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  • 1965-1969  (3,716)
  • Physics  (1,849)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,448)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (352)
  • Insulin  (35)
  • Engineering General
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notes: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notes: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notes: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notes: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notes: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notes: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Toad Bladder ; Sodium Transport Pool ; Aldosterone ; Insulin ; Vasopressin ; Krötenblase ; Natrium-Transport-Pool ; Aldosteron ; Insulin ; Vasopressin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The size of toad bladder sodium transport pool, defined as that amount of sodium of apical origin and recovered in tissue at equilibrium, was compared with sodium transport rate, derived from short-circuit current read immediately before tissue analysis. Provided certain precautions be taken, the relationship between both variables can be described by a curve starting at the intersect ofX (pool, in μEq) andY (transport, in μEq/hr) axes, with a tendency forX to increase faster thanY. Assuming sodium transport pool forms one compartment, its calculated half-life averages 2–3 min. sodium transport pool measurements are thought to shed light on mechanism of sodium transport by toad bladder because pool size was large with respect to transport rate when tissue was exposed to several inhibitors of sodium transport. Conversely, upon stimulation of activity of (substrate — depleted) preparations by glucose, a relative reduction of pool size was observed. Aldosterone, vasopressin (and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) increased sodium pool size and transport rate, proportionately; insulin stimulated sodium transport more than it increased pool size. Thus, insulin presumably exerts its effect at the sodium “pump” while such a site of action need not be postulated for aldosterone and vasopressin: these 2 hormones would instead induce, permeability changes faciliting sodium movement at the apical border of toad bladder epithelial cells.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 371-388 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin assay ; Laboratory technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diurnal variations ; Food intake ; Glucose load ; Insulin ; Tolbutamide test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume On a étudié l'effet de la lumière et de la période d'ingestion des aliments sur l'élimination d'insuline par les urines. On peut démontrer l'existence d'un rythme circadien et la présence de deux facteurs de régulation pour cette élimination. On présente quelques hypothèses concernant ces phénomènes.
    Abstract: Resumen Se estudió el efecto que sobre la eliminación de insulina urinaria ejercen los períodos de luzoscuridad y el horario de administración del alimento. Se demuestra la existencia de un ritmo circadiano de eliminación de dicha hormona, describiéndose dos reguladores del mismo. Se hacen especulaciones fisiopatológicas acerca de su significado.
    Notes: Riassunto E' stato studiato l'effetto della luce e del periodo di ingestione del cibo sull'eliminazione di insulina nelle urine. Si può dimostrare l'esistenza di un ritmo circadiano e la presenza di due fattori di regolazione per questa eliminazione. Vengono presentate alcune ipotesi concernenti questi fenomeni.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Glybenclamide ; Insulin ; Insulin secretion ; Sulfonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les effets métaboliques de la glybenclamide et de la tolbutamide ont été étudiés chez deux groupes de sujets normaux traités avec des doses comparables des deux sulphanylurées. En rapport aussi à la dose de 1:400, la glybenclamide a démontré une activité insuline-sécrétive bien majeure de celle de la tolbutamide. La réponse insulinique a été suivie par une rapide et prolongée diminution des NEFA sériques et par un moins persistant effet hypoglycémique. Les effets métaboliques de l'HB 419 sont encore évidents 10–12 heures après l'administration du médicament, tandis que l'activité de la tolbutamide est terminée géneralement entre 4–6 heures. Quand l'administration des médicaments a été pratiquée en concomitance avec une charge veineuse de glucose, le coéfficient de Conard était élevé d'une façon significative par toutes les deux sulphanylurées.
    Abstract: Resumen Los efectos metabólicos de la glibenclamida y de la tolbutamida han sido investigados en dos grupos de sujetos normales tratados con dosis comparables de las dos sulfanilúreas. Inclusive en una relación de dosificación de 1:400, la glibenclamida ha demostrado una actividad insulinosecretora mucho mayor de la tolbutamida. La respuesta insulínica ha sido seguida de una disminución pronta y prolongada de los NEFA séricos y de un efecto hipoglucemiante menos persistente. Los efectos metabólicos del HB 419 son aún evidentes a las 10–12 horas después de la administración del medicamento, mientras la actividad de la tolbutamida es anulada por lo general dentro de 4–6 horas. Cuando la suministración de los medicamentos ha sido practicada en coincidencia con una carga venosa de glucosa, el coeficiente de Conard apareció significativamente elevado por ambas sulfanilúreas.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli effetti metabolici della glibenclamide e della tolbutamide sono stati indagati in 2 gruppi di soggetti normali trattati con dosi comparabili delle due sulfaniluree. Anche in un rapporto di dosaggio di 1:400, la glibenclamide ha mostrato un'attività insulino-secretiva assai maggiore di quella della tolbutamide. La risposta insulinica è stata seguita da una pronta e prolungata diminuzione dei NEFA serici e da un meno persistente effetto ipoglicemico. Gli effetti metabolici del-l'HB 419 sono ancora evidenti 10–12 h dopo la somministrazione del farmaco mentre l'attività della tolbutamide si annulla generalmente entro 4–6 h. Quando la somministrazione dei farmaci è stata praticata in coincidenza con un carico venoso di glucosio, il coefficiente di Conard è apparso significativamente innalzato da entrambe le sulfaniluree.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Islets of Langerhans ; Placenta ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Ce travail est la continuation des communications préliminaires sur la résistance insulinique des nouveaux-nés de mères insuline-résistantes. Les recherches ont été conduites sur cobayes et sur sujets humains. Les AA. ont démontré que les anticorps anti-insuline passent dans la circulation fœtale et provoquent l'apparition d'une insuline-résistance passive qui va disparaître dans les premières semaines de la vie. Les anticorps contre l'insuline bovine lient en partie l'insuline endogène des cobayes, ce qui est mis en evidence par l'hyperglycémie élevée des cobayes jeunes nées de mères insuline-résistantes. Les anticorps anti-insuline n'ont aucun effet important sur la structure du pancréas des cobayes dans la période périnatale.
    Abstract: Resumen Este trabajo representa la continuación de las comunicaciones preliminares sobre la resistencia insulínica que presentan las personas nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Las investigaciones han sido efectuadas en cobayas y hombres. Se ha demostrado que los anticuerpos anti-insulina pasan al círculo fetal, provocando la aparición de insulino-resistencia pasiva, que desaparece durante las primeras semanas de vida. Los anticuerpos contra la insulina bovina ligan en parte la insulina endógena de cobayas, como lo demuestra la hiperglucemia elevada de las cobayas jóvenes nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina no ejercen ningún efecto apreciable sobre la estructura del páncreas de las cobayas durante el período peri-natal.
    Notes: Riassunto Questo lavoro rappresenta la continuazione delle comunicazioni preliminari sulla resistenza insulinica dei nati di madri insulino-resistenti. Le ricerche sono state condotte su cavie e su uomini. E' stato dimostrato che gli anticorpi anti-insulina passano nel circolo fetale inducendovi la comparsa di una insulino-resistenza passiva che scompare nelle prime settimane di vita. Gli anticorpi contro l'insulina bovina legano in parte l'insulina endogena di cavie, come è evidenziato dall'elevata iperglicemia delle cavie giovani nate da madri insulino-resistenti. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina non esercitano alcun effetto di rilievo sulla struttura del pancreas delle cavie nel periodo perinatale.
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  • 14
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    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 796-808 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Desensitization ; Immunoglobulins ; Insensitivity ; Insulin ; Insulin allergy ; Insulin antibodies ; Macroglobulins ; Porcine insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cinq patients atteints d'allergie à l'insuline ont été désensibilisés par de l'insuline de porc selon la méthode d'Urbach et Gotlieb. Le diagnostic d'allergie à l'insuline a été posé sur la base des manifestations cliniques, de la positivité des réactions cutanées et, dans 2 cas, des réactions de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). On a obtenu dans 3 cas une désensibilisation. La présence d'anticorps anti-insuline a été révélée par la méthode immunoautoradiographique en employant de l'insuline131J. Avant la désensibilisation la présence d'anticorps IgG a été enregistrée chez 3 patients tandis que chez 2 on a démontré également des anticorps IgA. Une réaction de P.K. positive a été observée chez des patients dont les sérums contenaient des anticorps IgA. Pendant la désensibilisation on a observé une apparition transitoire de macroglobulines capables de lier l'insuline131J. Après la désensibilisation on a constaté la persistance de la positivité aux réactions cutanées immédiates à l'insuline de porc et de boeuf. En même temps les réactions retardées et la réaction de P.K. à l'insuline de porc étaient interverties, bien que les mêmes réactions à l'insuline bovine restaient positives.
    Abstract: Resumen Cinco pacientes que padecían de alergia a la insulina han sido desensibilizados con insulina porcina según el método de Urbach y Gotlieb. El diagnóstico de alergia a la insulina ha sido puesto teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones clínicas, el positivismo de las reacciones cutáneas, y, en 2 casos, las reacciones de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). En 3 casos se ha obtenido desensibilización. La presencia de anticuerpos anti-insulina ha sido puesta en evidencia con el método inmunoautoradiográfico, empleando insulina131J. Antes de la desensibilización, la presencia de anticuerpos IgG ha sido hallada en 3 pacientes, mientras que en 2 han sido demostrados también anticuerpos IgA. Una reacción de P.K. positiva ha sido observada en pacientes cuyos sueros contenían anticuerpos IgA. Durante la desensibilización se ha observado aparición transitoria de macroglobulinas capaces de ligar la insulina131J. Al cabo de la desensibilización se ha notado la persistencia del positivismo a las respuestas cutáneas inmediatas a la insulina porcina y bovina. Al mismo tiempo, las respuestas retardadas y la reacción de P.K. a la insulina porcina cstaban invertidas, no obstante que las mismas reacciones a la insulina bovina hubieran quedado positivas.
    Notes: Riassunto Cinque pazienti con allergia all'insulina sono stati desensibilizzati con insulina suina secondo il metodo di Urbach e Gotlieb. La diagnosi di allergia all'insulina è stata posta sulla base delle manifestazioni cliniche, della positività delle reazioni cutanee e, in 2 casi, delle reazioni di Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). In 3 casi si è ottenuta una desensibilizzazione. La presenza di anticorpi anti-insulina è stata rivelata con il metodo immunoautoradiografico impiegando insulina131J. Prima della desensibilizzazione la presenza di anticorpi IgG è stata riscontrata in 3 pazienti mentre in 2 sono stati dimostrati anche anticorpi IgA. Una reazione di P.K. positiva è stata osservata in pazienti i cui sieri contenevano anticorpi IgA. Durante la desensibilizzazione si è osservata una comparsa transitoria di macroglobuline capaci di legare l'insulina131J. Dopo la desensibilizzazione si è riscontrata la persistenza della positività delle risposte cutanee immediate all'insulina suina e bovina. Al tempo stesso le risposte ritardate e la reazione di P.K. all'insulina suina erano invertite, sebbene le stesse reazioni all'insulina bovina rimanessero positive.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 16
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 3-28 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 47-66 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three methods for finding natural frequencies and modes of complex structures composed of beam elements are described and compared. The analysis is extended to include hysteretic damping for the determination of response and transmissibility without a modal analysis. Experimental comparison is given for the response of a simple engineering structure.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 101-122 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The derivation of the stiffness matrix for a refined, fully compatible triangular plate bending finite element is presented. The Kirchhoff plate bending theory is assumed. Six parameters or degrees of freedom are introduced at each of the three corner nodes resulting in an 18 degree of freedom element. This refined element is found to give better results for displacements and particularly for internal moments than any plate bending element, regardless of shape, previously reported in the literature.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite difference treatment of two-dimensional problems in elastostatics is usually based on the differential equations for the displacement vector or the Airy stress function, depending on whether boundary conditions are on displacement or stress. In either case, determination of stresses requires numerical differentiation and therefore use of a rather fine grid. Moreover, neither method is suited to the treatment of mixed boundary conditions. The alternative method developed in this paper uses the first derivatives of the displacement components at the grid points as basic variables and hence does not require numerical differentiation in the evaluation of stresses. Appropriate finite difference equations are established, and their use is discussed in connection with a specific example with known explicit solution.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The theory, function generator routine and testing procedures are given for a six-node 18 degree of freedom triangular element. At corner nodes the variables are the displacement and the two slopes. At midside nodes the variables are the displacement, the slope normal to the side, and the rate of change of this along the side - i.e., the rate of torsion. Of two options, one divides the triangle into three and takes different quartic displacements in the three regions, and the other uses displacement functions with singularities at the vertices. According to a test which compares the energies of the two formulations by eigenvalues, the second is the better if the integration is accurate. The same test, together with others based on finite differences and on nodal values, etc. checks the correctness of the routine decisively.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The large deflection problem of a rectangular plate is analysed by using the finite element method and employing the iteration technique. In the present study, the stiffness matrix of a rectangular plate element for bending proposed by Greene is employed, and results of numerical examples duly justifies applicability of the present method.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 75-100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents first a general formulation of the elasto-plastic matrix for evaluating stress increments from those of stresses for any yield surface with an associated flow rule. A new ‘initial stress’ computational process is proposed which is shown (1) to yield more rapid convergence than alternative approaches (2) to permit large load increments without violating the yield criteria and thus simply to establish lower bound solutions. Several solutions showing stress distribution, strain development and growth of plastic enclaves are given both for the von Mises and for Coulomb (Drucker) type yield surfaces. Load reversal and thermoplastic behaviour are dealt with.
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 25
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The direct Finite Element Analysis which was successfully employed in the solution of dynamic flexural traveling wave problems is extended herein to provide the transient behaviour of finite beams and plates in which shear deformation and rotatory inertia are considered. The particle and angular velocities are exponentially damped so that the static solutions for these problems are obtained with the same analysis which provided the dynamic and transient cases. Three special cases are chosen as examples. In the first, a sinusoidally varying shear force is applied at the tip of a cantilever beam. The resonant characteristics of this beam for both the undamped and damped cases are studied. In the second, a step shear loading is applied to a cantilever beam and its damped dynamic history is studied. Finally, a circular plate whose outer edge is simply supported is impacted at its inner edge by a step moment and its damped transient behaviour is determined. The idea of the methods is potentially applicable to dynamic problems in general.
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  • 26
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 135-149 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The assumed stress distribution approach is used to derive the stiffness matrix of a plate-bending element of general polygonal shape having any number of nodes. The effect of assuming various numbers of unknown coefficients in the stress distributions is examined and the convergence properties of the resulting elements compared with others derived form assumed displacements.
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for obtaining the Green's functions for Laplace's, Poisson's, and the transient heat diffusion equations is presented. The Green's functions thus obtained are then employed to rapidly obtain numerical solutions of the above equations by matrix multiplication, with subsequent considerable savings in machine time.
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  • 28
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of the large numbers of non-linear algebraic equations occurring in analyses of non-linear structural systems using finite differences or finite elements is time consuming even for the fastest computers. This paper presents a method of solution based on a Taylor's expansion technique which is an aid in the solution of such systems of equations.Examples presented show that in the finite element analysis of moderately non-linear structural systems the technique provides sufficiently accurate solutions. For more non-linear systems the technique provides excellent starting values for the Newton-Raphson method.
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  • 29
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Deformation functions which, in addition to satisfying the continuity conditions at nodes. Also satisfy. Approximately, the governing differential equation within the element allow system eigenvalues to be found more accurately, with a given number of elements, than is possible with previously published deformation functions. This is illustrated for the case of beams.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 31
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a general theory of finite elements. The concept of finite elements is cast in a general topological framework valid for spaces of finite dimension. It is shown that the idea of finite element models can be developed in higher-dimensional spaces, independent of specific co-ordinate systems, for any type of continuous abstract function defined on the space. Generalizations of the familiar Lagrange and Hermite interpolation functions are presented as well as a general statement of the notion of generalized variables and conjugate fields. It is also shown that admissible finite elements can be developed for non-Euclidean spaces of finite dimension. Topological properties of finite element models are examined in Part I of the paper. Part II is devoted to certain applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented based on matrix algebra for the dynamic analysis of a mixed rotating and non-rotating vibration system. Such systems occur in practice when turbo-alternator sets are mounted on flexible steel foundations.The mathematical model considered consists of a rotating non-uniform, bi-symmetric shaft connected via three or more flexible-film bearings to a flexible structure throughout which mass is distributed. The shaft, which is assumed to rotate at constant speed, is heavy, flexible and carries several rigid axi-symmetric discs. Viscous damping is assumed to act in all parts of the system and gravitational effects are ignored.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 181-200 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Surface displacements at the end of a semi-infinite, circular cylinder due to an axisymmetric ring of forces on the end are examined. The solution which has been found may then be used to find surface displacements for general axisymmetric loadings by convolution. The solution, in tabular form, is given as corrections to the counter-part half-space solution.The method of solution involves a three step superposition process. First, the displacement due to a ring of forces on a half-space is found by using the Boussinesq solution. Then, the excess tractions on the half-space, over that of the cylinder, are removed. This is done in two parts. The problem of an infinite cylinder with linearly varying pressure and shear over a short length of the lateral surface is solved by using Fourier integrals. This is used for the removal of the pressure and shear on the lateral surface of the cylinder by convolution. Next, the stresses at the mid-section of the infinite cylinder are removed. This is done by finding a set of boundary conditions for the end which yields zero tractions on the lateral surface. Then a series of these boundary conditions is used to approximate the tractions which must be removed.With the solution thus obtained, two sample problems are shown: 1. an elastic cylinder in contact with a half-space; 2. a rigid punch in contact with an elastic cylinder.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In Part I of the this paper, topological properties of finite element models of functions defined on spaces of finite dimension were examined. In this part, a number of applications of the general theory are presented. These include the generation of finite element models in the time domain and certain problems in wave propagation, kinetic theory of gases, non-linear partial differential equations, non-linear continuum mechanics, and fluid dynamics.
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 275-277 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 261-274 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A presentation is made of a rectangular plate bending element, the use of which corresponds to the finite difference method. The element stiffness matrix is arrived at by approximation of the strain energy of the element by suitably selected finite difference expressions which contain not only values in respect of the deflection, but also values of its first derivatives. On the basis of the connection found between the two methods, some changes are suggested in the finite difference method, which involve a more realistic way of considering the detailed distribution of the loading. The effect of these modifications is illustrated in two applications.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 279-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When calculating complex interconnected systems (electrical, power, water supply, gas systems, etc.) by digital computer, a number of common problems arise, connected both with the mathematically correct formulation of the problem under investigation, and with the algorithms of the solution, the programming of which makes it possible to reduce the computing time, the store capacity and the volume of input data required. The present article is devoted to the solution of these problems. The procedure is illustrated by formulating and manipulating the equations relating to complex interconnected mine ventilation networks.
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  • 40
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 301-310 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 311-331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review is given of some mathematical programming methods suitable for optimization of structures needing matrix methods for analysis. An application is presented for elastic flat grillages made of straight orthogonal beams normally loaded. Empirical relationships are used to relate beam section properties so that each beam element has only one design variable. Optimization results are obtained by methods of stress-ratio, linear programming-cutting plane and usable-feasible gradient directions. A comparison of the efficiency of these methods is given for the grillage designs which are shown to have non-convex stress constraints and numerous relative optima. Instances are given of non-fully stressed global optima and fully stressed designs which are not local optima for cases with only stress constraints. Discussions include locating the global optima for grillage designs and extensions of the methods presented to other structural design problems.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 333-349 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a method for reducing the size of a vibration analysis by generating an inertia matrix referred to a limited set of ‘master’ vibrational freedoms. In designing a computer program to perform this mass condensation process, the emphasis has been on providing a two way interface between structural analysis and vibration analysis programs. The transformation from the full set of degrees of freedom to the master set makes extensive vibration calculations economically feasible giving solutions in terms of the amplitudes of the master freedoms. However, by reversing the transformation after completion of a vibration analysis, it is possible to restore the full set of freedoms, allowing automatic plotting of mode shapes in full detail, and re-entry to the structural analysis program for the purpose of computing dynamic stresses.A worked example is given. This is a realistic machine tool structure rather than the simple plates or beams which are usually used for illustration purposes. Natural frequencies and mode shapes, calculated with various degrees of condensation, are compared with those obtained by using all possible freedoms. A comparison is also made with an intuitive selection of ‘lumped masses’.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 351-378 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The application of non-linear programming methods for the optimum design of statically indeterminate structures is discussed, with special emphasis on the design of elastic grillages loaded laterally and in plane. Some features of SUMT (sequential unconstrained minimization technique) are demonstrated by means of numerous examples of varying complexity. The Variable Metric method of search is discussed and compared to Powell's Direct Method. It is shown that non-convex sets of design variables are often encountered in structural problems of the grillage type. SUMT may still be used, but the choice of starting value and initial response factor decisively influences the chance of finding the global optimum.It is demonstrated that a fully stressed design may not necessarily correspond to the minimum weight design. Optimum design of grillages which are simultaneously subjected to lateral and in-plane loads may be performed efficiently by means of non-linear programming.
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 379-394 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A completely numerical method for steady state linear viscoelastic stress analysis is presented by means of the finite element approach. Numerical representations of the measured viscoelastic constitutive relations are used. This method is developed to obtain steady state solutions to mixed boundary value problems in which the character of the boundary conditions at a point changes with time. Such problems cannot be handled by direct application of the correspondence theorem. A numerical example of viscoelastic sheet rolling is presented along with an experimental verification of the solution by photo-viscoelastic observations.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1 (1969), S. 395-395 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: To clarify the deformation mechanism in polyblends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene rubber having different compositions, simultaneous measurements of the infrared dichroism with stress and strain under a constant rate of strain of 1.64%/min have been carried out. The orientation function of the crystallographic c axis of polypropylene in the blends has been obtained as a function of strain ranging from 0 to 20% and of polypropylene content ranging from 0.3 to 1.0. These results have been compared with the temperature dependences of the dynamic Young's modulus and of the loss modulus, as well as of stress-strain curves for the same blends. The modulus data analyzed by Kerner's equation reveal the occurrence of phase inversion at polypropylene contents higher than about 0.5, and this is supported by the infrared dichroism data. The strong effect of quenching on crystalline structure and mechanical properties of pure polypropylene has also been elucidated.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 183-200 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equipment and methods have been developed which allow photomicrographic determination of the stress-strain properties of the individual craze. Serial cyclic tensile tests on polycarbonate crazes are described. Under stress the typical dry polycarbonate craze thickens solely by straining; no adjacent polymer of normal density is converted to craze material. The craze exhibits a yield stress followed by a recoverable flow to roughly 40-50% strain at 6000-8000 psi. On return to zero stress the craze exhibits creep recovery at a decelerating rate. The yield stress and loss factor of each cycle decrease with increasing initial strain and cycles initiating at 50% strain or more show completely Hookean behavior. Creep recovery results in recovery of yield stress and loss factor also. Craze tensile behavior is suggested to be essentially an extension of the craze formation process. Decrease in elastic modulus and yield stress with increasing strain are rationalized in terms of strain-produced decrease in density and resultant increase in stress concentration factor on the microscopic polymer elements of the craze. Polymer surface tension and the large internal specific surface area of the craze are suggested to be important factors in the large creep recovery rates of the craze.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of determining distributions of the degree of polymerization by means of probability theory is derived. This method, based on Kolmogorov's forward differential equation, is illustrated by application to two familiar kinetic schemes and is used to derive the distribution of degree of polymerization for free-radical polymerization with diffusion-controlled termination.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 271-278 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of birefringence of a polymer film upon its photographic light-scattering pattern is considered for the case of a single, anisotropic, two-dimensional spherulite imbedded in a birefringent matrix. It is shown that for the case of a polarizer and analyzer crossed at +45° and -45° to the analyzer, the scattering pattern is modified in a manner agreeing with experimental observation.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 285-295 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Osmotic-pressure, viscosity, and light-scattering measurements have been carried out on dilute solutions of poly-N-vinylcarbazole fractions (4 〈 10-4M 〈 230) in toluene, dioxane, and benzene. The theta temperature for poly-N-vinylcarbazole in toluene solutions has been found to be 37 ± 1°C. The intrinsic viscosity of poly-N-vinylcarbazole in toluene at 37°C is represented by [η]θ = 76.2 × 10-3M̄n0.50. Values of the characteristic ratios (〈L2〉0/M)1/2 and σ = (〈L2〉0/〈L2〉0f)1/2 have been obtained as 633 × 10-11 and 2.85, respectively. It appears that the large σ value is due to the steric repulsion between large side groups.
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical relaxation data as a function of temperature (ca. 1 Hz) have been obtained for several samples of isotactic polypropylene crystallized from the melt, which exhibit both α and β forms as well as varying degrees of lamella orientation. The samples ranged in morphology from an unoriented sample showing only the α form to one highly oriented having approximately 90 per cent the β form. Results for the logarithmic decrement Δ and loss modulus G″ are that the low temperature (ca. -75°C) and glass temperature (ca. 0°C) relaxations show little or no sensitivity to orientation in the α form, but that the intensity of the two processes is different in the α form than in the β form for samples of nearly equal overall per cent crystallinity. In both Δ and G″, the low-temperature peak decreased and the glass temperature peak increased in intensity as the fraction of β form crystallinity present increased. Data for the high-temperature relaxation (ca. 80°C) indicate a dependence upon orientation and/or crystal form in addition to a dependence upon per cent crystallinity.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 411-422 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The viscometric behavior of linear polycaprolactam has been studied in the absence of the electroviscous effect in aqueous solvents containing 85% and 64.5% formic acid and in trifluoroethanol, as a function of temperature and also under unperturbed conditions. Results are discussed in terms of the existing theories; in particular, the negative temperature coefficient of the intrinsic viscosity arises only from the variation of the expansion coefficient, the molecule in the unperturbed state being a normal random coil. The absence of aggregation and draining effects in the above solvents has been varified.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 463-473 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymers of poly(N-acyl and N-aroyl aziridines) were studied by x-ray diffraction. All the crystalline polymers studied have a triclinic unit cell with two monomer units per unit cell. The a and c (fiber direction) parameters (4.9 and 6.5 A, respectively) are essentially the same for all the cells. The b parameter for the N-acyl polymers, however, increases steadily by a factor of 2 A per methylene group added to the lateral chains. The densities calculated for the unit cells are in agreement with the experimental values obtained. The most probable structure is one in which the molecules assume a planar configuration with the main chain not fully extended. The lateral groups are tilted from the c axis by an angle of 54° in a parallel configuration and alternate on each side of the main chain. This permits these lateral groups to assume packing similar to that of polyethylene. A brief description of the techniques used in this interpretation is included.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Results from characterization of melt-polymerized nylon 66 by various solution property measurements are reported and employed in analysis of typical molecular weight and compositional distributions for these systems. Critical attention is paid to application of standard procedures including light scattering, viscosity, membrane osmometry and other colligative property measurements in arriving at satisfactory specification of polymer molecular weight averages. Particular consideration is given to polymers extending appreciably beyond the lower and higher limits in molecular weight normally encountered. The conclusions drawn are: (1) in the range of number-average molecular weights less than about 25 000, nylon 66 as ordinarily prepared by melt condensation consists principally of linear species approximating the “most probable” distribution; (2) small amounts of cyclic oligomers are present in all samples: (3) increase in the extent of the melt polycondensation to progressively higher stages is accompanied by secondary reactions and the formation of branched components terminating ultimately in crosslinked, insoluble gels. Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationships in seven solvents, applicable to nylon polymers meeting the requirements of (1) above, are derived.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 57-76 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For an infinitely repeated regular polymer chain structure the only vibrations which are optically active are those in which the phase of the motion is the same in each unit (the factor-group modes). Frequencies for which the phase difference is nonzero are optically inactive but can become activated by the presence of defects in the chain. Such defects would normally be chemical impurities or conformational irregularities in the chain. A simple theory is developed which shows that for a dilute system of defects the major characteristics determining possible activation of the nonfactor-group modes are: (1) the strength of the coupling between the defect vibration and the vibrations of the neighboring chain, and (2) whether or not the natural frequency of the defect vibration lies inside a lattice band of the regular chain. An analysis of the low- and high-frequency regions of the spectrum of low-density polyethylene, based on the above considerations, indicates that several features of the spectrum can be associated with defect-induced absorption. A similar explanation can account for certain intensity changes in the C—Cl stretching region of syndiotactic poly(vinyl chloroide) when this polymer is submitted to mechanical treatment.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general description is given for relations among the optical quantities obtained from fluorescence polarization measurements on bulk polymer stained by fluorescent groups: the moments of distribution of orientations of the fluorescent groups, and those of the structural units of the polymer (chain segments) on which the groups are adsorbed. Two assumptions as to the biaxial symmetry of the bulk polymer and the cylindrical symmetry of the optical anisotropy of the fluorescent element, both for the absorption and emission processes, reduce the intensities of the polarized fluorescence to a 3 × 3 matrix L which is asymmetric (Lij ≠ Lji), as has frequently been observed in experiments. The components of the L matrix are related to those of the J matrix which is so defined as to describe the fourth moments of the distribution of orientations of the structural units on the basis of a random distribution of the rotational angle of the unit about the segment axis. It is found that the use of the method of fluorescence polarization combined with absorption dichroism and/or emission gives the values of the optical anisotropy ratios of the fluorescent unit, and that the effects of the thermal agitation of the structural unit can be separated from the moments of the orientation distribution for the simplest case.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 747-748 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 753-762 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Eight epoxy-diamine networks have been formed, diamines with 2 to 12 methylene groups being used as curing agents. Dynamic mechanical tests revealed four transition regions in the dynamic loss modulus/temperature relationship. Two possible explanations for the relaxation of the glycidyl portion of the structure are proposed. One of the relaxations could be due to the breakdown of hydrogen bonds through the hydroxyl and ether groups. The second could be ascribed to the relaxation of the unbonded glycidyl groups or a second relaxation of the glycidyl groups after the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 783-794 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous theoretical calculations of elastic constants for cellulose based on force constants for bond stretching and bending of valence angles have yielded axial stiffness values admittedly too low. The present analysis accounts for a hitherto unexamined geometrical effect associated with deformation of interchain hydrogen bonds. To do this, most primary bond deformations are neglected so the resulting calculation gives an upper bound for the axial stiffness. By using two different sets of hydrogen bond force constants, values of 24.6 and 31.9 × 1011 dyne/cm2 were obtained for Young's modulus in the chain direction. These values are very much larger than earlier calculations and experimental determinations from cellulosic fibers, indicating both the importance of the effect considered here and the likelihood of an exact analysis yielding an acceptable result.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 845-853 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conformational energy contribution (ΔUconf) to the heat of solution in polymer-solvent systems is presented and discussed in connection with chain conformational properties. In particular, ΔUconf has been discussed in terms of various possible mechanisms of coil deformation.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 889-896 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that in a filled polymer the thermal stresses resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the filler and the polymer have significant effect on the apparent coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite. A model is constructed to aid the thermal stress analysis, and the results are found to agree well with the experimental data obtained from other sources. An expression for the apparent densities of filled polymers is also obtained but the agreement between the present prediction with an existing test result is found to be only qualitative.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 947-962 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Diffusion coefficients and solubilities of methane in polyisobutylene have been measured at four temperatures between 102 and 188°C. in the pressure range 23-341 atm. Diffusion coefficients extrapolated to atmospheric pressure range from 1.72 × 10-6 cm.2/sec. at 102°C. to 1.5 × 10-5 cm.2/sec. at 188°C. corresponding to an activation energy for diffusion of 8.7 ± 0.4 kcal./mole. Solubilities are small, about one molecule of methane for every forty carbon atoms in the polyisobutylene at 300 atm. partial pressure of methane. Solubilities vary little with temperature, but show an apparent minimum between 127 and 188°C. With improved methods of data analysis, diffusion coefficients and solubilities have been recalculated from previously reported studies on nitrogen in branched polyethylene and methane in branched polyethylene, linear polyethylene, and polystyrene. Recalculated diffusion coefficients are essentially the same as those reported previously, but the recalculated solubilities are decreased from 2 to 30%. The solubilities of all five systems show strong deviations from Henry's law, i.e., increases in partial pressure of methane and nitrogen with respect to solubility exceed linearity. The partial pressure (or fugacity) - solubility data may be interpreted in terms of a sorption model in which sorbed molecules are accommodated in widely dispersed, unoccupied volumes or sites in the polymer. An almost equivalent, solution model in which the first sorbed molecules to enter the polymer are accommodated to a large extent in existing volumes in the polymer, with successively sorbed molecules swelling the polymer to a greater extent (i.e., partial molal volume of sorbed molecules, V1, increasing with concentration) can also account for these data.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1021-1031 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancy between the values of the anisotropy of methylene groups determined from crystal refractive indices, stress-optical data, and gas and liquid light-scattering depolarization is explained on the basis of the effect of the internal field on the polarizability of the isolated molecule. The internal field may arise from intermolecular or intramolecular interactions which depend upon molecular conformation and state of aggregation. A simple continuum calculation based upon an extension of the calculation of the Lorenz-Lorentz field is shown capable of accounting for the discrepancy.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1059-1073 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 66 films exhibiting form I melting behavior show the γ mechanical relaxation at -140°C. Samples which have form II melting behavior do not show this relaxation. The γ relaxation disappears when material having form I behavior is converted to material having form II behavior by annealing or by cold drawing. The form I and form II types of melting behavior are also found in poly(ethylene terephthalate); the interconversions and thermal behavior of the forms are analogous to the nylon 66 case. In poly(ethylene terephthalate), the β relaxation at -40 to -60°C is present only when form I melting behavior is found. Conversion to form II melting behavior by annealing or drawing (80°C) again causes the relaxation to disappear. No β relaxation was found in amorphous polymer. The γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) can therefore be associated with the crystalline structure responsible for form I melting behavior. Form I melting behavior has been associated with foldedchain crystals based on previous work. It is therefore postulated that the γ dispersion in nylon 66 and the β dispersion in poly(ethylene terephthalate) are associated with motions in the chain folds. This assignment is not inconsistent with the change in the γ dispersion of nylon 66 with the number of backbone CH2 units, since these will affect the fold structure.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1116-1118 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1151-1163 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strength-limiting process in the fracture of semicrystalline fibers and highly oriented films is the rupture of tie molecules connecting the folded chain lamellae in the machine direction. This view is supported by the data on stress and temperature dependence of lifetime of fibers under load and on radical formation during the fracture experiment. The observed tensile strength, however, is about 10 times smaller and the number of fractured chains between 100 and 1000 times larger than expected on the basis of the known number of tie molecules in the fracture plane. This discrepancy is a consequence of the inhomogeneity of the micromorphology of fiber structure, which causes a much larger stress concentration on the most unfavorably located tie molecules than the average value one would expect in the case of perfectly uniform stress distribution on identical tie molecules. The fluctuation of amorphous layer thickness, of number and length of tie molecules, produces such a high stress concentration on some tie molecules throughout the sample that they rupture long before the average stress concentration is sufficient for chain fracture. By accumulation of damage caused by gradual chain rupture the weakening of the sample locally proceeds so far that at the maximum damage concentration, microcracks start to form, and the fiber breaks.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 525-536 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic shear behavior of four highly amorphous polymers in the unstretched and stretched states (draw ratios 3:1 to 6:1) was investigated with a torsion pendulum at temperatures from 4.2°K to 180-300°K and frequencies from 0.4 to 3.2 cps. The polymers studied were polystyrene, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl propionate), and poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Previously unreported loss maxima were found at 48°K (1.5 cps) and 149°K (1.3 cps) for poly(vinyl proplonate), at 10°K (1.0 cps) for poly(vinyl acetate) and at 9°K (1.6 cps) for poly(isobutyl vinyl ether). Uniaxial orientation increased the shear storage modulus G, measured with the torsion axis parallel to the stretch direction and caused changes in the loss peaks which depended on the polymer material studied.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 551-561 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle x-ray scattering studies were made on bulk-crystallized samples and annealed oriented films of TMPS. The temperature dependence of the small-angle scattering was determined over a range of annealing conditions. The effect of sample molecular weight on the small-angle peaks was also studied. The peak intensity, measured at room temperature after annealing, was strongly dependent on the annealing conditions. The position of the peak gradually moved to smaller angles (larger d spacings) as the annealing temperature was raised. Surface free energies were deduced from the melting point dependence of the crystallite size. This surface energy was found to increase with molecular weight in accord with values deduced for spherulite growth rate-temperature dependence.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed to account for the regular twisting of radial ribbons in certain polymer spherulites. The model assumes that the ribbons have crystallographically regular fold surfaces and that growth of the ribbons is nucleation-controlled. The model leads directly to a possible mechanism of spherulitic growth in some polymers.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 659-666 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures; at larger undercoolings, however, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature in the range 109-113°C. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 675-685 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strength and extensibility of an unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizate were determined in constrained biaxial tension (essentially pure shear) by stretching thinwalled cylindrical specimens in the axial direction with an Instron tester while gas pressure was admitted to maintain constant the outside diameter of a specimen. The rupture stress, λ1b, and the extension ratio, λ1b, in the axial direction and the rupture stress, σ2b, in the circumferential direction were determined at extension rates from 0.0031 to 3.1 min-1 and temperatures from 25 to 90°C. Rupture data in simple tension were also obtained by testing ring specimens under similar test conditions. The time-temperature shift factor, aT, obtained by superposing rupture data at different temperatures, gives a constant activation energy of 35 kcal. Doubly logarithmic plots were prepared showing the dependence of σ1b/λ1b, σ2b, and λ1b from the biaxial tensile tests and of σb/λb and λb from the simple tensile tests on the temperature-reduced extension rate, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}. (The quantities σ1b/λ1b, σ2b, and σb/λb are rupture stresses based on the dimensions of undeformed specimens.) At equal values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}, the extension ratios λ1b and λb are sensibly identical. The ratios σ1b/σb and σ2b/σb, as well as λbσ2b/σb, were obtained from rupture data read from the composite curves at selected values of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \lambda a_T $\end{document}. Also, similar ratios were derived from stress data at equal extensions in biaxial and simple tension for 1.25 ≤ λ ≤ 3.0, the range comparable to that in which rupture data were obtained. A consideration of the ratios given by both the rupture and the stress data shows that the von Mises failure criterion is not applicable, although the departure is small except at the larger values of λb.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 747-747 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 750-750 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 775-782 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A statistical model for the stereospecific polymerization of vinly monomers on Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems is presented. The basic assumptions of the model are: (a) the catalytic centers are asymmetric, so that at a given catalytic center the monomer CH2=CHR is inserted into the chain with two different rates according to the two different configurations of the opening carbon atom having the R group; (b) the insertion of a monomeric unit in the growing chain is affected also by interactions with the previous monomeric unit. Isotactic, syndiotactic, atatic, or stereoblock polymers are obtained according to the relative values of the two energy parameters expressing these two effects.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 821-827 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A specimen of linear polyethylene was subjected to isothermal secondary crystallization at a series of temperatures below the primary isothermal crystallization temperature, the melting and primary crystallization stages being held constant throughout the investigation. Dilatometric measurements exhibit an S-character at low values of undercooling Tp - Ts, where Tp and Ts are, respectively, the primary and secondary crystallization temperatures, whereas at larger undercooling, an initial very rapid crystallization is followed by a very slow stage. When corrected for thermal contraction of the polymer, the net degree of secondary transformation is seen to peak at a temperature about 5°C below Tp. The S-character of the isotherms and the peaked temperature variation of degree of transformation lead to the conclusion that a large portion of the secondary crystallization consists of the nucleation and growth of the new crystallites. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami analysis leads to a model of heterogeneous nucleation within the remaining amorphous zones, followed by one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled growth.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 855-866 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heats of solution (ΔHexp) in solvents of increasing thermodynamic power have been measured for four polymers: polystyrene (PS), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), polyisobutylene (PIB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). After subtraction from ΔHexp of an interaction term (calculated by the Hildebrand treatment based on solubility parameters) and the excess volume term, the quantity remaining is interpreted as the conformational energy contribution (ΔUconf) to the heat of solution. ΔUconf appears to correlate well with some basic conformational properties of the chain, such as the sign of the temperature coefficient of unperturbed dimensions derived from solution properties, and shows a monotonic behavior with α, the expansion coefficient of the polymer coil in the final solution. Numerical values of ΔUconf, at least for those cases in which polymer solubility parameters are known with some certainty, are much larger than those evaluated from rubber elasticity experiments (through the experimentally accessible value of the energy component of the force of retraction im simple elongation).
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1101-1109 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyvinylpyridine of molecular weight 0.77 × 106 was crosslinked by 2.5, 5, and 10% BrCH2C6H4CO(CH2)8COC6H4CH2Br and by 10% ClCH2C6H4CH2Cl; quaternization of the gel was completed with n-butyl bromide. Swelling ratios in aqueous solutions of lithium, sodium, and 4-isopropyl-N-n-butylpyridinium bromide and in methanolic lithium bromide were determined. Selectivity increased in the sequence Li+ 〈Na+ 〈PrN+-C5H5. The Flory parameter χ1, which measures interaction between solvent and polymer, decreased from 1.5 kT to nearly zero with increasing density of crosslinks in the aqueous solutions, and from 3 kT to 0.5 kT in the methanol solutions. The inverse proportionality of q2/3 (q = swelling ratio) to the crosslinking density was approximately verified for swelling of the resins in water, methanol, and dimethylformamide.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1165-1186 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of linear polyethylenes (PE) of varying morphology were measured as a function of temperature. The T1 of oriented bulkcrystallized and solution-crystallized material was isotropic, in disagreement with calculations based on a sample dipole pair model. Motion in the non-crystalline regions of the samples is shown to be responsible for the T1 minimum occurring around -20°C. The dependence of T1 at the minimum on the long period reinforces the model of an amorphous fraction composed of disordered lamellar surface layers. The temperature of the T1 minimum and the dependence of T1 on the long period imply that the mobility of these amorphous regions is reduced in cold-drawn and solution-crystallized samples. This mobility irreversibly increases with annealing. In highly relaxed samples the motion of a small portion of the disordered regions is almost liquidlike, as indicated by the presence of a second shorter T1.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 963-981 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structural and steric isomerism of propylene polymers has been estimated on the basis of solution properties as well as infrared and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Three general types of polypropylenes were prepared: polymers prepared with the cationic catalytic system AlCl3-C2H5Cl, stereoblock polymers obtained by successive extraction from a commercial product and isotactic polymers of low molecular weight obtained by thermal degradation of a highly isotactic polymer followed by hydrogenation with Adam's catalyst in dioxane at 40°C. The characterization of all samples was accomplished by equilibrium ultracentrifugation, vapor-pressure osmometry, viscometry, and gel-permeation chromatography. It is found that the molecular chain of cationically prepared polymer is somewhat branched owing to structural isomerism during polymerization. Isoamyl acetate is found to be a theta solvent for stereo-block as well as for atactic and syndiotactic polymers; the theta temperature is determined as the temperature at which the light-scattering second virial coefficient A2 vanishes. A close correlation is found between the theta temperature and stereoisomerism. The absorbances of the 1154 and 974 cm-1 bands in the infrared spectra decrease with decreasing molecular weight; in addition to the mere existence of alternating CH2 and CH(CH3) groups in the polymer chain, rather long sequences of this type are required for the appearance of these bands. Changes in the absorption band at 997 cm-1 show that chains consisting of over ten isotactically connected monomer units can assume a helical conformation. From the high-resolution NMR spectra of different polypropylenes, including isotactic polymers of low molecular weight, it is found that in estimating the microstructure, account must be taken of the effects of stereoisomerism within tetrads of monomer units on the apparent widths of the methylene proton resonances. If substantial concentrations of several of the possible types of tetrads are present (i.e., if the tactic sequence lengths are quite short), then it is difficult to determine the relative amounts of tactic dyads accurately from the 100 Mcps methylene proton resonances.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1033-1057 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of double melting, as manifested by two characteristic endotherms in the melting region on a differential thermal analysis (DTA) scan, has been studied in nylon 66 and polystyrene as a function of sample treatment by annealing or drawing. A variety of techniques were used in these studies including DTA, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and mechanical testing. It is shown that the two endotherms are not caused by a bimodal crystal size distribution, by recrystallization, by orientation changes, or by phase changes. It is proposed that one endotherm is caused by the melting of foldedchain crystals, while the other is due to the melting of less perfect bundle crystals. This view is well supported by the results, especially by the DTA measurements made at different heating rates. Published data on the thermal behavior of annealed and drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) and on polyethylene crystallized at various pressures may also be explained on this basis if it is allowed that in polyethylene the chains may be more extended.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1745-1754 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The yield-stress behavior of two glassy polymers is studied through the glass transition region over a wide range of strain rates. For temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the yield stress behavior could be described as a non-Newtonian flow in agreement with Eyring's theory, if one excepts a narrow range relating to the slowest strain rates. For temperatures above Tg, the yield-stress behavior is still nonlinear but fits the relations based on the concept of free volume.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1811-1818 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A “dual sorption” model has been proposed by Michaels, Vieth, et al. to explain extensive equilibrium sorption data for several gases in some glassy polymers. To explain data on sorption kinetics, it was further postulated that one of the sorption modes immobilizes the gas molecules. Stated mathematically, this model leads to a modified form of Fick's second law. Both normal and desorption time lags for diffusion have been computed here for this model of diffusion in glassy polymers. The computed time lags are shown to be dependent on the boundary concentrations used in permeation. Experimental measurement of these time lags would be a sensitive and critical test to ascertain the validity of this theory.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1863-1882 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl methacrylate) tensile bars were prepared containing nearly spherical polytetrafluoroethylene particles in concentrations from one to a thousand particles per gauge length of the bars. Particle diameters varied from 0.0035 to 0.018 in. Exhaustive tensile tests were performed at sufficiently high strain rate to assure brittle fracture and the results analyzed statistically by the theory of extreme values as proposed by Epstein. The results suggested that the polytetrafluoroethylene particles themselves did not act as flaws, but that they intensified the stress field on natural flaws which acted as the origin of fracture. Assuming a Laplace distribution as the underlying distribution of tensile strength (not to be confused with observed distribution of tensile strengths) gave predicted fracture statistics in good agreement with experiment.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1937-1954 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The distribution of molecular weights in realistic free-radical polymerizations with branching was analyzed theoretically. Series solutions were obtained for the fraction of molecules with r repeating units and the number of branch points contained in molecules with r repeating units. Branching by transfer processes was found to increase the proportion of both high and low molecular weight components in the system. The apportioning of branch points among r-mer molecules was shown to be somewhat narrower than a Poisson distribution. The major difference between the calculated distributions and previous model distributions for branched systems was the absence of discontinuities in the moments at all levels of branching.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1983-1986 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 87
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2005-2018 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The problem of the structural theory of macromolecular networks is formulated and discussed in general terms. The conditions required for a system to become a homogeneous macromolecular network are defined and discussed. Networks are divided according to the nature of their junctions into three classes: energetic (with chemical or quasi-chemical crosslinks), topological (with entangled chains), and contact (with frictional interactions). The main features of these three classes are discussed. A distribution density function ψ describing the configurations of macromolecules in network systems is introduced. The phase space of variables is 4(N + 1)-dimensional and includes the coordinates of (N + 1) vectors hi joining the adjacent network junctions and (N + 1) contour lengths li of the network chains. The system of simultaneous equations required for the determination of the function ψ includes the equation of continuity, kinematic equations for the deformation velocity of the individual junctions, the force balance equation needed for the determination of sliding rates li, kinetic equations for the processes of junction breakage and reformation, and the equilibrium distribution of network junctions defining the initial conditions for the distribution function ψ.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2061-2072 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Extended-chain crystals of high molecular weight polymethylene, a polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution, and three fractions of polyethylene were grown from the melt under elevated pressure. Comparison of the crystal size distribution in the molecular chain direction (measured on fracture surfaces by electron microscopy) with the molecular weight distribution (measured by gel-permeation chromatography) gave the following results. Up to molecular weight 10,000 all samples showed eutectic separation into fully extended chain crystals of narrow molecular weight distribution. Above molecular weight 10,000 mixed crystals were formed. Under the chosen crystallization conditions larger chain extension was achieved with higher molecular weights. However, an increase in molecular weight by a factor of 1000 led only to a tenfold increase in chain extension. These facts are discussed in the light of a proposed mechanism of crystal growth.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2115-2138 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Kuhn-Grün theory for the birefringence and dichroism of rubbery polymers is extended to the case of copolymers consisting of two or more statistical segments of differing lengths. It is shown that the previous equations are applicable provided that the anisotropy of polarizabilities and absorptions are replaced with suitable averages in which the segment anisotropies are weighted by the squares of their segment lengths. This indicates that the stress-optical coefficient will not generally vary linearly with composition. The orientation measured from the dichroism of bands arising from different segments will be different.
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  • 90
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2142-2143 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2141-2142 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of determining the distribution of branching in polydisperse polymer samples is proposed. This method uses data from concurrent gel permeation chromatography and sedimentation-velocity experiments. Tedious fractionation, which must precede other methods of determining long-chain branching, is eliminated. An example of use of the method on the data of a sample of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 87-104 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper reports an electron microscopy study of the morphology of crystals of poly(vinylidene chloride) prepared under a variety of conditions and of the carbons resulting from the pyrolysis of the polymer. The structure of the polymer carbons prepared under conditions such that the polymer does not pass through a plastic phase is closely related to the morphology of the original polymer. The shapes of the crystals and of the crystal pseudomorphs are indexed in terms of the unit cell proposed by Narita and Okuda. Morphological studies of this kind are important in discussing the graphitizability of polymer carbons, their mechanical properties and pore structure, and the kinetics of the dehydrochlorination reaction.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization of FEP Teflon and nylon 6 melts against high energy surfaces (i.e., gold) produce an interfacial region, in these polymers, of high mechanical strength. Dissolution of the metal substrate rather than removal by mechanical means results in a polymer surface which is amenable to conventional structural adhesive bonding. Nucleation and crystallization of the polymer melts in contact with phases of low surface energy (e.g., vapor) result in the generation of weak boundary layers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: NO ABSTRACT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 497-513 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Triplet → singlet energy transfer in nylon 66 film (donor) dyed with proflavine (acceptor) is demonstrated by a decrease of the nylon phosphoresence lifetime and an increase in the proflavine delayed fluorescence/nylon phosphoresence ratio with increasing proflavine concentration. Although the observed donor phosphorescence decay is apparently exponential, the transfer is probably via a long-range dipole-dipole (Förster) interaction, rather than by triplet exciton migration. Arguments are advanced to support this view. Proflavine delayed fluorescence produced by a direct excitation process is also observed. The decay time for this process is roughly an order of magnitude less than that for the sensitized process. All emission intensities are shown to vary linearly with exciting light intensity. Finally, temperature dependence of proflavine delayed fluorescence under different excitation conditions is shown. The efficiency of direct excitation process increases markedly near -50°C as the temperature is increased; the sensitized delayed fluorescence intensity follows that of the nylon phosphorescence with increasing temperature, as expected.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 587-592 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 601-608 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperatures Tg of several fluorine-containing polymers were determined by use of the differential scanning calorimeter. Values between -3 and 230°C were obtained. In polymers of α-olefins, Tg increases with the fluorine content of the backbone and the length of the n-perfluoroalkyl branch. In styrene polymers Tg also is higher if the backbone contains fluorine but nearly the same Tg's are found for polymers with phenyl and pentafluorophenyl groups. Saturated polymers of perfluoro-α,ω-dienes have lower Tg's than polyperfluoro-α-olefins. The Tg's of chloroperfluoropolymers are higher than those of perfluoropolymers. Polyperfluoropentadiene-1,3 has the lowest Tg of the polymers examined. Polyperfluoropentadiene-1,3 forms by 1,4-addition.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 667-674 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, yarns have been heated for 1 min in silicone oil. The resulting samples were studied by x-ray diffraction and mechanical properties were measured. The results suggest that drawn PET consists of highly extended molecules essentially parallel to one another, with few folds present. On heating, chain folding occurs. This model is very similar to that proposed by Dismore and Statton for drawn nylon 66 yarns.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 143-151 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical discussion is presented on the mechanisms by which an isolated pulsating air bubble in a viscoelastic solid dissipates its energy. The analysis is limited to the situation where the amplitude of motion is assumed to be sufficiently small that the stress strain relations may be described by linear equations with convected differentiation replaced by ∂/∂t. The theoretical thermal, radiation, and viscous damping constants are calculated for resonant air bubbles in unvulcanized natural rubber; however, the results are typical of elastomers in general.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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