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  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (147)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1988  (147)
  • Genetics  (147)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The locus ceruleus: a possible neural focus for genetic differences in emotionality (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 491-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; stress ; emotionality ; locus ceruleus ; Maudsley strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Maudsley Reactive and Non-Reactive strains have been developed as a model for the study of individual variations in stress-reactivity, and many differences in biobehavioral systems have been found between them. This review discusses limitations of the ‘emotionality’ construct in accounting for differences between the Maudsley strains and offers an alternative, theoretical approach. Amaral and Sinnamon have proposed that the locus ceruleus (LC) plays a stress-attenuating role in mediating behavioral, physiological and neuroendocrine response to prepotent, emergency-provoking stimuli and, building upon this formulation, it is proposed that the LC has been an important focus for gene action in the Maudsley model. It is suggested that the LC of the Non-Reactive strain is more strongly activated by stressful stimuli than the LC of Reactive rats, and is the basis of many of the behavioral and physiological differences between them. Behavioral and biochemical evidence consistent with this proposition is reviewed. Identification of the LC as a target for gene-action in the Maudsley model has an important advantage. It substitutes variations at a specific anatomic location in the brain for a loosely defined construct like emotionality, and the hypothesis is amenable to empirical tests by a variety of experimental approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01958923
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-responsiveness to hepatitis-B vaccination: Revaccination and immunogenetic typing (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 670-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Genetics ; Hepatitis-B virus ; Immunogenetics ; Vaccination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The variation in immune responses to standard inoculation of the hepatitis-B virus vaccine suggest that host factors influence response in ways that are not presently understood. We studied 25 low/nonresponding health care workers (anti-HBs titer 〈50 IU/l) after the third inoculation of an experimental hepatitis-B vaccine to determine their immune status (through lymphocyte phenotypes) and HLA type. After application of a fourth inoculation, the seroconverting subjects showed only low anti-HBs levels; three male subjects remained anti-HBs negative. Twelve months after the fourth inoculation only 9 of 25 subjects (36%) maintained anti-HBs titer 〉10 IU/l. Almost all subjects had normal B-cell and CD-4 and CD-8 counts and ratios. Relative to other European populations HLA-A-10 (P〈0.05), B-12 (P〈0.025), CW-5 (P〈0.05), DR-3 (P〈0.025), and DR-5 (P〈0.025) were increased, whereas DR-2 (P〈0.05) was decreased. However, after correction of theP-values for the number of HLA antigens determined, these differences were no longer significant. Furthermore, these HLA types were not the same as those reported in other studies (except for DR-3). We suggest that larger sample sizes or even not yet available immunogenetic markers will be required to prove an “immunogenetic background” in low/nonresponders, if it exists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01726924
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus new genetics for old nightmares (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes ; linkage analysis ; restriction fragment length polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the last five years, genetic markers for a large number of diseases have been localised using linkage analysis of DNA polymorphisms in affected families. The site of the genetic defect or defects leading to Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, a common illness with a major genetic component, remains unknown. This is due, at least in part, to the lack of large well-defined Type 2 diabetic pedigrees suitable for linkage analysis. There are several features of the disease which make large pedigrees difficult to find. The late age of onset of most probands means that informative older generations are often dead, while there is difficulty in detecting disease in younger generations. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes are, as yet, dependent on an arbitrary cut-off along a continuum of plasma glucose. The high prevalence of the disease may also produce problems as, in any given family, diabetogenic genes may be contributed by more than one parent. Varieties of the disease with a well-defined inheritance, such as maturity onset diabetes of youth, are more suitable for linkage analysis but might be due to defects at a different gene locus. Despite these difficulties, once large well-defined pedigrees have been found, linkage analysis using both candidate genes and random highly polymorphic markers is the strategy most likely to find genetic markers for the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271584
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linkage analysis of the human insulin receptor gene in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic families and a family with maturity onset diabetes of the young (1988)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 31 (1988), S. 792-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes ; insulin receptor ; linkage analysis ; maturity onset diabetes of the young
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility of linkage between the human insulin receptor gene locus and diabetes was examined in three Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic families and one family with maturity onset diabetes of the young. Insulin receptor gene haplotypes were established using BglII, Rsal and Sstl restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA from all available family members. The digested DNA was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern blotted, and hybridised to 32P-labelled human insulin receptor gene cDNA. In the pedigree with maturity onset diabetes of the young, formal linkage analysis allowed exclusion of close linkage between the insulin receptor locus and diabetes (logarithm of the odds for linkage versus non-linkage was −5.35 at recombination fraction of 0.01). This confirms the absence of linkage between insulin receptor and diabetes which has been reported in two similar pedigrees. In the three Type 2 diabetic families there were a minimum of 4 recombinants between the insulin receptor locus and diabetes, which makes a direct role for insulin receptor defects unlikely. The importance of using realistic estimates of penetrance when performing linkage analysis in a disease with a late age of onset is emphasised. In contrast to the one previous linkage analysis study of the insulin receptor gene, no specific association of diabetes with the rare Sstl Sl(-) allele was observed in either the maturity onset diabetes of the young or the Type 2 diabetic families.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277479
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal lesions in Cockayne syndrome (1988)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 2 (1988), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Cockayne syndrome ; Renal histology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two siblings with typical features of the Cockayne syndrome were studied at autopsy. Many glomeruli revealed a paucity of capillary loops and had thickened capillary walls. Some glomeruli with advanced lesions showed collapse of the glomerular tufts or complete hyalinization. Atrophy of tubules and interstitial fibrosis were also observed. There were no significant arteriosclerotic changes in the vessels. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated thickened glomerular basement membranes with bends and folds. These histopathological findings are different to those previously reported with the exception of the 1966 report by Ohno and Hirooka.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00862599
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Pterygium Syndrome type Escobar in two brothers Follow-up data from childhood to adulthood (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 147 (1988), S. 550-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pterygium syndrome ; Congenital malformations ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present two brothers with Multiple Pterygium Syndrome type Escobar. Characteristic findings in this autosomal recessively inherited pterygium syndrome are, in addition to multiple pterygia, short stature, cleft palate, vertebral fusion defects and minor facial anomalies. The adult height in the two male siblings was below the third centile. Secondary sexual development and testicular size were normal, in contrast with the cryptorchidism and pubertal delay documented in most young patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441989
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concordant gilles de la tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins: a clinical, neurophysiological and CT study (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 235 (1988), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome ; Twin study ; Computed tomography ; Clinical neurophysiology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 19-year-old male twin pair were concordant for suffering from Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in different forms and severity. CT revealed ventricular asymmetries of varying degree within the normal range and there were no neurophysiological abnormalities. The interrelationship of genetic and environmental factors in phenotyping the syndrome is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314235
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contributions of taste factors and gender to opioid preference in C57BL and DBA mice (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Morphine ; Etonitazene ; Genetics ; Mice ; Taste ; Saccharine ; Gender
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mouse strains have been characterized as morphine preferrers and avoiders, respectively (Horowitz et al. 1977). Previously, sweetened morphine solutions were presented with a water alternative, primarily with male subjects. Because sweetness may affect the endogenous opioid system and rodents have shown strain and sex differences in taste preferences, this study looked for strain- and gender-related taste preferences that might have affected opiate consumption. Preference for sweetened and unsweetened morphine and etonitazene was compared across gender and strain. In all choice tests, the control was a similar tasting quinine sulphate solution. Under these conditions, C57BL/6J mice continued to show strong preference for morphine. However, DBA/2J mice drank approximately equal amounts of morphine and quinine solutions, rather than avoiding morphine as when water was the alternative. Both strains appeared surprisingly indifferent to the synthetic opioid etonitazene, compared because it is potent at concentrations having barely perceptible bitterness. This raises the possibility of unexpected differences in post-ingestional effects between morphine and etonitazene. Contrary to reports of gender differences in sweet preference in rats, none were found in either strain of mouse. Neither were there any significant sex differences in opiate preference in either strain. C57 mice preferred sweetness more than did DBA mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174516
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lithium attenuates clonidine-induced hypoactivity: further studies in inbred mouse strains (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 94 (1988), S. 428-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Lithium ; Clonidine ; alpha2-Adrenoceptor ; Locomotor activity ; Genetics ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four strains of mice (C57, BALB, DBA, C3H) were used to determine whether genetic factors influence the effects of lithium on hypoactivity induced by a low dose of the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (0.2 mg/kg). Lithium was administered in the diet for 3–4 weeks at a dosage that produced average serum lithium levels of 0.58–0.66 mmol/l. Locomotor activity was reduced by either clonidine or by lithium given alone. When combined, however, lithium attenuated the activity-suppressant effects of clonidine, and that action was influenced by genetic factors. The findings suggest that genetic differences in alpha2-adrenoceptors play a role in behavioural effects of lithium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174702
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental variables differentially affect ethanol-stimulated activity in selectively bred mouse lines (1988)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 95 (1988), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Selective breeding ; Mouse ; Ethanol-stimulated activity ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Low doses of ethanol (EtOH) stimulate activity in an open field in many strains of laboratory mice. We are selectively breeding two lines of mice to exhibit a large (FAST) response on this test, and two other lines to exhibit a small (SLOW) response (Crabbe et al. 1987). The lines initially diverged in response to EtOH, but despite continued selection pressure, the difference between each pair of FAST and SLOW lines has not increased over generations as much as expected. Our practice has been to test animals on the 1st day after saline injection, and repeat the test after EtOH injection 24 h later. Lister (1987) recently demonstrated that the order in which an animal was exposed to EtOH and saline influenced the magnitude of the response to EtOH, with animals tested initially after EtOH having greater stimulation. Middaugh et al. (1987) recently demonstrated that the magnitude of EtOH stimulation was greater under conditions of relatively bright light than under dim light. Using non-selected Swiss mice, the current experiments essentially confirmed Lister's findings. Using FAST and SLOW mice, the predictions of both groups were tested. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Additionally, these experiments demonstrated that the magnitude of the difference between FAST and SLOW mice was greater under bright light than under dim light. The line difference was also greater when tested in the EtOH-Saline order. In experiments with Swiss mice, the possible role of peritoneal irritation in the EtOH effect was eliminated, and the optimal dose and time for demonstrating the effect was determined. These experiments confirm the importance of lighting condition, order of testing, dose, and route of administration in eliciting EtOH-stimulated open field activity in mice. They demonstrate a genotype-environment interaction, since the magnitude of difference between genetically selected lines varied as a function of the testing parameters chosen. Finally, they indicate that the differences between FAST and SLOW lines in sensitivity to EtOH generalizes to several environmental conditions. We interpret this to mean that the various EtOH-induced activation traits represented by these different environmental and testing conditions are genetically correlated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212776
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The within-pair EEG similarity of twins reared apart (1988)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 237 (1988), S. 244-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: EEG ; Genetics ; MZ/DZ twins reared apart ; Within-pair similarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within the broader context of our investigations into the heredity of the human EEG, we analysed the EEGs of 28 pairs of monozygotic and 21 pairs of dizygotic twins who were separated as infants and reared apart. The principal goal of this study was to determine the degree to which environmental factors possibly influence the development of a person's EEG. Monozygotic twins reared apart were, with respect to their EEGs, only slightly less similar to each other (if there is any difference at all) than the same person is to himself over time. For dizygotic twins reared apart, we verified the findings of our previous study, namely, that the average within-pair similarity of EEGs estimated from a sufficiently representative sample of fraternal twins was significantly higher than the average inter-individual similarity of EEGs obtained from unrelated persons. The results on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins, yielded conclusive proof that the individual EEG pattern is predominantly determined by hereditary factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00449914
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical, epidemiological and genetic study of hereditary motor neuropathies in Benghazi, Libya (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 235 (1988), S. 422-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; Genetics ; Hereditary motor neuropathy ; Spinal muscular atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 4-year-search for spinal muscular atrophies (hereditary motor neuropathies, HMN) in Benghazi, Libya, yielded a total of 24 patients, among whom 18 were index cases. This group comprised 6 acute infantile, 12 chronic childhood, and 3 each with adult-onset proximal, and distal forms of the disorder. Distal HMN constituted 12.5% of the total cases. The crude average annual incidence of acute infantile HMN was 0.3/100,000 total population and 1/12,500 births in Benghazi. The crude prevalence rates of chronic childhood, adult-onset proximal, and distal types of HMN were 2.3, 0.6, and 0.6/100,000 respectively. The segregation ratios, 0.26 for acute infantile HMN and 0.24 for chronic childhood HMN, suggested autosomal recessive inheritance. The consanguinity rates among parents of cases and the population did not differ significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314486
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms as genetic markers in soybean, Glycine max (L.) merrill (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 889-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Soybean ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Genetics ; Allele ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) have been identified between widely distant cultivars (‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1 ’) of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Using as probes randomly chosen clones of DNA, one in five probes revealed a polymorphism. More than half of these polymorphisms appear to result from rearrangements of the genomic DNA. Twenty seven markers were analyzed for linkage in F2 plants. Eleven of these markers were contained in four linkage groups. Five cultivars were compared in a search for new alleles. When RFLP markers corresponding to low copy DNA were used to analyze three other cultivars — ‘Sooty’, ‘Forrest’ and ‘Mandarin (Ottawa)’ — few new alleles were found. Using these probes, five different markers could be used to differentiate the five cultivars. Complex probes, which correspond to repeated DNA, revealed different polymorphisms in different cultivars and a single such probe could be used to distinguish the five cultivars from each other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258050
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical correlates of selection for weight-for-age in chickens: twenty-fold higher muscle ornithine decarboxylase levels in modern broilers (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 432-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chicken ; Muscle ; Genetics ; Growth differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Little is known about the biochemical correlates of selection for growth in farm or laboratory animals, or the identity of the gene products affected or produced by ‘trait-genes’. Modern broiler chickens have about 8-fold greater breast muscle mass than layer chickens at 7 weeks of age and over 2-fold greater breast muscle mass than their 1972 counterparts. This increase in muscle mass is associated with over 20-fold higher levels of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in broiler chickens at 1 week of age as compared with layer strain chickens; there is a comparable increase in a relaxed-selection strain of broilers. The increase in ODC levels is larger than the differences in muscle or body weight between broilers and layers at 7 weeks of age, occurs at an age when there is no difference in weights between the strains and precedes the major growth spurt. Increases in ODC levels and hence polyamine synthesis have been associated with, and usually precede, rapid growth and cell proliferation in a wide range of cell types and organisms in response to many different stimuli. Therefore, the correlation of ODC levels with genetic differences in muscle growth make it worth investigating the control of ODC gene expression in these strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276746
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in kafirin and alcohol-soluble glutelin chromatograms of sorghum inbred lines revealed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Taxonomy ; Germplasm identification ; Varietal identity ; Environmental interaction ; Genetics ; Multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Separations of kafirin and alcohol soluble glutelin proteins by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) from 7 inbreds and one hybrid of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and one source of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers.] were compared. Objectives were to assess the stability of protein profiles for seed sources produced at different locations and in different environments to examine the potential of RP-HPLC to provide genotypic profiles for sorghum. Analyses of variance data showed that levels of variation due to environments and locations were small; the majority of variation (93%) was among genotypes. Associations among inbreds revealed by multivariate and cluster analysis showed similarity with those that would be expected on the basis of pedigree. A chi-square analysis showed no deviation in the hybrid profile from the expected 2∶1 ratio of peaks from the female and male inbred parents, respectively. Improvements in the ability to correctly assign common peaks are necessary before associations among numerous sorghum genotypes can be reliably demonstrated by analysis of data from reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00288838
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of maternal haploidy in maize (Zea mays L.) and selection of haploid inducing lines (1988)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 76 (1988), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Haploid induction ; Gynogenesis ; Genetics ; Inducer line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of genotype on maternal haploid plant production in maize was studied. The frequency of gynogenetic plants when “Stock 6” was used as pollinator varied according to the female parent genotype. No simple relation was observed between genotypic aptitudes for gynogenetic and androgenetic development, which occured after pollination of “W23” plant carrying the “indeterminate gametophyte” gene. Furthermore, the population NS, a favorably responsive genotype to anther culture, does not exhibit exceptional ability for in vivo gynogenesis. The effect of inbreeding and the influence of maternal haploid origin suggest that specific genes control maternal haploid initiation and development. However, gynogenetic development is not limited to a particular genotype. The frequency of maternal haploids may be increased by using specific pollen parents. Attempts were made to select for a high haploidyinducing trait and the present study reports the successful development of lines that can be utilized as pollen parents to induce haploids for experimental purposes and breeding programmes. When an inbred line “WS14”, derived from the cross W23 x Stock 6, was used as pollen parent, 2%–5% maternal haploids were obtained according to the female parent genotype. A high haploidy-inducing potential is a heritable trait and may be controlled by a limited number of genes. Genetic determination of the haploidy-inducing character was examined in relation to the efficiency of the selecting method and the mechanisms involved in the origin of maternal haploids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265341
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic analysis of nitrate reductase deficient mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: Evidence for six complementation groups among 70 classified molybdenum cofactor deficient mutants (1988)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 206-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia ; Nitrate reductase ; Genetics ; Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A total of 70 cnx mutants have been characterized from a collection of 211 nitrate reductase deficient (NR-) mutants isolated from mutagenized Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplast cultures after chlorate selection and regeneration into plants. They are presumed to be affected in the biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor since they are also deficient for xanthine dehydrogenase activity but contain NR apoenzyme. The remaining clones were classified as nia mutants. Sexual crosses performed between cnx mutants allowed them to be classified into six independent complementation groups. Mutants representative of these complementation groups were used for somatic hybridization experiments with the already characterized N. plumbaginifolia mutants NX1, NX24, NX23 and CNX103 belonging to the complementation groups cnxA, B, C and D respectively. On the basis of genetic analysis and somatic hybridization experiments, two new complementation groups, cnxE and F, not previously described in higher plants, were characterized. Unphysiologically high levels of molybdate can restore the NR activity of cnxA mutant seedlings in vivo, but cannot restore NR activity to any mutant from the other cnx complementation groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339583
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human-type ABO blood groups as genetic markers for the management of a squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) breeding colony (1988)
    Springer
    Primates 29 (1988), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Saimiri ; Human-type ABO blood groups ; Genetics ; Colony management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The human-type ABO blood groups were determined for 94 families of the squirrel monkey which included 151 animals. Four phenotypes of ABO blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) were detected. Family analysis revealed that the human-type ABO blood groups in this species were governed by three alleles, codominantA andB and silentO. There were intraspecific differences in the distribution of phenotypes and gene frequency among three populations imported by different routes at different times. The usefulness of ABO blood groups for defining the genetic variability of a squirrel monkey breeding colony through successive generations is discussed on the basis of the difference in distribution of ABO blood groups between wild-originated parental and its first colony-born populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381130
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila genes encoding maternal-specific and maternal-differential RNAs (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: maternal-specific transcripts ; genomic clones ; developmental RNA expression ; in situ chromosomal localization ; embryogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The unique cellular and genetic events which occur during the first few hours of Drosophila embryogenesis suggest that there are genes whose function is entirely or largely limited to this stage; this is supported by both genetic and molecular evidence. To identify some of these genes and characterize the relative contribution of specifically maternal and specifically zygotic transcription to early embryogenesis, we used competition and differential screening of a Drosophila genomic DNA library to obtain blastoderm- and maternal-differential sequences [Roark et al.: Dev Biol 109:476-488, 1985]. We describe here the Eco RI restriction fragments, chromosomal location, and size and developmental pattern of expression of the RNAs transcribed from 19 maternal-differential sequences. Five sequences encode maternal-specific transcripts (50-150-fold more abundant in maternal RNA than at any other stage). The maternal-specific and maternal-differential sequences are located at single sites on all major chromosome arms. Comparison of these sites with the sites of presently mapped maternal-effect genes shows several possible correlations, including one region containing three maternal-effect lethal mutations and two maternalspecific sequences.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090104
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    A genetic switch: Gene control and phage λ. Edited by Mark Ptashne. Cambridge, England: Cell Press; and Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Press, 1986, 128 pp (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090107
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090301
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Molecular genetics of self-incompatibility in flowering plants (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090102
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  • 23
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    Structural and biochemical studies on four sex-linked chorion mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: eggshell ; female sterile mutant ; endochorion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four female-sterile mutants, fs(l)K451, fs(1)K1214, fs(1)K575TS, and fs(1)384, were studied in terms of chorion structure and chorion protein composition. The first three of these mutants cause morphological defects, ie, substantial underproduction and disruption of the endochorion, correlated with underproduction of the six major chorion proteins, s15-s38; the phenotypes are consistent with the observation that these mutants interfere with amplification of the major chorion genes that encode the s15-s38 proteins [Orr et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3773-3777, 1984; Komitopoulou et al.: Dev Genet 7:75-80, 1986]. The fourth mutant, fs(1)384, and its alleles do not interfere with production of the major chorion proteins and the morphologically detectable bulk of the endochorion but lead to failure of endochorionic organization. Apparently this complementation group is responsible for a minor chorion product, which is evidently important morphogenetically and which is processed posttranslationally in a complex manner [Bauer and Waring: Dev Biol 121:349-358, 1987].
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090105
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Multiplicity of functions for the otu gene products during Drosophila oogenesis (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 91-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: actin filament bundles ; ethyl methane sulfonate ; female sterile mutants ; in terallelic complementation ; oocyte determination ; ovarian tumor genes ; phenocritical thresholds ; polyfusomes ; polytene nurse cell chromosomes ; polytrophic meroistic ovaries ; pseudonurse cells ; Q-T-P-O values ; rhodaminyl phalloidin ; temperature-sensitive mutants ; transformed oocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The ovarian tumor gene behaves as if it encodes a product (OGP), which is required durirng several early steps in the transformation of oogonia into functional oocytes. Seventeen ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutations have been studied, and their mutant phenotypes can be explained as graded responses by individual germ cells to different levels of OGP synthesized by the mutant germ cells themselves. The lowest and highest levels of OGP appear to be produced by otu10 and otu14, respectively. The 15 mutants with intermediate OGP levels are temperature sensitive; subnormal temperatures improve ovarian development, while above-normal temperatures suppress it. A subgroup ofthese mutants are unable to form a system of actin microfilament bundles in the cortical cytoplasm of their nurse cells during stage 10B, and these defective nurse cells are unable to transport their cytoplasm to the oocyte, as normally happens between stages 10B and 12. In addition to its role in the actin-mediated transport of nurse cell cytoplasm, OGP also appears to alter the morphology of giant polytene chromosomes, which form as the nurse cells undergo endocycles of DNA replication. Genetic evidence suggests that otu also encodes a second product (SP) that is utilized late in oogenesis. SP is required for the synthesis in the ooplasm of glycogen-rich, beta yolk spheres. Products of the otu gene also play a vital but unknown role in embryogenesis.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090203
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Anemia in a line of transgenic mice carrying a mutant dihydrofolate reductase gene (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cell interactions ; hematopoiesis ; mutagenesis ; SV40 ; fetal liver ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several lines of transgenic mice were produced by pronuclear injection of a full-length cDNA encoding a mutant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, E.C. 1.5.1.3). The mutation causes altered enzyme kinetics for folate reduction as well as low affinity for methotrexate (MTX). One line of mice carrying the plasmid displays a moderate-to-severe anemia that is evident in fetuses and newborn mice and that moderates with age. RNA studies revealed high levels of transcription of the mutant gene in the fetal and adult liver, and low or absent expression in adult bone marrow. Transcription of the mutant gene was not found in the fetal liver of other pedigrees examined. The data thus suggest that expression of this mutant gene in the main hematopoietic organ of the fetus adversely affects erythropoiesis by altering the cellular environment for erythroid differentiation, and that translocation of the site of hematopoiesis to bone marrow, where the foreign gene is not expressed, leads to normalization of red cell production.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090304
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  • 26
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    Announcement (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 213-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090307
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  • 27
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    Euchromatic inversions causing mosaic gene expression in Drosophila hydei: A study of forked and Zebra (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 683-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: variegation ; bristles ; pigmentation ; patterns ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In D. hydei two new mutants, In(1)f3 and IN(5)Z, show obvious mosaic gene expression. Their phenotypic expression is susceptible to the breeding temperature and to the addition of a supernumerary Y chromosome to the chromosome set. In this respect the mutants resemble standard cases of position-effect variegation based on the action of heterochromatin. However, since neither centromeric nor sex chromosomal heterochromatin apparently are involved, the mutations point to a new type of variegation provoked by euchromatic sections. The mosaic patterns of these mutants, in particular those of In(1)f3, will be described.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090602
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  • 28
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    Age-dependent variation for inducibility of metallothionein genes in mouse liver by cadmium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: ontogeny ; lethality ; gene expression ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cadmium is a toxic metal that induces the expression of metallothionein genes in many tissues and that binds avidly to metallothionein, a soluble transition metal binding protein. The present study examined the temporal pattern and magnitude of accumulation of metallothionein mRNA in liver of C57BL/6J mice of various ages treated with cadmium. In adult female mice, accumulation was dependent on the dosage level of cadmium and related to the concentration of this metal in liver. The accumulation of metallothionein mRNA in liver depended on age at exposure to cadmium. Intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg of cadmium per kg provoked small increases (two- to threefold) in levels of metallothionein mRNA in livers of 7- and 14-day-old mice. In contrast, cadmium treatment of 28- and 56-day-old mice resulted in 12- to 19-fold increases in levels of metallothionein mRNA in liver with maximum increases occurring 3 to 4 hr after treatment. Because similar patterns for the accumulation of cadmium of liver were found in 7-, 28-, and 56-day-old mice, observed age-dependent differences in induction of metallothionein mRNA in liver were probably not due to differences in the accumulation of cadmium in this organ. Taken together, these data suggest that tissue-specific factors controlling the expression of metallothionein genes may account for developmental variation in the inducibility of these genes by cadmium. Ontogenic variation in accumulation of metallothionein mRNA after cadmium treatment may be a factor in developmental variation in the acute lethality of cadmium in C57BL/6J mice.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090103
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  • 29
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    Genetic analysis of somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell culture: Initial characterization of six classes of temperature-sensitive variants (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 49-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; auxin ; gene expression ; mutant ; filtration-enrichment procedure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cell cultures of the carrot Daucus carota are a useful experimental system for studying the genetic regulation of plant embryogenesis. A modified filtration-enrichment procedure was used to isolate 21 temperature-sensitive variants in somatic embryogenesis; the variants display normal embryo development at the permissive temperature (24°C) and altered development at the restrictive temperature (33°C). Temperature-shift experiments were performed on these variants to determine the timing of gene action for the putative temperature-sensitive alleles. According to their phenotypes at the restrictive temperature, these variants can be divided into six classes: No Growth, Callus Proliferation, Globularstage Block, Oblong-stage Block, Lateral Growth, and Root Formation. Although many variants exhibit lengthy temperature-sensitive periods, the temperature sensitivity of some variants is restricted to one or two embryonic stages. These results plus those in the literature are incorporated into a preliminary model concerning the genetic regulation of carrot embryogenesis.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090106
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090201
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  • 31
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    Investigation of the tissue specificity of the lethal yellow (Ay) gene in mouse embryos (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: embryonic lethal ; agouti locus ; trophectoderm ; inner cell mass ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The tissue specificity of the lethal yellow mutant was investigated by separation of blastocyst tissues. Embryos from experimental (Ay/ae × Ay/ae) and control (ae/ae × Ay/ae) crosses of the AG/CamPa inbred strain were recovered at 3.5 days post coitum, cultured for 24 hours, and then mechanically dissected into the component tissues of the blastocyst, the inner cell mass (ICM), and trophectoderm. These fragments were then cultured separately, with or without a feeder layer of inactivated fibroblasts, for an additional 3-5 days. Comparisons between experimental and control crosses indicated that the lethal Ay/Ay embryos were among the blastocysts successfully dissected but that both the ICM and trophectoderm from lethal embryos failed to develop further in vitro, eithal with or without feeders.With retrospective identification of the lethal embryos, it was found that at 4.5 days, after 1 day of culture, they had formed morphologically normal blastocysts but were frequently more fragile upon dissection and had smaller ICMs. Although none had hatched from the zona pellucida, some had ruptured it and were halfway out. With culture, lethal ICMs showed no development, and lethal trophectoderm usually attached but showed very limited outgrowth. Thus, no rescue of lethal tissue was shown with dissection and in vitro culture, and results are consistent with the gene affecting both tissues of the late blastocyst.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090302
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090601
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  • 33
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    Identification and expression of the gap segmentation gene hunchback in drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 715-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Regulator of postbithorax ; homeosis ; pattern formation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genetic analysis has shown that the gap segmentation gene hunchback (hb) is a member of the genetic hierarchy involved in pattern formation in Drosophila. To identify the hb gene, we have mapped the position of hb mutant breakpoints within a chromosomal walk of the 85A region by genomic Southern blots and determined the transcription pattern of DNA from the walk. We detect a single gene within the domain defined by breakpoint mapping. We conclude that we have identified the hunchback gene because three mutations that inactivate hb physically interrupt or delete this gene. Northern analysis shows that the hb gene gives rise to at least five overlapping transcripts ranging in length from 2.6 to 3.5 kilobases. S1 nuclease and primer extension experiments demonstrate that the gene employs two promoters and three polyadenylation sites. The two hb promoters have different temporal specificities. Transcripts arising from the upstream promoter are detected from 0-12 hours of embryogenesis as well as in adult female and male RNA preparations. Transcripts arising from the downstream promoter accumulate only from 0-6 hours of embryogenesis. During the syncytial blastoderm stage, transcripts from the hb gene accumulate over a broad anterior and a narrow posterior domain. This pattern sharpens during the late blastoderm/early gastrula stage to produce an embryo with two stripes of hybridization anterior and one stripe posterior. Later, hb transcripts are detected within the ventral hypoderm in extended germ band stage embryos.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090604
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  • 34
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    Genetic determination of sporangiophore development in Phycomyces (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 733-741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Phycomyces blakesleeanus ; developmental mutants ; phorogenesis ; sexual reproduction ; light ; carotene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The mycelium of the fungus Phycomyces. essentially a giant multinucleate cell, produces two kinds of asexual reproductive structures, called macrophores and microphores, and a succession of structures for sexual reproduction. Following the treatment of spores with N-methyl-N′ -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, conditional imb mutants have been isolated that form no macrophores at 26°C, but do at 14°C. At the restrictive temperature, few imb mutants (2 of 13) develop microphores, and none is able to complete the sexual cycle. This suggests that genes responsible for macrophorogenesis are involved in microphorogenesis and in sexual development as well. Light reduces macrophorogenesis and totally abolishes microphorogenesis in the wild type under the conditions of our experiments. These photomorphogenetic effects require the normal function of genes madA and madB, which are responsible for phototropism. Light inhibits microphorogenesis in the two imb mutants that form microphores at the restrictive temperature. Genetic alterations of carotenogenesis lead to an excess of microphores and a scarcity of macrophores in the dark, but they have little influence on vegetative reproduction in the light.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090605
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  • 35
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    G-proteins in the signal-transduction pathways of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 215-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; cGMP ; chemotaxis ; mutant ; desensitization ; receptor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The functional interaction of surface cAMP receptors with effector enzymes via G-proteins was investigated in Dictyostelium discoideum. Several experimental conditions were used to investigate signal transduction, such as reduced temperatures, use of down-regulated cells and of mutants. The results are presented as a model describing the complex interaction between multiple forms of the surface cAMP receptor and different G-proteins that are responsible for the generation of the second messengers, cAMP, cGMP, InsP3 and Ca2+.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090404
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  • 36
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    Structure and expression of the cAMP cell-surface receptor (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: receptors ; transmembrane signalling ; Dictyostelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using antibodies specific for the 3′, 5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP) cell surface receptor of Dictyostelium discoideum, we have screened γgtll expression libraries and isolated a series of cDNAs derived from cAMP receptor mRNA during early development. The identity of the cDNA clones was verified by multiple criteria: (1) β-galactosidase fusion proteins synthesized by isolated cDNA clones stain intensely with cAMP receptor directed antiserum, (2) these fusion proteins affinity purify antibodies specific for the cAMP receptor, (3) the cDNA probes hybridize to a 2 kb mRNA whose change in relative level of abundance during development parallels that of receptor mRNA as assayed by in vitro translation, (4) the 2 kb mRNA size equals that of receptor mRNA as determined by in vitro translation of size fractionated poly (A)+ RNA, and (5) RNA transcribed in vitro from cDNAs containing the entire protein-coding region produces a polypeptide by in vitro translation with an apparent molecular weight in close agreement with that of nascent cAMP receptor protein produced by in vitro translation of cellular RNA.The DNA sequence predicts an open reading frame of 392 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains seven domains enriched in hydrophobic residues. A model is proposed in which the cAMP cell-surface receptor traverses the lipid bilayer seven times in a pattern similar to that of other receptors, such as rhodopsin, which interact with G-proteins. The structural similarities suggest a gene family of related surface receptors from such evolutionarily diverse species as Dictyostelium, yeast, and mammals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090405
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  • 37
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    cAMP-dependent protein kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: protein evolution ; lower eukaryote ; differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) from Dictyostelium discoideum is an enzyme composed of one catalytic and one regulatory subunit. Upon binding of cAMP, the holoenzyme dissociates to liberate free active catalytic subunits. The cAK is developmentally regulated, ranging from very little activity in vegetative cells to maximal expression in postaggregative cells. Although there is no immunological cross-reaction between the subunits of cAKs from Dictyostelium and from other organisms, they share several biochemical properties. A complete cDNA for the regulatory subunit has been cloned and sequenced. Only one copy of the gene for the regulatory subunit is present per haploid genome. On the basis of the comparison of the structure of the cAK from Dictyostelium with its counterparts in yeast and higher eukaryotes, we propose a model for the evolution of cyclic-nucleotide-binding proteins.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090407
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  • 38
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    Characterization of an unusual cAMP receptor and its related polypeptides in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 237-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene regulation ; immunoblotting ; rapid-developing variants ; molecular cloning ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several lines of evidence indicate that cAMP modulates developmental gene activity via cell-surface receptors. We describe here a novel cAMP receptor, CABP1, whose properties are consistent with the idea that this protein is involved in gene regulation. Firstly, immunological techniques using anti-CABP1 antibodies as probes showed that this cAMP receptor can be detected on the surface of developing cells. Secondly, there is a steady migration of CABP1 to the nucleus during development. Thirdly, some genetic variants exhibiting an altered pattern of development are found to possess modified CABP1. We also showed that CABP1 co-purifies with at least seven other polypeptides which share common epitopes with CABP1. Interestingly, four of the CABP1-related polypeptides can be detected on the cell surface as well as in the nucleus.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090406
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  • 39
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    The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase of Dictyostelium discoideum: The structure of the gene and its regulation and role in development (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: transformation ; gene structure ; cAMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (phosphodiesterase) of Dictyostelium discoideum plays an essential role in development by hydrolyzing the cAMP used as a chemoattractant by aggregating cells. We have studied the biochemistry of the phosphodiesterase and a functionally related protein, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor protein, and have cloned the cognate genes. A 1.8-kb and a 2.2-kb mRNA are transcribed from the singlephosphodiesterase gene. The 2.2-kb mRNA comprises the majority of the phosphodiesterase mRNA found in differentiating cells and is transcribed only during development from a promoter at least 2.5 kb upstream of the translational start site. The 1.8-kb phosphodiesterase mRNA is detected at all stages of growth and development, is present at lower levels than the developmentally induced mRNA, and is transcribed from a site proximal to the protein-coding region. The phosphodiesterase gene contains a minimum of three exons, and a 2.3-kb intron, the longest yet reported for this organism. We have shown that the pds A. gene and fourfgd genes affect, the accumulation of the phosphodiesterase mRNAs, and we believe that these loci represent a significant portion of the genes regulating expression of the phosphodiesterase. The phosphodiesterase gene was introduced into cells by transformation and used as a tool to explore the effects of cAMP on the terminal stages of development. In cells expressing high levels of phosphodiesterase activity, final morphogenesis cannot be completed, and differentiated spore and stalk cells do not form. We interpret these results to support the hypothesis that cAMP plays an essential role in organizing cell movements in late development as well as in controlling the aggregation of cells in the initial phase of the developmental program.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090409
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  • 40
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    Genes encoding novel GTP-binding proteins in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: G-proteins ; gene expression ; developmental regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have identified a two-member gene family in the Dictyostelium genome and have isolated corresponding cDNA or genomic DNA recombinant clones. Analyses of these DNA sequences predicted encoded proteins of ∼200 amino acids with ∼90% sequence identity to each other. These Dictyostelium proteins also share amino acids identity within the GTP-binding domains in the family of G-regulatory proteins involved in cellular regulation and transmembrane signalling. Additional structural similarities are seen with members of the ras supergene family, such as ras, ral, and rho. They are similar in size (usually ∼200 amino acids), possess four conserved domains involved in GTP interaction and are believed to be anchored in the membrane by fatty acid modification of a cysteine residue near the carboxy terminus. More extensive identity is observed with YPT1 and SEC4, two other members of this family of genes that are essential in yeast. The amino-terminal half of both Dictyostelium proteins is 70% identical in amino acid sequence to the YPT1 and SEC4 yeast proteins with less identity continuing through the remainder of the proteins. In addition these proteins terminate in two cysteine residues that are thought to be required for membrane anchorage.The two genes within this Dictyostelium family are organized differently in the genome and are differentially regulated during development. One gene is colinear in sequence with its mRNA in the protein coding region, whereas the other gene encodes a spliced mRNA. The intron-containing gene is associated with a developmentally regulated (AAC)-repeat sequence. Finally, we have shown that the expression of one of the genes is induced during development with kinetics similar to that of other (AAC)n-associated genes; conversely, the expression of the second gene is repressed at a similar developmental stage.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090408
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    Characterization of genes that are developmentally regulated during Dictyostelium discoideum spore germination (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: developmentally regulated cDNAs ; Dictyostelium discoideum gene sequences ; developmentally regulated proteins ; Dictyostelium spore proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Similar to other stages in Dictyostelium development, spore germination is a particularly suitable model for studying the regulation of gene expression, because developmentally regulated changes in both protein and mRNA synthesis occur during the transition from dormant spore to amoeba. Spores are constitutively dormant and must be activated to germinate. Under the proper environmental conditions, spores germinate in a highly synchronous manner to give rise to individual amoebae that can then enter the vegetative growth phase. Protein synthesis is developmentally regulated during this process. Because protein synthesis is transcriptionally controlled during spore germination, the respective genes must be developmentally transcribed, and these can be isolated and analyzed. Three cDNA clones specific for mRNA developmentally regulated during spore germination have been characterized and used as probes to study mRNA accumulation and decay during spore germination. Because we are interested in defining the sequences of developmentally regulated genes that may relate to their regulation of transcription, we have sequenced the cDNAs and have isolated and sequenced their respective genomic clones. The sequences of the three gene families, their genomic organization, and their special structural features are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090412
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    The effect of caffeine, adenosine, and buffer ionic composition on the induction of cell-surface cAMP binding during starvation of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: ions ; developmental regulation ; receptor regulation ; developmental signals ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have analyzed the effects of the cAMP relay inhibitor, caffeine, and the receptor antagonist, adenosine, on the regulation of the cell-surface cAMP receptor in suspensionstarved Dictyostelium discoideum cells by measuring ammonium sulfate-stabilized binding of [3-H]cAMP to intact cells. When cells were starved in fast (230 r.p.m.) shaken suspension in 10 mM Na+/5 mM K+ phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, plus 1 mM CaCl2 and 2.5 mM MgCl2, and assayed for specific cAMP binding, receptor accumulation peaked at approximately 6 hours, reaching a maximum of 1.5 pmol cAMP bound/107 cells (saturation binding). Neither caffeine nor adenosine inhibited the accumulation of cAMP receptors. Similar results were obtained in caffeine-treated, slow shaken (90 r.p.m.) suspension cultures. These results suggest that starvation alone is sufficient stimulus to induce the cAMP receptor. We have also tested the effects of different buffer ionic compositions on the accumulation of cAMP receptors. Elevation of the monovalent ion concentration to 30-40 mM was found to significantly inhibit the induction of cAMP receptors.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090411
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    Contact alters cAMP metabolism in aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; development ; cAMP ; cell-cell contact ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: cAMP and cell-cell contact are involved in the coordination of differentiation and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. The experiments described in this paper establish a relationship between cAMP and cell-cell contact. Contact between Enterobacter aerogenes and aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae and contact between Dictyostelium amoebae themselves results in the transient secretion of cAMP and an alteration in the amount of cAMP secreted in response to subsequent stimulation by cAMP, i.e., an alteration in magnitude of a cAMP relay response. The subsequent cAMP relay response can be enhanced or diminished depending upon the number of contacts formed and the concentration of cAMP present at the time of contact. Latex beads are capable of evoking cAMP secretion. However, the bead/amoebal contact is unable to alter the magnitude of a subsequent response to cAMP. This suggests that a nonspecific interaction via cell-cell contactelicits transient cAMP secretion in aggregation-competent Dictyostelium amoebae.The two responses to cell-cell contact are distinct from each other and distinct from the cAMP relay response. (1) The dose-response curves for the responses to Enterobacter contact are clearly different. (2) Contact with latex beads can elicit cAMP secretion but not alter the magnitude of a subsequent cAMP relay response. (3) The temperature dependences of the contact-induced responses and the cAMP relay response show that only the contact-induced cAMP secretion is inhibited at 12 and 15°C, while only the cAMP relay response is inhibited at 28°C.A 4-second application of cAMP at the time that contact is initiated enhances both contact-induced responses. Whether the relationship between these two developmental regulators is important for the regulation of Dictyostelium development has yet to be established.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090410
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  • 44
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    Deactivation of gene expression upon the onset of development in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: gene regulation ; initiation of development ; slime mold ; transcription ; cycloheximide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several genes that are deactivated upon the initiation of development of Dictyostelium discoideum have been identified by differential screening of various cDNA libraries. These genes have in common a decrease in the steady-state levels of their corresponding mRNAs as development proceeds. When development was carried out in the absence of protein synthesis by inhibition with cycloheximide, the decrease in mRNA levels for most genes (V genes) was normal or slightly accelerated. However, for about 5% of the genes (H genes), cycloheximide caused an apparent induction of expression, as revealed by a slight or dramatic increase in mRNA levels instead of the normal decrease. This effect was due to inhibition of protein synthesis and not to cycloheximide per se. The induction was found to be due to an enhancement of the trascription rate; normal rates of transcription for the H genes were dependent upon continued protein synthesis during vegetative growth and during development. Thus, two general regulatory classes exist for deactivation of gene expression upon initiation of development, one dependent and one independent of protein synthesis. Models concerning the control of expression of these two classes of genes are discussed here. Analysis of expression of these genes in mutant strains that are aggregation-deficient has also been performed, and the results lead to subdivisions of the classes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090414
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    Analysis of the prestarvation response in growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; growth ; development ; regulation ; discoidin I ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously shown that growing cells of Dictyostelium discoideum (strains NC4 and AX3) produce a soluble substance that accumulates in the medium in proportion to cell density; this substance regulates the production of certain proteins previously thought to be induced by starvation [Clarke et al., 1987]. We suggest the name PSF (prestarvation factor) for this substance. During growth, Dictyostelium cells monitor the relative concentrations of PSF and food bacteria. When PSF reaches a sufficiently high level relative to the concentration of bacteria, synthesis of PSF-regulated proteins is induced. We propose the name prestarvation response for this induction, which takes place in exponentially growing cells several generations before the food bacteria are depleted. We have explored the mechanism by which the food bacteria inhibit the response of Dictyostelium cells to PSF. We find that the bacteria do not inactivate PSF or inhibit its production; instead, they affect the ability of NC4 cells to detect PSF, possibly by binding to the same cell surface receptor. In the absence of bacteria, as during axenic growth of AX3 cells, the prestarvation response occurs at much lower cell densities, probably accounting for the presence of certain developmentally regulated mRNAs and proteins in axenic cultures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090413
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  • 46
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    A Ca2+-dependent signal transduction system participates in coupling expression of some cAMP-dependent prespore genes to the cell surface receptor (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cAMP ; Ca2+ ; signal transduction ; cell surface receptor ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Elevated levels of cAMP are essential for the expression of many postaggregation prespore and prestalk mRNA species and for the suppression of some growth phase mRNAs. Here we review evidence that this regulation is mediated by cAMP interacting at the cell surface receptor. These effects of cAMP on gene expression can occur under conditions where the receptor-associated adenylate cyclase is inactivated and in concentrations that are consistent with receptor binding. A number of differences are noted in the mechanism by which cAMP regulates prespore and prestalk genes. Finally, evidence is reviewed for the role of a Ca2+-dependent signal transduction system in coupling the expression of some of the prespore mRNAs to the cAMP receptor. This signal transduction system does not appear to be involved in the expression of the cAMP-dependent prestalk gene.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090417
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  • 47
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    Control of early gene expression in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; cAMP ; receptor ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the expression of a cAMP pulse-repressed and two cAMP pulse-induced genes in response to cAMP and caffeine under a number of different physiological conditions, and in several classes of developmental mutants altered in cAMP-mediated signal transduction pathways. The data presented help characterize the mutants with regard to early gene expression. Analysis of the data indicates that full induction of the pulse-induced or repression of the pulse-repressed genes requires cycles of activation and adaptation of the cAMP receptor but does not require a rise in intracellular cAMP. Comparison of the results obtained between different mutant classes suggests that repression and activation of the two classes of genes can be uncoupled, implying that different intracellular mechanisms control these processes. In addition, we examined the effects of caffeine and show that it can induce pulse-induced mRNA accumulation in the absence of cAMP.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090415
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    Regulation of gene expression by the intracellular second messengers IP3 and diacylglycerol (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 351-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium ; diacylglycerol ; inositol trisphosphate ; developmetal regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Dictyostelium, extracellular cAMP interacts specifically with cell-surface receptors to promote the accumulation of a variety of intracellular second messengers, such as, 3′-5′ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 1,4,5 inositol trisphosphate (IP3). We and others have shown that activation of the cell-surface cAMP receptor can also modulate the expression of the Dictyostelium genome during development. In at least one instance, synthesis of intracellular cAMP is required for appropriate gene regulation. However, the induction of most cAMP-dependent gene expression can occur in the absence of receptor-mediated activation of adenylate cyclase and a consequent accumulation of intracellular cAMP. These results suggest that other intracellular second messengers produced in response to receptor activation may potentially act as signal transducers to modulate gene expression during development. In vertebrate cells, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG) are intracellular activators of specific protein kinases; they are produced in equimolar amounts by cleavage of phosphoinositol bisphosphate after a receptor-mediated activation of a membrane-bound phosphodiesterase. IP3 and, thus, by inference, diacylglycerol are synthesized in Dictyostelium as a response to cAMP interacting with its cell-surface receptor. Using defined conditions to inhibit the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the accumulation of extracellular cAMP, we have examined the effects of these compounds on the expression of genes that require cAMP for their maximal expression. Our results suggest that intracellular IP3 and DAG may in part mediate the action of extracellular cAMP on the expression of the Dictyostelium genome.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090416
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  • 49
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    Structural and functional characterization of genes encoding Dictyostelium prestalk and prespore cell-specific proteins (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 383-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Dictyostelium cell type markers ; PsA ; phosphatidylinosito ; D19 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of D19, a Dictyostelium gene that encodes a prespore-specific mRNA sequence shows it to encode PsA, the cell surface protein detected by the MUD 1 monoclonal antibody. The predicted sequence of the protein reveals a largely hydrophobic C terminus, with chemical similarity to proteins known to be attached to the plasma membrane via a phosphatidylinositol link. The C-terminal region has direct sequence homology to the contact sites A protein and to the phosphatidylinositol-linked form of a chicken N-CAM, suggesting that it might play a role in cell adhesion. Expression of the D19 gene is known to be induced by cAMP and repressed by adenosine. The accumulation of the D19 mRNA is also repressed by DIF, the putative stalk-specific morphogen, and this effect is mediated at the transcriptional level. The pDd56 and pDd63 genes are induced by DIF, and they are specific markers of prestalk and stalk cells. They encode, respectively, ST310 and ST430, two proteins that were first identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both proteins are predominantly composed of a highly conserved, 24-amino acid repeat. The two proteins are localized in the slime sheath of the migratory slug and in the stalk tube and stalk cell wall of the mature culminant, where they presumably function as structural components of the extracellular matrix. We have constructed marked derivatives of the pDd56, pDd63, and D19 genes, and these are correctly regulated after transformation into Dictyostelium cells. Thus we have determined the structure, and elucidated possible functions, for one prespore and two prestalk genes. These sequences should be of value, both as markers of the earliest events in cellular differentiation and in identifying the regulatory sequences controlling cell type-specific gene expression.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090419
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  • 50
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    Transmembrane signal transduction regulates gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 371-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: second messenger ; transcription ; DNase I hypersensitive sites ; cis-acting elements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: cAMP regulates gene expression in Dictyostelium discoideum through the cell surface receptor and is therefore a transmembrane signal transduction event. We have now begun to examine the signal transduction pathway that transmits the cAMP-induced signal to the nucleus. The results presented here indicate that Ca2+ plays a crucial role. A comparison of the accumulation of UDPGP1 mRNA during development with the corresponding transcription rates revealed that this gene is regulated primarily at the level of transcription. To elucidate the factors involved in the regulation of the UDPGP1 gene we characterized its cis acting sequences. We constructed a series of deletions into the 5′ flanking region of the UDPGP1 gene and analyzed the expression of the mutated DNA in transformants. A sequence element essential for the expression of the UDPGP1 gene is located between -500 bp and -288 dp from the transcription start site. This promoter element appears to be a short G + C-rich sequence positioned between -374 to -395 and coincides with a DNase I hypersensitive site.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090418
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    Regulation of mRNA stability and the poly(A) problem in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 403-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: post-transcriptional regulation ; disaggregation ; poly(A)-binding proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper reviews our studies of three aspects of post-transcriptional regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum: (1) the determinants of mRNA stability in vegetative amoebae; (2) the effects of disaggregation and cyclic AMP on the decay rates of cell-type-specific mRNAs in late developing cells; and (3) the cytoplasmic function of the 3′ poly(A) tracts present on most mRNAs. We find that: (1) mRNA stability in vegetative amoebae is not dependent on mRNA size, ribosome loading, or poly(A) tract length, but may be determined by specific 3′-untranslated sequences within a given mRNA; (2) mRNA decay rates in late developing cells are heterogeneous, and cyclic AMP does not act directly to stabilize cell-type-specific mRNAs; and (3) poly(A) is most likely involved in the initiation of protein synthesis via an interaction with cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding proteins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090420
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    Post-transcriptional regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression during development in Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 421-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: translational control ; polyadenylation ; mRNA stability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated recombinant plasmids that contain cDNA inserts complementary to mRNAs encoding six different r-proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum. Southern and quantitative dot blot analyses have shown that each of the r-protein genes represented in these plasmids is encoded by a single copy gene and that these genes are not tightly linked to each other. We have determined the relative amount of the six r-protein mRNAs present in cells at intervals throughout development and find that for the first 9 hours of development, each of the mRNAs remains present at virtually the same level as in vegetatively growing cells. Between 9 and 11 hours of development, there is a rapid loss of these mRNAs to 15% or less of vegetative levels, and that low level remains, or slightly declines, through the late stages of development. We have shown that two post-transcriptional events contribute to the developmental regulation of the expression of the r-protein genes. The first involves a specific block to translational initiation that is not the result of inactivation of these mRNAs by decapping or deadenylation. The second is a change in the stability of these mRNAs during early development. In order to begin to analyze the role of specific sequences that may act as targets or signals in these events, we have cloned and sequenced a 1.9-kb genomic DNA fragment that encodes one of the r-proteins. We find that transcription of this gene begins in a pyrimidine-rich region that is not preceded by a TATA box, the gene contains a single intron of 350 bp, and there are two alternative 3′ processing sites. In addition, the 5′-untranslated region of the transcript contains an unusually high percentage of G and C residues relative to other Dictyostelium mRNAs.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090421
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    Stalk cell formation in monolayers of Dictyostelium discoideum V12-M2 (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 597-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cell differentiation ; differentiation inducing factor ; cyclic AMP ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Stalk cell formation in low-cell-density monolayers of Dictyostelium discoideum, strain V12-M2, occurs following the sequential addition of cyclic AMP and the differentiation-inducing factor (DIF). Both cyclic AMP and DIF are essential for the appearance of the prestalk-specific isozyme alkaline phosphatase-II, which suggests that both factors are necessary for prestalk cell formation. The available evidence suggests that the cyclic AMP requirement for stalk cell formation is mediated through the cell surface cyclic AMP receptor. However, stalk cell formation is inhibited by caffeine and this inhibition is reversed by the cell-permeable analogue 8-Br-cyclic AMP, which suggests in addition a possible involvement for elevated intracellular cyclic AMP concentrations in stalk cell formation.During in vivo development ceils first become independent of cyclic AMP at the tipped aggregate stage, but the acquisition of cyclic AMP independence is advanced by several hours when cells are incubated in the presence of cyclic AMP for 2 hours. Cells do not become independent of DIF until the culmination stage of development, which suggests the possibility that DIF is required for the conversion of prestalk cells to stalk cells.There is an absolute requirement for DIF for stalk cell formation in low-density monolayers of prestalk cells but only part of population exhibits a requirement for cyclic AMP, which suggests that the prestalk cell population consists of two distinct cell types. Stalk cell formation from prespore cells is totally dependent on both cyclic AMP and DIF.When isolated prestalk and prespore cells are plated in high-density monolayers, the former cells accumulate more DIF. which suggests the possibility that DIF is preferentially synthesized by prestalk cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090436
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    A comparison of high frequency switching in the yeast Candida albicans and the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 615-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: colony morphology ; yeast cell wall ; aggregation variants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recently, high frequency switching systems have been identified in the infectious yeast Candida albicans and the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. In C. albicans, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies as high as 10-2 between seven general colony morphologies in the case of strain 3153A or between two major phenotypes in the white-opaque transition in strain WO-1. In the latter system, dramatic changes occur in cellular phenotype as well. In D. discoideum, cells can switch at spontaneous frequencies of roughly 10-2 between a number of colony phenotypes which include alterations in developmental timing, blocks at particular morphogenetic stages, morphological aberrations, and aggregation-minus. In the C. albicans and D. discoideum switching systems, the following characteristics are shared: (l) a limited number of switch phenotypes; (2) heritability; (3) high frequency reversibility; (4) low and high frequency modes of switching; and (5) ultraviolet (UV) stimulation of switching of cells in a low frequency mode of switching.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090438
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  • 55
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    Cell behavior during formation of prestalk/prespore pattern in submerged agglomerates of Dictyostelium discoideum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 607-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: pattern formation ; cell sorting ; differential chemotaxis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When cells dissociated from Dictyostelium discoideum slugs were cultured in roller tubes, they formed agglomerates in which prestalk cells were initially dispersed but soon sorted out to the center and then moved to the edge to reconstitute the prestalk/prespore pattern. To examine the mechanism of sorting out, individual prestalk cells were traced by a videotape recorder. The radial component of the rate of movement toward the center of the presumptive prestalk region was calculated. Prestalk cells did not move randomly, but rather directionally toward the center. Thei movement was pulsatile, with a period of ca. 15 min, and accompanied by occasional formation of cell streams, thus resembling the movement observable during cell aggregation. These results favor the idea that prestalk cells sort out to the prestalk region due to differential chemotaxis rather than differential adhesiveness. After formation of the prestalk/prespore pattern, the prestalk region rotated along the circumference of the agglomerates. This appears comparable to migration of slugs on the substratum, the rate of rotation being similar to that of slug migration.To examine the processes of pattern formation during development. washed vegetative cells were cultured in roller tubes. Prespore cells identified by antispore immunoglobulin initially appeared randomly within the agglomerates, but then nonprespore cells accumulated in the center and finally moved to the edge to establish the prestalk/prespore pattern, the processes being similar to those of pattern reconstruction with differentiated prestalk and prespore cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090437
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    A mutant strain of Polysphondylium with defects in many genes (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 629-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: transposon ; cellular slime mold ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: PN6024 is a mutant strain of P. pallidum which appeared on selection for resistance to MDMP, an inhibitor of translation. It was found to be mutant in four other traits, being resistant to tubercidin, incapable of growth at 31.5°C, abnormal in development, and slow growing at 25°C. Genetic crosses using the macrocyst cycle showed that these five traits are controlled by five unlinked genes. The hypothesis is that movement of a transposon to multiple new locations caused these mutations. A difference in restriction fragment pattern between PN6024 and its parent PN600 support the hypothesis. Attempts were made to find conditions generating other strains like PN6024. Selection for growth in the presence of tubercidin yielded clones which resemble PN6024 in being developmentally abnormal as well as tubercidin resistant. Tubercidin treatment also increased the frequency of clones resistant to canavanine. It is suggested that tubercidin is mutagenic because it causes movement of the putative transposon, not because it generates point mutations. Growth under conditions of stress (at 31.5°C, at 8°C, in the presence of 2% ethanol) had at most an erratic effect in generating strains like PN6024.Three substrains appeared spontaneously in cultures of PN6024. These differed in developmental characteristics from each other and from the parent strain. It is suggested that they carry mutations in genes which control the choices between growth and aggregation, and between aggregation and encystment.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090439
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    Geometry and spatial patterns in Polysphondylium pallidum (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 663-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: patterning ; reaction-diffusion ; slime mold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The formation of secondary sori in whorls of Polysphondylium pallidum provides an attractive model system for the study of symmetry breaking during morphogenesis. Tip-specific antibodies that permit detection of very early stages in this patterning process are available. We have found that the patterns of tip-specific antigen expression vary considerably depending on the size, shape, and developmental stage of the whorl. All of these patterns, however, are well explained by patterning models that rely on short-range autocatalysis and long-range inhibition, as exemplified by reaction-diffusion theories. In the context of reaction-diffusion, we discuss the possible effects of initial conditions, boundary conditions, and nonlinearities on the selection of patterns in P. pallidum whorls.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090442
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    Cell size in Dictyostelium (1988)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 9 (1988), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: cytokinesis ; phagocytosis ; adhesion ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellular slime mold amoebae have become a model system for the study of cell motility and the cytoskeleton. A basic problem which all cells face that involves the cytoskeleton is how to control their size. The varied ways in which cellular slime mold amoebae change their cell size-by changing the size at which division occurs, by cell fusion, and by control over cytokinesis-are reviewed. A model is presented which attempts to explain how the mechanisms affected in certain cytokinesis mutants in Dictyostelium discideum known as phg mutants could be involved in control of cell size in the predatory slime mold Dictyostelium caveatum.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020090443
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040101
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    The methylotrophic yeasts (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040102
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    The 2 μm circle plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040104
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    Proteases and the processing of precursors to secreted proteins in yeast (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040103
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  • 63
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    Purification of isocitrate lyase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Isocitrate lyase ; purification ; Catabolite inactivation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Isocitrate lyase purified to homogeneity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was composed of four identical subunits with a molecular mass 75 K Da. The enzyme was most active at pH 7.0 in the presence of 5 mM-Mg2+. The Km value for threo-Ds-isocitrate was 1.4 mM. Isocitrate lyase was shown to be thermostable at 50°C for 60 min at a high salt concentration, but rapidly lost activity at -20°C or by dialysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040105
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    Calendar (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 83-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040109
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    Expression of env sequences of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Bovine leukemia virus ; PH05 ; PGK ; tumor virus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; viral antigens ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: DNA sequences of the envelop (env) gene of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) were expressed in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two yeast promoters, the responsible PH05 promoter and the constitutive PGK promoter, were used to construct four expression plasmids either a sequence of the surface antigen gp51 or a (gp51 + gp30) sequence.The expressed hetrologous gene products were characterized by Western blot analysis and competitive radio-immunoassay. By means of Northern blot analysis the steady-state level of env-specific mRNA was analysed.The highest expression rate was obtained from recombinant plasmid YEpSG 94 comprising a gp51 sequence - a 630 base pair fragment containing 70% of the gp51 but lacking the N terminus - as well as the PH05 promoter including PH05 signal sequence and the PH05 terminator. The recombinant gp51 was partially lycosylated but the PH05 signal peptide did not seem to be cleaved off. No immunoreactive material could be found in the periplasm or in the culture medium.By means of monoclonal antibodies directed against eight different epitopes of viral gp51, all for sequential antigenic determinants were detected in the AH 216(YEpSG 94) expression product.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040106
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    Changes in robosomal properties during adenylate deprivation in the cells of Kluyveromyces lactis (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ribosomes ; Kluyveromyces ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In an adenine-requiring mutant strain of the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis the intracellular content of ATP is one-third to one-fifth that in a protophic wild strain under growing conditions. The quantitatives difference becomes rather small in resisting stationary-phase cells. Temporary changes in the two-dimensional protein patterns of mutant ribosomes occur when the ATP content during the transition phase of growth. The transfer of exponentially growing cells to a synthetic complete medium void of adenine induces the same changes in mutant ribosomes within several hours. Identification of robosomal proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated all changeable proteins (at least five proteins) to belong to 40S ribosomal subunits. The mutant ribosomes prepared from the transitio-phase cells have much lower activity (below 60%) for poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis than those in exponentially growing or resisting stationary-phase cells. Thus, changes in ribosomal components associated with the differences in ribosomes activity in a cell-free system were noted in the adenylate-deprived cells of K. lactix.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040107
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    A nuclear gene required for the expression of the linear DNA-asociated killer system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; killer DNA plasmid ; gene cloning ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The killer system of Kluveromyces lactis is associated with two linear DNA plasmids, pGKL1 and pGKL2. The killer toxin and the immunity determinant are coded for by pGKL1. Mutations which we have named KEX1. The KEX1 gene of K. lactis has been cloned by complementation of kex1 mutations by using a recombinant plasmid pool containing the entire Kluyveromyces lactis genome, on a multicopy plasmid KEp6, which contains the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene as a marker. Genetic analyses of strains carrying a distrupted kex1 allele demonstrated that the cloned DNA corresponded to the KEX1 gene. The cloned KEX1 gene of K. lactis has low but significant sequence homology with the KEX2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vivo complementation of the kex1 mutations of K. lactis by the KEX2 gene of S. cerevisiae, and complementation of the kex2 mutations of S. Cerevisiae by the KEX1 gene of K. lactis, demonstrated that KEX1 of K. Lactis is functionally related to the KEX2 gene of S. cerevisiae. K. lactis diploids homozygous for kex1 are deficient for sporulation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040108
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    Substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenase from the yeast Hansenyls polymorpha CBS 4732 and Candida utilis CBS 621 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 143-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Hansenula polymorpha and Candida utilis has been compared with that of the classical ADH from baker's yeast. Cell-free extracts of H. polymorpha and C. utilis exhibited a much higher ratio of butanol to ethanol oxidation than baker's yeast ADH. This was also observed with the purified enzymes. The ratio of activities with ethanol and butanol was pH-dependent. With the baker's yeast enzyme the activity strongly decreased with increasing chain length, whereas the enzymes form H. polymorpha and C. utilis showed a high reactivity with long-chain alcohols. In addition, the affinity constant for ethanol was more than tenfold lower than that of the baker's yeast enzyme. The purified preparation yielded several protein bands on polyacrylamide slab gels, each of which showed activity with both ethanol and butanol.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040208
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    Protein engineering (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040210
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    The subcellular location of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase in Candida boidinii and its probable role in the breakdown of putrescine and spermidine (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Aminotransferase ; transaminase ; 4-aminobutyrate ; Candida ; putrescine ; spermidine ; cytisol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) was elevated in activity by 20- to 40-fold in cells of the yeast Candida boidinii grown on spermidine, putrescine, 4-acetamidobutyrate and 4-aminobutyrate compared with activities detected in cells grown on ammonium, methylamine or 6-aminohexanoate, confirming previous suggesions that it plays a key role in polyamine breakdown. Other enzymes of the proposed route of polymine breakdown were found to be non-coordinately induced or derepressed during growth on spermidine or its putative breakdown intermediates. The enzyme was not sedimented from spheroplast lysates at 100 000 × g, and it is concluded that it is conclded that it is probably cytosoilc in its subcellular location (although the data do not exclude the possiblity of its being vacuolar).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040209
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  • 71
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    Calendar (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 156-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040211
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  • 72
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    Cytoskeleton and cell morphology (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040506
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    DNA replication (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040507
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  • 74
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    Yeast flocculation: Quantification (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Flocculation ; yeast ; quantitative measurement ; agitation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast flocculation is an orthokinetic process dependent upon mechanical agitation for all quantitative measurements. From several methods which were assessed, orbital shaking was selected as being the most practical as well as producing the most meaningful results.Quantitative measurements of flocculation were made in terms of minimum agitation threshold, initial rate, extent of flocculation at equilibrium and flocculated particle size at equilibrium. All these parameters were strain dependent. Critical cell density functions were formed if agitation was limiting regardless of how the agitation was imposed, and are unlikely to be related to bond strength.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040204
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    Pleiotropic mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting sterol uptake and metabolism (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Saccharomyces ; sterol ; uptake ; mutations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sterol uptake control mutants (upc-) have been isolated via ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis from wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These mutants are heme and sterol competent but possess the ability to accumulate exogenous sterol(s) under aerobic conditions. Previous demonstrate sterol uptake only in a hem-, erg- background; however, the Upc- strains described here are Hem+ and do not require exogenous sterol for growth. We were unable to obtain viable hem+, erg-, upc+ recombinants; such combinations appear to be lethal. Isolates of Upc mutants demonstrated different levels of sterol uptake, and sterol analysis revealed a broad phenotypic range with regard to amounts and accumulation of ergosterol and non-ergosterol sterols. Assays of acyl CoA: ergosterol acyltransferase and sterol ester hydrolase showed no apparent difference in activity between Upc mutants and the wild type.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040203
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    Properties of enzymes which reduce dihydroxyacetone and related compounds in hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; dihydroxyacetone ; acetoin ; diacetyl ; acetol ; methylglyoxal, acetone ; glycerol ; 1,2-propanediol ; 2,3-butanediol ; dehydrogenase ; reductase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732 grown on a variety of substrates contained very high activities of enzymes catalyzing the NADH-linked reduction of dihydroxyacetone, acetoin, diacetyl, acetol, methylglyoxal and acetone. The enzymes catalyzing these reductions have been purified and their kinetic properties are described. Three different enzymes were found responsible for the above-mentioned activities, namely: (1) dihydroxyacetone reductase; (2) acetone reductase; and (3) alcohol dehydrogenase.So far, the physiological function of dihydroxyacetone reductase and acetone reductase is obscure. The kinetic properties of dihydroxyacetone reductase and the regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme suggest that it does not function as a glycerol dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040205
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    Purification and properties of dihydroxyacetone reductase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Candida utilis CBS 621 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 127-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Dihydroxyacetone reductase ; 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Candida utilis CBS 621 contained four different enzymes capable of reducing carbonyl compounds such as dihydroxyacetone, acetoin, diacetyl, acetol, methylglyoxal and acetone, namely alcohol dehydrogenase, acetone reductase, dihydroxyacetone reductase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase. The dihydroxyacetone reductase of C. utilis did not oxidize glycerol, thus providing evidence that this enzyme cannot function as a glycerol-2-dehydrogenase during growth of the yeast on glycerol. This enzyme may, however, play a role in the assimilation of 2,3-butanediol by C. utilis. The organism also contained a separate 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase which was unable to reduce dihydroxyacetone. Both dihydroxyacetone reductase and 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase were present at very high activities during growth of C. utilis on a variety of substrates, including 2,3-butanediol.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040206
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    Metabolism of 2,3-butanediol in yeasts (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: 2,3-Butanediol ; butanediol dehydrogenase ; dihydroxyacetone reductase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The biochemistry and physiology of 2,3-butanediol metabolism has been studied in a number of selected yeast species. Candida utilis CBS 621 exhibited diauxic growth on 2,3-butanediol. The first phase was characterized bu the utilization of the two optically active stereoisomers and associated accumulatoin. In the second phase of growth the meso-form of 2,3-butanediol was utilized together with acetoin. An attempt is made to explain these phenomena on the basis of the substrate specificity of the two enzymes which oxidize 2,3-butanediol in C. utilis. Although whole cells oxidized acetoin and diacetyl at high rates, attempts to identify the enzymes responsible for these oxidations were unsuccessful. In C. utilis and other yeasts metabolism of 2,3-butanediol probably involves a cleavage of the substrate into C2-units which are assimilated by the glyoxylate cycle. In the few yeasts which have been found to grow on 2,3-butanediol differences may be encountered with respect to the substrate specificity for the three stereoisomers of 2,3-butanediol. For example, Candida salmanticensis CBS 5121 showed no diauxis growth and utilized only two of three stereomers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040207
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    Heterologous expression (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040508
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  • 80
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    Killer systems (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040509
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    Mating type and conjugation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040510
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    Secretion and glycosylation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040517
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    Strain improvement (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040518
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  • 84
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    Transcription and RNA processing (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040519
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  • 85
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    Translation (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. S505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040520
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  • 86
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040201
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  • 87
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    Physiological and biochemical analysis of cytochrome P-450 in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cyt. P450 ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The yeast Schizosacchromyces pombe has been shown to contain a microsomal cytochrome P-450 (cyt. P-450) inducible under conditions of glucose repression. Under these conditions the enzyme has maximal expression of 0.43 nmol g-1 wet wt at the end of the exponential phase of growth. Substrate and inhibitor affinity was examined using studies of spectral changes on binding and revealed a type II spectrum with ketoconazole (Ks = 23 μM) and a type I spectrum with benzo(a)pyrene (Ks = 77 μM). A Km of 112 μM was found in the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylas assay. These properties show broad comparability with the cyt. P-450 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040202
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  • 88
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    Yeast identification: PC program - version 1 - December 1987 (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 156-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040212
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  • 89
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    Announcement (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 157-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040213
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  • 90
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040301
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  • 91
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    The ψ factor of yeast: A problem in inheritance (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 159-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040302
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  • 92
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    Possible gene interchange between plasmid and chromosome in yeast (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 179-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Zygosaccharomyces ; yeast plasmids ; sequence homology ; plasmid evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genomic DNAs isolated from 420 yeast strains stocked in the Department of Fermentation Technology, Hiroshima university (HUT) were screened fro the presence of a plasmid sequence both as plasmid or in the chromosome. Five DNA samples gave rise to a positive hybridization signal wht 32P-labelled Zygosaccharomyces plasmid pSR1 was used as a probe. Two among these contain hybridzing sequences as plasmids while the other three apparently were chromosomal. Two chromosomal DNA segments of HUT 7195 (Zygosaccharomyces spp.) which hybridized with pSR1 probe were cloned and sequenced. Both DNAs hybridized with a plasmid sequence covering the P gene of pSR1. One of hte tow segments contains a large open reading frame which can encode 410 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence is closely related with that of the P gene of pSR1. The present finding suggests that there was an interchange(s) of a gene between yeast plasmid(s) and chromosomes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040303
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  • 93
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    Yeast flocculaiton: A dynamic equilibrium (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Flocculation ; yeast ; agitation ; equilibrium ; mannose ; pH value ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The steady state in yeast flocculation is a dynamic equilibrium between flocculated and dispersed yeast cells. The free cell concentraiton is directly proportional to the total cell concentration and may be expressed as an equilibrium constant. Increased agitation decreases floc size and equlibrium constant whilst increasing floc-surface area and free cell concentration. Values of equilibrium constant are influenced by agitation in a complex relationship probably involving the floc-surface area and floc momentum.Inhibition of flocculation by mannose and low pH is reversible and becomes greater with increased agitation. Both these inhibitions appear consistent with a weakening of flocculent bond strength by these inhibitors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040305
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  • 94
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    Karyotyping of yeast strains of several genera by field inversion gel electrophoresis (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Karyotping ; yeast genera ; genetic homology ; FIGE ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Field inversion gel electrophoresis as been used to improve the resolution of the large chromosomes (〉1000 kb) present in Saccharomyces kluyveri and in several genera of yeasts other than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and thus establish more accurately the electrophoretic karyotype of these yeasts. Field inversion gel electrophoresis has also been used to demonstrate the presence of chromosome length polymorphisms in serveral of the yeasts studied. By Southern blotting techniques the greater degree of relatedness of S. Kluyveri and Kluyberomyces lactis to S. cerevisiae, as compared to that of the other genera of yeasts studied, has been established.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040304
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  • 95
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    A non-conserved sequence in the 5′ region of the CYH2 intron from saccharomyces cerevisiae controls splicing efficiency of the pre-mRNA (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: RNA-splicing ; splicing efficiency ; non-conserve sequence ; intron ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The CYH2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing one 510 bp intron is spliced inefficiently. We have shown previoulsy that a non-conserved sequence within the intron is responsible for this low splicing efficiency. Using synthetic oligonucleotides comprising the identified region we show in this report that a very short region contains the specificity to act negatively on the splicing efficiency of the CYH2 gene. Furthermore, this sequence influences the splicing efficiency only when it is placed close to the 5′ splice site of the gene. Investigations with chimeric CYH2/β-actin genes show that this sequence acts independent from its natural surroundings. We propose that this sequence might interact with splicing factor(s).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040306
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Indian yeast group activities (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040309
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  • 97
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    XII international specialized symposium on yeast ‘genetics of non-conventional yeasts’ (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040310
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  • 98
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    Polyploid fragile strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - a novel source of proteins for nutritional purposes (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Single-cell proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fragile mutants ; srb1 ; lysis ; polyploids ; protein extracts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A series of prototrophic fragile strains of different ploidy (2n, 3n and 4n) has been genetically constructed on the basis ofhalopoid srb1 containing segregants of the fragile Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant VY 1160. The strains have been characterized by several criteria. In regard to generation time, biomass yield, and nucleic acids content of the cells, the tetraploid srb1 homozygous hybrid is indistinguishable from an industrial strain of S. cerevisiae. However, it is characterized by a higher protein content. Unlikely any other laboratory or industrial strains, the original mutant and these hybrids possess an ability for lysis upon suspension in hypotonic solutions. The dependence of the percentge of lysed cells on the growth phase and concentration of osmotic stabilizer in the medium has been investigated. The quantity of proteins in the soluble fractions obtained after lysis of these strains by osmotic shock has been determined. These hybrids can be considered as a potential industrial source of potentials for nutritional purposes.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040307
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  • 99
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    Masthead (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040401
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  • 100
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    Substrate specificity of the phosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase dephosphorylating protein phosphatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 4 (1988), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Furctose-1 ; 6-biophosphatase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; specificity of phosphatases ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Enzymatic dephosphorylation of the phosphorylated forms of five different yeast enzymes has been studied: fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase, neutral trehalase, NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. Phosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatated 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase were present in extracts of starved yeast cells which had been incubated for 10 min with glucose. Phosphorylated glycogen phosphorylase, neutral trehalase and NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase were obtained by incubation of yeast extract with ATP, cycle AMP and Mg2+. After incubation with commercially available preparations of alkaline phosphatase, all five phosphorylated enzymes studied showed the changes in catalytic activity that would be expected as a consequence of dephosphorylation. The recently purified yeast enzyme which dephosphorylates phosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisophosphatase (Horn and Holzer (1987)) however, was found to be active only with the phosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, but not with the other four phosphorylated enzymes studied. By contrast, a crude extract from yeast showed dephosphorylating activity towards all five substrates. Substrate specificity with the five phosphorylated enzymes studied of different phosphoprotein phosphatases from yeast prepared by other is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320040308
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