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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (460)
  • 1972  (460)
  • Chemical Engineering  (368)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling  (92)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (460)
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Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of polymer composites by electron microprobe analysis (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the use of an electron microprobe for characterizing filler and polymer dispersios in polymer composites. Examples described are: filler distribution in sisal reinforced polyester; aggregation of titanium dioxide in glassreinforced polyester; mixing behavior in a blend of silicone rubber, natural rubber, and titanium dioxide; and distribution of silica in a low-gloss paint on an ABS plastic surface. The limitations of electron microprobe analyses for qualitative and quantitative studies, the use of back scattered electrons for surface topography, and techniques for preparing specimens are mentioned.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer to molten polymersThe author wishes to acknowledge the Society of Plastics Engineers for allowing the use of tabulated temperature and flow data that were published in Polym. Eng. Sci. The author further wishes to thank the Naval Research Laboratory for supporting the conduct and publication of this work. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 140-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The processing of polymers and other solids, such as waxes and acids, often requires the melting of a bulk or granular charge before its introduction into a process stream. Two approximate techniques for relating heat transfer and melting rates are presented here and the shielding effect of the melt formation is considered. The heat available for melting is sometimes remarkably decreased by the heat carried away by the flowing melt. Means are presented for quantitatively determining the shielding or sensible heat effect of the film. The thermal efficiency of the phase transformation process is discussed, and the effects of heat loss to both increased bulk temperature of the flowing melt and conduction in the solid are demonstrated. A comparison with experiment is made using temperature and melt flow data for polyethylene and polyoxymethylene. Heat transfer coefficients and melting correlations useful in practice are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120211
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polybutadiene/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) of polybutadiene (PB) and polystyrene (PS) were prepared using both random (containing 36% cis, 55% trans, and 9% 1,2 vinyl) PB and high-cis PB. For both series, a wide range of PB/PS compositions were synthesized. Using samples stained with osmium tetroxide, electron microscope studies revealed an irregular cellular structure of a few hundred Ångstrom diameter with the first component, PB, making up the cell walls. The size of the cells was found to depend on the PB crosslink density for the random materials. Modulus-temperature data revealed two distinct glass transitions, confirming the microscopy finding of two phases. However, the transition temperature and transition slope varied with composition, and with the microstructure of the polybutadiene, giving evidence of significant molecular mixing. Stress-strain data on the IPN's showed that materials rich in PB behave like self-reinforced elastomers. Charpy impact resistance experiments on materials rich in PS indicated values of 5 ft-lb/in. of notch, which compares well with graft-type polyblends of similar PB/PS composition. The results were interpreted in the light of the recent theoretical work of Bragaw, who considered the importance of the distances between domain boundaries with respect to crack acceleration mechanics. Although the IPN's considered herein exhibited somewhat less than the predicted optimum phase dimensions, the arrangement of the domains is different from ordinary impact resistant plastics.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120205
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of fatigue cracks in polycarbonate (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rapid increase in the rate of application of thermoplastics in engineering design problems and the interest in the structural use of these materials have resulted in the requirement of comprehensive information about the behaviour of thermoplastics when subjected to cyclic loading conditions. In addition to the “total fatigue life” data already available for many materials, attempts have been made to analyse the crack initiation and steady crack growth processes and determine the effects of parameters such as mean load, frequency and crack geometry on the rate of crack propagation. The results of an investigation of these aspects of fatigue crack growth in a brittle thermoplastic, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), have already been reported. In this paper, the results of a test program devised to study the behaviour, at room temperature and in air, of a polycarbonate, (PC), under similar loading conditions, are presented. Fracture Mechanics concepts have been used to analyse the results. It was found that a relationship of the form ȧN = β λn already shown to predict the cyclic fatigue crack propagation rate in PMMA, is also applicable to polycarbonate. However, when the effects of frequency and loading rate were studied, it was found that after the magnitude of parameter K̇( = ΔK/half the periodic time) exceeded 4000 lbf in. -3/2 s-1, the influence of the mean level of stress intensity factor, Km, became negligible in comparison to the effect of ΔK.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cold rolled ABS. Part 1: The effect of rubber particle size on the tensile properties of ABS before and after cold rollingPresented in part to the Polymer Division, The American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., September 1971. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of rubber particle size on the tensile properties of rolled and unrolled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene has been studied by considering model systems consisting of mixtures of a small particle (0.1 micron diam) rubber, S, and a large particle (0.56 micron diam) rubber, L, in an SAN matrix. Before rolling, tensile toughness is characterized by crazing. While both rubber induce matrix crazing, ABS systems containing only the S rubber exhibits early failure due to crack formation, before crazing is propagated very far along the tensile axis. The inefficiency of the small particle rubber is interpreted in terms of high composite yield stress and insufficient distance between particles to allow craze branching. The efficiency of the small particle rubber is improved via the addition of a small amount of large particle, L, rubber to the composite or by a slight degree of cold rolling, both of which enhance craze propagation in the tensile direction. With further rolling, the tensile deformation mode changes from one of localized crazing, which is propagated, to one of uniform deformation, which occurs without crazing.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120310
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uniaxial extension of polyvinyl chloride in the high-elastic state (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 317-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of true stress on the extension ratio of PVC threads has been determined for a wide range of extension rates. Since the polymer subjected to deformation was in the high-elastic state (at temperatures from 90 to 160°), the deformations were predominantly high-elastic. The dependence of true stress on the amount of high-elastic deformation is described by the Mooney-Rivlin equation.Relaxation moduli have been found on the basis of measurements of stress relaxation at constant deformation after various extension ratios were attained at different rates. Within the limits of deformation regimes at which the true stress is an increasing function of extension ratio the relaxation moduli do not depend on extension ratio and rate of extension. This enables one to arrive at a master curve of the relaxation modulus versus relaxation time with the reservation indicated above concerning the increasing character of the dependence of true stress on extension ratio. The relaxation spectrum represented by the high-elasticity plateau has been determined from the relaxation moduli according to the first approximation.The experimental data for a very wide range of deformation regimes and temperatures are presented in the form of an invariant dependence of the ratio of true stress to the rate of deformation on the product of deformation time by extension ratio.The ultimate strength of the specimens frozen rapidly after the attainment of definite extension ratios is determined by the accumulated high-elastic deformation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120502
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The elastic, anelastic and plastic components of strain in the load-extension curve for bisphenol-A polycarbonateThis Material was presented at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., March 27-30, 1972. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 346-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A procedure has been developed for analyzing the elongation of a specimen in a tensile test for the elastic, anelastic, and plastic components of strain. The procedure was applied to bisphenol-A polycarbonate, which showed the division between the anelastic and plastic components to be justified and gave the following results. First, the elastic modulus was found to be essentially constant, independent of stress up to at least 7,000 psi. Second, the strain accumulated at the yield point was found to be mainly anelastic and recoverable with release of the stress. Third, plastic or non-recoverable strain was mainly accumulated only beyond the yield point. These latter two results suggest that anelasticity is important for ductility. The relatively large anelastic response at low stresses that contribute to the ductility of polycarbonate probably arises from both the large size of the moving segment and the large low temperature loss process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of melt flow as a measure of low density polyethylene processability into blown films (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 459-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Melt capillary flow and extrudate swelling for low density polyethylenes (LDPE), differing in ease of heavy-duty, blownfilm extrusion, have been employed as processability criteria. LDPE of good processability is characterized by a unique combination of melt fluidity, temperature, shear rate dependence and melt elasticity. These characteristics of flow are correlated with LDPE film blowing process variables such as maximum take-up speed, film thickness scatter, and extruder temperatures profile. Intuitively, these melt flow criteria should be extended to Trouton's viscosity and the tensile strength of the melt. The limited development of the elongation viscometry techniques, however, has limited their application.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120613
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting rates of crystalline polymers under shear conditions (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melting of solids under shear conditions is an important operation in the processing of most thermoplastics. In this study, solid blocks of high density polyethylene were melted on a hot, moving surface over a range of surface temperatures and velocities. The conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy were applied to the molten layer and then simplified by an order of magnitude analysis. A general model that included all significant terms gave rates of melting that agreed closely with the measured rates. A simpler model that was analogous to present extruder models predicted melting rates that were ten to twenty-five percent lower than the experimental values. Models for polymers with low to moderate crystallinity should be modified to account for physical removal of amorphous material by shear forces.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120110
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological behavior of two-phase polymer melts (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 81-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheological behavior of dispersed two-phase polymer melts has been investigated by means of a capillary rheometer. The two-phase systems chosen for study were blends of two polymers: high-density polyethylene and polystyrene, which are incompatible in the molten state. In order to investigate the state of dispersion, photographs were taken of the microstructure of extrudate samples, showing that the polystyrene forms long fibers or droplets as a discrete phase dispersed in the polyethylene which forms a continuous phase. Measurements were made of the axial pressure distributions of the two-phase molten polymers flowing through circular tubes, which permit one, according to the theory advanced by Han, to determine viscous and elastic properties of the melts. Also measured was melt die swell ratio. It has been found from the two independent experimental techniques that there exist a maximum and/or minimum elastic property at a certain blending ratio, and that the elastic property decreases first with L/D ratio of a capillary and then levels off.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120203
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of cure of diallyl phthalate using differential scanning calorimetry (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic parameters (reaction rate constant, activation energy, and frequency factor) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry using a linearly rising temperature program for the polymerization of diallyl phthalate monomer catalyzed with dicumyl peroxide. Cure times for specific degrees of cure at constant temperature were calculated and found to agree with the degree of cure measured by infrared spectroscopy. The relationship between non-isothermal and isothermal cure cycles is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120208
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120101
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering of fibre reinforced plastics. Progress of dbonding detected in model systems by using fibres as light pipes (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 30-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The progress of interfacial debonding caused by the diffusion of boiling water to glass fibre/polyester resin interfaces has been followed by shining a He-Ne laser beam along fibres and recording the changes in intensity of the emergent beam. Compared with measurements of electical conductivity arising from the presence of diffused water at the interface, it is concluded that the laser beam method provides more certain evidence of debonding.The glass/resin interface has also been investigated in partially cured composites and in filled composites, during exposure to boiling water.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120105
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weatheirng study of glass-fiber reinforced polyester sheets by scanning electron microscopy (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Evidence is presented of the main steps in the physical breakdown of glass-fiber reinforced polyester (GRP) composites on outdoor weathering. The chronological sequence is fiber ridging, rupture of the resin layer covering ridging fibers or fibers running close to the surface, spalling of the resin at the site of failure and subsequent erosion, fiber prominence and formation of a network of microcracks. Breakdown is believed to be caused by a type of stress fatigue imposed on the composite by cyclic variation of humidity and temperature in conjunction with solar radiation, and by the action of water and oxygen. The under side of the exposed GRP sheeting shows only incipient breakdown, indicating that solar radiation is an important factor. Countermeasures suggested to reduce breakdown include techniques to keep fibers away from the surface, use of resins with better thermal and moisture characteristics, and use of resin formulations with the best light stability.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120109
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Converging flow of polymer melts in extrusion dies (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 64-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Practical extrusion processes often involve geometrically complex dies. Such dies are usually tapered, or streamlined, to achieve maximum output rate under conditions of laminar flow. These converging flows may be analysed in terms of their extensional and simple shear components to calculate the relationships between volume flow rate, pressure drop, and post extrusion swelling. The analysis can also be extended to cover the free convergence as fluid flows from a reservior into a die. Comparisons between predicted and observed data for a series of coni-cylindrical dies suggest that using this approach the pressure drop/flow rate relationship can be predicted within ±20% and the swell ratio/flow rate relationship within ±10%. Similar treatments have been in use for the last three years in solving such complex flow problems as radial flow in injection moulding and two-dimensional annular convergence in blow moulding dies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120111
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet depolymerization of photoresist polymers (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 109-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for removal of thin films of photoresist polymers has been found. When polymeric films are exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of air, the material can be removed leaving an extremely clean surface, free of carbonaceous material. This process has been examined for a variety of photoresist polymers as well as on nonphotoresist polymers and on a variety of substrates. The process offers a new method of photoresist removal.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120206
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal conductivity of polyethylene: The effects of crystal size, density and orientation on the thermal conductivity (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 204-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal conductivity measurements were made on polyethylene samples which had been crystallized at different temperatures in order to vary density and lamellar crystal thickness. Tests were also made on polyethylenes which were oriented by mechanical shearing and by crystallization in a temperature gradient. The thermal conductivity increased linearly by 50% as the density went from 0.96 to 0.99 gm/cc. By orientation the conductivity was increased ten fold in the direction of molecular orientation and decreased two fold in the perpendicular direction. For samples oriented by deformation at different temperatures, the conductivity apparently correlates with birefringence.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120308
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some factors influencing cooling rates of rotationally molded parts (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 335-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recently, rotational molding engineers, concerned with warpage and uneven cooling in parts, have been “pre-cooling” the mold in forced draft air after removal from the oven and prior to water quenching to removal temperature. In this paper, we analyze some of the factors that influence the rate of heat removal from an amorphous plastic in a metal mold. We find that mold thickness and thermal diffusivity, convection heat transfer coefficient of the cooling fluid, the thermal properties of the plastic and the initial, final and “freezing” temperatures of the plastic influence this cooling rate and the corresponding rate of volumetric shrinkage. We illustrate our analysis with several examples and discuss some guidelines in detail.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120504
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of orientation in injection molded objects (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The birefringences of injection molded plates and the birefringence during steady, isothermal shear flow were compared for some amorphous polymers. The materials studied were a polystyrene, a “toughened” polystyrene and an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. The birefringence of the plates, notably the maximum value for the average over the thickness was found to be related to the shear stress at the cavity wall that had occurred during the mold filling process. This relationship was independent of temperature. To a good approximation, it was also the same as the relationship between the flow birefringence and the shear stress at the wall in isothermal channel flow. It thus appears that the anisotropy of injection molded objects is dominated by the shear stresses during the mold filling process regardless of the temperature and of the macroscopic rate of deformation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120508
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120601
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy transport to molten flowing polymer systems: II. Analysis of data and development of temperature profiles with axial length (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 402-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Energy transport to molten, flowing polymer has been studied. Experimental temperature profiles were determined at various axial lengths. These data are both precise and reproducible. Viscous dissipation was found to be a significant factor in these systems. In addition, sizable thermal expansion cooling effects were noted. It was also shown that the effect of viscous dissipation on Nusselt number was a function of Graetz number. At high Graetz numbers viscous dissipation had a sizable effect that declined to negligible proportions at Graetz values of 7 or less. Prior theoretical treatment of temperature profile development is shown to be only qualitatively correct.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120603
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    Solids conveying in screw extruders part III: The delay zoneParts of this paper were presented at the 1971 ANTEC in Washington. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model was developed for the newly-defined delay zone of the plasticating screw extruder. The delay zone starts at the end of the solids conveying zone, i.e. at the point where the solid plug surface contacting the barrel melts and forms a film of melt up to where the steady state melting mechanism starts to operate. The model permits the film thickness and pressure profiles in this zone to be calculated. Published results were used to support the validity of the model. The results indicate that the film thickness at the end of the delay zone is several times the flight clearance. Finally, a criteria, based on the final value of the film thickness, is suggested to calculate the length of the delay zone.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120511
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    The particle flow of polystyrene during capillary extrusion (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 416-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt flow of emulsion polymerized polystyrene has been investigated in accordance with the particle flow concepts developed by Berens and Folt. Particles were found to be present in the extrudate up to 210°C and resins with larger particles were found to have lower viscosities. The molecular weight appears to have no significant effect on the melt viscosity above a certain molecular weight. The energy of activation for viscous flow at 190°C and at shear stress of 5 × 105 dynes/cm2 was found to be 29-33 kcal/mol depending on type of resin.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120605
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  • 24
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    Corrections (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 395-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120512
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  • 25
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    Energy transport to molten flowing polymer systems: I. Development of an apparatus to obtain temperature profiles (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An improved apparatus for studying temperature profiles in molten, flowing polymers has been developed. The apparatus incorporates modifications and improvements of earlier temperature profile devices. In addition, this unit made it possible to study temperature profile development as a function of axial flow length. Data taken with the apparatus were found not only to be precise and highly reproducible but also to show the proper trends with respect to physical behavior.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120602
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  • 26
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    Strain ratio and volume change during tension and compression creep of thermoplastics (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 420-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep tests up to 106 seconds in tension and compression were conducted on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP). Measurements of longitudinal and lateral strain provided values for tension and compression strain ratio. These increased with time and stress for PMMA and PVC from about 0.38 to 0.44. The results for PP increased from 0.44 to above 0.5 in. tension and showed a decreasing ratio in compression, which suggested a time and stress dependent structural change. Volumetric strain was computed from the linear strains and plotted against stress and axial strain. Except at 102 seconds, the relationships were non-linear up to volumetric strains of about 0.3% and in the cases of PMMA and PVC there were greater changes of volume in tension than compression.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120606
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile yield energy in glassy polymers (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 444-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An activation energy theory of yielding in glassy polymers has been proposed by Starita and Keaton. It predicts a linear relation between energy to yield and test temperature. This concept was tested and found valid for five amorphous polymers; poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyarylsulfone, polysulfone and poly(vinyl chloride), in uniaxial extension at temperatures from 25°C to the glass transition. For extenstion rates of 0.2 in/min, yield energy was found to go to zero at Tg, as commonly determined by thermodynamic methods like dilatometry or scanning calorimetry. The effect of other extension rates, plasticizer and molecular weight appears to affect only the intercept much as Tg is affected by the same changes. The slope, or the ratio of thermal to mechanical energy efficiency in overcoming the flow activation barrier, is largely unchanged.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120610
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  • 28
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    Low temperature dynamic mechanical properties of polyurethane-polyether block copolymers (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamical mechanical relaxation spectra of a number of polyurethane-polyether block copolymers have been studied as a function of composition, temperature and frequency. At low temperatures these copolymers are characterized by a high glass-like modulus which decreases to a much lower typically elastomeric value in a narrow temperature range. The latter is a function in certain cases of the composition of the polymer. The rubbery plateau is maintained up to at least 140°C. In addition, a secondary relaxation is observed around -130°C. These observations can be interpreted in terms of an overall structure consisting of a polyether matrix containing segregated polyurethane domains, the latter serving as physical crosslinks in the system at ambient temperatures and above.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120104
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  • 29
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    Critcal stress and recoverable shear for polymer melt fracture (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 184-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of extrudate distortion, which is called melt fracture, was studied for polystyrene samples of narrow and broad molecular weight distribution, and commerical samples of polypropylene and linear and branched polyethylene. It was experimentally found that the shear stress at the onset of melt fracture (τcr) is of the order of 106 dynes/cm2 and independent of the distribution of molecular weights. As the weight average molecular weight increases the shear stress τcr decreases. For polystyrene extruded at τcr the recoverable shear strain, which is defined to be half the ration (first normal stress difference/shear stress), was found proportional to the factor MzMz+1/Mw2 which represents the distrubution of molecular weights. The proportionality is expected to hold for other polymer systems. The polymer behavior at the onset of melt fracture was explained in terms of Graessley's entanglement theory and his correlation between true and Rouse shear compliance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120305
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  • 30
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    Positive and negative photoresist applications of thin films surface-photopolymerized from hexachlorobutadiene (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymeric films deposited from the vapor of C4Cl6 by the surface-photopolymerization technique are electrically and mechanically continuous on various substrates when very thin. The thickness of the films depends upon irradiation time with wavelengths in the region 2000-3000Å. Re-irradiation in oxygen (air) of the polymeric films with light of these low wavelengths leads to patterned removal of the films. Since films 500Å thick and less can resist etchants for various substrates, a new and extremely thin positive photoresist system is possible. Resolution of etched substrates to lines a few microns wide has been demonstrated. If the polymeric films from C4Cl6 are deposited from the monomeric vapor at lower substrate temperatures they are soluble in various solvents. Re-irradiation with UV light with the films in vacuum produces a patterned fixing of the polymer with respect to acetone. A negative photoresist system is therefore possible. Again, films of thickness 500Å and less can resist various etchants such that substrates can be etched to high resolution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120309
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Structure-property relationships of chlorinated polyethylenes (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 224-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This experimental study of suspension-chlorinated linear polyethylenes (CPE), (degree of chlorination 25 to 48% Cl), covers dynamic mechancial behavior at 3.5 and 110 Hz in the temperature range - 100 to 120°C. The semicrystalline samples, with a maximum degree of crystallinity of 25%, showed the main relaxations α and β. The effect of thermal treatment was examined. In the amorphous specimens, in addition to the Tg relaxation, other low temperature damping peaks were observed. The mechancial spectra indicate structure heterogeneity and increasing stiffness with increasing chlorine substitution. For the most prominent β relaxation, the apparent activation energy was determined from the frequency shift of tan δ and E″ maxima. The effect of structure, crystallinity and frequency on Young's moduli are also discussed. For the amorphous γ ray-Crosslinked elastomeric samples the photoelastic properties were examined at near equilibrium conditions between 30° and 80°C at various degrees of crosslinking. The polarizability anisotropy of the optical link and the Mooney-Rivlin elasticity constants were determined and an attempt was made to relate the result to the specimens' structure. A compatibility study was also made for a 42% Cl, CPE/high cis polybutadiene polyblend. The damping mechanical spectra indicate a noninteracting system whose Young's moduli can be correlated with those of the pure components using a phenomenological model proposed by Takayanagi.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120312
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  • 32
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    An analysis of fiber buckling (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 272-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents results obtained by the experimental technique of photoelastic stress analysis and by finite or discrete element analysis, applied to the case of buckling of a single, axially-loaded metal fiber embedded in a plastic matrix. The program was conducted utilizing a mild steel fiber embedded in an epoxy resin system. The fiber was loaded axially with an increasing compressive force until buckling occurred. Along with determination of the critical load for the fiber, the maximum shearing stress at any point in the epoxy matrix was determined using two-dimension photoelastic stress analysis. In the analytical study, the fiber was modeled by a series of bending elements and the matrix by an assemblage of constant-strain triangular elements. The total system was thus modeled by the two types of elements connected at common nodal points. The instability was solved as a standard eigenvalue problem and the stress tensor was obtained by finite element stress analysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120404
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  • 33
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    The injection molding of thermoplastics part II: Experimental test of the model (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies have been conducted with a 2 1/3 oz reciprocating-screw injection molding machine to check the validity of a proposed theoretical model for injection molding. A semi-circular cavity has been employed in the study to achieve spreading radial flow during the filling stage. Both high speed photography and pressure transducer measurements have been employed to obtain data on polyethylene. The photographic studies confirm the existence of spreading radial flow throughout the filling stage, and are in very good agreement with data obtained with the transducer on the progression of the melt front in the cavity. The results show that the proposed theoretical model yields predictions which are in good agreement with experimental data for all stages of the injection molding cycle with polyethylene. The model also predicts a composite pressure-time curve for the overall cycle which is similar to those reported in the literature and which satisfactorily represents the data obtained in this study. It is also possible to predict a short shot under selected molding conditions in agreement with observation. The main problems in the application of the model arise during the filling stage near the cavity entrance where viscoelastic and end effects are important and where some of the assumptions inherent in the model may not be valid.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120409
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  • 34
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    Fusion of particulate structure in polyvinyl chloride during powder extrusion (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been recognized recently that suspension polyvinyl chloride granules consist of particles ca 1μ in diam which are linked together to form a three-dimensional, sponge-like lattice. This paper deals with the fusion process of this particulate structure of PVC resin during powder extrusion. Extrudates prepared under various extrusion conditions are investigated through the electron microscope using a methyl methacrylate (MMA) embedding method followed by ultrathin sectioning. The MMA embedding method has been proven to be an effective means of revealing the detailed structure of molded PVC. Results showed that the 1μ-particles were subjected to breakdown due to heat and shear into fibrils 100-300 Å in thickness, which were the final structure attainable by extrusion. Discussion was focused on the fibrillar structure especially in relation to the elasticity in plasticized PVC.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120307
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  • 35
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    Stability of fiber spinning of power-law fluids (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A stability analysis of fiber spinning of isothermal power-law fluids has been carried out. The analysis for purely viscous fluids indicates that the critical extension ratio increases with an increase in power-law constant q above 1. For q greater than approximately 1.5, very high values of critical extension ratio are obtained. A stability analysis in the presence of viscous and inertial forces indicates that for q 〉 1 critical extension ratio can be correlated to a quantity Rq = q - 1 + 3Re, wherein Re is the Reynolds number. For the values of Rq greather than approximately 0.5, very high values of critical extension ratios are obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120311
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  • 36
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    Dimensional recovery of cold-rolled polycarbonate (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 288-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dimensional recovery of cold-rolled polycarbonate was measured between 100 and 147°C, and compared to stress-relaxation data. The strain-recovery isotherms were superimposed to produce a master curve which could be represented by a distribution function, U(τ), termed the strain recovery spectrum. U(τ) is found to be nearly identical to the relaxation spectrum, H(τ), calculated from the stress-relaxation master curve; and the shift in U(τ) as a function of temperature, WLF shift factor, is similar to that obtained from other viscoelastic measurements on polycarbonate. For the deformations studied, 25 and 50% reduction in thickness, the recovery behavior is found to be independent of strain (linear), suggesting that nonlinearity in a polymer glass results from large stresses, and not from large strains.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120407
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    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120501
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  • 38
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    Critical regimes of shear in linear polymers (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The state of the problem of elastic turbulence is critically discussed. It is shown that the development of elastic turbulence is associated with the transition of polymer systems to the high elastic state.Model experiments with a narrow-MWD polybutadiene have been carried out. The method of vizualization of the flow in a flat slit with the aid of circular-polarized light has been used. The results of polarization-optical investigation are compared with the results of capillary viscometry and dynamic measurements at small amplitudes. It is shown, in accordance with theoretical predictions, that when a polymer passes from the fluid to the high elastic state with an increase in the shear rate, it ceases to behave as a fluid under shear. This is accompanied by various forms of flow perturbation at the duct exit and entrance and inside the duct. Perturbations at the duct entrance and exit are due to stress concentration in these zones. The transition of a polymer to the high elastic state near the walls inside the duct gives rise to the “stick-slip” process or to continuous slippage along the duct walls, depending on the velocity of polymer movement. This can be clearly traced by the changes in the interference band pattern. Still higher velocities result in an intensive process of continuity break (rupture) in the polymer and in its chaotic movement in the duct as an aggregate of irregularly shaped lumps, which, relaxing, may form a continuous body again. Attention is drawn to the significance of these observations for a quantitative description of the viscosity anomaly of polymer systems and of the relationship between the viscosity anomaly with various flow irregularities and perturbations in such systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120503
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    Prediction of polymer processing characteristics using the C. W. Brabender plasti-corder torque rheometer (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 353-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Brabender Plasti-Corder is shown to be an effective tool for predicting the processing characteristics of thermoplastic polymers. Procedures for determining the molding temperature range, the relative melt viscosity over a continuous temperature range, and the stability of molding and experimental curtain coating materials are presented.Molding temperature ranges can be determined by first establishing the Brabender torque which corresponds to the maximum viscosity at which a material will just fill the cavity in a particular injection system under full injection pressure and maximum injection rate. This torque is constant for any material to be molded in this system. A Brabender torque-temperature curve is then obtained on the pertinent resin and the temperature which corresponds to the torque associated with the maximum viscosity is the minimum molding temperature. Maximum molding temperature is the temperature at which the log of the torque deviates from a linear dependence on temperature.The stability of thermoplastic compositions can be shown by a Brabender torque-time curve at constant temperature. An unstable polymer shows decreasing torque with time if the decomposition predominantly consists of chain scission.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120507
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  • 40
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    The macroscopic volume changes of selected polymers subjected to uniform tensile deformation (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 432-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High density polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) were subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation up to the onset of instability or necking. Simultaneous readings of longitudinal extension and transverse contraction (width and thickness) were obtained continuously during the loading period. From these data, plots of longitudinal versus “average” transverse strain were produced and it was found that the trends were neither constant nor linear over the full strain range employed. Additional plots of per cent volume change versus longitudinal strain indicate that the PMMA and PC show a maximum volume increase of about 0.6% while PE shows a maximum volume decrease on the order of 2.5%. Similar volume decreases have been noted by others and it would appear that structural changes are the most likely cause of this behavior.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120608
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  • 41
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    Kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 454-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics for the thermal degradation of poly (1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCHDT) were evaluated by means of a melt extruder. The effects of temperature, residence time, and oxygen content of the gas blanketing the polymer during storage on degradation of PCHDT were determined. The rate of thermal degradation was measured in terms of the rate of decrease of inherent viscosity and the rate of increase of carboxyl end group concentration.Residence time, temperature, and their interaction all contributed significantly to the degradation. For the conditions investigated, the oxygen content of the blanketing gas had no measurable effect on degradation. Analysis of the kinetic data yielded equations based on a random chain scission mechanism. These equations enabled the prediction of inherent viscosity and carboxyl end group concentration as functions of temperature and residence time and the inherent viscosity and carboxyl end group concentration of the original polymer. The activation energies for decrease in inherent viscosity and increase in carboxyl end group concentration of poly (1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) were determined as 38.7 kcal/mole, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120612
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Solids conveying in screw extruders part I: A modified isothermal model (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 12-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An improved theoretical model was derived for the solids conveying zone of a plasticating extruder. The model makes possible calculations in variable channel depth section. It also allows for a bulk density which is a function of pressure and for the non-isotropic pressure distribution in the solid plug. An expression for maximum flow rate was also derived. Results simulated by the model on a computer indicate the effect of variables on extruder performance. The power consumption terms in the solids conveying zone of a plasticating extruder were also derived. Total power consumption is the sum of power consumptions on the barrel surface, screw surfaces and those due to pressure rise. Their relative importance was analyzed by computations. The effect of operating conditions and coefficients of friction on the various power terms was also analyzed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120103
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strength of short-fiber reinforced composites (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 48-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structural utility of short, glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composities is experimentally investigated for fiber volume fractions from 0.15 to 0.5. The strength and stiffness of systems with randomly oriented fibers are compared with those of similar composites with aligned fibers. The ultimate strength of both types of material increses in a reasonably linear fashion with volume fraction up to 0.5. For all volume fractions in this range, strength of the random composites is slightly higher than the longitudinal and much higher than the transverse strength of equivalent compsites with aligned fibers. The modulus of the random system is approximately two-thirds the longitudinal and twice the transverse modulus of the unidirectional material. The structural utility of the flow molded material is greatest in uniaxial, stiffness critical situations. The greater strength and planar isotropy of the random composites make them preferable in all strength limited or multiaxial applications.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120108
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120201
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of particulate composites (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of glass bead (30 micron diameter glass spheres) filled epoxy and polyester resins have been studied as a function of volume fraction of filler and the strength of the interfacial bond. The bonding between glass and resin was varied by chemically surface treating the glass using a silicone mold release to prevent chemical bonding at one extreme and a silane coupling agent to maximize bonding at the other extreme. Theoretical predictions of the elastic modulus and tensile strength have been made utilizing a finite element method. Excellent agreement is obtained with the experimental results. Izod impact energies have been measured for these composites as a function of filler content and interface treatment.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120204
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of lubricants for polyvinyl chloride (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 112-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proper use of lubricants and other additives in the compounding of PVC is hampered by lack of knowledge of their interactions with the polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry has been applied to measure the effect of ingredients on the glass transition temperature of PVC. An interaction parameter, based on changes in the glass transition temperature, has been proposed which quantitatively defines the degree of compatibility and which relates to the more empirical definition of lubricants as internal or external. This study of the compatibility of compounding ingredients as a function of molecular weight and chemical structure provides fundamental information of value in formulating, compounding and processing of PVC.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120207
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deep drawability of biaxially rolled thermoplastic sheets (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deep drawability of biaxially cold-rolled thermoplastic sheets has been studied using polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers. Each polymer was rolled to two different reductions in thickness. The deep drawability of these rolled sheets was measured by determining the limiting draw ratio using a Swift cup test. Strain ratios were measured in three directions for each of the rolled sheets in order to determine the normal and planar anisotropy of the sheets. It has been determined that the drawability of a sheet can be correlated with the normal anisotropy of the sheet and it is the increase in normal anisotropy of a sheet which increases the drawability of the sheet. It has also been shown that lubrication increases the drawability due to a reduction in punch force.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120212
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  • 48
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    The potential for reuse of plastics recovered from solid wastes (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Plastics in solid wastes is a problem of growing concern. Recycling of wastes is currently believed to be the most acceptable form of disposal in the long run; however, this route is known to be especially difficult for plastics. Recycling would be easier if the various generic types present in solid wastes, mainly polyethylene, polystyrene and poly (vinyl chloride), could be isolated; however, this would be very difficult and expensive. This is a first report on research aimed at evaluating the potential of recycling plastics as a polymer blend of the various generic types. This approach suffers from the difficulty that the different plastics are incompatible and the blend has poor mechanical properties. The extent of this problem is documented with data on many ternary blends employing virgin polyethylene, polystyrene and poly (vinyl chloride) of numerous grades likely to be found in solid wastes. Property degradation was found to be more severe as the complexity of the blend increased, indicating that general municipal wastes could be reused only in very low grade applications, whereas certain commercial wastes might have brighter prospects. Strategies for improving blend properties are outlined.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120302
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120401
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal transport in the contact melting of solids (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many industrial processes require that solids be transformed to the molten state, thus accurate correlations of heat transfer and melting rates are important in process design. The heat-balance integral type of analysis is applied here to melter systems where phase change and convection effects are of equal importance, and the appropriate parameters that govern the thermal transport process are presented. Applications of the results to both Newtonian and non-Newtonian, power-law melts are discussed, and extensions to variable property situations are outlined. Although the results herein are directly applicable to contact melting systems, the governing parameters are useful in the correlation of other melting processes as well. Acomparison is made between the theory and some experimental data for a gravity-feed contact melter. The results are directly applicable in practice to the melting of bulk and granular crystalline polymers on melting grids, tube bundles, and plates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120403
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  • 51
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    Analysis of thermoplastic cup drawing (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cup drawing process of thermoplastic sheet is analyzed on the basis of small deformation theory. The drawability of thermoplastic sheets is related to material parameters which may be investigated without performing an actual drawing process. Values for the drawability which are obtained by this method agree with values which are obtained by the Swift cup test.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120405
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  • 52
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    The effectiveness of polymer additives as determined by torsional braid analysisPresented at the First Symposium on Torsional Braid Analysis, Society of Plastics Engineers Annual Technical Conference, Washington, D. C., May 10, 1971. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 282-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Torsional braid analysis has been explored as a means of providing a quantitative measure for the effectiveness of polymer additives. Quantitative determinations have been made of antioxidant activity of selected compounds when formulated with certain elastomers prone to oxidative crosslinking on heat aging. The torsional braid technique has been used to determine the time dependence of the sharp torsional modulus increase which corresponds to a change from a rubbery to a highly crosslinked state. This time dependence is taken as a measure of the rate of oxidative crosslinking in heat-aged elastomer films coated on a Fiberglas braid. In this manner an assessment of antioxidant activity can be made. The effect of concentration and aging temperature on antioxidant activity can be made also. It has been also possible to use this technique to study the effect of structural changes in an antioxidant on its resultant activity. Feasibility studies have also been made on antiozonants in natural rubber and cis-polybutadience at three temperatures. A value of 10.9 Kcal/mole was calculated for the activation energy for the oxidative crosslinking reaction of cis-polybutadiene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120406
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  • 53
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    Predicting melt flow instability from a criterion based on the behavior of polymer solutions (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 309-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A criterion, based on the behavior of polymer solutions, is developed and applied for the prediction of the onset of flow anomalies observed at the capillary entrance for polymer melts. It is shown that a direct correspondence exists between the flow anomalies observed for polymer solutions and polymer melts. The onset of these anomalies can be correlated with a critical Weissenberg number which is consistent with the equality of the shear wave velocity and friction velocity. This critical condition can be employed to derive expressions useful for predicting the critical recoverable shear and critical shear stress for melt fracture.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120410
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  • 54
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    The effect of molecular weight distribution on polyethylene film properties (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 340-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer molecular weight heterogeneity affects the rheological properties of polymer melts such as melt viscosity, fracture and die swell. These rheological properties affect the conversion of the polymer from the bulk resin state to its final usable form. In this particular study, the effect of molecular weight distribution on polyethylene blown film characteristics was studied. The effect of the molecular weight heterogeneity on the rheological characteristics of the polymer in the molten state and its effect on the film properties is presented.The properties studied included film gloss, haze, tear resistance and film impact strength.This study shows that broadening the molecular weight distribution increases haze and reduces film gloss. Further, it was shown that a linear relationship exists between film gloss and external haze. Both values are measures of surface irregularities in the film which are affected by the drawing characteristics of the polymer.A broader molecular weight distribution results in increased impact strength as measured by the Dart Drop Impact Test. This is, it is believed, a result of the increase in long chain branching of the higher molecular weight fractions of the polymer which cause a higher degree of molecular weight entanglement at the branch sites. In contrast the tear strength is reduced as the molecular weight distribution broadens because of the low molecular weight fraction in the broad spectrum material which tend to decrease resistance to tear.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120505
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  • 55
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    Microfibers within fibers: A review (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 364-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature relating to the fundamental nature of the fibrous state is reviewed with the goal of illustrating evidence for the existence of a possibly fundamental morphological unit, the elemental microfiber or fibril. Following a short summary of the rather well documented situation in natural fibers, the problem of the microfiber in synthetic fibers is probed in terms of phenomena in solution and bulk polymeric systems. The reviewed literature indicates the existence of unique, elemental microfibers in synthetic fibers is largely tenuous; however, there is wide evidence of the existence of complex elongated structures axially aligned within macrofibers which future work may resolve into a central microfiber. The structural complexity appears to simplify for transformations occurring in high shear fields. This review covers articles through 1971, and it is notable that in 1971 approximately 100 articles of high relevance appeared in major journals.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120509
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  • 56
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    Solids conveying in screw extruders part II: Non isothermal modelParts of this paper were presented at the 1971 ANTEC in Washington. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 378-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Isothermal solids conveying theories have been developed in the past. However, due to friction, the surface temperature of the solid plug does increase. This change in temperature will strongly affect the temperature sensitive coefficients of friction and consequently also the pressure that develops. The surface temperature of the solid plug is also an important variable on its own because, when it reaches the melting point, the solids conveying zone is terminated. A mathematical model has been developed to calculate the temperature profile in the solid plug together with the strongly interacting pressure profile. Calculations indicate that high pressure in the solids conveying zone can practically be obtained only by very efficient cooling of the barrel in this zone.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120510
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  • 57
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    The bending of polymers under tension as related to a deep drawing process (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two engineering plastics, an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin (ABS resin, Cycolac MS) and a rigid polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC resin, Dacovin 2082) were investigated to determine the effects of cold working. In particular, the “bending under tension” stress system of a deep drawing process was considered. The object was to determine the effect of the blank-holder pressure, the ratio of the punch radius to the material thickness, the speed of deformation and the temperature of deformation. The stress-strain characteristics of the deformed and undeformed material were markedly different. Upper yield points were lower in the deformed specimens, the tensile strengths were decreased by 10 to 15% and the %-elongation at break was higher - up to double the values for underformed specimens. An analysis indicated that these effects can be attributed to non-homogeneous yielding. The results also indicated that crazing plays an important role in permitting an ABS material to permanently conform to a radius with no geometric constraints.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120604
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  • 58
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    Characterization of polyvinyl chloride. Part III. An alternative GPC method for measuring the radii of gyration, and the degree of long-chain branching of polydispersed polymers (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 437-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for measuring the unperturbed radius of gyration and the degree of long-chain branching in Gaussian-distribution polymers is proposed. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) were selected to illustrate the method. It was observed that PVC samples prepared by homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations exhibit the same degree of long-chain branching. This conclusion is supported by viscometric data. The polydispersity ratios (Mw/Mn) indicate that both types of polymerizations would yield a very small amount of total branching (long chain and short chain.) The calculated unperturbed radius of gyration of linear PVC samples was found to be 0.185 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left( {\frac{{{\rm \dot A}^{\rm 2} {\rm mole}}}{{{\rm gm}}}} \right) $\end{document}, and that of PVAc was determined to be 0.107 \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left( {\frac{{{\rm \dot A}^{\rm 2} {\rm mole}}}{{{\rm gm}}}} \right) $\end{document}. The value obtained for PVC is shown to be in agreement with the value determined from the viscometric method as described in our previous work.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120609
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  • 59
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    Surface and interfacial tension of polymer liquids -a review (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The surface tension of a polymer liquid is a property of considerable practical importance. Within the past decade the experimental difficulties in accurately measuring the surface tension of viscous polymer melts have been overcome, and a considerable body of data is now available. This review discusses the measurement techniques which have proved useful, the results which have been obtained, and theoretical approaches which have been applied to them. A tabulation of surface and interfacial tension values which have been published up to mid-1971 is included.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120102
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    Breaking energies of a nylon series subjected to high-speed transverse impactThe material in this paper was presented at the Eighth Annual PIA Research Conference at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J. on 5 November 1970. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a study of the transient behavior of a series of nylon 6/6 yarns differing systematically in mechanical properties, the effects of high-speed, transverse missile impact upon yarn specimens were observed by high-speed photography. The loss in missile kinetic energy was determined directly from the reduction in missile velocity and was studied as a function of yarn tenacity and missile impact velocity. The shape of the missile energy loss curves was due to the partition of missile energy into yarn kinetic energy and yarn strain energy. The missile energy losses and yarn dynamic breaking strains were compared to static breaking energies and breaking strains for these yarns. The observed trends are discussed in terms of the differing yarn tenacities and test rates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120107
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  • 61
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    Melt flow instabilities in capillary flow of two-phase polymer systems (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was made of melt flow instabilities in extrusion of two-phase polymer systems. For the study, blends were prepared from two polymers: polystyrene (Dow Chemical STYRON 686) and high density polyethylene (Union Carbide DMDJ 4309). The experimental technique used in the present study was the same as that described in a previous paper by the authors. The study shows that there are abrupt increases both in exit pressure and in the recoverable shear strain (defined as the ratio of the exit pressure to shear stress) at the critical flow conditions. It has also been found that an addition of a small amount of high density polythylene (2.5 wt-% and 5.0 wt-%) increases the critical shear rate of polystyrene and hence results in a higher throughput rate before extrudate distortion is actually observed. This result is explained in terms of the independently determined melt elasticity of the two-phase systems investigated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120202
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  • 62
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    The optical properties of two-phase polymer systems: Single scattering in monodisperse, non-absorbing systems (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 134-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two-phase polymer systems have achieved commercial importance due mainly to the improvement in impact strength brought about by the addition of dispersed rubber particles to a normally brittle glassy polymer. Rubber-reinforced polystyrene and ABS plastics are two familiar examples. An important drawback of this class of materials is their lack of transparency, caused by the scattering of light at the interface between the phases. The theory of light scattering by spherical particles indicates that the degree of scattering (turbidity) is a function of the amount of dispersed phase present, its particle size, the ratio of refractive indices of the phases, and the wavelength of light. Quantitative predictions of the effects of the above parameters on the transparency of two-phase systems can be made, providing answers to the questions “How close must the refractive indices be?” and “What size must the dispersed-phase particles be?” for a given level of transparency. Calculations for typical polymer pairs reveal that at a given dispersed-phase level, a maximum in turbidity is obtained roughly in the range of particle sizes thought to be necessary for good impact strength. Also, if the refractive indices are matched at a particular temperature, small particle sizes greatly increase the temperature range over which scattering is minimized.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120210
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    On the re-equilibration of nylon 6 (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 179-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Based upon known polymerization kinetics, the extent and rate of re-equilibration of nylon 6 have been analyzed. Relationships have been developed for the calculation of the rates of molecular weight change and monomer regeneration as functions of initial water concentration, degree of polymerization, and type and concentration of end groups. The results are in good agreement with published data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120304
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    Analysis of volatile combustion products and a study of their toxicological effectsPaper presented at Polymer Conference Series, “Flammability Characteristics of Polymeric Materials,” University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 21-26, 1971. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental program was conducted to study the thermochemical, flammability and toxicological characteristics of uncoated and coated polyisocyanurate foams. The coatings used were fluorinated copolymer and an intumescent material. Flammability testing methods included the XP-2 chamber smoke test, ASTM D-1692, infrared photography, Bureau of Mines penetration test, and a JP-4 fuel combustion chamber. The results of these tests are presented in a companion paper. Combustion and pyrolysis gases were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The LD-50 and LD-100 tests were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats housed in an environmental chamber. The isocyanurate foam, flourinated-copolymer-coated foam, and the intumescent-coated foam were found to have excellent flammability and insulation characteristics, although smoke development was substantial. The LD-50 values for Sprague-Dawley rats, based on a two-week survival, were approximately 2.0 gm/ft3 for all three materials. Examination indicated an absence of any significant cause of death except carbon monoxide poisoning.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120209
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    Masthead (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120301
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    Polyisocyanurate foams (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental program was conducted to study the thermochemical and flammability characteristics of an improved polyisocyanurate foam, uncoated and coated either with fluorinated copolymer or an intumescent material. Testing methods included thermal analysis; scanning electron microscopy; infrared photography; infrared spectroscopy; HLT-15, ASTM D-1692, Bureau of Mines Penetration, and XP-2 smoke chamber flammability tests; limiting oxygen index (LOI); and a moderate-scale fire simulation test. The uncoated and coated foams were found to have excellent flammability and insulation characteristics, although smoke development was substantial.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120303
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    Fracture mechanics and relaxation processes in polyvinyl chloride (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linear elastic fracture mechanics has been applied to investigate the strain rate sensitivity of polyvinyl chloride over a range of temperatures (-197 to +80°C). Three-point bend tests have been carried out at two widely different strain rates; in “static” (slow bend) conditions and in a “dynamic” (impact) situation. A specially instrumented Charpy impact hammer has been used to analyse the record of transient loads.The fracture toughness results show a close relationship to the relaxation phenomena between -60 and +75 °C; it was observed that in this region the maximum toughness correlated with the maximum β-relaxation. It was also found that, while in the region of low temperatures the material showed a considerable degree of strain rate sensitivity, at +50° the dynamic and static toughness were of the same order of magnitude; this behavior differs substantially from that observed in metals.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120607
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    Cold rolled ABS. Part 2: Rubber morphology and tensile properties of hot stretched and cold rolled ABSPresented in part to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, The American Chemical Society, Boston, April 1972. (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 450-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cold rolling and hot stretching (105°C) both lead to increased failure stress and decreased stress whitening in model ABS composites while hot stretched samples alone retain a tensile yield dip. Further differences between hot stretching and cold rolling are revealed in electron micrographs obtained by the Kato method. In the hot stretched samples the ruber particles appear as elongated “cigar-like” smooth ellipsoids which reflect the observed macroscopic orientation. SAN occlusions within the ruber particles are deformed to the same degree as the rubber. Ruber particles in cold rolled samples, however, exhibit a jagged, “hairy” surface indicating a high degree of shear distortion; and SAN occlusions within the rubber particles are not deformed in rolling. The rubber particles in cold rolled ABS are flattened and disk-like rather than ellipsoidal.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120611
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    Principles of rotational molding (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 237-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rotational molding is a process by which powdered or liquid plastics are converted into hollow articles. This paper is devoted to the theoretical understanding of the process of rotational molding. There are seven sections:The Art, wherein we describe the process, discuss previous attempts at understanding the process, and mention processes that are similar in principle to rotational molding.Transient Heating of Mold Surface, wherein we show that the criterion for selection of mold materials is the ratio of the thermal diffusivity to the thermal conductivity, and present the heating curve for a mold in a rotational mold machine.Melting of Plastic Powder in a Rotating System, wherein we discuss in detail those physical powder characteristics that are necessary for good flow within the mold cavity.Fluid Flow During Rotational Molding, wherein we discuss the velocity profiles within the melt film, point out that there is very little bulk polymer flow possible within the mold cavity under normal processing conditions, and consider capillary flow forces and surface wetting.Sinter-Melting, wherein we compare the Kuczynski-Neuville empirical sintering model with the Lontz viscoelastic model, conclude that the latter is correct for the sintering of materials such as ABS, and apply the Frenkel glass densification theory to the prediction of void disappearance in sinter-melt polymers.Degradation, wherein we compare our experimental tensile strengths of polystyrene, obtained at varying oven cycle times and oven set point temperatures, with values obtained from degradation models given in the literature.Laboratory Simulation of Rotational Molding, wherein we propose two series of experiments, the first series being carried out without using rotational molding equipment, and the second using rotational molding equipment with molds having relatively simple geometries.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120402
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    The injection molding of thermoplastics part I: Theoretical model (1972)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 12 (1972), S. 294-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical model is proposed for the quantitative treatment of the injection molding of thermoplastics as it relates to the behavior of polymer in the cavity. The model is based on setting up the equations of continuity, motion, and energy for the system during each of the stages of the injection molding cycle (filling, packing and cooling) and the coupling of these equations with practical boundary conditions. The treatment takes into consideration the non-Newtonian behavior of the melt, the effect of temperature on density and viscosity, the latent heat of solidification, and the differences in thermal properties between the solid and the melt. In employing the model, it is necessary to know the pressure-time variation at the cavity entrance. Numerical solutions have been obtained for the case of spreading radial flow in a semi-circular cavity. The numerical results yield significant data on the progression of the melt front, the flow rate, and the velocity profiles at different times and positions in the cavity. They also yield temperature and pressure profiles throughout the packing and cooling stages.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760120408
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    Foam separation of complex anions: Silver thiosulfate (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 200-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study is conducted of the ion flotation of Ag(S2O3)- and Ag(S2O3)23- from an aqueous solution at pH 4.5 with a cationic surfactant. For initial solutions 2.0 × 10-3 to 8.0 × 10-3 M in total silver, optimum silver flotation at foam cesssation is achieved at a molar thiosulfate to silver ratio (Th/Ag) of 0.75 and surfactant to silver ratio (EHDA/Ag) of 0.5, at Th/Ag = 1.0 and EHDA/Ag = 1.1, and at Th/Ag = 2.0 and EHDA/Ag = 2.2. The silver flotation is 99+, 98+, and 92+ % at the three sets of ratios, respectively. At Th/Ag 〉 2.0, highly efficient flotation cannot be achieved due to decreased particle size, and perhaps by competition with free S2O32- for the surfactant.The stoichiometry of the ion flotation product is established from relative silver and surfactant flotation rates. The stoichiometry is independent of foaming time, but is a strong linear function of EHDA/Ag and Th/Ag, in contrast to the stoichiometry of flotation products of other simple and complex anions. Rate data can be fit reasonably by a first-order reversible model. The rate constant is an inverse function of EHDA/Ag, indicating the desirability of pulsed surfactant addition. Results are discussed in terms of the average ligand number of silver, particle size, and surface potential measurements.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180137
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    Influence of gibbs adsorption on oscillatory marangoni instability (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 231-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180145
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    Fixed bed sorption with recycle (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 245-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180151
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    Comments on the Yang-Yendall equation of state (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 248-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180152
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    Turbulence measurements in liquids, proceedings of the symposium on turbulence measurement in liquids - university of Missouri, Rolla (September, 1969). G. K. Patterson and J. L. Zakin, (eds.), 1971. 155 pages. $8.00 (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 254-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180155
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    Erratum (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 255-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180160
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    On the computation of complex equilibria (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for solving the problem: given fixed pressure, temperature, the amounts of the chemical elements, and the chemical potentials of possible chemical species at the pressure and temperature specified, determine the equilibrium composition. The method requires a minimum of judgment on the part of the user.A modification of Naphtali's method for direct minimization of Gibbs' function provides an estimate of the composition of sufficient accuracy to insure convergence of solution, by the Newton-Raphson method, of the nonlinear equations describing the equilibrium.Problems in treating multiple phaes of unknown stability and chemical species present in small amouts are handled by ignoring unstable phases and small quantitites in the direct minimization until the amounts of the major consitituents have been at least approximately determined. To accomplish this, species temporarily ignored are assigned a ficitious mol fraction so that their re-entry into the calculation can be established. Truncation errors in the direct minimziation can be tolerated because of the two-step method.Examples of some of the problems solved are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180209
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    Dynamics of diffusion and adsorption in a single catalyst pellet (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 326-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exposing one face of a catalyst pellet to a pulse of tracer gas and analyzing the response at the opposite and provides a dynamic method for measuring the effective diffusivity of porous catalysts. The first and second moments of the response peak are shown to be a function of only De and the geometry of the pellet and detector chamber for a nonadsorbing, tracer-carrier system. Data obtained for alumina pellets of different densities ilustrate the method.For an adsorbing tracer, the first moment is a function of both De and the adsorption equilibrium comstant. Measurements for an unconsolidated assembly of nickel/Kieselguhr particles, using the D2-H2 system, show that first-moment data are sufficient to calculate reasonably accurate values of the equilibrium adsorption. However, it appears to be difficult to obtain adsorption rate constants by this method.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180213
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    The peak pool boiling heat flux from a sphere (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A hydrodynamic prediction is formulated for the peak nucleate boiling heat flux on spheres. It employs no empirical constants but it is justified by an experimental correlation of the vapor blanket thickness at the equator of the sphere. The prediction compares very favorably with 27 original data obtained by the transient calorimeter method in both water and N2 on spheres of different sizes. It also compares well with the data of prior investigators for a large range of size, gravity, and boiled liquids. Assumptions as to the vapor removeal configuration are supported with photographic observations of the boiling procss.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180215
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    On the motion of a viscoelastic fluid through a cylinder of rectangular cross section (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 450-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180235
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    Saturated enthalpies for mixtures of propane and propene (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 452-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180237
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    Tangent cone analysis of periodic processes (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 459-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180240
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    Sound velocity in liquid CCl2 F2 and the law of corresponding states (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 430-432 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180228
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    Residence time and fluid mixing on commercial scale sieve trays (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 498-505 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber optic technique was used to obtain point residence time distributions at several points on an 8 ft. diam. sieve tray in hydrocarbon service. Residence time patterns were obtained over a wide range of vapor and liquid loadings with the isopropyl alcohol-water system and at both ends of the cyclohexane toluene system. The data reveal severe flow nonuniformities on the tray including nonuniform velocity distribution and retrograde flow near the column walls. The reasons for this behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180307
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    Multicomponent diffusion and vapor-liquid equilibria of dilute organic components in aqueous sugar solutions (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 513-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A technique for direct measurement of the differential diffusion coefficients in a ternary system of water, sugar, and a dilute organic species is described. The individual sugars were d-fructose, d-glucose, and sucrose; and ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and n-hexanal individually constituted the dilute organic species. The four ternary diffusivities were obtained over a range of sugar concentrations by the use of horizontal diaphragm cells, a differential interferometer, a flame-ionization gas-liquid chromatograph and postulation of the validity of the Onsager reciprocal relations. The equilibrium partial pressures of the dilute organic species over these solutions have also been measured, using a vapor head space chromatographic technique.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180309
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    Application of modern control theory to distillation columns (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 479-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modern control theory for systems with load changes is applied to distillation column control. Both linear and nonlinear distillation models are developed and tested. Excellent control is achieved by using an optimal multi-variable-proportional-integral (MPI) controller for systems with unmeasurable disturbances. When the disturbances are measurable an optimal multi-variable proportional controller with error coordination (MPE) is desirable. Various structures for distillation control have also been investigated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180304
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    Elongational flow of polymer melts (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 540-547 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Elongational flow experiments with viscous polymeric material were conducted at a constant elongation rate on a modified tensile testing machine. Steady elongational and shear viscosity data and elongational stress growth data are presented for an isobutylene-isoprene copolymer at 100°C. S-shaped elongational stress growth curves are reported for cis-1,4-polyisoprene at 80°C.The stresses necessary to maintain a cylindrical specimen in steady elongational flow are indicated by a calculation which includes the effects of inertia, gravity, and interfacial tension.Interrelations among several elongational flow material functions are given for a constitutive equation based on the theory of linear viscoelasticity.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180313
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    Experimental determination of residence time distributions on commercial scale distillation trays using a fiber optic technique (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 491-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fiber optic technique for obtaining multiple, simultaneous, point residence time distributions on operating, commercial scale distillation trays is described. The method has sufficient resolution to yield residence time profiles on the tray and to separate tray and downcomer effects. The results indicate severe flow nonuniformities on the tray, which are not accounted for in present models of distillation.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180306
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  • 89
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    Kinetics of reduction of nickel oxide with CO (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 506-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Initial rates were measured for the reduction of single pellets of nickel oxide with carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from 566 to 796°C. The nickel oxide pellets were porous (∊0 = 0.032 - 0.35) and intrapellet diffusion retarded the rate so that the shrinking core model was not applicable. Effective diffusivities for the lower porosity pellets were very small, corresponding to tortuosity factors of about 180 for ∊0 = 0.032 and 92 for ∊0 = 0.062.The reaction appeared to be first order in carbon monoxide. Rate constants, based upon the intraparticle area, indicated an activation energy of 47 kcal/g.-mole over the temperature range 566 to 682°C. At higher temperatures the rate was constant. These results, while not conclusive, are in agreement with a reaction sequence consisting of formation of nuclei of nickel atoms in the nickel oxide surface, rapid adsorption of carbon monoxide at the nickel-nickel oxide interface, migration of the adsorbed carbon monoxide to the adjacent lattice, and a slow reaction to extract oxygen from the lattice.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180308
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developed turbulent transport in ducts for large prandtl or schmidt numbers (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 527-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of developed turbulent heat or mass transfer in a duct is considered for the limit of large σ (Prandtl or Schmidt number). The limiting results depend on the behavior of the eddy diffusivity near the solid surface. Since there is a question about whether this variation begins with ∊ ∝ y+3 + … or ∊ ∝ y+4 + … for y+ near zero, both possibilities are considered. In each case the first three terms of the asymptotic expansion for σ → ∞ are obtained. The first term of the asymptotic expansion agrees with limiting results derived earlier, while the correction terms indicate the errors associated with earlier simplifying assumptions.By proper scalling, it is demonstrated that in the limit of σ → ∞ the results are independent of geometry and boundary conditions for situations involving parallel plates, circular tubes and concentric annuli with either constant surface heat flux or temperature. The correction terms to the σ → ∞ asymptote can be significant, although the effect of Reynolds number on the correction terms is very small.A comparison between a typical numerical integration and the asymptotic formula shows excellent agreement. The asymptotic formulae are used to correlate large Schmidt number mass transfer data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180311
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite element analysis of slow non-newtonian channel flow (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 628-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite element method is applied to isothermal slow channel flow of power-law fluids. The fully developed flow is normal to the channel cross section. The method and results are compared with a finite difference method for rectangular channels and with exact solutions for the Newtonian case. An advantage of finite element methods is the flexibility of the mesh of elements approximating the continuum, chosen to suit the particular problem. Arbitrary boundary shapes can be handled as illustrated by a rectangular channel with rounded corners.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180325
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The florite-water vapor sorption therm (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 639-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption isotherms for moist air and Florite were determined at a total pressure of one atmosphere and 75°, 100°, 125°, 150°, 175°, and 200°F. No hysteresis was evident.An investigation of the sorption isotherms showed that a concentration-temperature coordinate could be identified, which when plotted against amount sorbed, causes all sorption isotherms to collapse into a single sorption therm.For purposes of sorption curve fitting the concentration-temperature coordinate was incorporated into a version of BET theory. This relation produced an excellent fit of data without resorting to more complicated versions of BET theory.The concentration-temperature coordinate was also incorporated into a modified version of Langmuir-Hey theory to show that this interpretation also leads to a very satisfactory fit of sorption data.Some additional observations are made concerning the computerized curve fitting technique as applied to silica gel, the data for which were reported in an earlier publication.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180327
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of interfacial tension during the absorption of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine-water mixtures using an oscillating jet (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 647-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180330
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stress state of elastic fluids in viscometric flow (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 600-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method of instrumentation for normal-stress determinations was developed, making possible accurate unsteady state as well as steady state measurements, eliminating errors arising from fluid-filled pressure-tap holes, and permitting the determination of the complete stress state in a single cone-and-plate shearing-geometry experiment. Sensitive, nonflow semiconductor pressure transducers mounted at several radial positions with their pressuresensing diaphragms flush with the plate surface provide data for the normal-stress distribution. The normal-stress distribution, together with the total normal force from the single-geometry experiment, enables determination of the primary and secondary normal-stress differences by two independent methods of analysis while the transmitted torque enables determination of the viscosity, each as a function of shear rate. Only the normal-stress distribution is required if an independent check on the normal-stress determination is not desired. Similar advantages arise in the application of the instrumentation to a parallel-plate shearing geometry, The new instrumentation was used in the determination of the complete rheological stress state of three aqueous and two “Tetralin” solutions of polymers in a cone-and-plate shearing geometry shear rates of 0.02 to 450 s-1 on a Model R-17 Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The normalstress differences computed by means of two methods of analysis are in surprisingly good agreement. The ratio of the secondary to the primary normal-stress difference was negative. The absolute values of this ratio decreased with increases in the shear rate, the maximum observed value being 0.4.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180321
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A continuous profilometer (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 653-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180332
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Letters to the editor (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 669-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180340
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of drop volumes in liquid-liquid systems (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 634-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for calculating drop sizes obtained in Newtonian immiscible liquid-liquid systems when a dispersed fluid is continuously injected at uniform subjectting point velocities through a sharp-edged nozzle that is preferentially wet by the continuous phase. This method is based on the calculation of the shape of a drop forming at the nozzle tip by means of a pressure balance over the drop interface and the use of a force balance to determine if any portion of the forming drop can break away. Calculated drop sizes are compared with experimental data for systems of different physical properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180326
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of the two-level optimization procedure to the discrete maximum principle (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 659-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180335
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid counterdiffusion of selected aromatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons in type Y zeolites (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 724-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of Counterdiffusion are markeldy affected not only by the critical molecular diameter of the diffusing molecules but also by other physicochemical properties of the liquids and the nature of the cation in the zeolite. The effective diffusivity in NaY or HY under counterdiffusion conditions is less by a factor of 10-1 to 10-3 than that for unidirectional diffusion into an initially empty pore structure.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180410
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonisothermal laminar contracted flow (1972)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 18 (1972), S. 713-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Temperature and velocity profiles and pressure losses were computed for laminar, temperature-dependent Newtonian flow from a stream tube through an abrupt contraction into and through the entrance region of a smaller coaxial tube, in which the fluid was cooled or heated at constant wall temperature. The equations of motion and energy, including axial diffusion and viscous dissipation, were solved numerically for diameter ratios of one and two, a practical temperature range, and NPe and NRe up to 100. Entrance temperatures and velocities are far from uniform, and pressure losses are greater than those computed using simplified equations and uniform entrance temperatures and velocities.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690180408
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