exclusivement dans les cellules; 4–24 heures après, l'isotope se localise dans les sphérolithes de la cavité glandulaire. Ces cellules semblent assurer deux fonctions liées à la production de sphérolithes: 1. absorption et transport de calcium de la région basale vers la surface cellulaire et 2. formation d'une matrice protéique qui se calcifiera.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die aktivsezernierenden Zellen der calcifizierenden Drüsen vonLumbricus terrestris sind annähernd kuppelförmig gestaltet. Der untere Teil dieser Zellen besteht aus unzähligen ineinandergreifenden Zellfortsätzen. Diese Fortsätze enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und membranöse Einstülpungen, welche Bläschen bilden, die zu den verschiedenen Regionen der Zelle wandern. Der Zellkern ist unregelmäßig und zentral angeordnet. Die supranukleäre Region ist zu einem großen Teil mit grobem endoplasmatischem Reticulum und mehreren Golgi-Komplexen sowie zahlreichen Granula, die von den Golgi-Komplexen stammen, ausgefüllt. Diese Granula vergrößern sich und werden in den Drüseninus ausgestoßen, wo sie schließlich reorganisiert und mineralisiert werden, um Sphärolithen zu bilden. 1/2 Std nach Injektion von Ca45 wurde die Drüse entfernt; eine Radioautographie zeigte, daß das Isotop beinahe ausschließlich in den Zellen lokalisiert war; 4–24 Std später befand sich das Isotopin den Sphärolithen der Drüsenhöhlung. Diese Zellen sind anscheinend an zwei für die Bildung von mineralisierten Sphärolithen notwendigen Funktionen beteiligt: 1. an der Calcium-Absorption und deren Transport von der Basalregion bis zur Zelloberfläche; 2. an der Bildung einer Proteinmatrix, in welcher die Mineralisation stattfindet.
    Notizen: Abstract The actively-secreting cells of the calciferous glands ofLumbricus terrestris are roughly dome shaped. The basal part of the cell consists of numerous interdigitating cell processes. These processes contain numerous mitochondria and membranous infoldings, forming vesicles which migrate to various regions of the cell. The nucleus is irregular and centrally located. The supranuclear region is occupied to a great extent by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, several Golgi complexes and numerous granules derived from the Golgi complexes. These granules enlarge and are extruded into the gland sinus, where they eventually become reorganized and mineralized to give rise to spheroliths. Radioautographs of glands removed 30 min following injection of45Ca showed uptake of the isotope located almost exclusively in the cells; 4–24 h later the isotope was located in the spheroliths in the gland cavity. These cells apparently perform two functions necessary for the production of mineralized spheroliths, 1, absorption and transport of calcium from the basal region to the cell surface and 2, the elaboration of a protein matrix in which mineralization occurs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Septal nuclei ; Afferent connexions ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic degeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Previous studies with the Nauta technique have established that fibres which originate in two important areas — the hippocampus and the hypothalamus — converge upon the cells of the septal nuclear complex. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anatomical basis of how the septal cells could differentiate between fibres from the two sources. Differences in the mode of termination of these two systems have been studied quantitatively at the electron microscope level by using the orthograde degeneration of terminals after lesions of the fimbria and the medial forebrain bundle. In the medial septal nucleus, the hippocampal fibres account for 35% of the terminals, and in the lateral septal nucleus, 43% of the terminals on the same side and a further 13% on the opposite side. These terminals are at least 98% axodendritic and 91% of them contain predominantly clear synaptic vesicles of 500 Å diameter. The hypothalamic fibres are the source of up to 19% of the axodendritic terminals in the medial septal nucleus, but considerably fewer in the lateral septal nucleus. In contrast to the hippocampal afferents, the hypothalamo-septal system has two characteristic features: firstly, the fibres give rise to up to 24% of the axosomatic terminals in the medial septal nucleus, and secondly, 63% of the terminals contain a population of vesicles with significantly higher proportions of dense centred vesicles of 800–1000 Å diameter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 98-118 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insect: Nerve ; Ultrastructure ; Regeneration ; Degeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary After cutting a neck connective of Schistocerca gregaria, only 2% of the axons on each side of the lesion degenerate. The remainder show reactive changes, which last for approximately one week at 28° C. There is no morphological change in either of the pro/mesothoracic connectives after injury to the neck connective. Phagocytes invade the stumps, but attack only degenerating cells, and are absent by Day 7. Regeneration from the connective stumps begins a week after injury; a functional link may be formed by Day 10, but by Day 23 the new connective cannot function adequately for the locust's survival, if the undamaged connective is then cut. The chief morphological changes in the reactive axoplasm are increases in the number of mitochondria, neurotubules, vesicles and vacuoles. These changes appear to be a local response, and not to be influenced by the neuron cell bodies. Some glial cytoplasm (presumably enucleated), degenerates rapidly after injury, and replacement begins by Day 5. Tracheoles, never seen in normal connectives appear in the reactive connective from Days 3–8, this is interpreted as a migration from the ganglion in response to oxygen deficiency in the connective. The results are discussed in relationship to previous work.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Flounder ; Chloride Cell ; Ultrastructure ; Cell Type ; Pseudobranch Gland
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The free or “non-glandular” pseudobranch of the flounder Paralichthys lethostigma was studied with the electron microscope. Cells typical of glandular type pseudobranchs are found. This indicates that, at least in the flounder, the free pseudobranch should be called “glandular”. In addition, the chloride-type cells, commonly found in the gill, buccal epithelium, and surface epithelium of other fish, have been found in the pseudobranch, where they have not been described previously. The fine structure of both the chloride-type and the pseudobranch-type cell has been characterized and contrasted. We have not been able to confirm previous reports that the specific cells in both pseudobranch and gill are identical in the flounder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Lymphatic vessels ; Mesentery ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die ableitenden Lymphgefäße im Mesenterium des Dünndarms männlicher weißer Ratten wurden elektronenmikroskopisch und histochemisch untersucht. Elektronenmikroskopisch findet sich ein lückenloses Endothel mit reichlich pinocytotischen Vesikeln. Eine Basalmembran ist im Klappenbereich durchgehend, sonst nur bruchstückweise vorhanden. Die darunter gelegene Bindegewebsschicht (Lamina propria interna) ist sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Die lichtoptische Einteilung in muskelstarke und muskelschwache (klappennahe) Abschnitte des Lymphangions läßt sich elektronenmikroskopisch bestätigen. Die zahlreichen membrannahen Vesikel der Muskelfasern sind bei Kontraktion in zahnartigen Fortsätzen angereichert. Auch beim Normaltier treten sog. „aktivierte“ Muskelzellen auf. Osmiophiles Material ist nach Fettfütterung zwischen den Muskelzellen und in der Lamina propria interna der Gefäßwand vorhanden, nicht dagegen in den Klappen. Der Kontakt zwischen den Muskelzellen erfolgt mittels fingerartiger Fortsätze. Endothel und Klappen sind frei von nervösen Elementen. Nervenendigungen und Axone sind zwischen den Muskelfasern nicht zu beobachten, hingegen ganz selten Ganglienzellen. Histochemisch sind im Endothel starke Aktivitäten der sauren Phosphatase und der Monoaminooxydase nachzuweisen, auch unspezifische Esterasen, ATP-ase sowie verschiedene Dehydrogenasen sind vorhanden. Cholinesterase, Cholindehydrogenase und alkalische Phosphatase fehlen. In der Media sind unspezifische Cholinesterase, unspezifische Esterasen, ATPase, Monoaminooxydase, Succinodehydrogenase und NAD-Diaphorase nachweisbar. Im einzelnen kann die Stärke der Aktivität einem bestimmten Abschnitt (muskelstark/muskelschwach) des Lymphangions zugeordnet werden. Damit ist eine Einteilung der Lymphangione in klappentragende und muskelmanschettenhaltige Anteile auch histochemisch möglich. Im Gegensatz zur Adventitia der Blutgefäße gibt die der Lymphgefäße keine Reaktion auf alkalische Phosphatase. Die dort reichlich vorhandenen Mastzellen sind Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat-esterase positiv.
    Notizen: Summary The large lymphatic vessels in the mesentery of male white rats were investigated with ultrastructural and histochemical methods. Electron micrographs show an uninterrupted simple endothelial layer, the individual cells of which are rich in pinocytotic vesicles. A distinct continous basement membrane is to be found only in the region of the valves, otherwise it is lacking over wide parts of the vessel wall. The so-called lamina propria interna differs greatly in its extent. Electron microscopy confirms the subdivision of the lymphangion into segments rich in muscle cells and others (in the area of the valves) which are less rich in them. Muscle cells contain numerous vesicles in close connection with the cell membrane which in contracted cells are to be found predominantly in toothlike projections. Also in the normal rat, so-called “activated” muscle cells are to be found. After a meal rich in fat, osmiophilic material can be seen between the muscle cells and in the lamina propria interna, however, not in the valves. Muscle cells are in contact with each other by finger-like processes. The endothelial layer and the valves are lacking nervous elements. There are no nerve endings and no axons between the muscle cells, but very rarely ganglion cells can be found. Histochemically, strong activities of acid phosphatase and MAO have been demonstrated in the endothelial layer. Unspecific esterases, ATP-ase and various dehydrogenases are also present, while cholinesterase, cholindehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase are lacking. In the media, unspecific esterases, unspecific cholinesterase, MAO, succinodehydrogenase and Naddiaphorase can be found. The intensity of enzymatic activities can be correlated to specific segments of the lymphangion. It is, therefore, possible to distinguish by histochemical methods the valve areas, which are poor in muscle cells, from the muscle-cuffs. In contrast to the blood vessels, the adventitia of the large lymphatics is alkaline-phosphatase negative. The mast cells, abundant in the adventitial layer, show α-Naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Myriapoda ; Kidney ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Maxillarnephridien von Scutigerella immaculata Newport mit ihren drei Abschnitten Sacculus, Tubulus und Ausführgang wurde untersucht. Die Zellen des Sacculus sind typische Podocyten, an denen eine Ultrafiltration ablaufen kann. Möglicherweise wird die Filtration durch einen den Sacculus umgebenden Muskel unterstützt. Die Zellen des Tubulus zeigen basale Einfaltungen und im proximalen Teil auch Mikrovilli. Sowohl im Tubulus als auch im Ausführgang, dessen Zellen ebenfalls basale Einfaltungen aufweisen, werden Reabsorptionsprozesse vermutet.
    Notizen: Summary The fine structure of the maxillary kidney of Scutigerella immaculata Newport (Symphyla) has been investigated. It may be compared with segmental organs of other Arthropoda having an end-sac which forms a primary urine by ultrafiltration. The filtration may be supported by a muscle surrounding the end-sac. The tubular part of the nephridium and the efferent duct show structures which may be involved in reabsorption.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Oogenesis ; Nuclear-Cytoplasmic relationships ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary For a limited period during the oogenesis of Protopterus, blebs of the perinuclear cistern contain, in addition to other inclusions, a special kind of microtubular elements. Most of these blebs face parts of multiple nucleolar bodies that extend toward and make contact with the inner nuclear membrane. The microtubular lumen contains a finely dispersed material of moderate electron density which seems to be in contact with this nucleolar material. Aside from these intracisternal structures there are, within both the perinuclear cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm, similar microtubular arrays without apparent connection with the nuclear envelope. These are either enclosed by membranes derived from those of the envelope or unconfined, having escaped through breaks in their respective bounding membranes. Extracisternal tubules are presumed to have passed their period of putative functional activity and to be undergoing a process of regression and subsequent disintegration. Among possible roles attributable to the intracisternal microtubular apparatus are the following: (1) It may serve for the transport of special nucleolar components to the cytoplasm, possibly to be incorporated in the matrix of developing perinuclear mitochondria; (2) it may provide openings in the nuclear membranes for the direct passage of particulate elements between nucleus and cytoplasm; (3) it may be instrumental in the breakdown of parts of the nuclear envelope prior to its restitution during the subsequent phase of oogenesis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 570-593 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Neuroendocrine structures ; Gastropods ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Studies of possible neuroendocrine structures in the pulmonate gastropod Helisoma tenue show that cerebral fuchsinophilic neurons with electron-dense granules (mean diameter 1,500 Å) apparently release their secretory content in an “intercerebral commissure neurohemal area” near the mediodorsal bodies (MDB) or in the “median labial nerve neurohemal area”. The MDB cells have axon-like processes which branch and end at the cerebral surface, separated by a thin capsule from the cerebral fuchsinophilic cells. The presence of granules (mean diameter 800 Å) in the terminals of the MDB cells suggests cell body origin, distal transport and release of the granular secretory material. The secretory product may have an influence on cerebral fuchsinophilic neurons. Electron microscopy reveals the presence of granules of different sizes and densities in expanded neurites at the periphery of the intestinal nerve of the visceral ganglion which may indicate the presence of a neurohemal area. However, the granules in the intestinal nerve neurites and in the visceral ganglion fuchsinophilic cells are similar to granules found in the heart which also suggests that the granules may carry a neurotransmitter.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 477-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Insects ; Proctodeum ; Cuticle ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'ultrastructure de la cuticule du rectum a été étudiée chez onze espèces d'Insectes, appartenant à neuf ordres. On s'est surtout intéressé aux espèces présentant des papilles rectales; dans ce cas on distingue toujours trois types de cuticule: cuticule de l'épithélium rectal, cuticule des papilles, cuticule du ≪cadre≫ entourant les papilles. La cuticule du cadre est formée d'une masse compacte et amorphe, sclérifiée, surmontée d'une cuticuline de structure normale. Les deux autres types de cuticules possèdent une structure plus classique: épicuticule comprenant cuticuline et zone dense, et endocuticule. La cuticule de l'épithélium rectal a toujours une structure comparable à celle d'une cuticule périphérique non sclérifiée. La cuticule des papilles est plus variable, et toujours différente de celle de l'épithélium rectal. Ces différences portent sur la cuticuline, la zone dense, les filaments épicuticulaires; l'endocuticule sur les papilles montre une organisation fibrillaire moins nette, qui paraît corrélative d'une réaction positive à l'APS. Des canaux poraires n'ont jamais été observés dans la cuticule des papilles; il en existe quelquefois dans la cuticule de l'épithélium rectal. Une sous-cuticule, contenant des mucopolysaccharides acides, est présente dans certains cas dans les deux types de cuticule. Dans les espèces ne possédant pas de papilles rectales, il n'existe qu'un seul type de cuticule rectale, variable suivant l'espèce. La cuticule des papilles montre, dans certaines espèces, des dépressions superficielles, d'un diamètre voisin de 0,2 μ, réparties uniformément mais sans ordre défini (≪dépressions épicuticulaires≫). De telles dépressions s'observent aussi dans quelques espèces dépourvues de papilles (Tenebrio). Au niveau de ces dépressions, la cuticuline a une structure particulière et la zone dense est réduite. Les rapports entre structure et perméabilité de la cuticule sont discutés. On envisage en particulier les rôles respectifs de la cuticuline, de la zone dense, des filaments épicuticulaires et des dépressions épicuticulaires.
    Notizen: Summary The ultrastructure of the rectal cuticle was studied in eleven species of Insects from nine orders. Special attention was given to those having rectal papillae. In such species, three types of cuticule were observed: 1) the cuticle of the rectal epithelium, 2) the cuticle of the papillae, 3) the cuticle of the border of the papillae. The cuticle of the border is made of a compact amorphous substance, which is sclerotized and covered by a typical cuticulin layer. The two other types of cuticle exhibit a more conventional organization, namely the epicuticle comprising both the cuticulin and the dense layer, and the endocuticle. The cuticle of the rectal epithelium is similar to unsclerotized external cuticle. The cuticle of the papillae is more variable and always differs from the cuticle of the rectal epithelium. Variations occur with regards to the cuticulin, the dense layer and the epicuticular filaments. The endocuticle of the papillae has a less conspicuous fibrillar structure which we believe is correlated with the PAS-positive reaction found in this endocuticle. Pore canal sometimes are observed in the cuticle of the rectal epithelium but never above the papillae. In some cases, a sub-cuticular layer containing acid mucopolysaccharids is present in the two types of cuticle. In species lacking rectal papillae, the rectal wall is covered by only one type of cuticle, the features of which vary according to species. In some Insects, the cuticle of papillae shows numerous superficial depressions, each of about 0.2 μ in diameter. These “epicuticular depressions” are uniformly distributed throughout the papillae but are not arranged in any particular pattern. We have also found such depressions in other Insects lacking rectal papillae (e.g. Tenebrio). In the epicuticular depressions, the cuticulin exhibits a modified organization and the dense layer is reduced. The relations between ultrastructure and cuticular permeability are discussed. The possible roles of the cuticulin, the dense layer, the epicuticular filaments and the epicuticular depressions are examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 1-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Pineal organ ; Columba livia ; Electrical activity ; Ultrastructure ; Sensory (?) and secretory pinealocytes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Direkte Belichtung oder Lichtreizung der Lateralaugen lösen im zentralen Teil der Taubenepiphyse keine elektrische Aktivität aus. Im Stielabschnitt sind dagegen kleine, durch Licht nicht beeinlußbare Dauerentladungen zu beobachten. Die Lage der Ableitungspunkte wurde durch den histologischen Nachweis der elektrolytisch gesetzten Eisenmarken bestimmt. Diese Ableitungsstellen befinden sich im Epiphysenparenchym. Ein stärkeres versilberbares Nervenbündel verläuft im Stiel der Epiphyse. Adrenerge Nervenfasern, die grün fluoreszieren, begleiten die Kapselgefäße und dringen mit diesen in das follikuläre Epiphysengewebe ein. Das Epiphysenparenchym zeigt nach Falck-Hillarp eine Gelbfluoreszenz mit umschriebenen apikalen oder basalen Anreicherungen der fluoreszierenden Substanz. Mit Reserpin kann nur ein Teil dieses Materials entspeichert werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich in der Taubenepiphyse keine typischen pinealen Rezeptorzellen nachweisen. Regelmäßig lamellierte Außenglieder fehlen vollständig. Es finden sich lediglich cytoplasmareiche bulböse Zilien und zirkuläre Lamellenkomplexe, die in Tubuli übergehen. Die letzteren können sich mit einem dichten körnigen Material füllen. An einigen Stellen haben solche Lamellenverbände einen Zusammenhang mit keulenförmig verdickten Zilien. Diese Zone ist aber anders strukturiert als das für retinale und pineale Lichtsinneszellen charakteristische Verbindungsstück. Die Zeichen der sekretorischen Aktivität der Taubenepiphyse sind überzeugender als die für einen lichtempfindlichen Sinnesapparat sprechenden Strukturmerkmale. Ein bestimmter Typ der Pinealocyten ist reich an 800–1200 Å großen granulierten Vesikeln, die sowohl am apikalen als auch am basalen, auf die Blutgefäße ausgerichteten Zellpol angehäuft sein können. An den manchmal gelappten basalen Endfüßen sind Zeichen der Ausschleusung des Vesikelinhalts bzw. eines Materialschwundes aus dem granulierten Vesikelkern zu erkennen. Die sekretorische Aktivität der Taubenepiphyse wird mit Hinweis auf die in ihr reichlich vorkommenden 5-Hydroxyindole (Quay) und das Problem der Melatonin-Bildung diskutiert. Erörtert wird auch die Möglichkeit einer Stimulierung dieser Sekretion über den Sympathikus.
    Notizen: Summary Direct illumination or stimulation with light of the lateral eyes induced no electrical activity in the central part of the pineal organ in the pigeon. In the pineal stalk, however, a train of impulses was observed that failed to respond to changes of illumination. The position of the tip of the recording electrode (iron deposit), was histologically clearly determined to be in the pineal parenchyma. A distinct nerve bundle could be traced down the pineal stalk. Adrenergic nerve fibers showing a green fluorescence accompanied pineal capsular vessels into pineal follicular tissue. Using the method of Falck-Hillarp, the pineal parenchyma showed high concentrations of yellow fluorescent material in the apical or basal parts of the pinealocytes. Only a part of the fluorescent material could be dispersed with reserpine. In the electron microscope, no typical photoreceptor cells were identified in the pineal organ. Only large bulbous cilia, and circular lamellar or tubular complexes, were observed; they sometimes contained a dense granular material. Occasionally, the lamellar complexes had a direct relation to cilia of club-shaped appearance. Signs of secretory activity were more definitive in the pigeon pineal organ than sensory structures. One type of pinealocytes contained many 800–1,200 Å diameter granular vesicles concentrated in the apical or basal (apposed to blood vessels) cell parts. At the occasionally lobulated basal end-feet, a disappearance of the content of the granular vesicles indicated a release mechanism. This secretory activity was discussed in relation to the 5-hydroxyindole content of the pigeon pineal organ (Quay) and the general problem of melatonin synthesis; also, the possibility was considered that the secretory activity may be stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 101 (1969), S. 323-337 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Vitreous body ; Hyalocytes ; Three-dimensional network ; Fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The vitreous body of the rat eye was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The freeze-dried specimens were either unfixed, freshly frozen or fixed and rinsed before being frozen. The vitreous body is surrounded by a coat of intercellular material covering a thin sheath of chiefly parallel fibers. The latter forms the base for a regularly organized three-dimensional network of fibers. The interfibrillar spaces are filled with ground substance and also contain a few cells. The shape of the cells varies from bipolar to polyhedronal. Their interconnected processes are usually undivided. The functional importance of this complex regular organization of the fibers and cells in the vitreous body is stressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Muscle ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The sarcolemma and T system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum were studied in a fast acting muscle, the extraocular muscle of Fundulus grandis. The predominant morphological fiber type contained abundant glycogen, a highly developed T system with triads at the A-I junction and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The numerous tubular profiles of T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum with their characteristic contents made this fiber especially suitable for cytochemical investigation. Revel's thorium dioxide technique for the ultrastructural localization of tissue polyanions was applied to thin sections of extraocular muscle. The results confirmed an earlier report by Goldstein and Philpott on fish branchial muscle. The polyanionic material was associated with the sarcolemma, the T system and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of these fibers. Both the distribution and the amount of polyanionic substance associated with these physiologically important membrane systems support the idea that the reactive material serves as an anionic substrate for binding cationic calcium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Three methods for finding natural frequencies and modes of complex structures composed of beam elements are described and compared. The analysis is extended to include hysteretic damping for the determination of response and transmissibility without a modal analysis. Experimental comparison is given for the response of a simple engineering structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The derivation of the stiffness matrix for a refined, fully compatible triangular plate bending finite element is presented. The Kirchhoff plate bending theory is assumed. Six parameters or degrees of freedom are introduced at each of the three corner nodes resulting in an 18 degree of freedom element. This refined element is found to give better results for displacements and particularly for internal moments than any plate bending element, regardless of shape, previously reported in the literature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Finite difference treatment of two-dimensional problems in elastostatics is usually based on the differential equations for the displacement vector or the Airy stress function, depending on whether boundary conditions are on displacement or stress. In either case, determination of stresses requires numerical differentiation and therefore use of a rather fine grid. Moreover, neither method is suited to the treatment of mixed boundary conditions. The alternative method developed in this paper uses the first derivatives of the displacement components at the grid points as basic variables and hence does not require numerical differentiation in the evaluation of stresses. Appropriate finite difference equations are established, and their use is discussed in connection with a specific example with known explicit solution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The theory, function generator routine and testing procedures are given for a six-node 18 degree of freedom triangular element. At corner nodes the variables are the displacement and the two slopes. At midside nodes the variables are the displacement, the slope normal to the side, and the rate of change of this along the side - i.e., the rate of torsion. Of two options, one divides the triangle into three and takes different quartic displacements in the three regions, and the other uses displacement functions with singularities at the vertices. According to a test which compares the energies of the two formulations by eigenvalues, the second is the better if the integration is accurate. The same test, together with others based on finite differences and on nodal values, etc. checks the correctness of the routine decisively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The large deflection problem of a rectangular plate is analysed by using the finite element method and employing the iteration technique. In the present study, the stiffness matrix of a rectangular plate element for bending proposed by Greene is employed, and results of numerical examples duly justifies applicability of the present method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 75-100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The paper presents first a general formulation of the elasto-plastic matrix for evaluating stress increments from those of stresses for any yield surface with an associated flow rule. A new ‘initial stress’ computational process is proposed which is shown (1) to yield more rapid convergence than alternative approaches (2) to permit large load increments without violating the yield criteria and thus simply to establish lower bound solutions. Several solutions showing stress distribution, strain development and growth of plastic enclaves are given both for the von Mises and for Coulomb (Drucker) type yield surfaces. Load reversal and thermoplastic behaviour are dealt with.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The direct Finite Element Analysis which was successfully employed in the solution of dynamic flexural traveling wave problems is extended herein to provide the transient behaviour of finite beams and plates in which shear deformation and rotatory inertia are considered. The particle and angular velocities are exponentially damped so that the static solutions for these problems are obtained with the same analysis which provided the dynamic and transient cases. Three special cases are chosen as examples. In the first, a sinusoidally varying shear force is applied at the tip of a cantilever beam. The resonant characteristics of this beam for both the undamped and damped cases are studied. In the second, a step shear loading is applied to a cantilever beam and its damped dynamic history is studied. Finally, a circular plate whose outer edge is simply supported is impacted at its inner edge by a step moment and its damped transient behaviour is determined. The idea of the methods is potentially applicable to dynamic problems in general.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The assumed stress distribution approach is used to derive the stiffness matrix of a plate-bending element of general polygonal shape having any number of nodes. The effect of assuming various numbers of unknown coefficients in the stress distributions is examined and the convergence properties of the resulting elements compared with others derived form assumed displacements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A numerical method for obtaining the Green's functions for Laplace's, Poisson's, and the transient heat diffusion equations is presented. The Green's functions thus obtained are then employed to rapidly obtain numerical solutions of the above equations by matrix multiplication, with subsequent considerable savings in machine time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The solution of the large numbers of non-linear algebraic equations occurring in analyses of non-linear structural systems using finite differences or finite elements is time consuming even for the fastest computers. This paper presents a method of solution based on a Taylor's expansion technique which is an aid in the solution of such systems of equations.Examples presented show that in the finite element analysis of moderately non-linear structural systems the technique provides sufficiently accurate solutions. For more non-linear systems the technique provides excellent starting values for the Newton-Raphson method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Deformation functions which, in addition to satisfying the continuity conditions at nodes. Also satisfy. Approximately, the governing differential equation within the element allow system eigenvalues to be found more accurately, with a given number of elements, than is possible with previously published deformation functions. This is illustrated for the case of beams.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: This paper presents a general theory of finite elements. The concept of finite elements is cast in a general topological framework valid for spaces of finite dimension. It is shown that the idea of finite element models can be developed in higher-dimensional spaces, independent of specific co-ordinate systems, for any type of continuous abstract function defined on the space. Generalizations of the familiar Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions are presented as well as a general statement of the notion of generalized variables and conjugate fields. It is also shown that admissible finite elements can be developed for non-Euclidean spaces of finite dimension. Topological properties of finite element models are examined in Part I of the paper. Part II is devoted to certain applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A method is presented based on matrix algebra for the dynamic analysis of a mixed rotating and non-rotating vibration system. Such systems occur in practice when turbo-alternator sets are mounted on flexible steel foundations.The mathematical model considered consists of a rotating non-uniform, bi-symmetric shaft connected via three or more flexible-film bearings to a flexible structure throughout which mass is distributed. The shaft, which is assumed to rotate at constant speed, is heavy, flexible and carries several rigid axi-symmetric discs. Viscous damping is assumed to act in all parts of the system and gravitational effects are ignored.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Surface displacements at the end of a semi-infinite, circular cylinder due to an axisymmetric ring of forces on the end are examined. The solution which has been found may then be used to find surface displacements for general axisymmetric loadings by convolution. The solution, in tabular form, is given as corrections to the counter-part half-space solution.The method of solution involves a three step superposition process. First, the displacement due to a ring of forces on a half-space is found by using the Boussinesq solution. Then, the excess tractions on the half-space, over that of the cylinder, are removed. This is done in two parts. The problem of an infinite cylinder with linearly varying pressure and shear over a short length of the lateral surface is solved by using Fourier integrals. This is used for the removal of the pressure and shear on the lateral surface of the cylinder by convolution. Next, the stresses at the mid-section of the infinite cylinder are removed. This is done by finding a set of boundary conditions for the end which yields zero tractions on the lateral surface. Then a series of these boundary conditions is used to approximate the tractions which must be removed.With the solution thus obtained, two sample problems are shown: 1. an elastic cylinder in contact with a half-space; 2. a rigid punch in contact with an elastic cylinder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: In Part I of the this paper, topological properties of finite element models of functions defined on spaces of finite dimension were examined. In this part, a number of applications of the general theory are presented. These include the generation of finite element models in the time domain and certain problems in wave propagation, kinetic theory of gases, non-linear partial differential equations, non-linear continuum mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A presentation is made of a rectangular plate bending element, the use of which corresponds to the finite difference method. The element stiffness matrix is arrived at by approximation of the strain energy of the element by suitably selected finite difference expressions which contain not only values in respect of the deflection, but also values of its first derivatives. On the basis of the connection found between the two methods, some changes are suggested in the finite difference method, which involve a more realistic way of considering the detailed distribution of the loading. The effect of these modifications is illustrated in two applications.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: When calculating complex interconnected systems (electrical, power, water supply, gas systems, etc.) by digital computer, a number of common problems arise, connected both with the mathematically correct formulation of the problem under investigation, and with the algorithms of the solution, the programming of which makes it possible to reduce the computing time, the store capacity and the volume of input data required. The present article is devoted to the solution of these problems. The procedure is illustrated by formulating and manipulating the equations relating to complex interconnected mine ventilation networks.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 311-331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A review is given of some mathematical programming methods suitable for optimization of structures needing matrix methods for analysis. An application is presented for elastic flat grillages made of straight orthogonal beams normally loaded. Empirical relationships are used to relate beam section properties so that each beam element has only one design variable. Optimization results are obtained by methods of stress-ratio, linear programming-cutting plane and usable-feasible gradient directions. A comparison of the efficiency of these methods is given for the grillage designs which are shown to have non-convex stress constraints and numerous relative optima. Instances are given of non-fully stressed global optima and fully stressed designs which are not local optima for cases with only stress constraints. Discussions include locating the global optima for grillage designs and extensions of the methods presented to other structural design problems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The paper presents a method for reducing the size of a vibration analysis by generating an inertia matrix referred to a limited set of ‘master’ vibrational freedoms. In designing a computer program to perform this mass condensation process, the emphasis has been on providing a two way interface between structural analysis and vibration analysis programs. The transformation from the full set of degrees of freedom to the master set makes extensive vibration calculations economically feasible giving solutions in terms of the amplitudes of the master freedoms. However, by reversing the transformation after completion of a vibration analysis, it is possible to restore the full set of freedoms, allowing automatic plotting of mode shapes in full detail, and re-entry to the structural analysis program for the purpose of computing dynamic stresses.A worked example is given. This is a realistic machine tool structure rather than the simple plates or beams which are usually used for illustration purposes. Natural frequencies and mode shapes, calculated with various degrees of condensation, are compared with those obtained by using all possible freedoms. A comparison is also made with an intuitive selection of ‘lumped masses’.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The application of non-linear programming methods for the optimum design of statically indeterminate structures is discussed, with special emphasis on the design of elastic grillages loaded laterally and in plane. Some features of SUMT (sequential unconstrained minimization technique) are demonstrated by means of numerous examples of varying complexity. The Variable Metric method of search is discussed and compared to Powell's Direct Method. It is shown that non-convex sets of design variables are often encountered in structural problems of the grillage type. SUMT may still be used, but the choice of starting value and initial response factor decisively influences the chance of finding the global optimum.It is demonstrated that a fully stressed design may not necessarily correspond to the minimum weight design. Optimum design of grillages which are simultaneously subjected to lateral and in-plane loads may be performed efficiently by means of non-linear programming.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 395-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: To clarify the deformation mechanism in polyblends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene rubber having different compositions, simultaneous measurements of the infrared dichroism with stress and strain under a constant rate of strain of 1.64%/min have been carried out. The orientation function of the crystallographic c axis of polypropylene in the blends has been obtained as a function of strain ranging from 0 to 20% and of polypropylene content ranging from 0.3 to 1.0. These results have been compared with the temperature dependences of the dynamic Young's modulus and of the loss modulus, as well as of stress-strain curves for the same blends. The modulus data analyzed by Kerner's equation reveal the occurrence of phase inversion at polypropylene contents higher than about 0.5, and this is supported by the infrared dichroism data. The strong effect of quenching on crystalline structure and mechanical properties of pure polypropylene has also been elucidated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 183-200 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Equipment and methods have been developed which allow photomicrographic determination of the stress-strain properties of the individual craze. Serial cyclic tensile tests on polycarbonate crazes are described. Under stress the typical dry polycarbonate craze thickens solely by straining; no adjacent polymer of normal density is converted to craze material. The craze exhibits a yield stress followed by a recoverable flow to roughly 40-50% strain at 6000-8000 psi. On return to zero stress the craze exhibits creep recovery at a decelerating rate. The yield stress and loss factor of each cycle decrease with increasing initial strain and cycles initiating at 50% strain or more show completely Hookean behavior. Creep recovery results in recovery of yield stress and loss factor also. Craze tensile behavior is suggested to be essentially an extension of the craze formation process. Decrease in elastic modulus and yield stress with increasing strain are rationalized in terms of strain-produced decrease in density and resultant increase in stress concentration factor on the microscopic polymer elements of the craze. Polymer surface tension and the large internal specific surface area of the craze are suggested to be important factors in the large creep recovery rates of the craze.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A method of determining distributions of the degree of polymerization by means of probability theory is derived. This method, based on Kolmogorov's forward differential equation, is illustrated by application to two familiar kinetic schemes and is used to derive the distribution of degree of polymerization for free-radical polymerization with diffusion-controlled termination.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of birefringence of a polymer film upon its photographic light-scattering pattern is considered for the case of a single, anisotropic, two-dimensional spherulite imbedded in a birefringent matrix. It is shown that for the case of a polarizer and analyzer crossed at +45° and -45° to the analyzer, the scattering pattern is modified in a manner agreeing with experimental observation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 285-295 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Osmotic-pressure, viscosity, and light-scattering measurements have been carried out on dilute solutions of poly-N-vinylcarbazole fractions (4 〈 10-4M 〈 230) in toluene, dioxane, and benzene. The theta temperature for poly-N-vinylcarbazole in toluene solutions has been found to be 37 ± 1°C. The intrinsic viscosity of poly-N-vinylcarbazole in toluene at 37°C is represented by [η]θ = 76.2 × 10-3M̄n0.50. Values of the characteristic ratios (〈L2〉0/M)1/2 and σ = (〈L2〉0/〈L2〉0f)1/2 have been obtained as 633 × 10-11 and 2.85, respectively. It appears that the large σ value is due to the steric repulsion between large side groups.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Mechanical relaxation data as a function of temperature (ca. 1 Hz) have been obtained for several samples of isotactic polypropylene crystallized from the melt, which exhibit both α and β forms as well as varying degrees of lamella orientation. The samples ranged in morphology from an unoriented sample showing only the α form to one highly oriented having approximately 90 per cent the β form. Results for the logarithmic decrement Δ and loss modulus G″ are that the low temperature (ca. -75°C) and glass temperature (ca. 0°C) relaxations show little or no sensitivity to orientation in the α form, but that the intensity of the two processes is different in the α form than in the β form for samples of nearly equal overall per cent crystallinity. In both Δ and G″, the low-temperature peak decreased and the glass temperature peak increased in intensity as the fraction of β form crystallinity present increased. Data for the high-temperature relaxation (ca. 80°C) indicate a dependence upon orientation and/or crystal form in addition to a dependence upon per cent crystallinity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 411-422 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The viscometric behavior of linear polycaprolactam has been studied in the absence of the electroviscous effect in aqueous solvents containing 85% and 64.5% formic acid and in trifluoroethanol, as a function of temperature and also under unperturbed conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the existing theories; in particular, the negative temperature coefficient of the intrinsic viscosity arises only from the variation of the expansion coefficient, the molecule in the unperturbed state being a normal random coil. The absence of aggregation and draining effects in the above solvents has been varified.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polymers of poly(N-acyl and N-aroyl aziridines) were studied by x-ray diffraction. All the crystalline polymers studied have a triclinic unit cell with two monomer units per unit cell. The a and c (fiber direction) parameters (4.9 and 6.5 A, respectively) are essentially the same for all the cells. The b parameter for the N-acyl polymers, however, increases steadily by a factor of 2 A per methylene group added to the lateral chains. The densities calculated for the unit cells are in agreement with the experimental values obtained. The most probable structure is one in which the molecules assume a planar configuration with the main chain not fully extended. The lateral groups are tilted from the c axis by an angle of 54° in a parallel configuration and alternate on each side of the main chain. This permits these lateral groups to assume packing similar to that of polyethylene. A brief description of the techniques used in this interpretation is included.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Results from characterization of melt-polymerized nylon 66 by various solution property measurements are reported and employed in analysis of typical molecular weight and compositional distributions for these systems. Critical attention is paid to application of standard procedures including light scattering, viscosity, membrane osmometry and other colligative property measurements in arriving at satisfactory specification of polymer molecular weight averages. Particular consideration is given to polymers extending appreciably beyond the lower and higher limits in molecular weight normally encountered. The conclusions drawn are: (1) in the range of number-average molecular weights less than about 25 000, nylon 66 as ordinarily prepared by melt condensation consists principally of linear species approximating the “most probable” distribution; (2) small amounts of cyclic oligomers are present in all samples: (3) increase in the extent of the melt polycondensation to progressively higher stages is accompanied by secondary reactions and the formation of branched components terminating ultimately in crosslinked, insoluble gels. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationships in seven solvents, applicable to nylon polymers meeting the requirements of (1) above, are derived.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 57-76 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: For an infinitely repeated regular polymer chain structure the only vibrations which are optically active are those in which the phase of the motion is the same in each unit (the factor-group modes). Frequencies for which the phase difference is nonzero are optically inactive but can become activated by the presence of defects in the chain. Such defects would normally be chemical impurities or conformational irregularities in the chain. A simple theory is developed which shows that for a dilute system of defects the major characteristics determining possible activation of the nonfactor-group modes are: (1) the strength of the coupling between the defect vibration and the vibrations of the neighboring chain, and (2) whether or not the natural frequency of the defect vibration lies inside a lattice band of the regular chain. An analysis of the low- and high-frequency regions of the spectrum of low-density polyethylene, based on the above considerations, indicates that several features of the spectrum can be associated with defect-induced absorption. A similar explanation can account for certain intensity changes in the C—Cl stretching region of syndiotactic poly(vinyl chloroide) when this polymer is submitted to mechanical treatment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A general description is given for relations among the optical quantities obtained from fluorescence polarization measurements on bulk polymer stained by fluorescent groups: the moments of distribution of orientations of the fluorescent groups, and those of the structural units of the polymer (chain segments) on which the groups are adsorbed. Two assumptions as to the biaxial symmetry of the bulk polymer and the cylindrical symmetry of the optical anisotropy of the fluorescent element, both for the absorption and emission processes, reduce the intensities of the polarized fluorescence to a 3 × 3 matrix L which is asymmetric (Lij ≠ Lji), as has frequently been observed in experiments. The components of the L matrix are related to those of the J matrix which is so defined as to describe the fourth moments of the distribution of orientations of the structural units on the basis of a random distribution of the rotational angle of the unit about the segment axis. It is found that the use of the method of fluorescence polarization combined with absorption dichroism and/or emission gives the values of the optical anisotropy ratios of the fluorescent unit, and that the effects of the thermal agitation of the structural unit can be separated from the moments of the orientation distribution for the simplest case.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 747-748 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 753-762 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Eight epoxy-diamine networks have been formed, diamines with 2 to 12 methylene groups being used as curing agents. Dynamic mechanical tests revealed four transition regions in the dynamic loss modulus/temperature relationship. Two possible explanations for the relaxation of the glycidyl portion of the structure are proposed. One of the relaxations could be due to the breakdown of hydrogen bonds through the hydroxyl and ether groups. The second could be ascribed to the relaxation of the unbonded glycidyl groups or a second relaxation of the glycidyl groups after the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 783-794 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Previous theoretical calculations of elastic constants for cellulose based on force constants for bond stretching and bending of valence angles have yielded axial stiffness values admittedly too low. The present analysis accounts for a hitherto unexamined geometrical effect associated with deformation of interchain hydrogen bonds. To do this, most primary bond deformations are neglected so the resulting calculation gives an upper bound for the axial stiffness. By using two different sets of hydrogen bond force constants, values of 24.6 and 31.9 × 1011 dyne/cm2 were obtained for Young's modulus in the chain direction. These values are very much larger than earlier calculations and experimental determinations from cellulosic fibers, indicating both the importance of the effect considered here and the likelihood of an exact analysis yielding an acceptable result.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 845-853 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The conformational energy contribution (ΔUconf) to the heat of solution in polymer-solvent systems is presented and discussed in connection with chain conformational properties. In particular, ΔUconf has been discussed in terms of various possible mechanisms of coil deformation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 889-896 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: It is demonstrated that in a filled polymer the thermal stresses resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the filler and the polymer have significant effect on the apparent coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite. A model is constructed to aid the thermal stress analysis, and the results are found to agree well with the experimental data obtained from other sources. An expression for the apparent densities of filled polymers is also obtained but the agreement between the present prediction with an existing test result is found to be only qualitative.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 947-962 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Diffusion coefficients and solubilities of methane in polyisobutylene have been measured at four temperatures between 102 and 188°C. in the pressure range 23-341 atm. Diffusion coefficients extrapolated to atmospheric pressure range from 1.72 × 10-6 cm.2/sec. at 102°C. to 1.5 × 10-5 cm.2/sec. at 188°C. corresponding to an activation energy for diffusion of 8.7 ± 0.4 kcal./mole. Solubilities are small, about one molecule of methane for every forty carbon atoms in the polyisobutylene at 300 atm. partial pressure of methane. Solubilities vary little with temperature, but show an apparent minimum between 127 and 188°C. With improved methods of data analysis, diffusion coefficients and solubilities have been recalculated from previously reported studies on nitrogen in branched polyethylene and methane in branched polyethylene, linear polyethylene, and polystyrene. Recalculated diffusion coefficients are essentially the same as those reported previously, but the recalculated solubilities are decreased from 2 to 30%. The solubilities of all five systems show strong deviations from Henry's law, i.e., increases in partial pressure of methane and nitrogen with respect to solubility exceed linearity. The partial pressure (or fugacity) - solubility data may be interpreted in terms of a sorption model in which sorbed molecules are accommodated in widely dispersed, unoccupied volumes or sites in the polymer. An almost equivalent, solution model in which the first sorbed molecules to enter the polymer are accommodated to a large extent in existing volumes in the polymer, with successively sorbed molecules swelling the polymer to a greater extent (i.e., partial molal volume of sorbed molecules, V1, increasing with concentration) can also account for these data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1021-1031 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The discrepancy between the values of the anisotropy of methylene groups determined from crystal refractive indices, stress-optical data, and gas and liquid light-scattering depolarization is explained on the basis of the effect of the internal field on the polarizability of the isolated molecule. The internal field may arise from intermolecular or intramolecular interactions which depend upon molecular conformation and state of aggregation. A simple continuum calculation based upon an extension of the calculation of the Lorenz-Lorentz field is shown capable of accounting for the discrepancy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1059-1073 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Nylon 66 films exhibiting form I melting behavior show the γ mechanical relaxation at -140°C. Samples which have form II melting behavior do not show this relaxation. The γ relaxation disappears when material having form I behavior is converted to material having form II behavior by annealing or by cold drawing. The form I and form II types of melting behavior are also found in poly(ethylene terephthalate); the interconversions and thermal behavior of the forms are analogous to the nylon 66 case. In poly(ethylene terephthalate), the β relaxation at -40 to -60°C is present only when form I melting behavior is found. Conversion to form II melting behavior by annealing or drawing (80°C) again causes the relaxation to disappear. No β relaxation was found in amorphous polymer. The γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) can therefore be associated with the crystalline structure responsible for form I melting behavior. Form I melting behavior has been associated with foldedchain crystals based on previous work. It is therefore postulated that the γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) are associated with motions in the chain folds. This assignment is not inconsistent with the change in the γ dispersion of nylon 66 with the number of backbone CH2 units, since these will affect the fold structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1116-1118 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1151-1163 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The strength-limiting process in the fracture of semicrystalline fibers and highly oriented films is the rupture of tie molecules connecting the folded chain lamellae in the machine direction. This view is supported by the data on stress and temperature dependence of lifetime of fibers under load and on radical formation during the fracture experiment. The observed tensile strength, however, is about 10 times smaller and the number of fractured chains between 100 and 1000 times larger than expected on the basis of the known number of tie molecules in the fracture plane. This discrepancy is a consequence of the inhomogeneity of the micromorphology of fiber structure, which causes a much larger stress concentration on the most unfavorably located tie molecules than the average value one would expect in the case of perfectly uniform stress distribution on identical tie molecules. The fluctuation of amorphous layer thickness, of number and length of tie molecules, produces such a high stress concentration on some tie molecules throughout the sample that they rupture long before the average stress concentration is sufficient for chain fracture. By accumulation of damage caused by gradual chain rupture the weakening of the sample locally proceeds so far that at the maximum damage concentration, microcracks start to form, and the fiber breaks.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic shear behavior of four highly amorphous polymers in the unstretched and stretched states (draw ratios 3:1 to 6:1) was investigated with a torsion pendulum at temperatures from 4.2°K to 180-300°K and frequencies from 0.4 to 3.2 cps. The polymers studied were polystyrene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl propionate), and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Previously unreported loss maxima were found at 48°K (1.5 cps) and 149°K (1.3 cps) for poly(vinyl proplonate), at 10°K (1.0 cps) for poly(vinyl acetate) and at 9°K (1.6 cps) for poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Uniaxial orientation increased the shear storage modulus G, measured with the torsion axis parallel to the stretch direction and caused changes in the loss peaks which depended on the polymer material studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 551-561 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Small-angle x-ray scattering studies were made on bulk-crystallized samples and annealed oriented films of TMPS. The temperature dependence of the small-angle scattering was determined over a range of annealing conditions. The effect of sample molecular weight on the small-angle peaks was also studied. The peak intensity, measured at room temperature after annealing, was strongly dependent on the annealing conditions. The position of the peak gradually moved to smaller angles (larger d spacings) as the annealing temperature was raised. Surface free energies were deduced from the melting point dependence of the crystallite size. This surface energy was found to increase with molecular weight in accord with values deduced for spherulite growth rate-temperature dependence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A model is proposed to account for the regular twisting of radial ribbons in certain polymer spherulites. The model assumes that the ribbons have crystallographically regular fold surfaces and that growth of the ribbons is nucleation-controlled. The model leads directly to a possible mechanism of spherulitic growth in some polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 659-666 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures; at larger undercoolings, however, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature in the range 109-113°C. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 675-685 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The strength and extensibility of an unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizate were determined in constrained biaxial tension (essentially pure shear) by stretching thinwalled cylindrical specimens in the axial direction with an Instron tester while gas pressure was admitted to maintain constant the outside diameter of a specimen. The rupture stress, λ1b, and the extension ratio, λ1b, in the axial direction and the rupture stress, σ2b, in the circumferential direction were determined at extension rates from 0.0031 to 3.1 min-1 and temperatures from 25 to 90°C. Rupture data in simple tension were also obtained by testing ring specimens under similar test conditions. The time-temperature shift factor, aT, obtained by superposing rupture data at different temperatures, gives a constant activation energy of 35 kcal. Doubly logarithmic plots were prepared showing the dependence of σ1b/λ1b, σ2b, and λ1b from the biaxial tensile tests and of σb/λb and λb from the simple tensile tests on the temperature-reduced extension rate, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}. (The quantities σ1b/λ1b, σ2b, and σb/λb are rupture stresses based on the dimensions of undeformed specimens.) At equal values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}, the extension ratios λ1b and λb are sensibly identical. The ratios σ1b/σb and σ2b/σb, as well as λbσ2b/σb, were obtained from rupture data read from the composite curves at selected values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}. Also, similar ratios were derived from stress data at equal extensions in biaxial and simple tension for 1.25 ≤ λ ≤ 3.0, the range comparable to that in which rupture data were obtained. A consideration of the ratios given by both the rupture and the stress data shows that the von Mises failure criterion is not applicable, although the departure is small except at the larger values of λb.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 747-747 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 750-750 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 775-782 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A statistical model for the stereospecific polymerization of vinly monomers on Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems is presented. The basic assumptions of the model are: (a) the catalytic centers are asymmetric, so that at a given catalytic center the monomer CH2=CHR is inserted into the chain with two different rates according to the two different configurations of the opening carbon atom having the R group; (b) the insertion of a monomeric unit in the growing chain is affected also by interactions with the previous monomeric unit. Isotactic, syndiotactic, atatic, or stereoblock polymers are obtained according to the relative values of the two energy parameters expressing these two effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 821-827 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures, whereas at larger undercooling, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature about 5°C below Tp. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 855-866 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Heats of solution (ΔHexp) in solvents of increasing thermodynamic power have been measured for four polymers: polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), polyisobutylene (PIB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). After subtraction from ΔHexp of an interaction term (calculated by the Hildebrand treatment based on solubility parameters) and the excess volume term, the quantity remaining is interpreted as the conformational energy contribution (ΔUconf) to the heat of solution. ΔUconf appears to correlate well with some basic conformational properties of the chain, such as the sign of the temperature coefficient of unperturbed dimensions derived from solution properties, and shows a monotonic behavior with α, the expansion coefficient of the polymer coil in the final solution. Numerical values of ΔUconf, at least for those cases in which polymer solubility parameters are known with some certainty, are much larger than those evaluated from rubber elasticity experiments (through the experimentally accessible value of the energy component of the force of retraction im simple elongation).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1101-1109 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Polyvinylpyridine of molecular weight 0.77 × 106 was crosslinked by 2.5, 5, and 10% BrCH2C6H4CO(CH2)8COC6H4CH2Br and by 10% ClCH2C6H4CH2Cl; quaternization of the gel was completed with n-butyl bromide. Swelling ratios in aqueous solutions of lithium, sodium, and 4-isopropyl-N-n-butylpyridinium bromide and in methanolic lithium bromide were determined. Selectivity increased in the sequence Li+ 〈Na+ 〈PrN+-C5H5. The Flory parameter χ1, which measures interaction between solvent and polymer, decreased from 1.5 kT to nearly zero with increasing density of crosslinks in the aqueous solutions, and from 3 kT to 0.5 kT in the methanol solutions. The inverse proportionality of q2/3 (q = swelling ratio) to the crosslinking density was approximately verified for swelling of the resins in water, methanol, and dimethylformamide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1165-1186 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of linear polyethylenes (PE) of varying morphology were measured as a function of temperature. The T1 of oriented bulkcrystallized and solution-crystallized material was isotropic, in disagreement with calculations based on a sample dipole pair model. Motion in the non-crystalline regions of the samples is shown to be responsible for the T1 minimum occurring around -20°C. The dependence of T1 at the minimum on the long period reinforces the model of an amorphous fraction composed of disordered lamellar surface layers. The temperature of the T1 minimum and the dependence of T1 on the long period imply that the mobility of these amorphous regions is reduced in cold-drawn and solution-crystallized samples. This mobility irreversibly increases with annealing. In highly relaxed samples the motion of a small portion of the disordered regions is almost liquidlike, as indicated by the presence of a second shorter T1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 963-981 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The structural and steric isomerism of propylene polymers has been estimated on the basis of solution properties as well as infrared and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Three general types of polypropylenes were prepared: polymers prepared with the cationic catalytic system AlCl3-C2H5Cl, stereoblock polymers obtained by successive extraction from a commercial product and isotactic polymers of low molecular weight obtained by thermal degradation of a highly isotactic polymer followed by hydrogenation with Adam's catalyst in dioxane at 40°C. The characterization of all samples was accomplished by equilibrium ultracentrifugation, vapor-pressure osmometry, viscometry, and gel-permeation chromatography. It is found that the molecular chain of cationically prepared polymer is somewhat branched owing to structural isomerism during polymerization. Isoamyl acetate is found to be a theta solvent for stereo-block as well as for atactic and syndiotactic polymers; the theta temperature is determined as the temperature at which the light-scattering second virial coefficient A2 vanishes. A close correlation is found between the theta temperature and stereoisomerism. The absorbances of the 1154 and 974 cm-1 bands in the infrared spectra decrease with decreasing molecular weight; in addition to the mere existence of alternating CH2 and CH(CH3) groups in the polymer chain, rather long sequences of this type are required for the appearance of these bands. Changes in the absorption band at 997 cm-1 show that chains consisting of over ten isotactically connected monomer units can assume a helical conformation. From the high-resolution NMR spectra of different polypropylenes, including isotactic polymers of low molecular weight, it is found that in estimating the microstructure, account must be taken of the effects of stereoisomerism within tetrads of monomer units on the apparent widths of the methylene proton resonances. If substantial concentrations of several of the possible types of tetrads are present (i.e., if the tactic sequence lengths are quite short), then it is difficult to determine the relative amounts of tactic dyads accurately from the 100 Mcps methylene proton resonances.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1033-1057 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The phenomenon of double melting, as manifested by two characteristic endotherms in the melting region on a differential thermal analysis (DTA) scan, has been studied in nylon 66 and polystyrene as a function of sample treatment by annealing or drawing. A variety of techniques were used in these studies including DTA, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and mechanical testing. It is shown that the two endotherms are not caused by a bimodal crystal size distribution, by recrystallization, by orientation changes, or by phase changes. It is proposed that one endotherm is caused by the melting of foldedchain crystals, while the other is due to the melting of less perfect bundle crystals. This view is well supported by the results, especially by the DTA measurements made at different heating rates. Published data on the thermal behavior of annealed and drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) and on polyethylene crystallized at various pressures may also be explained on this basis if it is allowed that in polyethylene the chains may be more extended.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1745-1754 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The yield-stress behavior of two glassy polymers is studied through the glass transition region over a wide range of strain rates. For temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the yield stress behavior could be described as a non-Newtonian flow in agreement with Eyring's theory, if one excepts a narrow range relating to the slowest strain rates. For temperatures above Tg, the yield-stress behavior is still nonlinear but fits the relations based on the concept of free volume.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1811-1818 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A “dual sorption” model has been proposed by Michaels, Vieth, et al. to explain extensive equilibrium sorption data for several gases in some glassy polymers. To explain data on sorption kinetics, it was further postulated that one of the sorption modes immobilizes the gas molecules. Stated mathematically, this model leads to a modified form of Fick's second law. Both normal and desorption time lags for diffusion have been computed here for this model of diffusion in glassy polymers. The computed time lags are shown to be dependent on the boundary concentrations used in permeation. Experimental measurement of these time lags would be a sensitive and critical test to ascertain the validity of this theory.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1863-1882 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Poly(methyl methacrylate) tensile bars were prepared containing nearly spherical polytetrafluoroethylene particles in concentrations from one to a thousand particles per gauge length of the bars. Particle diameters varied from 0.0035 to 0.018 in. Exhaustive tensile tests were performed at sufficiently high strain rate to assure brittle fracture and the results analyzed statistically by the theory of extreme values as proposed by Epstein. The results suggested that the polytetrafluoroethylene particles themselves did not act as flaws, but that they intensified the stress field on natural flaws which acted as the origin of fracture. Assuming a Laplace distribution as the underlying distribution of tensile strength (not to be confused with observed distribution of tensile strengths) gave predicted fracture statistics in good agreement with experiment.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1937-1954 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The distribution of molecular weights in realistic free-radical polymerizations with branching was analyzed theoretically. Series solutions were obtained for the fraction of molecules with r repeating units and the number of branch points contained in molecules with r repeating units. Branching by transfer processes was found to increase the proportion of both high and low molecular weight components in the system. The apportioning of branch points among r-mer molecules was shown to be somewhat narrower than a Poisson distribution. The major difference between the calculated distributions and previous model distributions for branched systems was the absence of discontinuities in the moments at all levels of branching.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1983-1986 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2005-2018 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The problem of the structural theory of macromolecular networks is formulated and discussed in general terms. The conditions required for a system to become a homogeneous macromolecular network are defined and discussed. Networks are divided according to the nature of their junctions into three classes: energetic (with chemical or quasi-chemical crosslinks), topological (with entangled chains), and contact (with frictional interactions). The main features of these three classes are discussed. A distribution density function ψ describing the configurations of macromolecules in network systems is introduced. The phase space of variables is 4(N + 1)-dimensional and includes the coordinates of (N + 1) vectors hi joining the adjacent network junctions and (N + 1) contour lengths li of the network chains. The system of simultaneous equations required for the determination of the function ψ includes the equation of continuity, kinematic equations for the deformation velocity of the individual junctions, the force balance equation needed for the determination of sliding rates li, kinetic equations for the processes of junction breakage and reformation, and the equilibrium distribution of network junctions defining the initial conditions for the distribution function ψ.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2061-2072 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Extended-chain crystals of high molecular weight polymethylene, a polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution, and three fractions of polyethylene were grown from the melt under elevated pressure. Comparison of the crystal size distribution in the molecular chain direction (measured on fracture surfaces by electron microscopy) with the molecular weight distribution (measured by gel-permeation chromatography) gave the following results. Up to molecular weight 10,000 all samples showed eutectic separation into fully extended chain crystals of narrow molecular weight distribution. Above molecular weight 10,000 mixed crystals were formed. Under the chosen crystallization conditions larger chain extension was achieved with higher molecular weights. However, an increase in molecular weight by a factor of 1000 led only to a tenfold increase in chain extension. These facts are discussed in the light of a proposed mechanism of crystal growth.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2115-2138 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The Kuhn-Grün theory for the birefringence and dichroism of rubbery polymers is extended to the case of copolymers consisting of two or more statistical segments of differing lengths. It is shown that the previous equations are applicable provided that the anisotropy of polarizabilities and absorptions are replaced with suitable averages in which the segment anisotropies are weighted by the squares of their segment lengths. This indicates that the stress-optical coefficient will not generally vary linearly with composition. The orientation measured from the dichroism of bands arising from different segments will be different.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2142-2143 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2141-2142 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: A method of determining the distribution of branching in polydisperse polymer samples is proposed. This method uses data from concurrent gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation-velocity experiments. Tedious fractionation, which must precede other methods of determining long-chain branching, is eliminated. An example of use of the method on the data of a sample of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 87-104 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: This paper reports an electron microscopy study of the morphology of crystals of poly(vinylidene chloride) prepared under a variety of conditions and of the carbons resulting from the pyrolysis of the polymer. The structure of the polymer carbons prepared under conditions such that the polymer does not pass through a plastic phase is closely related to the morphology of the original polymer. The shapes of the crystals and of the crystal pseudomorphs are indexed in terms of the unit cell proposed by Narita and Okuda. Morphological studies of this kind are important in discussing the graphitizability of polymer carbons, their mechanical properties and pore structure, and the kinetics of the dehydrochlorination reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization of FEP Teflon and nylon 6 melts against high energy surfaces (i.e., gold) produce an interfacial region, in these polymers, of high mechanical strength. Dissolution of the metal substrate rather than removal by mechanical means results in a polymer surface which is amenable to conventional structural adhesive bonding. Nucleation and crystallization of the polymer melts in contact with phases of low surface energy (e.g., vapor) result in the generation of weak boundary layers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: NO ABSTRACT.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 497-513 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Triplet → singlet energy transfer in nylon 66 film (donor) dyed with proflavine (acceptor) is demonstrated by a decrease of the nylon phosphoresence lifetime and an increase in the proflavine delayed fluorescence/nylon phosphoresence ratio with increasing proflavine concentration. Although the observed donor phosphorescence decay is apparently exponential, the transfer is probably via a long-range dipole-dipole (Förster) interaction, rather than by triplet exciton migration. Arguments are advanced to support this view. Proflavine delayed fluorescence produced by a direct excitation process is also observed. The decay time for this process is roughly an order of magnitude less than that for the sensitized process. All emission intensities are shown to vary linearly with exciting light intensity. Finally, temperature dependence of proflavine delayed fluorescence under different excitation conditions is shown. The efficiency of direct excitation process increases markedly near -50°C as the temperature is increased; the sensitized delayed fluorescence intensity follows that of the nylon phosphorescence with increasing temperature, as expected.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 587-592 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 601-608 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The glass transition temperatures Tg of several fluorine-containing polymers were determined by use of the differential scanning calorimeter. Values between -3 and 230°C were obtained. In polymers of α-olefins, Tg increases with the fluorine content of the backbone and the length of the n-perfluoroalkyl branch. In styrene polymers Tg also is higher if the backbone contains fluorine but nearly the same Tg's are found for polymers with phenyl and pentafluorophenyl groups. Saturated polymers of perfluoro-α,ω-dienes have lower Tg's than polyperfluoro-α-olefins. The Tg's of chloroperfluoropolymers are higher than those of perfluoropolymers. Polyperfluoropentadiene-1,3 has the lowest Tg of the polymers examined. Polyperfluoropentadiene-1,3 forms by 1,4-addition.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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