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  • 1965-1969  (3.509)
  • 1890-1899  (195)
  • 1800-1809
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (2.221)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1.448)
  • Insulin  (35)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Diurnal variations ; Food intake ; Glucose load ; Insulin ; Tolbutamide test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume On a étudié l'effet de la lumière et de la période d'ingestion des aliments sur l'élimination d'insuline par les urines. On peut démontrer l'existence d'un rythme circadien et la présence de deux facteurs de régulation pour cette élimination. On présente quelques hypothèses concernant ces phénomènes.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se estudió el efecto que sobre la eliminación de insulina urinaria ejercen los períodos de luzoscuridad y el horario de administración del alimento. Se demuestra la existencia de un ritmo circadiano de eliminación de dicha hormona, describiéndose dos reguladores del mismo. Se hacen especulaciones fisiopatológicas acerca de su significado.
    Notizen: Riassunto E' stato studiato l'effetto della luce e del periodo di ingestione del cibo sull'eliminazione di insulina nelle urine. Si può dimostrare l'esistenza di un ritmo circadiano e la presenza di due fattori di regolazione per questa eliminazione. Vengono presentate alcune ipotesi concernenti questi fenomeni.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Glybenclamide ; Insulin ; Insulin secretion ; Sulfonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Les effets métaboliques de la glybenclamide et de la tolbutamide ont été étudiés chez deux groupes de sujets normaux traités avec des doses comparables des deux sulphanylurées. En rapport aussi à la dose de 1:400, la glybenclamide a démontré une activité insuline-sécrétive bien majeure de celle de la tolbutamide. La réponse insulinique a été suivie par une rapide et prolongée diminution des NEFA sériques et par un moins persistant effet hypoglycémique. Les effets métaboliques de l'HB 419 sont encore évidents 10–12 heures après l'administration du médicament, tandis que l'activité de la tolbutamide est terminée géneralement entre 4–6 heures. Quand l'administration des médicaments a été pratiquée en concomitance avec une charge veineuse de glucose, le coéfficient de Conard était élevé d'une façon significative par toutes les deux sulphanylurées.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Los efectos metabólicos de la glibenclamida y de la tolbutamida han sido investigados en dos grupos de sujetos normales tratados con dosis comparables de las dos sulfanilúreas. Inclusive en una relación de dosificación de 1:400, la glibenclamida ha demostrado una actividad insulinosecretora mucho mayor de la tolbutamida. La respuesta insulínica ha sido seguida de una disminución pronta y prolongada de los NEFA séricos y de un efecto hipoglucemiante menos persistente. Los efectos metabólicos del HB 419 son aún evidentes a las 10–12 horas después de la administración del medicamento, mientras la actividad de la tolbutamida es anulada por lo general dentro de 4–6 horas. Cuando la suministración de los medicamentos ha sido practicada en coincidencia con una carga venosa de glucosa, el coeficiente de Conard apareció significativamente elevado por ambas sulfanilúreas.
    Notizen: Riassunto Gli effetti metabolici della glibenclamide e della tolbutamide sono stati indagati in 2 gruppi di soggetti normali trattati con dosi comparabili delle due sulfaniluree. Anche in un rapporto di dosaggio di 1:400, la glibenclamide ha mostrato un'attività insulino-secretiva assai maggiore di quella della tolbutamide. La risposta insulinica è stata seguita da una pronta e prolungata diminuzione dei NEFA serici e da un meno persistente effetto ipoglicemico. Gli effetti metabolici del-l'HB 419 sono ancora evidenti 10–12 h dopo la somministrazione del farmaco mentre l'attività della tolbutamide si annulla generalmente entro 4–6 h. Quando la somministrazione dei farmaci è stata praticata in coincidenza con un carico venoso di glucosio, il coefficiente di Conard è apparso significativamente innalzato da entrambe le sulfaniluree.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 371-388 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin assay ; Laboratory technique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Islets of Langerhans ; Placenta ; Transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Ce travail est la continuation des communications préliminaires sur la résistance insulinique des nouveaux-nés de mères insuline-résistantes. Les recherches ont été conduites sur cobayes et sur sujets humains. Les AA. ont démontré que les anticorps anti-insuline passent dans la circulation fœtale et provoquent l'apparition d'une insuline-résistance passive qui va disparaître dans les premières semaines de la vie. Les anticorps contre l'insuline bovine lient en partie l'insuline endogène des cobayes, ce qui est mis en evidence par l'hyperglycémie élevée des cobayes jeunes nées de mères insuline-résistantes. Les anticorps anti-insuline n'ont aucun effet important sur la structure du pancréas des cobayes dans la période périnatale.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Este trabajo representa la continuación de las comunicaciones preliminares sobre la resistencia insulínica que presentan las personas nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Las investigaciones han sido efectuadas en cobayas y hombres. Se ha demostrado que los anticuerpos anti-insulina pasan al círculo fetal, provocando la aparición de insulino-resistencia pasiva, que desaparece durante las primeras semanas de vida. Los anticuerpos contra la insulina bovina ligan en parte la insulina endógena de cobayas, como lo demuestra la hiperglucemia elevada de las cobayas jóvenes nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina no ejercen ningún efecto apreciable sobre la estructura del páncreas de las cobayas durante el período peri-natal.
    Notizen: Riassunto Questo lavoro rappresenta la continuazione delle comunicazioni preliminari sulla resistenza insulinica dei nati di madri insulino-resistenti. Le ricerche sono state condotte su cavie e su uomini. E' stato dimostrato che gli anticorpi anti-insulina passano nel circolo fetale inducendovi la comparsa di una insulino-resistenza passiva che scompare nelle prime settimane di vita. Gli anticorpi contro l'insulina bovina legano in parte l'insulina endogena di cavie, come è evidenziato dall'elevata iperglicemia delle cavie giovani nate da madri insulino-resistenti. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina non esercitano alcun effetto di rilievo sulla struttura del pancreas delle cavie nel periodo perinatale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 796-808 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Desensitization ; Immunoglobulins ; Insensitivity ; Insulin ; Insulin allergy ; Insulin antibodies ; Macroglobulins ; Porcine insulin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Cinq patients atteints d'allergie à l'insuline ont été désensibilisés par de l'insuline de porc selon la méthode d'Urbach et Gotlieb. Le diagnostic d'allergie à l'insuline a été posé sur la base des manifestations cliniques, de la positivité des réactions cutanées et, dans 2 cas, des réactions de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). On a obtenu dans 3 cas une désensibilisation. La présence d'anticorps anti-insuline a été révélée par la méthode immunoautoradiographique en employant de l'insuline131J. Avant la désensibilisation la présence d'anticorps IgG a été enregistrée chez 3 patients tandis que chez 2 on a démontré également des anticorps IgA. Une réaction de P.K. positive a été observée chez des patients dont les sérums contenaient des anticorps IgA. Pendant la désensibilisation on a observé une apparition transitoire de macroglobulines capables de lier l'insuline131J. Après la désensibilisation on a constaté la persistance de la positivité aux réactions cutanées immédiates à l'insuline de porc et de boeuf. En même temps les réactions retardées et la réaction de P.K. à l'insuline de porc étaient interverties, bien que les mêmes réactions à l'insuline bovine restaient positives.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Cinco pacientes que padecían de alergia a la insulina han sido desensibilizados con insulina porcina según el método de Urbach y Gotlieb. El diagnóstico de alergia a la insulina ha sido puesto teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones clínicas, el positivismo de las reacciones cutáneas, y, en 2 casos, las reacciones de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). En 3 casos se ha obtenido desensibilización. La presencia de anticuerpos anti-insulina ha sido puesta en evidencia con el método inmunoautoradiográfico, empleando insulina131J. Antes de la desensibilización, la presencia de anticuerpos IgG ha sido hallada en 3 pacientes, mientras que en 2 han sido demostrados también anticuerpos IgA. Una reacción de P.K. positiva ha sido observada en pacientes cuyos sueros contenían anticuerpos IgA. Durante la desensibilización se ha observado aparición transitoria de macroglobulinas capaces de ligar la insulina131J. Al cabo de la desensibilización se ha notado la persistencia del positivismo a las respuestas cutáneas inmediatas a la insulina porcina y bovina. Al mismo tiempo, las respuestas retardadas y la reacción de P.K. a la insulina porcina cstaban invertidas, no obstante que las mismas reacciones a la insulina bovina hubieran quedado positivas.
    Notizen: Riassunto Cinque pazienti con allergia all'insulina sono stati desensibilizzati con insulina suina secondo il metodo di Urbach e Gotlieb. La diagnosi di allergia all'insulina è stata posta sulla base delle manifestazioni cliniche, della positività delle reazioni cutanee e, in 2 casi, delle reazioni di Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). In 3 casi si è ottenuta una desensibilizzazione. La presenza di anticorpi anti-insulina è stata rivelata con il metodo immunoautoradiografico impiegando insulina131J. Prima della desensibilizzazione la presenza di anticorpi IgG è stata riscontrata in 3 pazienti mentre in 2 sono stati dimostrati anche anticorpi IgA. Una reazione di P.K. positiva è stata osservata in pazienti i cui sieri contenevano anticorpi IgA. Durante la desensibilizzazione si è osservata una comparsa transitoria di macroglobuline capaci di legare l'insulina131J. Dopo la desensibilizzazione si è riscontrata la persistenza della positività delle risposte cutanee immediate all'insulina suina e bovina. Al tempo stesso le risposte ritardate e la reazione di P.K. all'insulina suina erano invertite, sebbene le stesse reazioni all'insulina bovina rimanessero positive.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notizen: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notizen: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notizen: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notizen: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notizen: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notizen: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Toad Bladder ; Sodium Transport Pool ; Aldosterone ; Insulin ; Vasopressin ; Krötenblase ; Natrium-Transport-Pool ; Aldosteron ; Insulin ; Vasopressin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The size of toad bladder sodium transport pool, defined as that amount of sodium of apical origin and recovered in tissue at equilibrium, was compared with sodium transport rate, derived from short-circuit current read immediately before tissue analysis. Provided certain precautions be taken, the relationship between both variables can be described by a curve starting at the intersect ofX (pool, in μEq) andY (transport, in μEq/hr) axes, with a tendency forX to increase faster thanY. Assuming sodium transport pool forms one compartment, its calculated half-life averages 2–3 min. sodium transport pool measurements are thought to shed light on mechanism of sodium transport by toad bladder because pool size was large with respect to transport rate when tissue was exposed to several inhibitors of sodium transport. Conversely, upon stimulation of activity of (substrate — depleted) preparations by glucose, a relative reduction of pool size was observed. Aldosterone, vasopressin (and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) increased sodium pool size and transport rate, proportionately; insulin stimulated sodium transport more than it increased pool size. Thus, insulin presumably exerts its effect at the sodium “pump” while such a site of action need not be postulated for aldosterone and vasopressin: these 2 hormones would instead induce, permeability changes faciliting sodium movement at the apical border of toad bladder epithelial cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 90-99 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This investigation considers a hypothetical three-phase ordered composite to permit the design of a new material both stiffer and tougher than the matrix phase alone. The required elastic solution is greatly simplified and was based on a single layered inclusion in an otherwise infinite matrix under uniaxial tension. The solution presented is exact and generalized to accommodate any number of concentric layers of different thickness and composition.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Attempts to use low-cycle fatigue techniques derived from the work of Coffin and Manson to predict the fatigue performance of six diverse structural plastics are discussed. Through an analysis of dynamic property and thermal behavior studies of polymer samples in reversed-tension fatigue, an improved model for the polymer fatigue process has been proposed. Laboratory test data are presented illustrating the relationship between the various models.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 100-104 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It is postulated that property gradients exist at the interface forming an “interphase” between the insert and the matrix. Such gradients might be caused by partial solubility and diffusivity of the two phases comprising a composite. For simplicity, the “interphase” is replaced by a shell exhibiting averaged properties (Eshell = 1/2 Einsert + 1/2 Ematrix, etc.). An exact linear elastic solution was employed to evaluate stress fields throughout all regions. The possible effect of the “interphase” and its thickness on several physical properties of the composite are evaluated in terms of the particular stress fields.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 159-163 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An investigation of the dynamic mechanical properties of several molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Rheometer. Relaxation spectra derived from experimental data for the terminal region of viscoelastic response indicate that as molecular weight distribution broadens, terminal relaxation phenomena associated with molecular disentanglement and translation extend over a corresponding wider frequency range. The same data indicate that a true maximum relaxation time beyond which no elastic response is observed exists for the materials studied. Moreover, the maximum relaxation time corresponds to the reciprocal of the frequency where the dynamic viscosity deviates from its zero-shear value. Thus an estimate of the time necessary for complete elastic recovery in polymer melts is readily obtained experimentally.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 190-196 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Tensile creep measurements were carried out on a commercial ABS polymer over a temperature range from 40 to 100°C at stress levels from 0.6 to 1.8 × 108 dynes/cm2. Experiments were conducted in a prototype of an apparatus designed to be compatible with digital acquisition systems. Analysis of the data indicated that application of the time-temperature super-position principle was of limited value due to the use of test temperatures near and below the effective glass transition temperature of the acrylonitrile-styrene component of the polymer. A strong stress dependence of the compliance was observed, even at relatively short times after loading. This was analyzed in terms of a model in which the height of the potential energy barrier to motion of the molecular flow unit is lowered by the application of stress. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the compliance at low stress levels indicated that the effective Tg of the acrylonitrile-styrene phase is about 85°C. The temperature dependence of the magnitude of the activation energy is considered as is the stress dependence of the glass transition temperature. Implications of short-time response in creep with regard to response under impact loading are pointed out. Practical application of results to the prediction of dimensional stability of molded parts is discussed as well as the limitations involved in extrapolation of experimental data to long times and high stress levels.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Fine structures of several plastic/rubber two -phase polymer systems were studied by means of direct observations of ultrathin sections under the electron microscope using osmium tetroxide staining and a hardening procedure developed recently by Kato. Samples used are several types of both ABS polymers and high -impact polystyrenes, and several PVC/rubber blends and the results were discussed in relation to their dynamic viscoelastic properties. It is suggested that these studies may fruitfully be extended to clarify the structure -to property relationships by use of this method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 250-254 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The purpose of this paper is to describe a new deformation calorimeter, which is based on differential thermometry and uses a flowing gas stream as a heat transfer medium which allows it to operate under near-isothermal conditions. Also presented are some preliminary test measurements with a crosslinked polyurethane elastomer and crystalline polybutene-1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 277-281 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Antiplasticizers are considered to be diluents which when added to polymers result in mechanical property behavior opposite to that of plasticization. The addition of antiplasticizers to certain polymers such as Bisphenol A polycarbonate, polysulfone, and polyvinyl chloride results in the elimination of the secondary loss transitions of these polymers. As a drop in modulus accompanies these transitions, their elimination results in higher tensile strength and tensile modulus. As secondary transitions are commonly associated with ductility and impact strength, their elimination also results in the observed embrittlement characteristics. The addition of anti-plasticizers to polymers also restricts the diffusion of penetrants resulting from the decrease of molecular flexibility in the polymer matrix.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A useful concept in polymer science is the degree of crystallinity - the fraction of the polymer that exists in a relatively ordered state. Methods of determination of the degree of crystallinity using density, infrared, thermal, N.M.R. and X-ray measurements are examined in light of modern notions of the structure of semi-crystalline polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The changes occurring when polythene melts are subjected to shear, have been investigated using a rotating bob fitted into a ram extruder. In addition to chain scission, low density polythene exhibits reversible changes in mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The magnitude of the changes is controlled by total shear strain, and is related to molecular weight and long chain branching. The mechanism appears to be one of reversible disentanglement operating mainly on the large highly branched molecules. The work is relevant to various extrusion processes and to other long-branched polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 434-444 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This investigation deals with the fatigue behavior of a group of thermoplastics fortified with discontinuous glass fibers dispersed by an injection molding process. The thermoplastics included nylon, polystyrene and polyethylene reinforced with short (1/8 in.) and long (1/2 in.) glass fibers.Several aspects of the fatigue behavior are included in the study. First, classical S-N curves were generated under fluctuating tension with R = 0.05 to show the loss of strength due to cyclic load application. Next, the extent of progressive fatigue damage was established by measuring the residual strength after cyclic loading. Finally, hypotheses pertaining to the fatigue mechanisms operative in all four materials were made based on microscopic examinations of sections removed from fatiguedamaged specimens.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Twelve polymers and copolymers reinforced with random short glass fibers are used for the study of the strength -composition relationship. Six of these reinforced systems are new and have not been reported elsewhere. The effect of fiber volume fraction on tensile and flexural strengths is related to the Kelly and Tyson equation. For each composition the strengthening factor, F, is calculated and discussed with respect to the structure of the polymer. One factor pertaining to the actual performance of fiber glass, fiber efficiency, K, has been extrapolated for the fiber glass used for this study. The effects of fibers on toughness and the Izod notched impact strength are discussed. It is the impact strength ratio and not the toughness which is used to describe the net result of reinforcement.The deviations between the wet and the dry strengths are used to illustrate the effect of the fiber -matrix interfacial bond. A new parameter, Δθ, is introduced to describe the effect of structure on the fiber -matrix interface. The effect of water at the fiber -matrix interface is further demonstrated through the determination of dielectric constant and dissipation factor of the composite before and after water immersion. The rule of mixtures was found to apply to dry electrical properties of composites.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 225-241 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of shear stress on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of linear polyethylene and polybutene-1 were studied with the aid of a specially designed apparatus. With this equipment, it was possible to heat a thin polymer sample between glass slides to a melt temperature, quench the sample to a crystallization temperature, and then deform the sample in shear by applying a constant load to one of the glass slides. During the deformation, the crystallization process was observed and photographed under a polarizing microscope. Also, the displacement of the glass slide was simultaneously recorded which made possible a determination of the shear strain as a function of time.The results demonstrate that two phenomena may occur in the initially supercooled polymer samples in response to the applied shear stress. In one case, the sample deformed until it fractured, generally exhibiting no evidene of crystallization; in the other, the sample deformed until an inflection point was reached after which the sample became rigid. This latter phenomenon was attributed to crystallization.At low shear stresses, the inflection point was associated with the growth of spherulites which simply became large enough to bridge the glass slides and prevent further deformation of the sample. This generally occurred prior to the completion of the radial growth of the lamellae.At high shear stresses, however, no evidence of crystallization was seen in the microscope until the inflection point was reached. At this point, birefringence was observed in the sample. The resulting structure generally could not be resolved in the microscope, thereby indicating very profuse nucleation.The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the application of a sufficiently high shear stress to an initially supercooled melt has a substantial effect on the rates of crystallization of both polyethylene and polybutene-1. This was shown most dramatically at temperatures close to the melting point, e.g., both polyethylene at 130°C and polybutene-1 at 113°C, which require over 104 sec to crystallize under quiescent conditions, crystallized at approximately 0.05 seconds.The application of a shear stress to a polymer melt is envisaged as resulting in molecular orientation. In accord with the theories of Flory, and Krigbaum and Roe, the associated decrease in entropy of the melt may be considered to increase the supercooling. Under high stresses at which large increases in supercooling result, crystallization occurs more rapidy at the high temperatures and with polymers of lower molecular weight. At low shear stresses, the influence of temperature and molecular weight on the crystallization kinetics is essentially the same as that obseved under quiescent conditions.Observations through the microscope have shown that the application of a shear stress to a polymer melt leads to large increases in the number of crystalline structures formed and to the formation of oriented morphologies. This latter phenomenon arises due to nucleation lines formed by impurities and spherulites in the deforming melt. The impurities and spherulites apparently cause a disturbance which is thought to result in a local increase in stress of the melt and, hence, a local increase in supercooling. Lamellae then nucleate on these lines and grow out radially.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Detailed crazing behavior in several plastic/rubber twophase polymer systems was studied by means of direct observation of ultrathin sections under the electron microscope by employing osmium tetroxide staining and hardening procedure. Samples used are ABS polymer, high -impact polystyrene and several PVC/rubber blends. All of the systems investigated showed evidence of stress -crazing when under flexural stress. Relationships between the dispersed rubber particles and the crazing behaviors were studied, and the role of rubber particles in the toughening mechanism of plastics was discussed based on these observations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of temperature and penetrant activity on the sorption kinetics and equilibria of a series of alkanes in glassy, biaxially oriented polystyrene were studied. Normal isomers of pentane, hexane, and heptane cause crazing of polystyrene film samples at high penetrant activities (〉 0.85). Crazing kinetics are identical to the kinetics of Case II transport. Transport of these normal hydrocarbons in glassy polystyrene in the temperature range 25 to 50°C is markedly non-Fickian; limiting Case II transport is observed at activities in exces of 0.6. Sorption appears to be controlled by highly activated relaxation processes including primary bond breakage at these high penetrant activities. Fickian diffusion behavior is approached, however, as penetrant activity is reduced. Sorption of the branched isomers of these compounds does not result in polymer microfailure. The sorption kinetics of the branched isomers, although time dependent, appear to be controlled primarily by thermally activated diffusion rather than large scale polymer relaxations which control Case II transport.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Some of the thermodynamic and physical properties of crystals of linear polyethylene, formed from dilute solution are discussed. These properties include density, enthalpy of fusion, infrared absorption spectrum, selective oxidation and dynamic mechanical measurements. Despite the fact that electron microscopic examination reveals an apparent geometric regularity to these crystals, all these physical measurements yield a consistent interpretation in that they require about 15-20% of the chain units to be in a non-random conformation, and to form a disordered amorphous overlayer.Detailed studies of the experimentally observed relations between the crystallite thickness, crystallization temperature, and dissolution temperature (melting temperature in a dilute solution) are also presented. A thermodynamic analysis of the dissolution temperature-size relations, based on independently determined equilibrium solubility temperatures, indicates that the interfacial free-energy characteristic of the mature crystallites is significantly different from that involved in nucleation. The interfacial structures of the nucleus and the crystallites must, therefore, also be different. Size control by a nucleation process can be demonstrated from very general theoretical considerations. However, the detailed molecular structure characteristic of the nucleus cannot be specified solely from the fact that this process is size controlling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 282-285 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Work at Stanford Research Institute on the deterioration of polymers is based on the assumption that aging in the light is the most serious problem and that it has at least three components that must be separated if we are to understand the overall process. We have started by measuring the production of free radicals on the polymer when pairs of t-butoxy radicals are generated from thermal decomposition of di-t-butylperoxy oxalate (DBPO) in bulk atactic polypropylene at temperatures approximating service conditions, 35-50°C. Our preliminary experiments have brought out experimental difficulties and have raised more theoretical questions than they have answered. Nevertheless, they show that the efficiency of production of polymer radicals is low and sensitive to the mobilities of the polymer chains. They also suggest that two kinetically different oxidation processes, with different dependencies on rates of initiation and with different susceptibilities to inhibitors, are proceeding simultaneously. The implications of these findings for results of some previous work and for design of improved accelerated tests is considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 295-310 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Starting with specific constitutive equations, methods of evaluating material properties from experimental data are outlined and then illustrated for some polymeric materials; these equations have been derived from thermodynamic principles, and are very similar to the Boltzmann superposition integral form of linear theory. The experimental basis for two equations under uniaxial loading and the influence of environmental factors on the properties are first examined. It is then shown that creep and recovery data can be conveiently used to evaluate properties in one equation, while two-step relaxation data serve the same purpose for the second equation. Methods of reducing data to accomplish this characterization and to determine the accuracy of the theory are illustrated using existing data on nitrocellulose film, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin, and polyisobutylene. Finally, a set of three-dimensional constitutive equations is proposed which is consistent with nonlinear behavior of some metals and plastics, and which enables all properties to be evaluated from uniaxial creep and recovery data.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 360-364 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Equations have been derived to convert Brabender flow curves to Instron flow curves for practical application purposes. The technique involved is simple and has been described and discussed in detail. Nine pairs of Brabender and Instron flow curves of three different high polymers, each at three operating temperatures, have been found to fit each other quite well. The converted Brabender flow curves overlap a part of the Instron curves and extend the shear range toward the Newtonian flow region. An important consequence of this work is that the Brabender Plastograph can now be regarded as a formal viscometer while still functioning as a miniature of the Banbury mixers used in industry. More work is being done to take advantage of this consequence.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 378-382 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Constant stress creep and recovery experiments were performed in the nonlinear range under combined tension and torsion on a tubular specimen of polycarbonate. Nonlinear viscoelasticity theory was employed to describe the test results. It was found that the first three orders of stress terms and a power function of time adequately described the experimental results. The modified superposition principle satisfactorily predicted the recovery following creep. Recovery was almost complete in several days following two hours of creep.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 400-404 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The physical optics of iridescent multilayered plastic films are analyzed theoretically relating the layer thickness, layer arrangement, and refractive index difference between layers to the reflection spectra for light at normal incidence. Very vivid iridescent and metallic-appearing films may be made by proper control of layer distribution.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 356-359 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Salts of polyacrylic acid can be fabricated in heated molds using mixed powders of polyacrylic acid and metal oxides. Because of the strong intermolecular forces in these polyelectrolyte salts, they have elastic moduli several times greater than the moduli of conventional plastics. They also have very low coefficients of expansion and high compression strengths. Composites containing metallic and inorganic fillers have also been made and their mechanical properties measured.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 445-451 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic thermal stability of rigid PVC resin compositions as determined from Brabender torque rheometer tests has a linear relationship of stability time and torque from which a practical measure of processability at a fixed torque can be derived. The stability time at 1500 m-g torque, t1500, has been used to characterize differences between PVC homopolymer and copolymer resins in tin, calcium-zinc, lead, and bariumcadmium stabilizer systems. In every case, the vinyl chloride-propylene copolymers are unique in giving substantial process-ability advantages.The logarithm of stability time at a fixed torque, t1500, is a linear function of intrinsic viscosity, [η], for PVC homopolymers, giving a single line function corresponding to the expression log t1500 = A + B [η]. The constants, A and B, vary with each of the four stabilizer systems, and are related to the effectiveness of the particular formulations used.The ratio of t1500 for copolymers to the basic t1500 value for PVC homopolymers at the same intrinsic viscosity (molecular weight) is a practical measure of relative processability, trel, which is characteristic of PVC resin types and independent of stabilizer systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The melt flow behavior of straight emulsion-polymerized PVC in a capillary extrusion rheometer has been found to depend upon both the molecular weight and the particle size of the sample. Observations of flow-rate, post-extrusion swell, and extrudate appearance, as functions of extrusion temperature and pressure, suggest that both molecular deformation and particle slippage are involved in the flow mechanism. The relative importance of these two modes of flow varies with extrusion conditions and with the PVC molecular weight and particle size. Particle slippage is favored by large particle size, high molecular weight, and low temperature and by a shear stress above a critical yield value. Apparent melt viscosity, swelling, and roughness are minimized under conditions corresponding to the maximum contribution of particle slippage. In the proper range of temperature and shear rate, straight emulsion PVC yields smooth, low-swell extrudates of excellent physical properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 86-89 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Re-examination of our work on internal plasticization of polyvinyl chloride leads us to suggest a number of guidelines in the synthesis of internally plasticized PVC with optimum combination of strength and low temperature properties: (1) use of comonomers of solubility parameter around 8.5 or 10.5, (2) use of a high molecular weight (long chain) comonomers in a low molar ratio, and (3) their non-uniform incorporation in the PVC chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A number of polymers have been “cold” extruded (i.e. at temperatures well below their normal melting temperatures) by the application of relatively high pressures. In all cases extrudates of relatively large cross-sectional area have been produced, and non-circular cross-sections have also been extruded. The extruded products has been evaluated and the results discussed. In general it has been found that whilst extrusion gives an oriented product, the increase in tensile modulus is much less than for a comparably drawn fibre. This phenomenon has been discussed in terms of the changes in crystalline structure produced by extrusion.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Polymer pellets are frequently melted on a melting grid. The melting capacity of the gird depends on the force with which the bed of pellets is pressed against the grid bars and on the difference between the temperature of the grid bars and the melt temperature. In this investigation, this dependence has been examined, theortically as well as experimentally, for the case where the pellets melt on the top of the grid. Agreement with the theory was found.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This study was undertaken in order to understand the effect of low molecular weight additives on the visco-elastic properties of polymers and, in particular, Diamond Shamrock Corporation's PVC-40 resin. The viscous response has been reported in Part I of this series (11). This report describes the elastic properties of these mixtures.A new theoretical analysis of elastic response has been formulated. The direct calculation of stored elastic energy from capillary rheometer measurements is now possible.The conclusion drawn from both the viscous and elastic response study is that a change in viscosity is not a necessary nor sufficient condition for improved processability. Increased flow is obtained by lowering the viscous losses, but the melt fracture phenomena may be unchanged. In order to completely characterize the compound, both viscous and elastic response must be measured.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A previously proposed but further modified theoretical model for melting in plasticating extruders, in the form of a computer program, which predicts the amount of unmelted polymer at any point in the extruder, was used to simulate the effect of geometrical and operating variables on the melting performance of the extruder. The results indicate in increasing screw length required to complete melting with increasing throughput and a decreasing length of melting with increasing frequency of screw rotation. They further indicate the existence of an optimum barrel temperature for a maximum rate of melting, an optimum number of threads for a maximum melting rate, and a significant decrease in the rate of melting with increasing flight clearance. The effect of other geometrical variables and of operating conditions on the rate of melting and power consumption are also discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The validity of the Busen-Roscoe reciprocity law in flash exposed dichromate sensitized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films was investigated. It was found that the flashlamp operating conditions were an important parameter in an exposure system, since a spectral distribution shift of the lamp output could be obtained by changing the pulse duration from 0.3 to 2.0 msec. The apparent reciprocity failure obtained by varying the pulse duration while maintaining the energy stored in the capacitor bank fixed was consistent with the spectral distribution shift in the lamp output. When this shift was accounted for there was only a negligible reciprocity failure found over the range of these flash exposures; however, comparison with a steady mercury are lamp showed that the flash exposure cross-linked the PVA about 200 times more efficiently.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An investigation of the viscous flow properties of mixtures of low molecular weight materials, such as lubricants and plasticizer, with PVC has been carried out. In all examples studied the PVC exhibited a discontinuity in flow with increasing temperature. This was interpreted as a phase change in the melt. A diffusion fractionation of the low molecular weight species was used to rationalize the shear rate dependent viscous behavior of these melts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of the room-temperature first-order transition on the plastic yield behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been investigated. Stress-strain curves were measured at different strain rates and temperatures. Tensile creep under constant dead load was also measured as a function of temperature and stress level. The effect of degree of crystallinity was investigated by using both a rapidly quenched and slow-cooled polymer. Observations were extended to large deformations, so that the phenomenon primarily observed was plastic yield rather than linear viscoelastic behavior.The curve of yield stress vs. temperature in the temperature range from -50 to +68°C was found to be almost identical with the curve of elastic modulus vs. temperature; the yield stress shows a marked local decrease at the first-order transition. The yield elongation was almost constant (at about 5%) over this same range, which is in accord with the above result. The more highly crystalline polymer is always more rigid than the less crystalline polymer at small deformations, but above 19°C its stress-strain curve shows a “cross-over” in stress level with the curve of the less crystalline polymer as extension increases. That is, above 19°C the less crystalline polymer shows a more rapid rate of “strain hardening”, even though the strain-hardening effect is pronounced in both polymers. Attempts to apply time-temperature superposition to creep data at different temperatures were partially successful; the lateral shifts required corresponded to an activation energy of approximately 80 kcal.The experimental observations suggest a model of the solid-state structure of PTFE which could be described as an “elastic-plastic network”, in which crystalline domains are connected by elastic amorphous regions, and in which the crystalline domains can flow plastically at sufficiently high stress or temperature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 319-319 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Rheo-optical techniques for the study of crystalline polymers, developed primarily in the United States and Japan, include dynamic birefringence, X-ray diffraction, dichroism, light scattering, and fluorescence. These permit the characterization of the rates of orientation of crystals, amorphous regions, and crystalline superstructures. The application of these methods has permitted the formulation of a model for the deformation of crystalline polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The fatigue failure of thermoplastics and glass-reinforced thermoplastics is a function of cyclic stress or deflection level, test frequency, viscoelastic polymer parameters and matrix-to-fiber stress transfer. This paper reports an investigation of the modes of high frequency fatigue failure in glass-reinforced and unreinforced thermoplastics. In particular the effects and control of dissipative heating of a working specimen and the role of efficient matrix-to-fiber stress transfer are considered. A test procedure with which the severity of dissipative heating can be continuously followed and controlled during an accelerated fatigue test is described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 23 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 286-294 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Empirical test data on low-density polyethylenes exposed to the elements for very long times are compared with results on samples of the same materials subjected to artificial “weathering” in a modified carbon arc machine.The test results conform to the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ t_a = B + t_n^k $$\end{document} where ta is hours of accelerated weathering, tn years of natural exposure, and the constants B and k have values of 150 and 2.4, respectively, for the materials and test conditions involved.Earlier results are confirmed in that optimum weather resistance is found to depend on good dispersion of a fine-particle black. Protection improves with concentration up to the limit of about 5% by weight imposed by degenerative effects on mechanical properties from higher loadings of the fine channel blacks. Dependence of weatherability on molecular weight (melt index) is noted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Existing theory of polymer flow has been applied to a definition of shift factors which reduce the widely different melt viscosity/shear rate diagrams of plasticized PVC compounds to well-defined master curves. The master curves are temperature dependent and also define the flow properties of the unplasticized polymer on which a group of plasticized compounds is based. For given plasticizers, the value of the shift factor was found to depend on melt temperature and plasticizer volume fraction. Explicit relationships have been generated for three plasticizer systems; for these, melt viscosity/shear rate data can be precalculated over several decades of shear, and in the temperature range of 150-200°C. Absolute values of the shift factors depend on the type of plasticizer, and a correlation with polymer/diluent interaction parameters has been attempted. Initial results, valid only at high plasticizer volumes and near the reduced melt temperature of a polymer/plasticizer mixture, support the existence of such a correlation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 350-355 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: This discussion will illustrate some of the factors which go into the design of experiments required to solve problems in the field of plastics. Two quite diverse problems were considered. In the first case a series of experiments was described which provided a very general technique for predicting polyethylene flow behavior as a function of shear rate over a wide range of temperatures from a minimum of new data. In this case the experimentation concerned only the viscous aspect of flow and was not limited by the availability of special samples. In the second case it was desired to learn what the effect of a specific molecular structural variable was on the general melt rheological properties of polyethylene. This required the polymerization of special samples followed by detailed characterization by both solution property and melt rheological techniques.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 370-377 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Derivative stress-strain curves at constant strain rate for polyacrylonitrile copolymer fibers have been obtained by simple modification of conventional tensile testing apparatus. These derivative curves, considerably more complex and eventful than stress-strain curves, have been interpreted as direct records of changes undergone by the apparent Young's modulus during experiments which extend from infinitesimal strain to failure. Analysis of the data shows that these changes in the apparent Young's modulus cannot be accounted for to any significant extent by viscoelastic time effects and must therefore be consequences of the deformation process itself. In the light of this analysis, it is concluded that polyacrylonitrile fibers “soften” considerably in the strain range 0.5-3% and that they exhibit moderate “hardening” in the strain range which extends from ca 3% to the breaking strain (10%).
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 9 (1969), S. 393-399 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Some properties of multilayered films are summarized in relation to the properties of the component materials. Polymers may be selected for co-extrusion into layered films to obtain various combinations of properties, such as barrier, stiffness, heat sealability, optics, and toughness. Properly chosen combinations of high and low modulus materials exhibit mutual interlayer reinforcement. Permeabilities of multilayer films can be calculated from layer geometry and individual component properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Spherulitic films of polybutene-1 have been stressed under biaxial tension. Direct microscopic observations indicate that the deformation is localized at the spherulite centers and at the intersections of boundaries in agreement with previous results obtained with linear polyethylene. The results demonstrate an increasing tendency for brittle failure with decreasing molecular weight. Effects of surfactants and solvents are also presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Each statocyst in Apylsia californica contains 13 neurons. The statocyst nerve, which connects each statocyst to the cerebral ganglion, contains only the 13 axons of the statocyst neurons. The size of the statocyst, the number of neurons in the statocyst, and the average axonal diameter does not change even though the statocyst nerve lengthens greatly as the animal enlarges. A description of the statoconia and the supporting cells in this organ has been given. This prepazation may be useful for microelectrode studies designed to test whether the gap and cytoplasmic specializations that are used to identify active synapses, are necessary for all types of chemical synaptic transmission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 177-203 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The venom system of Nasonia vitripennis is well-developed and composed of an unbranched acid gland and associated reservoir. Fine-structural, histochemical and electrophoretic studies indicate that the venom is produced by two protein-secreting epithelia. The bulk of the venom is synthesised in the columnar cells of the acid gland and discharged via “vesicular organelles” and the efferent ductular system into the lumen of the reservoir. The acid gland also contains squamous chitogenous cells, situated either around the central lumen or interposed between the bases of the columnar cells. Once within the reservoir, the venom is probably activated by enzymatic secretions from the reservoir secretory cells. Each of these cells has a “vesicular organelle” but, in contrast to the columnar cells of the acid gland, the cytoplasm contains a preponderance of free ribosomes, and protein segregation apparently occurs outside the Golgi complexes.The venom is expelled through the efferent discharge duct by muscular contractions, which open the duct lumen and bring it into contact with the funnel of the ovipositor. Excessive distortion of the duct is prevented by a massive ventral ligament.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 409-429 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The developmental cytology of the apical tissue of the testis of Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas rugipes was studied with light and electron microscopy. In the early larvae of both species the tisue was found to be a thickened protrusion of nongerminal cells appearing at the apical end of each testis follicle following gonadal differentiation. The cells persist through pupal and adult stages in both species, becoming more prominent at these stages in Z. rugipes, despite tracheal invasion in both species. In older adults the apical tissue regresses and ultimately distintegrates.Ultrastructurally the apical cells are distinguished from adjacent germinal cells by their (1) small, rounded or oval nuclei, (2) highly convoluted plasma membrane, (3) electron-opaque cytoplasm, (4) profuse concentrically-stacked, granular endoplasmic reticulum, (5) large aggregates of glycogen-like granules, (6) numerous small, tubular mitochondria, (7) well-developed Golgi centers and (8) striking arrays of microtubules. These cells have many cytological features in common with the androgenic gland cells of crustaceans, but not with the steroidogenic cells of vertebrates. Evidence for the formation of protein granules is also lacking. As yet, experimental procedures have not indicated an endocrine function for these cells in tenebrionids. However, their cytology is consistent with secretory activity of some kind.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 475-509 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The rectum of Periplaneta americana L. is lined with cuticle and has six radially arranged cushion-shaped thickenings, the rectal pads, composed of columnar cells. Narrow strips of simple rectal cells lie between the pads. Tall junctional cells form a thin but continuous collar around the pads where they join the rectal cells. The epithelium is surrounded by a layer composed of circular and longitudinal muscles and connective tissue. This layer of muscle and connective tissue is innervated and tracheated, and is separated from the pad surface by a subepithelial sinus. Fluid flowing through the sinus enters the haemolymph through openings in the muscle layer whre large tracheae penetrate. These openings can be sealed by muscle contractions that appress the muscle around the openings against the pad surface. The tracheae pass on into the pads, following basement membrne-lined indentations of the pad surface. Within the pad tracheolar cells send fine branches between the cells. Near the apical and basal surfaces the lateral membranes of pad cells are bridged by septate desmosomes that form a continuous band around the cells. Between apical and basal septate desmosomes is an interconnected labyrinthine system of intercellular spaces. There are three kinds of space, dilations and apical sinuses, both of variable size, and narrow communicating channels about 200 Å wide. The membranes of the latter have mitochondria closely associated with them. Continuity between the system of spaces and the subepithelial sinus is established by the basement membrane-lined invaginations of the basal surface where tracheae penetrate between pad cells. Apical surfaces of the pad cells are highly infolded and are also associated with mitochondria. However, unlike the lateral membranes facing the narrow channels, the apical membranes have a cytoplasmic coating of particles. Both associations of mitochondria with membranes constitute discrete structural entities that are found in many transporting epithelia, and we have termed them “plasmalemma-mitochondrial complexes.” As the rectal pads are organized into systems of spaces that ultimately open in the direction of fluid movement, existing models of solute-coupled water transport can be applied. However, the rectal pads are structurally more complex than fluid-transporting tissues of vertebrates. This complexity may be related to the ability of the rectum to withdraw water from ion-free solutions in the lumen. We present a structural model involving solute recycling to explain the physiological characteristics of rectal reabsorption.
    Zusätzliches Material: 34 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The ultrastructure of mouse tracheal epithelium was examined. The three cell types, basal cells, ciliated cells and goblet cells, described for other mammalian trachea were found to be present although goblet cells occurred only rarely. A cell type, termed the nonciliated cell, not described in other mammalian trachea was frequently found in mouse tracheal epithelium. These cells contained abundant smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, a large Golgi complex, and many mitochondria. There were many vesciles containing an electron dense material near the luminal surface of these cells; these cells were positive for PAS. These features suggested a secretory function for the cells. This, along with the scarcity of goblet cells, suggested that the nonciliated cells of mouse tracheal epithelium fulfill the function of the goblet cells found in other mammalian trachea.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Cytodifferentiation during spermiogenesis in Hydra littoralis was studied at the fine structural level. Concentration of nuclear material as well as specific orientation of granular and filamentous nuclear elements are apparent in two regions of the early spermatid: where the nuclear envelope is in contact with mitochondrial membranes at one pole of the cell and at an opposite region where the nucleus is closely apposed to the plasma membrane. Ultimately the mass of condensed nuclear material becomes concentrated at the mitochondrial pole of the cell. Additional electron-dense material is extruded from the nucleus into a large vacuole which is in continuity with the nuclear membrane as well as associated with Golgi lamellae and vesicles. Eventually all residual cytoplasm is sloughed, leaving the nucleus, mitochondria, and flagellum. These observations are suggestive of nucleocytoplasmic interactions during development, especially influences of mitochondria and plasma membranes on chromatin condensation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The development of the eye in embryos of Rana pipiens raised at two different temperatures was studied in detail from Shumway stage 16 through Shumway stage 25. One clutch of eggs from each of ten different female frogs was divided into two groups, one of which was raised at a temperature of 14°C and the other at 19°C. The 14° to 19° difference falls in the middle of the temperature range for normal development of Rana pipiens as established by Atlas ('35), Moore ('39), and Ryan ('41). Two hundred embryos, one embryo from each of the ten clutches, raised to each of ten stages at 14° or at 19°, were sectioned for microscopic study of the eye region. Descriptions of the morphology and histology of the developing eye are illustrated by photographs and provide a reference to which development of experimental embryos may be compared. A synoptic checklist is provided which specifies the changes occurring at each stage studied.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The fine structure of the mid-gut epithelium and regenerative cells of larvae of a moth (Ephestia kühniella) is described. Particular attention is paid to the absorptive and goblet cells and their lateral junctions; these features are discussed in terms of the digestive and regulatory functions of the epithelium. One digestive pathway has been investigated with the aid of ingested ferritin; intake of this marker by endocytosis and the evident involvement of Golgi vesicles in the transformation of endocytic vesicles into multivesicular bodies, together with the fate of the latter, are discussed in terms of the digestive function of this part of the alimentary tract and of the lysosome concept.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 163-175 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A fine structural study of the ventricular muscle of Venus mercenaria has revealed that it is an invertebrate smooth muscle. In the relaxed state induced by acetylcholine, both thick (350 Å) and thin (80 Å) myofilaments are observed. These are loosely distributed in bundles in the periphery of the mononucleated myocytes. The central core of the cell contains an ovoid nucleus, α-glycogen rosettes, round mitochondria and numerous smooth surfaced vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum. After exposure to serotonin, all myofilaments are compacted in the peripheral cytoplasm and become oriented parallel to the longitudinal cellular axis. This produces contraction bands visible in phase contrast microscopy. Because these myofilaments attach to the cell membrane at sites of attachment plaques, contraction of the cell results in the serial evagination or blebbing of the cell surface. The above features are clearly demonstrable in this invertebrate smooth muscle and strongly suggest a sliding filament model as the contractile mechanism in this tissue. Moreover, the cell surface is thought to play an active and major role in that process.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 341-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Three-dimensional, histological, and x-ray techniques provide a picture of body segment and limb morphogenesis. Cell multiplication begins in the proliferation region (“meristem”) during the molt from the preceding instar. By four days post-molt, the cells that will form the new segments are well under way in their anterior, lateral, and dorsal migration. It is suggested that after the anlagen for all the new segments are estabilshed, a mitotic wave commences in the most anterior anlagen and moves posteriorly during the remainder of the instar. When cell proliferation is complete, final differentiation of the segments takes place.The process of limb formation is one of cell proliferation and perhaps migration. Each limb develops in a membranous pocket during the instar following the one in which its respective body segment was formed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 453-473 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Bovine parotid glands exhibit outstanding structural differences when compared with those of non-ruminant mammals. The acini are tortuous, branched and lined with cells of different heights, imparting a scalloped appearance to acinar lumina. Numerous microvilli, ca. 1.5 μ in length, extend into the lumina and intercellular canaliculi. Intercellular canaliculi measure ca. 3 μ in diameter and interweave in close association with intercellular tissue spaces. Intercellular tissue spaces are separated from the extraacinar spaces across a basal lamina only, whereas junctional complexes guard canaliculi from direct continuity with tissue spaces and/or extraacinar spaces. Flattened cytoplasmic lamellae extend from adjacent acinar cells and loosely interdigitate with one another across the tissue spaces. Acinar cells contain more mitochondria and less granular endoplasmic reticulum than parotid glands of non-ruminant mammals. Two types of secretory material, in the form of inclusions which vary in size and electron density, are present in the acinar cells. Intercalated ducts connect acini with striated ducts which in turn, empty into collecting ducts located between gland lobules. In terms of frequency of “basal infoldings” and numbers of mitochondria, striated ducts of calf parotid glands are not as well developed as those of certain other salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are most often present at junctions of acini and intercalated ducts where they may attach to both acinar and ductal epithelium. Nerve “terminals” were not observed on the epithelial side of basement membranes in relation to the secretory cells.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 67-93 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The endoskeletal structure supporting the gill-books of Limulus polyphemus has been investigated by means of light and electron microscopy, chemical analysis and x-ray diffraction. This tissue is a cartilage which has significant correspondences with both vertebrate cartilage and plant tissues. Morphologically, the Limulus cartilage resembles certain cellular vertebrate cartilages with relatively scant matrix, and also certain plant parenchyme, collenchyme and sclerenchyme tissues. Of particular interest, was the observation that during cytoplasmic division, a phragmasome-like structure appears between the daughter cells of the dividing gill cartilage cells. This phragmasome-like structure appears to be a precursor of new matrix (cell-wall) formation between the young chondrocytes, in much the same fashion as its counterpart in plant tissues. Perichondrial cells and underlying chondrocytes contain lipid droplets, abundant glycogen and ribosomes, as do corresponding vertebrate cartilage cells. In some of the Limulus cells, glycogen and ribosomes appear to be admixed with lipid, forming aggregates in which all three materials are in intimate intraparticulate relationship. During molting, the number of ribosomes seen in chondrocytes increases. The tissue contains both hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, and gives a weak x-ray diffraction pattern.
    Zusätzliches Material: 28 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 113-130 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A principal component analysis revealed that the two major components of mandibular shape variation among individuals within breeding groups of white-tailed deer in Canada and the United States involve contrasts between the mandible and the dentition and between the premolars and the molars. Size variation appeared to account for 34% of the total variation within the groups, and the two major shape variations accounted for 23% and 8% respectively.A canonical analysis was used to identify the major components of mandibular variation among the breeding groups and to provide measures of the proportion of the total variation accounted for by each component. Among male groups, size variation was associated with latitude, and the major shape variation was closely associated with longitude, so a bivariate plot of the first two canonical variates reflected the general geographic orientation of the populations.The mandibular size in a Tennessee population that descended from Wisconsin and Michigan ancestors appears to have not decreased appreciably in the more southerly habitat after introduction more than 20 years ago. Changes in range conditions in eastern Upper Michigan over the past 30 years have not influenced local mandibular morphology as reflected by the first two canonical variates. Regardless of general smallness of individuals, the mandibular morphology of the deer from the Cross Timbers area in Kansas appears to approximate more closely that of northern populations than that of the more southerly populations from Oklahoma and Texas.Sexual dimorphism on the first two canonical axes was observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Structural and functional changes have been correlated during metamorphic degeneration of a single muscle fiber, the plantar retractor of G. mellonella, its axon, and their junctions to determine which features persist as long as muscle contractility. Changes commence simultaneously in muscle and nerve near cuticular attachments, and spread towards the center. Alterations associated with the muscle, including appearance of collapsed tracheoles and mitochondria with dense bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Within 12 hours after pupal ecdysis some tracheolar withdrawal occurs, sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes reduced, and many mitochondria have dense bodies, dense membranes, or are enlarged. By 17-19 hours primary myofilaments and striations begin to disappear, microtubules and autophagic vacuole-like bodies appear, and phagocytes invade the muscle. It remains partially contractile upon electrically stimulating its nerve, the ventral nerve, until these changes spread throughout the fiber.Neuromuscular junction changes, including appearance of dense mitochondria and isolation bodies, begin late in the last larval instar. Junctions become fewer, and none remain in those muscle areas where tracheoles, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and primary myofilaments have disappeared.Preliminary studies on nerve discharge activity to the muscle suggest that nerve silence occurs at approximately the time when the muscle loses all contractility. In some axons isolation bodies appear and neurotubules are lost, other axons remain unchanged, and new ones develop later in the pupal state. Phagocytes invade the neural lamella and it disappears in the late pupa, but it reappears in the adult.The adult ventral nerve has over three times more axons and a thinner layer of glial cells than the larval nerve.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Ampullary receptor organs of the South American weakly electric gymnotid fish Eigenmannia virescens consist of a pore at the surface of the skin, a canal through the epidermis, and the expanded basal end of the canal in the corium. The cavity of the organ contains a jelly that is filled with fine fibers. The canal wall consists of three to six layers of flattened cells that appear to be derived from the adjacent skin. Along the lumen of the organ the cells are joined by tight junctions. Usually there are four spherical receptor cells in the base of the organ. They are innervated by single neural terminals. These organs are compared to tuberous receptor organs found in the same species, and the functional significance of the fine structure observed in these cells is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 233-257 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: There are eight retinula cells in the ommatidium of the compound eye of the toadbug (Gelastocoris oculatus), two of which are central in position. Along the axial sides of the six peripheral retinula cells expand six cytoplasmic processes from the apical crystalline cone cells. These processes, which contain longitudinally-oriented microtubules, are associated with all eight retinula cells by means of desmosomal junctions. In addition to providing structural support, the possibility is set forth that the interconnecting cone processes might also serve to functionally integrate the retinula cells of an ommatidium. The eight retinula cells possess microvillus surfaces, which are especially prominent in the six peripheral cells, where they extend into the lumen of the ommatidium. There is evidence of pinocytotic activity at the bases of microvilli. Multivesicular bodies are present in the cytoplasm of retinula cells, and the means by which these bodies might be elaborated are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 73-104 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Development of the adult fly foot falls into clearly defined phases of cell division, growth, cuticle secretion and cell death. The pulvillus is composed dorsally of two giant cells and ventrally of thousands of minute tenent cells; the former produce the dorsal footpad cuticle and the latter the thousands of tenent hairs. Cell divisions are still occurring in future tenent cells when increase in size of the cells and in polyteny of the chromosomes is already occurring in the two dorsal cells. Also cell death occurs considerably earlier in the tenent cells, yet the sequential secretion of some six cuticular layers takes place at comparable times in dorsal and ventral cuticles. The cuticular layers formed are, in their order of secretion: ecdysial membrane, cuticulin of the epicuticle, dense exocuticle, homogeneous exocuticle, an intermediate layer, wax of the epicuticle, and an extensive mass of endocuticle. The ecdysial membrane seems to perform an important mechanical role in maintaining the shape of the delicate cytoplasmic projections of the tenent cells, before and during cuticle secretion, and in establishing the cuticular pattern of ridges in the dorsal cuticle. Comparisons are made with trichogen cell cuticle development and with tracheal cuticle. Tracheal, trichogen and dorsal footpad cuticle patterns are compared.Details of giant cell activity provide a working basis for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, and the whole system raises many unsolved problems in the general field of cell differentiation and pattern formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A detailed description of the innervation of the individual muscles of the antenna of the centipede Scolopendra morsitans is given. There are six nerves supplying the antennal muscles of each side. The nerve N I consists of 26 bundles of which two are motor, 12 sensory and 12 are mixed. It innervates the intrinsic muscles of the antenna and the antennal sense organs. The nerves N II, N III and N IV innervate the dorsal extrinsic muscles and the nerve N V and N VI the ventral extrinsic muscles.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Dense bodies in the heart muscle of Venus mercenaria exist in two forms, free and attached. Free dense bodies morphologically consist of fascicles of thin filaments in parallel array and bound together by a dense, amorphous proteinaceous material. The binding of dense bodies to the cell membrane is effected via connecting filaments of the amorphous material of the dense body which join a condensation of morphologically similar material attached to the inner osmiophilic layer of the unit membrane. This composite of dense body, connecting filaments, membrane condensation and unit cell membrane has been termed collectively the attachment plaque. The attachment plaque is part of an extensive network on the cell surface which obligates that surface to a role in the contractile process. Moreover, this set of attachment plaques imposes an organization and an orientation to most thin filaments of the cell and preserves the contractile axis of the cell.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 205-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Large quantities of colloidal particles were rapidly transported around the junctional complex into the lateral intercellular spaces by flounder renal epithelial cells. Large invaginations containing particles developed in the apical cytoplasm of cells when tracer particles were injected into the tubular lumens. Some membranebounded profiles containing particles appeared close to the lateral intercellular spaces. Particles were then found in the lateral intercellular spaces, between the basal plasmalemma and the basement membrane, and within the basement membrane. It is suggested that this transport might operate in situ and provide a morphological mechanism to explain a type of protein transport noted in the renal tubules of another flounder species by Maack and Kinter ('67). It is interesting to consider that perhaps a similar mechanism for the transport of intact proteins might also operate in mammalian nephrons as well.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A rapid method for examining rat fetuses is presented. The technique consists of fixing the fetuses in Bouin's solution, serially sectioning the head, neck and lower trunk with a razor blade and doing sagittal sections of the heart after opening the thoracic cavity. Examples of sections from normal 20 day rat fetuses are given as well as some with the following abnormalities: cleft palate produced by chlorcyclizine and eye and heart malformations resulting from anti-adult rat kidney serum.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The serigenous glands of a number of different sawfly larvae have been examined. Silk is secreted by pear-shaped cells which may be fused together in pairs or triplets, or exist simply as free, single cells. The cells are arranged in numerous groups attached to a pair of wide silk reservoirs by means of short canals. Each gland cell contains a large, irregular, ramifying nucleus and an intracellular duct which receives droplets of synthesised silk protein. Two modifications of this basic arrangement are described. It is suggested that the secretory cells are dermal gland cells, and that the intracellular duct is a rudimentary end-apparatus. A comparison is made between these and some other types of dermal gland cell found in insects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 127 (1969), S. 383-407 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The structure of human labial salivary gland acini was studied by light and electron microscopy. Contrary to previous reports, these glands were pure mucous in nature; no serous elements were present. The acinar cells were found in all stages of maturation. Immature cells were characterized by an extensive and highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complex was extremely prominent, consisting of stacks of flattened cisternae and swarms of small vesicles. Mucous droplets were almost completely absent. As secretory activity progressed, the endoplasmic reticulum involuted, while the Golgi cisternae became distended and formed many vacuoles. In mature mucous cells, the apical cytoplasm was filled with membrane-bounded mucous droplets, and the nucleus was displaced basally. The droplets frequently showed great variation in density from cell to cell, and even within the same cell they sometimes were quite heterogeneous. They were liberated from the acinar cells by an apocrine process, so that droplets with intact limiting membranes were often observed in the acinar lumen. These droplets soon lysed, their contents fusing into streams of mucus. Occasionally during apocrine secretion a mucous cell failed to reconstitute its apical surface, and its entire contents spilled into the acinar lumen.Unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were present in many of the acinar cells. These inclusions, which were surrounded by a single membrane, consisted of lipid droplets closely associated with bundles of fine filaments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Submandibular glands of the opossum have been studied by light and electron microscopy and compared with other mammalian salivary glands. The glands have four parenchymal segments which connect in the order named below to convey saliva toward the oral cavity. 1Secretory units are elongated branching tubules exhibiting mucous and special serous cell types. Mucous cells predominate and resemble those in other salivary glands. Special serous cells differ from “typical” serous cells. They contain a preponderance of tubular or vesicular endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which vary from electron lucent to electron opaque.2Intercalated ducts are short segments lined by nonsecretory, cuboidal cells.3Striated ducts are numerous and lie in the center of the lobule. The duct epithelium has four cell types, designated light cells, dark cells, Type I basal cells, and Type II basal cells. Light cells possess basal infoldings associated with mitochondria, but the other cell types lack this characteristic.4Excretory ducts are also lined by four cell types which bear the same names as those of striated ducts. Three of the four cell types are virtually identical to those of striated ducts, but light cells differ. They do not always contain basal infoldings and the supranuclear cytoplasm lacks distinct inner and outer zones.The glands resemble salivary glands of higher mammals in many respects while possessing certain unique cytological features which may reflect the secretory needs of the organism.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 95-112 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Several biological distances based on cranial and mandibular variation among breeding groups of white-tailed deer were calculated and compared with geographic distances among the groups. Distances based on epigenetic variation among ten groups were calculated using 16 non-metric variants of the cranium and mandible. Penrose's size and shape distances and Mahalanobis' D2 distance were calculated for 11 groups; the calculations were based on seven skeletal and seven dental metric variables of the mandible.The biological distances were correlated with geographic distance as follows: the epigenetic distance, 0.74; Penrose's shape distance, 0.71; Penrose's size distance, 0.45; and Mahalanobis' distance, 0.37. All correlations were significant at the 0.01 level. The epigenetic and Penrose shape correlations were significantly higher than the Mahalanobis correlation.Because of the conditions under which the breeding groups were selected, it was assumed that genetic affinites among the groups would be a function of geographic distance. The results suggest that the epigenetic distance and Penrose's shape distance reflect genetic affinities among groups better than do the Penrose size and Mahalanobis distances.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 195-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The mechanism of lung ventilation in chelonians has been much debated. Electromyographic studies show that the basic mechanism in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, is dependent on the activities of four major respiratory muscles that are capable of varying the volume of the visceral cavity. The precise mechanism utilized varies in response to environmental factors, especially the depth to which the animal is submerged. Chelydra tends to reduce muscular activity to a minimum, and hydrostatic pressure or gravity replaces muscular effort whenever possible. The response is subject to hysteresis. Both the mechanics and pattern of ventilation in Chelydra differ from those of Testudo. The differences appear to be attributable in part to Chelydra's markedly reduced plastron and more extensive respiratory musculature and in part to the different habitats occupied by the two species.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The purported “neoblasts” of the serpulid Spirorbis have been studied in Spirorbis (Paradexiospira) vitreus and Spirorbis (Laeospira) borealis at both the light and electron microscopic levels. These perivasal cells occur in greatest abundance around the ventral blood vessel of the achaetous region. In light microscope preparations, the perivasal cells are intensely basophilic, containing basally situated nuclei, and relatively large nucleoli. The fine structure of the perivasal cells reveals that they contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, well-developed Golgi complex, heterogeneous dense bodies, and cytolysomes. The respiratory pigment chlorocruorin, which has a diameter of about 230 Å and is believed to be composed of two superimposed hexagonal components, has been localized within: cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, elements of the Golgi complex, and membrane-bounded vesicles at the base of the perivasal cells. Evidence is advanced which strongly suggests that molecules of chlorocruorin are transported from the perivasal cells into the lumen of the vessel by reverse pinocytosis. It is concluded that whatever other functional role(s) the perivasal cells of Spirorbis may have, a major function is the synthesis and secretion of chlorocruorin. Whether the perivasal cells can be considered to be pluripotent is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The concept of functional components was initially proposed by van der Klaauw ('45, '52) to indicate overlap of functional influences particularly in mammalian skulls; his analysis marked a departure from the study of single characters to that of function-modified systems. A very similar set of terms is now coming into vogue to describe the mechanically separable components of highly kinetic fish, amphibian and reptilian skulls. In these cases the term functional unit often pertains only to the musculo-skeletal system and is utilized during the process of description; it is often applied before a complete functional analysis has been carried out.Yet, any structure tends to be affected by the influence of multiple functions, and any function will almost certainly affect multiple characteristics of the animal. Since functional components overlap, the term should not be used to label an essentially topographical dissection of the animal. It cannot be expected that each loosely connected component of a kinetic skull subserves as a single “function,” and that this function does not overlap onto other units.It is suggested that the term mechanical unit be substituted as a label for the mechanical sub-divisions often utilized to organize descriptions. The concept of functional units in the original sense then remains available as an analytical tool.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The cytology of the vitellogenic stages in the development of the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied using whole mounts and sections of plastic-embedded ovaries and single egg chambers for light microscopy and cytochemistry. The migrations, changes in morphology, and synthetic products of the follicle cells are described as a function of developmental stage. The follicle cells synthesize the egg coverings, the vitelline and chorionic membranes, and elaborate the micropyle and dorsal chorionic appendages. The changing structure of the nurse cell nucleus and changes in organelle composition of its cytoplasm are described. The nurse cells synthesize ribosomes, lipid droplets, and mitochondria. These components pass through the ring canal system into the oocyte, which increases in volume some 200,000 times during its 78 hours of development.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 128 (1969), S. 465-501 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The mechanisms of development of posterior levels of neural tubes of chick embryos were analyzed by study of serial cross-sections of a continuous series of normal embryos between 40 to 72 hours of incubation. Two extirpation experiments were performed in ovo on other embryos of the same stages. Descriptive studies revealed the presence of an overlap zone in which two types of neural tube formation occurred. Open neural tube formation (by fusion of neural folds) occurred dorsally in this region; closed neural tube formation (by canalization of solid medullary cord tissue) occurred ventrally. Extirpation of the posterior end of the neural plate produced defects within the lumbosacral region, indicating that the posterior neural plate participates in the formation of the lumbosacrum, and that the overlap zone is therefore in the lumbosacral region. Extirpation of the prospective neural tissue in the anterior end of the tail bud indicated that only the most posterior levels of the neural tube originate exclusively by cavitation of the tail bud. In both extirpation experiments a neural tube formed independently within the tail bud tissue, indicating that formation of the neural tube in this region is not dependent upon direct continuity with neural tissue anteriorly.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: The interstitial cells of Pennaria tiarella differentiate exclusively from the central endoderm of the planula. Shortly after their appearance, most of the interstitial cells become cnidoblasts. Subsequently, as the larva transforms into a polyp, both cnidoblasts and interstitial cells migrate from the endoderm, through endoblast and mesoglea, into the ectoderm. It is suggested that some interstitial cells remain in the endoderm and differentiate into the gland and mucous cells of the polyp gastroderm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A series of dimensions of the shoulder girdle of primates has previously been chosen as being related to function in that anatomical region. Their examination by canonical analysis suggests that they do indeed reflect aspects of the use of the shoulder in locomotion in the different primates.Further analysis is here performed using the technique of neighborhood limited classification and this confirms the basic picture presented by the previous analysis. The new method also gives more detailed information about the grouping of the specimens; thus it endorses the reality of functional divisions that appear to exist in the data. And in addition the groupings reflect differences in the structure of the shoulder that correlate well with certain taxonomic subdivisions of the order. The method maintains contact with individual specimens throughout the analysis and is capable of placing them within groups, at the boundaries of groups, within the interfaces between groups, or as satellites to groups.The new method appears to have a part to play in the description of the relationships between biological objects that is complementary to that of canonical analysis. As the mathematical concepts upon which the two techniques are based differ totally, the risk that the results might be inherent in statistical assumptions is thus averted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: In the annelid Enchytraeus albidus the ovary is composed of packets containing eight synchronously developing oocytes. Each oocyte in the packet is connected, via a bridge, to a common cytoplasmic mass. Developmental synchrony of oocytes within individual packets is probably related to the ooplasmic continuity.The young previtellogenic oocyte contains many polysomes, a few cisternae of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, small Golgi complexes, and mitochondria. Many of the mitochondria are dumbbell-shaped and may thus represent division stages.Vitellogenesis is marked by the appearance of peripherally located lipid yolk and small, densely staining granules scattered throughout the ooplasm. There is an increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and enlarged Golgi elements. Small multivesicular-like bodies, the early stages of developing yolk, are derived from the Golgi complex. The mature yolk sphere is bipartite and consists of (a) a variable number of dense spheres, the core bodies, which are produced in the ooplasm by the Golgi complex and which become embedded in (b) a dense matrix. The electron opaque tracer, horseradish peroxidase is incorporated into the oocyte and deposited in the matrix suggesting that this component of the yolk sphere is obtained by micropinocytosis. Enzyme digestions and various cytochemical techniques suggest that the core bodies are rich in carbohydrate, probably as glyco- or mucoproteins, and that the matrix is rich in lipid.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Differentiating oocytes and associated follicle cells of two species of amphineurans (Mollusca) Mopalia muscosa and Chaetopleura apiculata have been studied by techniques of light and electron microscopy. In addition to the regularly occurring organelles, the ooplasm of young oocytes contains large, randomly situated, basophilic regions. These regions are not demonstrable in mature eggs.As oocytes differentiate, lipid, pigment and protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies accumulate within the ooplasm. Concomitant with the appearance of pigment and the protein carbohydrate containing yolk bodies, the saccules of the Golgi complex become filled with a dense material. Associated with the Golgi complex are cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum which are filled with an electron opaque substance which is thought to be composed of protein synthesized by this organelle. That portion of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the Golgi complex shows evaginations. These evaginations are thought to finalize into protein containing vesicles that subsequently fuse with the Golgi complex. Thus, the Golgi complex in these oocytes might serve as a center for packaging and concentrating the protein used in the construction of the protein containing pigment or protein-carbohydrate yolk bodies. The suggestion is made that the Golgi complex may also synthesize the carbohydrate portion of the formentioned yolk bodies.In an adnuclear position in young oocytes are some acid mucopolysaccharide containing vacuolar bodies. In mature eggs, these structures are found within the peripheral ooplasm and we have referred to them as cortical granules. There is no alteration of these cortical granules during sperm activation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Biochemical assay of acid phosphatase in normal and lens-regenerating eyes of the urodele Diemictylus viridescens, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, demonstrates both soluble and lysosomal fractions of the enzyme. While the specific activity of the soluble fraction remains unchanged during lens regeneration, the lysosomal fraction shows four distinct rises in specific activity during the thirty-day regeneration period studied. These peak activities on the second, eighth, fifteenth, and twenty-second days post-lentectomy apparently correspond to lysosomal activity in the processes of wound healing, iris depigmentation, and lens differentiation which occur during urodele lens regeneration. On the basis of biochemical and histochemical studies as well as observations of morphological changes in the urodele eye as lens regeneration proceeds, it is postulated that there is a significant correlation between these morphological changes and the level and localization of the lysosomal acid hydrolases in the tissues in which the changes occur.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 129 (1969), S. 473-491 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Schlagwort(e): Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: A sensory structure in the anterior region of the food canal of two species of aphid has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dorsal wall is innervated by a total of 60 neurones which terminate, in groups, at 14 porous papillae on the cuticle. Paired papillae have also been detected in the ventral wall of this region. The fine structure of individual neurones and their grouping around papillae indicates a chemosensory function.The examination of moulting aphids shows that the distal portions of dendrites are shed with the exuviae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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