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  • 1985-1989  (58)
  • 1955-1959  (4)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1820-1829
  • Brassica napus
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Spontaneous androgenesis ; Erucic acid content ; Flower colour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seeds of androgenetic origin were obtained among the F1 progenies of two crosses between resynthesized and cultivated forms of Brassica napus. The high-erucic, white-flowered, resynthesized line No7076 acted as the female, and the zero-erucic, yellow-flowered, cultivars ‘Topas’ and ‘Puma’, as males. No androgenetic seeds were obtained in the reciprocal crosses. Resynthesized rape could thus be of potential use for the production of androgenetic plants. Of special interest is the high frequency (21%) of spontaneous androgenesis observed in one of the two crosses. One plant, determined from erucic acid content and flower colour analysis as androgenetic, had a diploid chromosome number. Further knowledge about the genetic control of spontaneous androgenesis in the present material and the origin of the cytoplasm in androgenetic plants are required in order to exploit this phenomenon in practical plant breeding.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 8 (1989), S. 303-306 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Ti plasmid ; Virulence ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus and Brassica juncea were infected with a number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. Tumourigenesis was very rapid and extremely efficient on B. juncea with all but one of the strains. Tumourigenesis on B. napus varied widely. It was very efficient with the nopaline strains, was reduced with the succinamopine strain A281 and was very weak with the octopine strains. The latter observation was confirmed with six different B. napus rapeseed cultivars. The selectivity was due to differences in the virulence of Ti plasmids with B. napus, rather than the tumourigenicity of the T-DNA or virulence of the chromosomal genes associated with the strains. An exception was strain LBA4404. The virulence of the octopine strains was increased by coinfection with more virulent disarmed strains and by induction with acetosyringone.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 489-494 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Microspore culture ; Spontaneous diploids ; Erucic acid ; Inheritance ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The levels of erucic acid and other fatty acids in seeds of microspore-derived spontaneous diploid plants from crosses between low and high erucic acid parents were examined. The analysis confirmed that erucic acid is simply inherited and is determined by two genes that act in an additive manner. The effects of the genes for erucic acid on the levels of the other fatty acids was also determined and many significant correlations were found. In particular, erucic acid levels were negatively correlated with oleic acid and linoleic acid levels. The study also illustrates several advantages of using haploidy to analyze the inheritance of agronomically important traits. In particular, the number of phenotypic classes is smaller in androgenic populations and differences between classes are greater than in an F2 population.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra ; Somatic hybrids ; Resistance to Phoma lingam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus and B. nigra were combined via protoplast fusion into the novel hybrid Brassica naponigra. The heterokaryons were identified by fluorescent markers and selected by flow sorting. Thirty hybrid plants were confirmed by isozyme analysis to contain both B. nigra and B. napus chromosomes; of these, 20 plants had the sum of the parental chromosome numbers. A non-random segregation of the chloroplasts was found in the hybrids. Of 14 hybrid plants investigated, all had the B. napus type of chloroplast. The resistance to Phoma lingam found in the B. nigra cultivar used in the fusion experiments was expressed in 26 of the hybrid plants. The hybrids obtained in this study contain all of the three Brassica genomes (A, B and C) and have thus created unique possibilities for genetic exchanges between the genomes. Since most of the plants were fertile as well as resistant to P. lingam, they have been incorporated into conventional rapeseed breeding programs.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 721-728 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Introgression ; Adaptation to short day ; Photo-insensitivity ; Oligogenic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among the oleiferous Brassicas, B. napus has the highest seed and oil productivity. As it is a species adapted to the temperate regions, its spring type is either unable to flower or flowers too late in the short — day winter (rabi) season of the subtropics. B. napus (genome AACC) is an amphidiploid between B. campestris (AA) and B. oleracea (CC), and shares one genome with the other allotetraploids B. juncea (AABB) and B. carinata (BBCC). While B. napus lacks ecotypes adapted to the subtropics, the other four species are well represented in this climatic zone. Reciprocal crosses with or without one direct backcross to B. napus have been carried out with the intention of transfering short-day adaptability. The aim was to introgress the A genome of carefully selected early representatives of B. campestris and B. juncea with the corresponding genome in B. napus, and similary the C genome from B. oleracea and B. carinata with the analogous genome in B. napus. B. campestris, B. juncea and the clearly later species, B. oleracea var ‘alboglabra’ and B. carinata, seem to be almost equally effective in introgressing the appropriate earliness necessary for growth in Bangladesh. One backcross sligthly delayed segregation of early types. Convergent crosses did not result in the transgression of earliness, which was unexpected since the inheritance of flowering and maturity indicated a polygenic regulation. This result is partly explained by assuming dominant oligogenic control of the photoperiodic response. Introgression of earliness with the C genome doesn't seem to be necessarily related with the earliness of the donor species. Intergenomic interactions may be important. Interesting new lines were selected with high yield. Thus there is a good probability that Bangladesh will have a new oil crop. As these lines were observed to be early in Sweden as well, they could potentially push rapseed cultivation further north in temperate regions where the growing period is limited by short summers.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Agrobacterium-transformation ; Asymmetric protoplast fusion ; Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary With the idea to develop a selection system for asymmetric somatic hybrids between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and black mustard (B. nigra), the marker gene hygromycin resistance was introduced in this last species by protoplast transformation with the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 pGV 3850 HPT. The B. nigra lines used for transformation had been previously selected for resistance to two important rape pathogens (Phoma lingam, Plasmodiophora brassicae). Asymmetric somatic hybrids were obtained through fusion of X-ray irradiated (mitotically inactivated) B. nigra protoplasts from transformed lines as donor with intact protoplasts of B. napus, using the hygromycin resistance as selection marker for fusion products. The somatic hybrids hitherto obtained expressed both hygromycin phosphotransferase and nopaline synthase genes. Previous experience with other plant species had demonstrated that besides the T-DNA, other genes of the donor genome can be co-transferred. In this way, the produced hybrids constitute a valuable material for studying the possibility to transfer agronomically relevant characters — in our case, diseases resistances — through asymmetric protoplast fusion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Protoplast fusion ; Triazine resistance ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of leaf protoplasts from an inbred line of Brassica oleracea ssp. botrytis (cauliflower, n=9) carrying the Ogura (R1) male sterile cytoplasm with hypocotyl protoplasts of B. campestris ssp. oleifera (cv “Candle”, n=10) carrying an atrazine-resistant (ATR) cytoplasm resulted in the production of synthetic B. napus (n=19). Thirty-four somatic hybrids were produced; they were characterized for morphology, phosphoglucose isomerase isoenzymes, ribosomal DNA hybridization patterns, chromosome numbers, and organelle composition. All somatic hybrids carried atrazine-resistant chloroplasts derived from B. campestris. The mitochondrial genomes in 19 hybrids were examined by restriction endonuclease and Southern blot analyses. Twelve of the 19 hybrids contained mitochondria showing novel DNA restriction patterns; of these 12 hybrids, 5 were male sterile and 7 were male fertile. The remaining hybrids contained mitochondrial DNA that was identical to that of the ATR parent and all were male fertile.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Microspore and anther culture comparison ; Androgenic lines ; Days to flower ; Days to maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A direct comparison of microspore culture and anther culture was made in Brassica napus using F1 crosses of Regent (canola) by Golden (rapeseed), and their reciprocals, as well as a hybrid between Reston and a highly embryogenic, canola-quality breeding line (G231) as donor plants. The study confirmed that microspore culture can be ten times more efficient than anther culture for embryo production. Embryo yields from cultures initiated from the Reston x G231 were four-fold greater than those initiated from the Regent x Golden crosses, and significant differences were also detected among cultures initiated from the different Regent x Golden crosses. These results illustrate the influence that donor plant genotype has on embryo production. However, superior embryogenic potential among donor material was not always coincident with superior plant production. The average haploid-todiploid ratio in microspore-derived regenerates was 2∶1 for the population obtained from the Regent x Golden crosses but 1∶1 for the Reston x G231 cross. For both types of material, the frequency of diploids increased upon repeated cycles of explanting. A field study showed that there were no differences between the populations of anther-derived and microspore-derived spontaneous diploid and doubled haploid lines, with respect to the days required for them to flower or to mature. The information is valuable for canola breeding programs considering the use of haploidy.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Transgenic ; Heavy metal tolerance ; Human metallothionein gene ; Ti-plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A chimeric gene containing a cloned human metallothionein-II (MT-II) processed gene was introduced into Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum cells on a disarmed Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants expressed MT protein as a Mendelian trait and in a constitutive manner. Seeds from self-fertilized transgenic plants were germinated on media containing toxic levels of cadmium and scored for tolerance/ susceptibility to this heavy metal. The growth of root and shoot of transformed seedlings was unaffected by up to 100 μM CdCl2, whereas control seedlings showed severe inhibition of root and shoot growth and chlorosis of leaves. The results of these experiments indicate that agriculturally important plants such as B. napus can be genetically engineered for heavy metal tolerance/sequestration and eventually for partitioning of heavy metals in non-consumed plant tissues.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 793-797 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Rapeseed ; Fatty acid composition ; Linolenic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results from a diallel mating of two rapeseed lines with distinctly different linolenic acid concentration show that this trait is mainly under control of nuclear genes of the embryo. However, significant differences in reciprocal F1, BC1 and BC2 indicate maternal control, which is realized by interaction between maternal genotype and nuclear genes of the embryo. Additionally, temperature exerts considerable influence on the degree of maternal control. Since no reciprocal differences are detectable in F2, cytoplasmic factors seem not to be involved in the inheritance of linolenic acid concentration. Hypotheses on the physiological nature of maternal control of this trait are discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Vegetative cell ; Microbodies ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the vegetative cell ofBrassica napus tricellular pollen grains, just before anthesis with standard chemical fixation, is reported. The vegetative cell may be regarded as a highly differentiated and metabolically active fat-storage cell. It contains many mitochondria with a well developed internal membrane system, starchless plastids, microbodies, lipid bodies, dictyosomes and numerous vesicles thought to originate from the dictysomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum organized in stacks of cisternae is also spatially associated with certain organelles, mainly lipid bodies, microbodies and plastids. There are also randomly distributed polyribosome areas. The microbodies are mainly polymorphic in shape and are often observed in contact with lipid bodies. The above spatial relationship implies that the microbodies may have a glyoxysomal function. In the late period of vegetative cell maturation, the microbodies are probably involved in the process of glyconeogenesis in which the conversion of lipid reserves to sugar takes place.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cell division ; Male germ unit ; Pollen ; Sperm cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The association of the two sperm cells inBrassica napus pollen following the generative cell division was investigated. The generative cell during division is located in the center of the pollen grain, within the vegetative cell. The space present between the two cells is slightly irregular as seen following standard glutaraldehyde fixation. After completion of mitosis vesicles appear in the equatorial plane, coalescing centripetally to form a cell plate which fuses with the membrane of the generative cell, dividing it in two sperm cells. They are isolated from the vegetative cell by the space between the two cell membranes and are separated from each other by a similar space resulting from the cell plate formed during cytokinesis.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Acetolactate synthase ; DNA sequence ; Brassica napus ; Oilseed rape ; Herbicide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An acetolactate synthase gene was isolated and characterized from Brassica napus. This B. napus acetolactate synthase gene encodes a deduced polypeptide sequence of 637 amino acids which is 85% homologous to the corresponding proposed gene product from Arabidopsis thaliana. Peptide domains recently associated with herbicide resistance/sensitivity are conserved between the two sequences. From Southern analysis we conclude that the gene isolated is one member of a multigene acetolactate synthase gene family comprising four or five members. A probe spanning the presumptive transit peptide sequence of this gene was shown by Southern analysis to hybridize to a unique sequence in the B. napus genome. This unique probe was used to analyse DNA from B. campestris and B. oleracea, the presumed progenitors of B. napus. On the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism, we conclude that the B. napus gene isolated here originated in B. campestris. Total acetolactate synthase-homologous transcripts were analysed in a variety of B. napus tissues, and showed preferential accumulation in rapidly growing material. The genomic clone was mutated in vitro at codon 173 to replace a proline residue with serine. This was re-introduced into plants, using Agrobacterium vectors, producing a herbicide-resistant phenotype which is characteristic of the predicted gene product.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diplotaxis erucoides ; Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; ovary culture ; intergeneric hybridization ; cytogenetics ; addition lines ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids (F1) Diplotaxis erucoides (DeDe) x Brassica napus (AACC) and the first backcross to B. napus (BC1) have been obtained through in vitro culture of excised ovaries. The chromosome numbers of F1 and BC1 plants proved the occurrence of unreduced gametes. The study of metaphase I chromosome pairing showed that autosyndesis in De genome and allosyndesis between De and A/C genomes might exist. The male fertility of the F1 plants was low. Some male-sterile plants were found in F1 and BC1 progeny. The possibilities of creating addition lines B. napus-D. erucoides and of obtaining a new cytoplasmic male sterility in B. napus are discussed.
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  • 15
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; swede breeding ; inter-plot competition ; dry-matter yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were done to evaluate the use of single-row plots for assessing dry-matter yield of swedes. In the first experiment the correlation between the dry-matter yields of 20 cultivars in unguarded single-row plots and those in guarded double-row plots was poor (r=0.39). It was improved (r=0.58) by adjusting the single-row plot fresh-weight yields for inter-plot competition, through an analysis of covariance in which the covariate was the mean of the adjacent plot yields, and then estimating the pure stand dry-matter yields. However, the correlation was still lower than that between unguarded double-row plots and the guarded double-row plots (r=0.73), and this latter correlation was also improved (r=0.82) by adjusting the fresh-weight yields of the unguarded plots for inter-plot competition. The second experiment provided an explanation for the partial success of the covariance adjustment. The individual neighbour effects of six cultivars were determined. Doon Major and Ruta Øtofte decreased the yields of adjacent cultivars whereas Dryden and Melfort increased them. Angela and Magres had little effect. The correlation between the dry-matter yield neighbour effects of cultivars and their fresh-weight yields was high (r=−0.81), but not complete. So although competitive ability was associated with root fresh-weight yield, other factors must also be involved. It was concluded that a two-replicate trial with unguarded double-row plots is preferable to a four-replicate trial with unguarded single-row plots for dry-matter yield assessment of early generation families in a pedigree swede breeding programme.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; forage rape ; swedes ; self-incompatibility ; S-genes ; hybrid breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed set after self-pollination confirmed that 19 lines of Brassica napus were self-incompatible. Eight lines, H, J, Q, W, X, K, P and Z, were fully cross-compatible. Line R was cross-compatible with these lines but often had a low seed set as female parent. These results are consistent with the activity of nine distinct S-alleles. Line S was cross-incompatible with K, as was V with P, and F with Z. With each of the lines A, E, B, O, G, L and M at least one reciprocal difference was found so that the number of additional distinct S-alleles could not be inferred, but there must be a minimum of seven. Pollen tube counts of intra- and inter-line pollinations using M, B and X confirmed the homozygosity of these lines with respect to self-incompatibility status and the presence of non-reciprocal compatibility between M and B. The results are interpreted in terms of the activity of both B. oleracea and B. campestris S-loci and the implications for hybrid breeding are discussed.
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  • 17
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interactions of nine S-gene lines of Brassica napus were examined. Seven different S-genes were involved in the crosses, with three lines of different origin having the same S-gene. In general, the reactions on selfing the heterozygotes were as expected from the results of test crosses with the homozygous parent lines. All types of dominance relationships were found, including reversal of dominance in pollen and pistil. Weakening of activity of one or both genes was found in several cases. Background genotype was found have to some effect and reciprocal differences in reactions were also observed.
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  • 18
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 17 (1989), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; spring cultivars ; protoplast culture ; plant regeneration ; cultivar variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplast cultures were prepared from hypocotyls of ten spring rapeseed cultivars. Protoplasts from all genotypes tested formed calli, and shoots were regenerated from calli of nine of the genotypes at frequencies varying from 15 to 76%. The regenerating cultivars fell into a high regenerating group (〉60% and a low regenerating group 〈25%).
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  • 19
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; organogenesis ; plantlet formation ; regeneration ; root segments ; shoot bud differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Root segments obtained from aseptically germinated seedlings of Brassica napus cv. Westar were used to optimize conditions for high-frequency shoot bud differentiation. The presence of low kinetin (0.5 μM) and relatively high indole-butyric acid (1.0 μM) levels facilitated optimum shoot bud differentiation. Modified MS medium (MMS) was superior to the other three basal media tested (MS, B5 and White's). Elevated sodium dihydrogen phosphate levels increased the differentiation of shoot buds. Increasing or decreasing the level of sucrose from 3% reduced the frequency of explants forming shoot buds. Addition of glutamine enhanced both the frequency of responding explants, as well as the number of shoots per responding explant. Root segments from 13-day-old seedlings produced the highest response (58%) in the presence of 100 mg l-1 glutamine. The position of the segment on the main root, size, and the presence or absence of lateral roots altered the morphogenic response. Sealing of the donor seedling cultures with Parafilm® instead of Stretch' n seal® resulted in a higher production of shoot buds, although root segment cultures were not affected by the type of sealing. Spontaneous rooting occurred on all developed shoots.
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  • 20
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    Methods in cell science 12 (1989), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: microinjection ; genetic transformation ; protoplasts ; microspores ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes a general method suitable for the microinjection ofBrassica napus protoplasts, unicellular microspores, and multicellular microspores. By incorporating components taken from other methods, manual operations frequently involved in the microinjection of plant cells have been simplified and microinjection rates increased. The embedding of cells in agarose provides a simple alternative to the variety of sophisticated immobilization strategies devised for different plant cell types thereby reducing the manipulations often involved in the culture of microinjected cells. Use of an automatic microinjector eliminated the operation of fine control systems on manual injectors; however, precision in sample delivery was reduced. Analyses indicate that transformed tissues can be recovered from microinjected protoplasts and microspores at high frequencies.
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  • 21
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Ca uptake ; cation-anion balance ; rock phosphate ; split pot experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rape and sunflower were compared with respect to their rock phosphate mobilizing capacities, cationanion balance and uptake of Ca and NO3 at P-starvation. Rape was able to mobilize P from rock phosphate, whereas sunflower was not. When grown on a complete nutrient solution with NO3 as the only nitrogen source, both species took up more nutrient anions than cations. Withholding phosphate from the nutrient solution did not change the uptake pattern of rape, but sunflower took up more nutrient cations than anions at P-starvation, due to a strong decline in NO3 uptake. With both species, Ca uptake was not affected by phosphate in the nutrient solution. In split pot experiments, with rock phosphate supplied spatially separated from other nutrients, rape was still able to mobilize rock phosphate. A high Ca concentration had no effect on this capacity. The results indicated that in our experiments rock phosphate mobilization by rape was not associated with an excess of cation over anion uptake and neither with a high Ca uptake rate.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar plate technique ; Brassica napus ; citric acid ; malic acid ; phosphate nutrition ; rhizosphere acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Local rhizosphere acidification by rape as a reaction to P-starvation was visualized by means of an agar plate technique. By means of a modification of this technique local differences in cation-anion uptake and organic acid exudation along intact roots of rape were observed for plants grown on nutrient solution with or without added P. No differences in uptake rates of K-, NO3- and Ca-ions could be detected between P-starved and P-supplied plants. However, exudation of malic and citric acid was distinctly higher in acidified root zones of P-starved plants, coinciding with higher levels of malate in the corresponding root tissue. Organic acid exudation is indicates as the cause of local rhizosphere acidification by rape as a reaction to P-starvation and as a possible mechanism of its phosphate-solubilizing capacity.
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  • 23
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 19 (1989), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; B. oleracea ; rapid-cycling brassica populations ; protoplasts ; regeneration ; maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from aseptic shoot cultures of commercial cultivars ofBrassica napus, B. oleracea andB. campestris, and from the six ‘rapid-cycling brassica species’. Of the rapid-cycling species, onlyB. napus responded well to the culture conditions used; 2% of protoplasts formed calli and up to 5% of calli regenerated shoots. Regeneration was also achieved from commercial cultivars ofB. napus andB. oleracea. For these two species the plating density, time of dilution with fresh medium and the composition of the shoot-inducing medium were all found to have an important influence on the efficiency of plant regeneration. Both responded better to maltose than to sucrose-based media. Under the optimum conditionsB. napus showed a plating efficiency of 7.8% and shooting efficiency of 17%; forB. oleracea the figures were 2% and 56%, respectively.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Polypeptides ; Temperature ; Restoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polypeptides were extracted from stamens of a rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivar, Regent, a near isogenic male-sterile line, Polima-R7 (Pol-R7), and a high-temperature-restored malefertile Pol-R7 (TR) and subsequently separated by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Four variable polypeptides with a pI around 6 were observed. Two stamen polypeptides (40000 Da, 38000 Da) were unique to Regent, and the other two (32000 Da, 30000 Da) were unique to the male-sterile Pol-R7. When the male-sterile Pol-R7 was treated with day/night temperatures of 30°/24° C for 7–10 days prior to flowering, both polypeptides unique to Regent reappeared, while the smaller polypeptides disappeared. Temperature-restored male-fertile Pol-R7 (TR) produced fertile pollen, while its short stamen filaments resembled those of the male-sterile Pol-R7. These changes in protein expression may be causally related to the CMS phenotype.
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  • 25
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 438-445 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Rapeseed ; Transformation ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Ti plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of thin cell layer explants (Klimaszewska and Keller 1985) yielded large numbers of transgenic plants of a major Canadian rapeseed cultivar Brassica napus ssp. oleifera cv Westar. The morphology and fertility of these plants were indistinguishable from controls. The Ti plasmid vector, pGV3850 (Zambryski et al. 1983) was used as a cis vector and as a helper plasmid for the binary vector pBin19 (Bevan 1984). Selectable marker genes that conferred resistance to high levels of kanamycin (Km) on Nicotiana tabacum were less efficient in the selection of transgenic B. napus. At low levels of Km (15 μg/ml) large numbers of transgenic plants (50%) were identified among the regenerants by nopaline synthase activity and several of these were confirmed by Southern blot analyses. Only a small number were resistant to higher levels of Km (80 μg/ml). Preliminary analyses indicated that resistance to Km was transmitted to the selfed progeny. Chimeric chloramphenicol acetyl transferase genes were ineffective biochemical markers in transgenic B. napus.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Oilseed rape ; Genetransfer ; Seed storage protein gene ; Tissue-specific expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetically transformed plants of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) were obtained from hypocotyl expiants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens vectors. Hypocotyl explants were inoculated with disarmed or oncogenic A. tumefaciens strains, EHA101 and A281, and then cultured on media containing kanamycin. The A. tumefaciens strains harbored a binary vector, which contained a neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene driven by the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus and an engineered napin (seed storage protein) gene with its own promoter (300 nucleotides 5′ to the start of translation). Transformation of B. napus plants was confirmed by detection of NPT II enzyme activity, Southern blot analysis and inheritance of the kanamycin-resistance trait (NPT II gene) in the progeny. Expression of the engineered napin gene in embryos but not in leaves of transgenic plants was observed by Northern analysis. These data demonstrate that morphologically normal, fertile transgenic B. napus plants can be obtained using Agrobacterium as a gene vector and that developmentally regulated expression of reintroduced genes can be achieved.
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  • 27
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 546-552 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica hirta ; Somatic hybridization ; mtDNA ; ctDNA ; rDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and B. hirta (or Sinapis alba) is described. No cybrid plant with B. napus nucleus exhibiting cytoplasmic male sterility was recovered. Somatic hybrids were identified morphologically and, for some of them, by cytological observations. They were also characterised by Southern hybridization of nuclear rDNA. Chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis showed that 2 plants out of 14 have B. hirta ctDNA, one the B. napus mtDNA and the other a hybrid. Nine possess B. napus ctDNA with a hybrid mtDNA. For six of them, mtDNA patterns present novel bands, suggesting intergenomic recombination during fusion. These hybrids will be included in the breeding program.
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  • 28
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 833-840 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Brassica campestris ; Brassica oleracea ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of creating a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map in Brassica species was assessed by screening EcoRI-, HindIII-, or EcoRV-digested total genomic DNA from several accessions of B. campestris, B. oleracea, and B. napus using random genomic DNA clones from three Brassica libraries as hybridization probes. Differences in restriction fragment hybridization patterns occurred at frequencies of 95% for comparisons of accessions among species, 79% for comparisons of accessions among subspecies within species, and 70% for comparisons among accessions within subspecies. In addition, species differences in the level of hybridization were noted for some clones. The high degree of polymorphism found even among closely related Brassica accessions indicates that RFLP analysis will be a very useful tool in genetic, taxonomic, and evolutionary studies of the Brassica genus. Development of RFLP linkage maps is now in progress.
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  • 29
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Somatic hybridization ; Triazine tolerance ; Chloroplast segregation ; RFLP-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Hypocotyl protoplasts of 45 different genotypes of German winter oilseed rape Brassica napus L. (double zero quality: high in yield, seeds low in erucic acid and glucosinolate content) were regenerated to plants. Triazine/triazinone (tri)-tolerant chloroplasts of the Canadian spring oilseed rape variety OAC Triton were introduced into some winter oilseed rapes by means of protoplast fusion. X-ray irradiation was used to limit the transfer of nuclear DNA of Triton protoplasts and to promote the selective transfer of tri-tolerant chloroplasts. Regenerated “cybrid” plants survived a treatment rate of 1000 g/ha metribuzin. The presence and segregation of the tri-tolerant chloroplasts in winter oilseed rape plants, regenerated from fusion products and their progeny, was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Our results indicate that chloroplast segregation was not completed in plants regnerated from fusion products derived from X-irradiated OAC Triton mesophyll protoplasts and German winter oilseed rape hypocotyl protoplasts. In regenerants and their progeny both chloroplast types can still be present. Chloroplasts derived from wintertype protoplasts can outcompete tritolerant chloroplasts during plant development. In some instances, even progeny plants not kept under selective conditions (metribuzin) lost tri-tolerant chloroplasts. A homogenous population of tri-tolerant chloroplasts was necessary to obtain stable tri-tolerant winter oilseed rape plants.
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  • 30
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Chloroplast genome ; Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterial transformation ; Plasmid stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus (cv. “Triton”) chloroplast (cp) DNA BamHI gragments were inserted into a bacteria-cyanobacteria shuttle vector pCB4. The chloroplast genomic library was screened in Escherichia coli and 28 individual clones, which represent 94% of the total chloroplast genome, were isolated. Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 was transformed with each member of the clone bank by selection for ampicillin resistance. A study of transformation efficiency showed dramatic variation (up to 200-fold) among recombinant clones. Furthermore, plasmid DNA reisolated from some cyanobacterial transformants exhibited instability. Variations in transformation efficiency and plasmid instability were shown to be DNA sequence specific. B. napus cpDNA clones were thus classified into three types according to their stability in the cyanobacterial host.
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  • 31
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    Protoplasma 147 (1988), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Pollen development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Populations of highly homogeneous uninucleate and binucleate microspores ofBrassica napus cv. Topas were obtained by bud selection and percoll fractionation. The development of the uninucleate and the binucleate microspores in culture was compared to thosein vivo using the fluorochrome DAPI to stain DNA. The major developmental pathway of the uninucleate microsporesin vitro resulted in embryo formation. The characteristic of this pathway was that the first division produced two diffusely stained nuclei and subsequent divisions gave rise to a multinucleate embryoid. The second pathway which occurred in a small number of the uninucleate microspores led to callus formation. The majority of the binucleate microsporesin vitro followed the developmental pattern of their counterpartsin vivo and were not embryogenic. The embryogenic binucleate microspores produced embryos through the divisions of the vegetative nucleus.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; H ion efflux ; nitrate accumulation ; nitrate reductase ; phosphate nutrition ; xylem exudation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Levels of nitrate reductase activity (N.R.A.) were measured in shoots and roots of P sufficient and P deficient rape plants and changes in N.R.A. examined in relation to the onset of H ion efflux from the roots. Rates of xylem exudation were measured and the sap analysed for nitrate, amino-N and phosphate content. The optimum concentration of phosphate in the leaves for N.R.A. was about 0.7%. Both high and low concentrations of phosphate within the leaves inhibited N.R.A in those leaves. This inhibition of N.R.A led to the accumulation of nitrate in the older parts of the shoots of P sufficient plants. Less accumulation of nitrate occurred in the P deficient plants since nitrate uptake by the plants decreased before any fall in N.R.A. Xylem exudation rates halved within 18 hours of depriving the plants of phosphate, and, since the composition of the sap remained constant, this indicated a reduced flux of nitrate into the xylem. The rate of xylem exudation continued to fall and by the end of the experiment was approximately one tenth of the rate in the P sufficient plants. The onset of H ion efflux from the terminal portions of the root preceded any effect on N.R.A by 2 days.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; cation-anion balance ; H ion efflux ; phosphate nutrition ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in pH around the roots of young rape plants were studied using a nutrient film technique which allowed either part or all of the root system to be subjected to specific nutrient treatments. The rapidity and direction of change of pH was assessed by embedding absorbing roots in a thin layer of agar containing bromocresol purple. Measurements were also made with a pH microelectrode placed next to the roots. Phosphate-fed plants were deprived of phosphate when 14 days old. Patterns of pH changes round the deprived roots were the same as with phosphate-fed plants until the plants had been deprived of P for three days, when H ion efflux started in the terminal portions of the roots. The lengths of root producing acid and amounts of H ion both increased as the plants became more P deficient. Both P fed and P deprived roots produced HCO3 ions but the net amount of HCO3 ion produced by the P deficient roots fell as did nitrate uptake rates. Cation-anion balances measured at the end of the experiment showed that uptake of all anions and K decreased in the P deprived plants but uptake of Ca and Mg were little altered. This resulted in a smaller ratio of anions to cations absorbed which was reflected in the reduced HCO3 ion efflux.
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  • 34
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    Euphytica 37 (1988), S. 275-278 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; swedes ; vernalisation ; flowering time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of pre-vernalisation growth (pre-growth) period on time of flowering was examined in four lines of swedes. No effect was found with the line from cv. Marian. The lines from cvs. Ruta Øtofte and Bangholm Wilby showed increases in time to flowering with increased pre-growth period; maximum delay occurred with 4 wk and 6 wk pre-growth, respectively. Most plants from a line of cv. Criffel showed no effects, but a small proportion did show long delays with pre-growth.
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  • 35
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    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: autoradiography ; Brassica napus ; Gossypium hirsutum ; macrostructured soil ; phosphorus depletion ; rhizosphere ; root hair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One rape (Brassica napus cv. Wesroona) plant and four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Sicot 3) plants were grown in plastic cells containing soil labelled with 407 kBq of33P g−1 soil. After 5–8 days of growth, the33P depletion zones of all plants were autoradiographed and33P uptake by plants was measured. The autoradiographs were scanned with a microdensitometer and the optical densities at several places within the33P depletion zones of roots were obtained. The volume of soil explored by root hairs was estimated from measurements of root diameters and lengths of roots and root hairs. About half of the total33P depleted by cotion roots came from outside the root hair cylinder whereas most of33P taken up by rape was from within the root hair cylinder. Plants grown in a macrostructured soil may have roots growing in voids, within aggregates or on the surfaces of aggregates. The results of this study demonstrate that root hairs have a strong influence on the accessibility of phosphorus to roots in such a soil, and thus on the phosphorus nutrition of plants.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; protoplasts ; Ficoll ; agarose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method is described for regenerating callus from mesophyll protoplasts of a winter variety of Brassica napus. The method combines the use of Ficoll in an initial liquid medium, enhancing early protoplast division and cell colony formation, with a transfer to an agarose system after 10 days culture to give rapid microcalli formation. Further transfers resulted in callus regeneration and the initiation of organogenesis.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; B. oleracea ; interspecific hybridization ; first backcross ; triazine resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Atrazine resistant Brassica napus × B. oleracea F1 hybrids were backcrossed to both parental species. The backcrosses to B. napus produced seeds in both directions but results were much better when the F1 hybrid was the pollen parent. Backcrosses to B. oleracea failed completely but BC1s were rescued by embryo culture both from a tetraploid hybrid (2n = 4x = 37; A1C1CC) and sesquidiploid hybrids (2n = 3x = 8; A1C1C). Progeny of crosses between the tetraploid hybrid and B. oleracea had between 25 and 28 chromosomes. That of crosses between the sesquidiploid hybrid and B. oleracea had between 21 and 27. A few plants that had chromosome counts outside the expected range may have originated from either diploid parthenogenesis, unreduced gametes or spontaneous chromosome doubling during in vitro culture. Pollen stainability of the BC1s ranged from 0% to 91.5%. All the BC1s to B. oleracea were resistant to atrazine.
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  • 38
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    Euphytica 38 (1988), S. 277-280 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; swedes ; inbreeding ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of inbreeding and selection within the old swede cultivar Scotia was examined. A decline in yield was shown by lines produced by selfing from the highest yielding progenies selected after open pollination. It is assumed that these progenies were from heterozygous plants. The yield of two groups of lines did not decline and from these, after a second generation of selfing, eight lines were selected with a mean dry matter yield 10 per cent higher than Scotia.
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  • 39
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    Euphytica 39 (1988), S. 133-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; swedes ; inbreeding ; selection ; dry matter content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A programme of inbreeding and selection was carried out to increase the dry matter content of swedes. A combination of family and individual selection was used, based on deviations from the regression of dry matter content on fresh weight yield. The final selections, from a line of cv. Bangholm Wilby, had a dry matter content of 20 per cent higher than the control cultivars.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica oleracea ; interspecific hybrids ; meiosis ; triazine resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary F1 hybrids of triazine resistant Brassica napus and triazine susceptible B. oleracea were morphologically intermediate to the parent species. Of 49 hybrids examined, 44 had 28 chromosomes, two had 37, one had 38 and two had 56. The 38-chromosome plant was thought to be a matromorph, the others, A1C1C (28), A1C1CC (37) or A1A1C1C1CC (56) type hybrids. Pollen stainability averaged 9.0% in the sesquidiploid, 32.0% in the tetraploids and 89.5% in the hexaploids. All the interspecific hybrids were resistant to 1.0×10-4 mol L-1 atrazine. The sesquidiploid hybrids produced gametes with chromosome numbers ranging from 9 to 17 and the tetraploid hybrid gametes had chromosome numbers from 15 to 22. Most hybrids produced self-seed. The partial fertility of these hybrids may permit their backcrossing to one or both parents.
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  • 41
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Resynthesis ; Adaptation to short day ; Earliness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Natural rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; AACC 2n=38), originated in the temperate climate of the Southwest European Mediterranean region, fails to complete its generative phase in the subtropics and is thus not cultivated in countries like Bangladesh. Adapted agroecotypes are available from the diploid representatives of its genome A (B. campestris/pekinensis, 2n=20) and C (B. oleracea/alboglabra, 2n=18). An artificial resynthesis based on carefully selected progenitor lines was expected to give a photoperiodically better adapted rapeseed. ♀ B. pekinensis x ♂ B. oleracea/alboglabra gave 2 hybrids and 87 matromorphous plants from 1,448 crossed flowers and the reciprocal combination gave no hybrid but 11 matromorphous plants from 2,228 pollinated flowers. The two true hybrids were vegetatively propagated and chromosome doubled. Part of the F2 was grown in Sweden (all plants flowered and the most early ones were selected), part in Bangladesh (13 out of 706 plants flowered). The selected F3 material flowered in Bangladesh and transgressions in earliness could be recorded, some lines were of definite agronomic potential. A correlation in earliness between reaction in Sweden (long day) and Bangladesh (short day) was observed.
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  • 42
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 769-783 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Microculture ; Electrofusion ; Microinjection ; Karyoplasts ; Cytoplasts ; Protoplasts ; Plant regeneration ; Conditioning ; Brassica napus ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Due to the heterogeneity in morphology, physiological and morphogenetical capabilities of higher plant cells in mass culture, the development of methods for individually culturing defined cells seemed to be useful and necessary. Individual cell culture represents a powerful tool for studies on the physiology of different cell types, the analysis of differentiation programs, the genetic manipulation of plant cells and cell-cell interactions. An improved microculture system based on a computer-controlled set-up for the efficient selection, transfer and individual culture of defined higher plant cells until regeneration of whole plants is described. Related experimental approaches for individually manipulating higher plant cells under controlled conditions, such as electrofusion of defined pairs of protoplasts and subprotoplasts, cell reconstruction and intranuclear microinjection of protoplasts and karyoplasts — mainly performed with cells of the crop plant Brassica napus L. — are presented.
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  • 43
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cybrid formation ; Chloroplasts ; Mitochondria ; MtDNA recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica cybrids were obtained after fusing protoplasts of fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) B. napus lines carrying the original b. napus, and the Ogura Raphanus sativus cytoplasms, respectively. Iodoacetate treatment of the fertile line and X-irradiation of the CMS line prevented colony formation from the parental protoplasts. Colony formation, however, was obtained after protoplast fusion. Hybrid cytoplasm formation was studied in 0.5 g to 5.0 g calli grown from a fused protoplast after an estimated 19 to 22 cell divisions. Chloroplasts and mitochondria were identified in the calli by hybridizing appropriate DNA probes to total cellular DNA. Out of the 42 clones studied 37 were confirmed as cybrids. Chloroplast segregation was complete at the time of the study. Chloroplasts in all of the cybrid clones were found to derive from the fertile parent. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segregation was complete in some but not all of the clones. In the cybrids, mtDNA was different from the parental plants. Physical mapping revealed recombination in a region which is not normally involved in the formation of subgenomic mtDNA circles. The role of treatments used to facilitate the recovery of cybrids, and of organelle compatibility in hybrid cytoplasm formation is discussed.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Agrobacterium rhizogenes ; Genetic transformation ; Genetic engineering ; Ri T-DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetically transformed repeseed (Brassica napus) roots were obtained by in vitro inoculation of excised stem segments with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Axenic root organ clones were established and they exhibited a phenotype characteristic of transformed roots: rapid growth, reduced apical dominance and root plagiotropism. Stem regeneration was induced by exposing root fragments to 2,4-dichloroacetic acid (2,4-D) in liquid medium, followed by transfer to solid regeneration medium. The resulting plants exhibited the transformed phenotype observed in other species where similar experiments have been performed. Direct evidence for genetic transformation was obtained from opine assays and molecular hybridization. Sexual transmission of the transformed phenotype was Mendelian, and a probable case of T-DNA insertion into two independent loci within the same plant was detected. The estimated optimal time necessary to obtain transformed oilseed rape plants using this approach is 2 months.
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  • 45
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; forage rape ; heterosis ; inbreeding depression ; F1 hybrid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heterosis and inbreeding depression for total fresh and dry weights were studied over two seasons in 15 crosses of six cultivars of forage rape (Brassica napus L.). Some of the hybrids exhibited considerable heterosis over both mid-parent and better parent; followed by depression in the F2. The cross Windal × Canard had 62% and 25% greater dry matter yield over the best cultivar used in this experiment in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Possibilities of the utilization of this hybrid superiority are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 8 (1987), S. 225-233 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; thin cell layer ; protoplasts ; plant regeneration ; rapeseed ; organogenesis ; callus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cell layer strips composed of the epidermis and 7–9 layers of subepidermal cells were isolated from the 3–4 terminal internodes of Brassica napus cv Westar plants at the early flowering stage. The strips were precultured for one day in modified liquid MS [11] medium and subsequently incubated for 17–18 h in a 0.4 M mannitol solution containing 1% Macerozyme and 1% Cellulase ‘Onozuka’ R-10. Protoplast yield was 2–2.8×106 per 1.0g of tissue. Protoplasts were cultured at 1×105/ml in three different media: S1 [13], B [12] and L[8]. The first cell divisions occurred after 2–8 days of culture at frequencies of 20–54%. The highest growth rate of colonies was obtained in L medium containing 0.4 M sucrose and 2% Ficoll. After 4 weeks, green calli, 1–2 mm in diameter were transferred onto B5 [2] medium with 3 mgl-1 zeatin, 1% sucrose, 0.1 M mannitol and 0.5% agarose for shoot regeneration. Up to 20% of the calli regenerated shoots which subsequently were rooted and established in soil in the greenhouse.
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  • 47
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 10 (1987), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; B. juncea ; mesophyll protoplasts ; protoplast culture ; regeneration, rapeseed ; mustard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various factors affecting the culture of Brassica napus and B. juncea mesophyll protoplasts were examined in order to develop suitable culture media for these species. The basic components (salts and vitamins) of culture media K3 and Kao best supported cell division and colony development in protoplast culture of both species. The addition of casamino acids to Kao's medium resulted in colony browning in B. napus genotypes. B. napus protoplasts grew well with glucose as the osmotic stabilizer, whereas B. juncea protoplasts responded better to sucrose. High NAA and low 2,4-D combinations were effective in stimulating colony growth. Colony development was rapid for a range of genotypes cultured with these recommendations in these media and plant regeneration was obtained from protoplast-derived calli in both species.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica oleracea ; interspecific hybridization ; triazine resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triazine resistant Brassica napus ssp. oleifera and ssp. rapifera were hybridized to cultivars of B. oleracea ssp. italica, ssp. botrytis, ssp. capitata and ssp. fimbriata. The interspecific embryos did not survive in vivo but could be rescued in vitro using a culture medium developed by Monnier (1973). The embryos did not grow directly into normal plants but were successfully regenerated using the protocol developed by Keller (1984). Hybridization efficiency ranged from 0 to 2.64 hybrids per pollination. Interspecific embryo abortion may be related to abnormal endosperm development.
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  • 49
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 72 (1986), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Chloroplast DNA ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Restriction patterns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction patterns of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA in Brassica napus rapeseed reveal the alloplasmic nature of cytoplasmic male sterility in this crop. Both the Shiga and Bronowski systems probably exploit cytoplasmic diversity in B. napus cultivars arising from introgression of cytoplasm from the other rapeseed species, B. campestris. Nuclear genes specific to these systems do not cause sterility in maintainers (Bronowski and Isuzu-natane) because they have a campestris cytoplasm, but give rise to sterility in napus cytoplasms. In the course of hybridization to napus cultivars a line with the triazine resistant cytoplasm (a campestris cytoplasm) has undergone an alteration in the mt genome rendering its restriction pattern more similar than previously to that of napus. The alteration may be an inversion between 7.2 and 3.4 kb in length.
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  • 50
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1986), S. 716-723 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA map ; Brassica napus ; Triazine resistance ; Canola
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chloroplast of a triazine resistant weed biotype of Brassica campestris (bird's rape) has been transferred by repeated back-crossing into an agriculturally important strain, ‘Tower’, of Brassica napus to form a triazine resistant cultivar of canola, ‘Triton’, that is low in both erucic acid and thioglucosinolate. In this report, the B. campestris derived chloroplast chromosome of B. napus (cv ‘Triton’) has been cloned into bacterial plasmids and physically mapped for eight restriction enzymes: Apa I, Bam HI, BglI, Hind III, Pst I, Pvu II, Sac I and Xho I. The genes for rRNA, rbcL, cytF, atpA, atpB, atpE, atpH and the triazine resistance gene, psbA were located on the map by heterologous hybridization. The directions of transcription for most of these genes were determined by reverse heterologous hybridization.
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  • 51
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 72 (1986), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The linear mitochondrial (mt) plasmid in rapeseed occurs in normal, fertile plants, cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) lines (sterile and restored) and maintainers. To determine the role of plasmid genes in cytoplasmic male sterility the three internal Hind III fragments (78%) of the 11.3 kb plasmid were cloned, nick-translated and hybridized to electrophoretic blots of Pst I digests of chloroplast (cp) and mt DNA from normal and cms lines. There is no homology between plasmid DNA and the cp and mt genomes in any line examined nor do plasmid sequences appear to be directly involved in certain alterations of the mt genome. As well, loss of the free plasmid is not associated with integration of the plasmid DNA into the cp or mt genomes. Finally, plasmid copy number appears to be affected by nuclear genotype.
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  • 52
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    Euphytica 35 (1986), S. 835-842 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica campestris ; rapeseed ; temperature effects ; germination ; germination selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eleven populations of Brassica napus L. and twelve populations of B. campestris L. were subjected to three cycles of selection for fast germination at 2°C and at 25°C. The seeds from the selected populations, and unselected control populations grown in the same environment as the selected populations, were examined for germination behaviour at 2°C and 25°C, and for growth behaviour at 10°C. The populations in both species responded differently in terms of germination behaviour to selection for fast germination. In most of the populations that did respond positively to selection, selection practised at 2°C was superior to selection at 25°C in improving percent germination at 2°C, and was as good as the selection at 25°C in improving germination rate at the higher temperature. Selection for fast germination had no effect on growth characteristics of B. napus and B. campestris populations grown at 10°C. Thus, selection for fast germination at one low temperature may lead to improvement in germination characteristics over a range of temperatures, but will not necessarily lead to improved growth performance of the selected populations.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ; oilseed crops ; tissue culture ; interspecific hybridization ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Employing in vitro culture of ovaries, ovules and embryos, interspecific hybrids have been obtained amongst two important oilseed crops, Brassica napus x B. juncea and their reciprocal. The test-tube hybrid plants have been transferred to the field, and reared to maturity. The F1 seeds obtained from the hybrid ovaries showed normal germination, and the hybrid plants exhibited a range of variation of characters.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Flowing solution culture ; Growth models ; Hordeum vulgare ; Root growth ; Root hair ; Root length ; Root temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of root temperature on the growth and morphology of roots were measured in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plants were grown in flowing solution culture and acclimatized over several weeks to a root temperature of 5°C prior to treatment at a range of root temperatures between 3 and 25°C, with common shoot temperature. Root temperature affected root extension, mean radius, root surface area, numbers and lengths of root hairs. Total root length of rape plants increased with temperature over the range 3–9°C, but was constant at higher temperatures. Root length of barley increased with temperature in the range 3–25°C, by a factor of 27 after 20 days. Root radii had a lognormal distribution and their means decreased with increasing temperature from 0.14 mm at 3°C to 0.08 mm at 25°C. The density of root hairs on the root surface increased by a factor of 4 in rape between 3 and 25°C, but in barley the highest density was at 9°C. The contribution of root hairs to total root surface area was relatively greater in rape than in barley. The changes in root system morphology may be interpreted as adaptive responses to temperature stress on nutrient uptake, providing greater surface area for absorption per unit root weight or length.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; rape ; heterosis ; sowing density ; physiological correlations ; homozygotes-heterozygotes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plot yields and both environmental correlations and variances of various morphological and yield characters were compared at different plant densities of lines and F1 hybrids in rapeseed over a two-year period. These variances and correlations were measured on single plant basis and are independent of the genotype: they may partly reflect physiological relations between characters. At intermediate or low density, results indicate no significant heterogeneity for behaviour of both homozygotes and heterozygotes, with some lower correlations at very low densities. At high density hybrid vigour is significantly higher than at low or intermediate density. In heterozygotes, it is associated with reinforced correlations between morphological and yield criteria. The results are discussed with regard to seed yield elaboration, to heterosis and possible homeostasis of hybrids.
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  • 56
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 71 (1985), S. 325-329 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: A. tumefaciens ; A. rhizogenes ; Brassica napus ; Plant development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response of oilseed rape cultivars to infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes and the possibility of regenerating genetically transformed oilseed rape plants were examined. The frequency at which Agrobacterium induced galls or hairy-roots on in vitro cultured plants ranged from 10% to 70%, depending on the cultivar. From galls induced by the tumorigenic strain T37, known to be strongly shoot inducing on tobacco, roots developed frequently. Occasionally, shoots formed and some of these produced tumour cell specific nopaline. Attempts to grow the transformed shoots into plants have so far been unsuccessful. Whole plants transformed with Ri-T-DNA, however, were regenerated. These had crinkled leaves and abundant, frequently branching roots that showed reduced geotropism, similar to previously isolated Ri T-DNA transformed tobacco and potato plants. The transformed oilseed rape plants flowered, but failed to form seeds.
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  • 57
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 4 (1985), S. 183-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; thin cell layers ; organogenesis ; plant regeneration ; rapeseed ; explant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Explants composed of the epidermis and 4–9 layers of subepidermal cells were excised from internodes of Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera cv. Westar and cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The three or four terminal internodes excised from plants at an early stage (before any flower buds had opened) were shown to be the best explant source. Both cytokinin and auxin were required for induction of shoot organogenesis. Of six auxins tested, only naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was effective in shoot bud initiation. All four cytokinins tested (when associated with 0.5 mgl-1 NAA) promoted organogenesis, but at differing frequencies. The highest shoot induction frequency was obtained at 10–15 mgl-1 benzyladenine (BA). The organogenic response was strongly affected by the nitrogen content of the medium. The best response was observed when NO3 - was the sole nitrogen source (supplied as KNO3) in the range 30–90 mM. Sucrose and glucose were equally supportive in shoot regeneration with the optimal levels at 0.12 M and 0.15 M, respectively. Shoots were rooted on medium free of growth regulators and mature plants were grown in the greenhouse. Plants were also recovered from leafy structures which differed morphologically and histologically from shoot buds.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; cDNA clone ; legumin ; nucleotide sequence ; proteolytic processing ; seed storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The most abundant protein in seeds of Brassica napus (L.) is cruciferin, a legumin-like 12S storage protein. By in vitro translation of embryo RNA, and pulse-chase labelling of cultured embryos with 14C-leucine, we have shown that the 30 kd α polypeptides and 20 kd β polypeptides of cruciferin are synthesized as a family of 50 kd precursors which are cleaved post-translationally. One member of the cruciferin family was cloned from embryo cDNA and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the cruciferin cDNA clone, pC1, contains one long open reading frame, which originates in a hydrophobic signal peptide region. Therefore, the complete sequence of the cruciferin mRNA was obtained by primer extension of the cDNA. The predicted precursor polypeptide is 488 amino acids long, including the 22 amino acids of the putative signal sequence. The amino acid composition of cruciferin protein is very similar to the predicted composition of the precursor. Comparison with an amino acid sequence of legumin from peas, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a genomic clone, shows that the α polypeptide precedes the β polypeptide on the precursor. Cruciferin and legumin share 40% homology in the regions which can be aligned. However, cruciferin contains a 38 amino acid region high in glutamine and glycine in the middle of the α subunit, which is absent in legumin. Legumin has a highly charged region, 57 amino acids long, at the carboxyl-end of the α subunit, which is not found in cruciferin. Both of these regions appear to have originated by reiteration of sequences. re]19850513 ac]19850715
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Brassica napus ; CaMV 35S promoter ; mas promoter ; gene expression ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene fusions between the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the promoters of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA transcript (CaMV 35S) and the mannopine synthase (mas) genes were introduced into rapeseed varieties via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Fluorometric assay of β-glucuronidase activity indicated different expression patterns for the two promoters. In seedlings, the CaMV 35S promoter had maximum activity in the primary roots, while the mas promoter was most active in the cotyledons. Etiolated seedlings cultured in the dark showed reduced activity of the mas promoter. Before vernalization at the rosette stage, both promoters were more active in older plant parts than in younger ones. At this stage the highest activity was recorded in cotyledons. After the plants had bolted reduced promoter function was detected in the upper parts of the transformed plants. Both promoters were found to be functional in the majority of the studied organs of transgenic rapeseed plants, but the promoter activity varied considerably between the organs at different developmental stages. The ability of pollen to transfer the introduced genes to other varieties and related species (e.g. Brassica napus and Diplotaxus muralis) by cross-pollination was studied in greenhouse experiments, and field trials were carried out to estimate the distance for biologically-relevant gene dispersal. In artificial crossing, the introduced marker gene was transferable into other varieties of Brassica napus. In field trials, at a distance of 1 metre from the source of transgenic plants, the frequency of an outcrossing event was relatively high (10-3). Resistant individuals were found at 16 and 32 metres from the transgenic pollen donors, but the frequency of an outcrossing event dropped to 10-5.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: asymmetric somatic hybridization ; Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra ; disease resistance transfer ; dot blot analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Asymmetric somatic hybrid plants between Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape genome AACC) and a transgenic line of Brassica nigra L. Koch (black mustard genome BB) were tested for their resistance against rapeseed pathogens Phoma lingam (black leg disease) and Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root disease). The transgenic B. nigra line used (hygromycin-resistant, donor) is highly resistant to both fungi, whereas B. napus (recipient) is highly susceptible. The asymmetric somatic hybrids were produced using the donor-recipient fusion method (with X-irradiation of donor protoplasts) reported by Zelcer et al. (1978) for the production of cybrids. Using hygromycin-B for selection, a total of 332 hybrid calli were obtained. Regenerants, resistant or susceptible to both diseases, were selected. Many hybrids expressed resistance to only one pathogen. Dot blot experiments showed that the asymmetric hybrid plants contained varying amounts of the donor genomic DNA. Furthermore, a correlation was detected between the radiation dose and the degree of donor DNA elimination.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; disease tolerance ; oxalic acid ; oxalate oxidase ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Oxalic acid is thought to have a primary role in the pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, notably Sclerotinia selerotiorum. A gene coding for the enzyme oxalate oxidase was isolated from barley roots and introduced into oilseed rape as a means of degrading oxalic acid in vivo. This report describes the production of several transgenic plants of oilseed rape and the characterisation of these plants by Southern, Western and enzyme activity assays. Plants were shown to contain an active oxalate oxidase enzyme and were tolerant of exogenously supplied oxalic acid.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; fatty acids ; gas chromatography ; Lunaria annua ; protoplast regeneration ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A programme of research was designed to investigate methods for the modification of the fatty acid profiles of high performance lines of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an attempt to produce lines with enhanced levels of industrially useful fatty acids. The methodology employed to achieve these objectives was based on the exploitation of somaclonal or protoclonal variation, and targeted somatic hybridization using wild cruciferous germplasm as fusion partners. A range of somaclonal lines was produced from shoot regeneration protocols. These lines underwent replicated, randomised glasshouse trials for morphological assessment followed by gas chromatographic analysis to monitor any changes in fatty acid profile. It was found that a small number of lines exhibited potentially useful changes in oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Protoplast regeneration and electrofusion protocols for a range of winter oilseed rape lines were developed, and methods for the isolation and fusion of protoplasts of the wild crucifer Lunaria annua (chosen for its high nervonic acid content) established.
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