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  • 1990-1994  (212)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1991  (212)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (212)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140501
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mass transfer to regular packings in single phase (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study of mass transfer to regular packings by the electrochemical technique is presented in this paper. The excellent properties of radial mixing were verified and the correlation for mass transfer rate was also obtained. It was found that the energy efficiency, which is represented by the LeGoff number, is higher than that of other packings due to the low pressure drop shown by these arrangements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140411
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of a distillation column on an IBM PC, accounting for real behaviour of electrolyte solutionsPaper presented by A. Bosen at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution demonstrates the possibility of using a thermodynamic description of electrolyte solutions directly for computer simulation of distillation columns. Coefficients are determined for a combination of a solvation model with a local composition equation for the activity coefficient. The use of one set of coefficients yields good results of calculation of vapour pressure, vapour phase composition and caloric data of hydrochloric acid. Solution of material and heat balance equations of distillation columns is achieved on an IBM PC with the above description. Two illustrative examples of an absorption and a rectification calculation are presented
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140502
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic behaviour and simulation of a liquid-liquid extraction columnPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahreence-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990.Dedicated to Professor Dr.h.c. Dieter Behrens on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dynamic behaviour of a stirred liquid-liquid extraction column was studied experimentally. Various input variables of the column were varied stepwise and the resulting variations in the system and output variables were measured. In addition to experimental work, a computer model was developed on the basis of the dispersion model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the extractor. This model forms a component program of the dynamic process simulator DIVA, developed at the TU Stuttgart. The experiments showed that the hydrodynamic parameters exhibit no significant dynamic behaviour of their own. Therefore, changes occurring in these parameters closely follow variations in input and system variables. As a result, steady-state relationships for the calculation of flow parameters could be used in the simulation program. The simulator satisfactorily reproduced the experimental results for a number of disturbances. However, this was not always the case. As shown in the following, the model did not take into account the column level controller which, under certain conditions, exerts a very strong influence on the column's dynamic behaviour. As a result, larger differences occurred between experimental and simulated data. This influence on the extractor's dynamic behaviour can, however, be eliminated by a simple modification of the level controller arrangement.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140503
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluidized bed dryers: Dynamic modelling and control (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluidized bed drying finds important applications in the chemical industry on account of the following advantages: (a) rapid exchange of heat and mass between drying media and particles yields the desired product quality and reduces the overall drying time and (b) easy handling of feed and product. There is much scope for improving the existing modelling techniques as applied to predicting the performance characteristics of the dryers. This should provide a sound basis for the implementation of appropriate control strategies. This report is a review of prevailing modelling, identification techniques and control strategies. Hopefully, the up to date information in this paper will be found useful for research work on fluidized bed dryIng.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140504
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation methods for multicomponent adsorption equilibriaPaper presented by S. Scholl at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 2 to 5, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 311-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The knowledge of multicomponent adsorption equilibria is of great importance for the industrial design and application of adsorptive purification and separation processes. As the experimental determination of the required data is time-consuming and costly, theoretical help is desirable. This contribution presents and assesses the most common theoretical approaches to the calculation of multicomponent adsorption equilibria. The models are based on the assumption of an adsorbed solution, extension of the volume filling of micropores theory or statistical thermodynamics. These models are applied to different adsorptive/adsorbent systems with ideal and non-ideal equilibrium behaviour. It is established that, at low coverages of adsorbent surfaces, all theories provide good estimates of the adsorbed phase composition and total loading while, at high saturations, no model is completely satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140505
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of fluidized-bed reactors for catalytic oxidative coupling of methane to C2-hydrocarbonsPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990.Dedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Dieter Behrens on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 325-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The “bubble assemblage model” of Kato and Wen was applied to simulate the catalytic oxidative coupling of methane to C2-hydrocarbons in a fluidized bed reactor. Simulation results were compared to experimental data obtained in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. To improve the accuracy of predictions, the influence of fluid bed hydrodynamic and kinetic submodels was investigated by applying a sensitivity analysis. It was shown that the most important element in the model is the applied reaction scheme; the consecutive reactions of C2 hydrocarbons occurring most probably in the gas phase should be considered.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140506
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical analysis of gas stripping performance of spray towers (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 347-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simplified model has been developed to describe ammonia stripping process in spray towers. The effect of various operating parameters including air flow rate, contact time, droplet size, liquid to gas ratios and tower height on the performance of such systems has been studied in detail. The results obtained for ammonia stripping have been compared with the limited experimental data available in literature. The predicted results agree reasonably well with the reported experimental data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140508
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of sparger design in mechanically agitated gas-liquid reactors. Part I: Power consumption (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 333-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Power consumption (Part I) and liquid phase mixing time (Part II) were measured in 0.57, 1.0 and 1.5 m i.d. vessels. A pitched blade downflow impeller (PTD) was used. Design details of the PTD impeller such as diameter (0.22T to 0.5T), blade width (0.25D to 0.4D) and blade thickness (2.8, 4.3 and 6.4 mm) were studied. The effect of sparger type and geometry on power consumption has been investigated. For this purpose, pipe, ring, conical and concentric ring sparger were employed. Design details of the ring sparger such as ring diameter, number of holes and hole size were also studied in depth. Sparger location with respect to the impeller was found to be the most important parameter and was therefore varied for nearly all the spargers studied. A correlation for the power consumption has been developed.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140507
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity analysis in static optimization of fermentation plantsPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 353-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotechnological processes are often characterized by uncertain model parameters, input variables which are difficult to handle and ill defined cost functions. Nevertheless, it is desirable to define optimal operating points. Starting with a robust approach for numerical optimization, the paper presents three different methods for evaluating the sensitivity of an optimal operating point to uncertain parameters or disturbances of the input variables. It is shown that sensitivity analysis can provide useful guidelines for designing biotechnical plants with invariant optimum operation in the presence of changing inputs or parameters.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140509
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140101
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An improved SRK-equation for the estimation of concentrations by inferential measurements (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 20-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed for solving the vapour-liquid equilibrium problem in binary distillation processes, when pressure and temperature are known. Special attention is paid to the applicability of the method for control purposes. Therefore, a comparison between measured and estimated concentrations is included for the case of propane-propylene distillation. The method is based on an improved Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state and is easy to implement on a process computer. It yields a close approximation of experimental vapour and liquid volumes. On applying the original SRK-equation at high pressures, an error in excess of 20% is obtained in the liquid volume which is one of the reasons why this equation cannot be used for control where high accuracy is required. In addition, the conventional mixing rule cannot reproduce the mole fractions correctly. Therefore, a new density-dependent mixing rule is put forward for modelling of experimental results.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140104
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drop coalescence on inclined plates in liquidsDedicated to Professor Kurt Dialer on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inclined plates are often installed as mechanical separation aids in gravity settlers for the separation of liquid-liquid systems. The authors investigated the process of coalescence of single drops on trickling films flowing off inclined plates. The method of investigation was developed by Blass and Rautenberg. It ensures that, under certain conditions, only hydrodynamic parameters influence the coalescence process to any significant extent. The coalescence time of the drops characterizes the process of coalescence. Short time between 1 and 3 seconds provide favourable conditions for coalescence whereas long times, often ten times as long or even longer are unfavourable. This contribution introduces a criterion for clear demarcation between these two ranges and also a determination of separation parameters for favourable conditions for coalescence. Furthermore, the function of the plates is described, which is determined by hydrodynamic and wetting processes. The characteristic operating regions of a plate are shown in a working diagram.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140103
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of drop break-up in liquid-liquid systems in a rotating disc contactor. Part I: Conditions of no mass transfer (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Observations on the break-up of single drops in a rotating disc contactor show that there is a critical rotor speed below which drops of a given size do not break. Weber and Reynolds numbers are required to correlate the data and not simply a Weber number as for turbine agitated systems. The probability of break-up of a drop at the rotor edge is expressed in terms of a Weber number with a lower limit for critical conditions. The mean number of daughter drops produced on break-up is correlated as a simple function of drop diameter based on the critical diameter and agreement is found with data from other types of agitated equipment.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140202
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling of pressure drop in packed columns (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The correct choice of packing is of decisive importance for optimum process efficiency in the operation of two-phase countercurrent columns. An important criterion for this choice is the pressure drop in the gas flow. Theoretical relationships are derived for calculating the pressure drop in beds with dry and trickle packings. It has been demonstrated by comprehensive experiments that these relationships allow the pressure drop to be determined more accurately than by previous methods. The experiments were performed at the Department of Thermal Separation Processes of Bochum University on 54 different packed beds, using 24 different systems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140203
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new process for indirect gas supply by means of perfluorinated polyethers (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new process has been developed for indirect gas supply for culturing shear sensitive cells by means of a perfluorinated hydrocarbon. Hostinert 216, a perfluorinated polyether, was used as oxygen and carbon dioxide carrier. Hydrodynamics and mass transfer, required for industrial implementation, were investigated in a drop column. Based on the knowledge, obtained with indirect gas supply, it has been possible to construct a waste-gas free sterile pilot plant. Correlations derived from performed measurements permit design of and scale-up to an industrial plant.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140211
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An automatic laboratory reactor for homogeneous polymerization of methyl methacrylatePaper presented by U. Budde at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 134-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatic stirred tank reactor of laboratory scale has been developed for on-line measurement of conversion, viscosity, and molar mass distribution of homogeneous polymerizations. For these on-line measurements, a fraction of the reaction mixture is bypassed through a densimeter and a viscometer. Samples are taken at intervals of 15 min, diluted semi-automatically, and then injected into a high performance gel permeation chromatograph for determination of the molar mass distribution of the polymers. A microcomputer collects the measured data, calculates the monomer conversion and the output data for different control units. In this study, methyl methacrylate is polymerized batch- and semi-batchwise with ethyl acetate as solvent and in the presence of different initiators. The semi-batch polymerizations are carried out at constant reaction rate by feeding the initiator and at a given increase in viscosity by feeding the solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140212
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibration induced pneumatic coveyingPaper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Pneumatic Coveying Technology, Glasgow, 26 to 28 June 1990.Dedicated to Professor Dr.-Ing. Alfons Mersmann on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new transport system has been developed which combines vibration of the conveying pipe with amplitudes of the order of fractions of a millimetre with rather low superficial velocities of the carrier gas. This new system was specially designed for gentle transport of fragile particulate materials.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140213
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of dynamic programming to high-dimensional systems described by difference equationsPaper presented by R. Luus at the Second North American/German Workshop on Chemical Engineering Mathematics and Computation, Göttingen, Germany, July 15-20, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 122-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of dynamic programming using an interative procedure, which employs domain contraction and accessible grid points for the state vector, is investigated for solving optimal control problems where the system is described by a set of difference equations. A model of a gas absorber with six state variables and two control variables is used to examine the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and to analyze the effects of the grid size and of the domain contraction factor. This algorithm yields rapid convergence to the optimum even when a relatively coarse grid with as few as 11 grid points is used.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140210
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamics, axial mixing and mass transfer in open turbine rotating disc contactor (OTRDC) (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of hydrodynamics, axial mixing and mass transfer has been carried out in a newly developed liquid-liquid extraction contactor, namely the open turbine rotating disc contactor (OTRDC). It has been established that the OTRDC can be operated with larger holdups of the dispersed phase, larger interfaces and, hence, more efficient mass transfer than the conventional RDC. In correlating axial mixing data, a combined model has been applied in which both the forward mixing due to drop size distribution and the backmixing of droplets are taken into account. The RTD curves of dispersed phase predicted by the model agree well with the experimental data. Comparison of experimental mass transfer data with those predicted by the proposed axial mixing model and the theoretical single drop model shows that they are in good agreement.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140304
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-phase flow and mass transfer in scrubbersPaper presented by B. Schmidt at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 To 29, 1989. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental investigations were carried out in spray scrubbers of different sizes with cocurrent flow of gas and liquid. Of special interest were the local processes in the mass transfer zone. The scrubber was operated with warm water/air system (cooling tower) to obtain detailed information about mass transfer. Air is being humidified with water vapour, which in turn leads to a temperature drop in the liquid. The liquid temperatures are relatively easy to measure and are shown as liquid isotherms. In the case of plug flow, the liquid isotherms should be straight horizontal lines. In reality, significant deviations from plug flow are caused by the transfer of liquid to the walls. A large part of the liquid forms a film flow at the wall. Furthermore, nearly all the mass transfer is completed in the zone of liquid atomization immediately beneath the nozzle. The number of measured transfer units was between 0.5 and 2.0 and was significantly influenced by the liquid flow rate. Based on the improved knowledge of the proceses inside the scrubber, a simplified model has been developed. Since the model simulates all the essential processes inside the mass transfer zone, liquid distribution and mass transfer efficiency can be approximately predicted.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140303
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of drop break-up in liquid-liquid systems in a rotating disc contactor. Part II: Effects of mass transfer and scale-up (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 178-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The number fraction of drops of a given size which break up at rotor level in a rotating disc contactor has been observed during mass transfer in either direction to or from solvent or aqueous drops. Critical rotor speeds for a given drop size undergoing mass transfer can be used to find an effective interfacial tension. Using this interfacial tension value, the break-up fractions are correlated within experimental uncertainties in the same manner as for no mass transfer. Drop break-up fractions depend on column size and relevant empirical correlations of the data are presented. The results may be used to estimate the effect of mass transfer on drop size distributions in an RDC.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140305
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Three-component mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction with the system glycerol-acetone-water. Part 1: The influence of vanishing diffusion coefficients in binodal states on the mechanisms of mass transferDedicated to Professor Dr.-Ing. Alfons Mersmann on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 186-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution deals with the consequences of the decrease in diffusion coefficients at the boundaries of miscibility in fluid systems and its effect on the mechanisms of mass transfer. The liquid-liquid (1-1) extraction involving several components is taken as an example for the discussion of this topic. A short review of Hampe's theory on transport mechanisms in the transition regions of interfaces [1] explains the intrinsic interdependence between mass and momentum transfer. Finally, a discussion of the peculiarities of resistances to mass transfer in boundary layers, based on the changes in molecular transport properties, is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140306
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  • 24
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    Modelling of selective catalytic denox reactors - strategy for replacing deactivated catalyst elements (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulation model for denox reactors (high dust) containing honeycomb catalysts and operating at temperatures between 300 and 400 °C has been developed. The model predicts the NOx reduction as a function of process variables (temperature, gas velocity, NOx concentration, NH3/NOx ratio) as well as a function of reactor and catalyst geometry (pitch diameter, length of catalyst layer, number of layers). Model parameters such as the rate constant and the adsorption equilibrium constant of NH3 on the catalyst surface were determined by curve fitting of experimental data obtained in a pilot test unit. Based on model calculations, it is shown that the effect of catalyst poisoning (deactivation) on NOx reduction is not the same for every catalyst layer. The lifetimes of catalyst elements located at the inlet to the reactor appear shorter than those of the elements positioned at the outlet from the reactor. Experimental verification of this theoretical finding is required.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140307
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  • 25
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    Effect of doping with nickel and copper on catalytic behaviour of wide-pore zeolites with different pore structures (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 200-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The catalytic properties of wide-pore zeolites, namely Ni- and Cu-doped faujastie H-Y and H-mordenite (H-M) are compared on the example of conversion of n-hexane. After thermal pretreatment of ion-exchanged zeolites, reduction with hydrogen (PH2 ≤ 40 bar) leads to a large number of metallic clusters and crystallites as well as ionic species in the zeolites. Notwithstanding this variety, the different types of catalysts can be divided into three classes: classical bifunctional catalysts (for example NiHM, NiHY) with ion exchange degrees 〉 30%, monofunctional catalysts, such as CuHM and CuHY with high copper contents (ion exchange degree 〉 40%) and metal-doped (Ni and Cu) zeolites which, depending on the conditions of pretreatment, act as bifunctional and/or monofunctional compounds and, therefore, show very unstable reaction behaviour. In addition to the extent of reduction, the cation distribution affects the activity and deactivation behaviour and, to a lesser extent, the product selectivity. The reaction mechanism of bifunctional catalysis is similar to that observed in platinum-doped catalysts, while the mechanism of monofunctional catalysis resembles the process on undoped zeolites.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140308
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  • 26
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    Non-steady-state catalytic decontamination of waste gases (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The non-steady-state behaviour of a fixed bed reactor controlled by periodical direction reversal of reactant feed, applied in catalytic oxidation of industrial waste gases, containing organic compounds and carbon monoxide, has been investigated. The effects of the type of oxidized compound, its initial feed concentration, linear gas velocity, inerts-to-catalyst ratio and inerts thermophysical characteristics on the formation of reactor concentration and temperature fields were elucidated. It was shown that autothermal reactor behaviour is guaranteed by concentrations of the oxidized component which ensure an adiabatic temperature increase in excess of 20 °C. Deviations of either flow rate or initial concentration of the oxidized compound do not disturb the operational stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140309
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  • 27
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    Masthead (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140401
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  • 28
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    Influence of intraparticle total pressure change on pore mass transportExtended version of poster presented by S. Scholl at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Influence of intraparticle total pressure change on pore mass transport is investigated in physical gas phase adsorption of a single component from an inert carrier medium. The Dusty Gas Model is applied to quantify pore mass transport, assuming local equilibrium between pore fluid and adsorbed phase. Calculated results for single pellet adsorption kinetics of cyclohexane on activated carbon and CO2 on molecular sieve 5 Å are compared with experimental data. It is found that the total pressure drop in the pore system may be as much as 1% of the ambient total pressure. This results in a maximum viscous flow contribution of 13% for the cases studied. Since this contribution is obtained only under conditions of low overall transport rates of the adsorbed component, the assumption of isobaric conditions within the pore system of a porous adsorbent appears justified for most cases of practical calculations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140310
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  • 29
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    Decrease of diffusion coefficients near binodal states of liquid-liquid systemsDedicated to Professor Dr.-Ing. Karl Stephan on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work investigates the thermodynamically based assumption that diffusion at binodal states of unstable fluid systems vanishes. It is shown experimentally that a scaling law, which describes the fall in diffusion near critical points, may also be applied in an extended form to its abatement at the limits of solubility. These results may profoundly affect the modelling of mass transfer between phases whose bulks exhibit states of saturation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140402
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  • 30
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    Operation data of a directly fired absorption heating unit with periodically operating absorberPaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 226-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the layout, construction, and experimental investigation of operation behaviour of a directly fired absorption heating unit with periodically operating absorber. The working system is CH3OH-LiBr/LiOH. The unit is designed to generate a maximum heat load of 10 kW. The field of application is mainly in domestic heatIng. A special feature of the absorption heating unit is the provision of the major part of required process heat in the heat pump mode of operation with high efficiency. At extremely low ambient air temperatures, heat is supplied in the direct mode. A numerical simulation routine is also described. The simulation program describes both steady-state and dynamic processes in the unit. With models for each component, the performance of individual components can be studied and optimized. The results presented here consist of the first experimentally obtained efficiencies in direct heating mode, results of numerical simulation of the component generator, and a comparison of measured and predicted characteristic system temperatures.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140403
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  • 31
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    On the falling-rate period (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 234-239 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fixed bed of glass particles, wetted with water, was dried from above. The measured moisture profiles within the sample show that its surface is not completely dry during the falling-rate period. Hence, the current view, according to which the moisture front retreats into the sample directly after reaching the critical moisture content, has to be revised. Assuming that parallel dry and wet channels form within the sample during the constant-rate period, the onset of the falling-rate period depends only on the diameter of these channels. If the moisture is distributed very finely, a large number of channels with a small diameter have to be considered. The falling-rate period for this system occurs at low moisture contents. For a coarse distribution of moisture, fewer channels with a large diameter should be assumed. Their drying rates show the beginning of the falling-rate period already at high moisture contents. A good agreement between measured and calculated drying rates could be achieved by fitting the channel diameter. Only for very low moisture contents, is the agreement poor. This is to be expected, because the measured moisture profiles show a completely dry sample surface for these moisture contents, indicating that the moisture front has already retreated into the sample.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140404
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  • 32
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    Adaptive pole removal control for a batch polymerization reactor (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 240-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic method of controller design is introduced to determine the overall charcteristic behaviour developed on process pole removal. The time delay compensation is automatically incorporated in the proposed control law. The implemented tuning parameters in the law are confined to the range between 0 and 1 to guarantee the stability of the overall control system. Subsequently, the fixed and adaptive control strategies are implemented to simulate a batch PVC reaction system. The adaptive control scheme provides good, roubust control of this simulated reactor notwithstanding the wide range of operating conditions and non-linear dynamics of the system. However, the fixed control scheme performs well only for a noise-free system. In addition, two limiting control laws, derived from the proposed method, are also used to simulate the reactor. The results indicate that these laws are not suitable for this non-linear reaction system.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140405
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  • 33
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    Cocurrent vacuum de-aeration of water for injection into oil reservoirs (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 248-252 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conventional vacuum stripping to reduce the oxygen content of injection water for secondary recovery of oil is carried out in packed columns with the released gases and water flowing countercurrently; hence large column diameters (normal liquid load circa 100 m3/(m2h)) and foaming that requires the addition of defoaming agents. Measurements with cocurrent and countercurrent flow at the same flow rate produced practically identical mass transfer coefficients. With flooding excluded in cocurrent flow, columns can be operated with higher liquid loads than in countercurrent flow. In addition, nitrogen released in the top part of the packing is better utilized as stripping gas, and foam is withdrawn as soon as it increases the pressure drop.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140406
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  • 34
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    Photosensitive materials for use in velocity profile measurements in the water phase of air-water systems and in single phase liquid systems (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Those chemical and photochemical characteristics of a photochromic system which are necessary for successful application to flow visualization studies in water are identified. The properties of a number of photochromic and photosensitive systems are discussed, and critically examined, with regard to these requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140410
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  • 35
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    Three-component mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction with the system glycerol-acetone-water. Part 2: Calculation and experimental investigation of three-component mass transfer in a countercurrent extraction column (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article describes the effects which occur during three-component mass transfer in liquid-liquid extraction between saturated and undersaturated phases of the system glycerol-acetone-water. The description is based on experiments in a countercurrent spray column. The physical modelling starts with the balance equations of phase flows, taking into account the variation of concentrations and mass flow rates along the column axis as well as backmixing effects. In addition, recent findings on the mechanisms of mass transfer in saturated and undersaturated phasses, deduced from theoretical and experimental results, were used to formulate mass transfer coefficients. These are valid for the region near the interface of drops in a fluid and are inserted into the balance equations. A comparison between experiments and calculations of the observed phenomena is presented.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140407
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  • 36
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    Absorption of nitric oxide in dilute nitric acid (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 270-274 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents laboratory-scale measurements on the absorption of nitric oxide in dilute nitric acid. The NO concentration in the gas feed varied from 250 to 10 000 ppm. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas. The concentration of nitric acid was between 30 and 60 mass-%. Temperature during the measurements was set at 25 °C. In order to determine mass flow rates, experiments were performed in a double-stirred cell. This type of absorber has a defined gas/liquid interface as the mass transfer area. The liquid phase is introduced periodically and the gas phase continuously. A well-known model was used to describe the phenomenon of NO absorption. Several balance equations were established and solved. The calculated mass transfer rates were compared with those obtained experimentally. The empirical and theoretical data are in satisfactory agreement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140409
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  • 37
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    Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of oxygen and hydrogen evolution on amorphous alloys in 1 M KOHDedicated to Professor Dr. Dr. hc. Dieter Behrens on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 263-269 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanisms of oxygen and hydrogen evolution on amorphous alloys G 14 (Fe60Co20Si10B10) and G 16 (Co50Ni25Si15B10) in 1 M KOH at T = 298 K and 333 K were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Comparative measurements were carried out on polycrystalline Pt electrodes. Impedance spectra in the frequency range 10-3 Hz ≤ f ≤ 104 Hz were analyzed to determine the kinetic behaviour of amorphous alloys by application of transfer function analysis, using non-linear fit routines. The EIS-data are interpreted in terms of consecutive reaction mechanisms for both oxygen and hydrogen evolution.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140408
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  • 38
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    Dynamic modelling of multitubular catalytic reactors (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 414-420 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a study on modelling and simulation of transient operational characteristics in multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The dynamic model of the reactor is based on a “porous body” approach which regards the intertubular space as a pseudo-homogeneous environment. Such an approach permits to take into account most factors in the geometrical design of the unit and thus to study the influence of various shell-side geometrical and operational parameters on the reactor behaviour. Based on the model, the dynamic responses of the two most common industrial reactor designs, i.e. the parallel flow unit with distributing plates and the crossflow reactor with disk-and-doughnut baffles have been investigated and compared. In addition, some problems of correct space discretization and use of time-dependent regridding procedures, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140609
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  • 39
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    Impact of particle size dispersity on thermal conductivity of packed beds: Measurement, numerical simulation, predictionPaper presented by E. Tsotsas at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Stuttgart, October 3 to 5, 1990. (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 421-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of particle size dispersity on thermal conductivity of packed beds without fluid flow is investigated. For this purpose, new experimental data for bi- and polydispersed packings are presented and data from the literature reviewed. All data are tabulated. The results of numerical calculations carried out for regular arrangements of spheres are also discussed. The impact of particle size dispersity on thermal conductivity is shown to be primarily due to the change in bed porosity. Thus, prediction can be carried out in the same way as for monodispersed packings if based on the actual bed porosity. A model developed by Schlünder and co-workers is revised and recommended for practical application.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140610
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  • 40
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    Effect of thermal pretreatment and reduction on acidity and metal state in doped NiH and CuH mordenites (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 14 (1991), S. 428-436 
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    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermal pretreatment such as calcination and steaming as well as the reduction of cations by hydrogen, affect the zeolitic acidity and activity of nickel- and copper-doped mordenites in heterogeneously catalyzed reactions such as the conversion of n-hexane. Data on acidity changes were obtained by IR spectroscopy, and information on ionic and metallic states by temperature-programmed reduction, CO chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The findings were compared with reaction results from conversion of n-hexane. Trimethylamine (TMA) was selected as a standardization molecule for semi-quantitative determination of acidity. Correlation of relative acidity values with experimental results was possible only to a very limited extent. Results of CO chemisorption, TPR and TEM allow conclusions to be drawn on metallic crystallites, Ni+ and Cu+ ions and clusters, which appear to exert a stabilizing influence on zeolitic activity. Nickel crystallites with d 〉 2 nm catalyze both hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of paraffins on the metal in bifunctional catalysis, as was also observed on platinum-doped zeolites.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270140611
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  • 41
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050101
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  • 42
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    Structural chemistry of organotin carboxylates: a review of the crystallographic literature (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin ; carboxylate ; structure ; X-ray ; review ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review describes the structural chemistry of organotin carboxylates, covering data acquired for mono-, di- and tri-organotin compounds and complexes. A brief discussion is given for organotin amino-acid derivatives.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050102
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  • 43
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    Antifungicidal, antibacterial and antifertility activities of biologically active heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones and their coordination complexes with the dimethylsilicon moiety (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones ; Dimethylsilicon complexes ; antifungicidal activity ; antibacterial activity ; antifertility activity ; 1H NMR spectra ; 13C NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthetic, structural and biological aspects of trigonal-bipyramidal, Me2Si(NS)Cl and octahedral, Me2Si(NS)2 types of organosilicon (IV) complexes of heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones (N—SH) have been described. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductance measurements and electronic, infrared, 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies. Some ligands and their corresponding dimethylsilicon (IV) complexes have been tested for their effects on several pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Two representative complexes have also been found to act as sterilizing agents by reducing the production of sperm in male mice.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050106
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  • 44
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    A synergistic organoiron flame-retarding/smoke-suppressing system for ABS (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 51-56 
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    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Flame retardant ; smoke suppressant ; organoiron compounds ; ABS polymers ; polymer blends ; poly(vinyl chloride) ; Limiting Oxygen Index ; smoke production ; synergism ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Commercial acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymers are among the most flammable of the currently available range of thermoplastic materials. In addition to having a rather low limiting oxygen index (LOI) value in the range 18.3-18.8, ABS polymers also produce compious amounts of smoke and hazardous gases when burnign in the air. In a recent study directed towards preparing and evaluating compounds which would simultaneously reduce the flammability and smoke produced from burning thermoplastic polymers, a synergistic flame-retarding/smoke-suppressing system based on organoiron compounds has been produced, which when properly compounded into ABS/PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)] blends more than doubles the LOI nad at the same time reduces smoke production significantly.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050107
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    Organometallics in Organic Synthesis 2. Helmut Werner and Gerhard Erker (eds) Springer, Heidelberg 1989 322 pages, 223 Figures. DM 94.00. ISBN ?? (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 69-69 
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    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050110
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  • 46
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    The structure-activity relationships of some cyclopentadienyltitanium (IV) complexes of 1, 3-dihydro-1, 3-dioxo-α-(substituted)-2H-isoindole-2-acetates (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 65-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Columba livia ; cyclopentadienyltitanium complexes ; avian toxicity ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The newly synthesized η-cyclopentadienyltitanium complexes of 1,3-dihydro-1, 3-dioxo-α-(substituted)-2H-isoindole-2-acetates have been screened for their toxicity against Columba livia (Gmelin) (the blue rock pigeon) and exhibit moderate toxicity towards this non-target bird. The bis- derivatives have been observed to be generally more active than the mono- ones, indicating the dominant contribution of ligands towards toxicity compared with cyclopentadienyl rings and chlorine atoms.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050109
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    Analytical methods for airborne arsine, silane and dichlorosilane by adsorption sampling and AA spectrophotometry (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Analysis ; arsine ; silane ; dichlorosilane ; adsorption ; sampling ; environment ; monitoring ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analytical methods for arsine, silane and dichlorosilane by adsorption sampling and elemental analysis with graphite furnace AA were studied to establish convenient methods for atmospheric contamination surveys. This study included the following five items: (1) primary selection of adsorbents applicable to adsorption sampling; (2) examination of the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents for the gases; (3) improvement of the adsorbents by chemical modification; (4) desorption of the gases adsorbed on the adsorbents with solvents; and (5) quantitative analysis of arsenic and silicon in the solutions.Experimental results showed that active carbon made from synthetic thermosetting resin beads contained no aresenic and little silicon as impurities. This active carbon by itself was proved to adsorb arsine and dichlorosilane, but not silane. Impregnation with sodium hydroxide of the active carbon improved the adsorption capacity for all three gases. Refined silica gel, free from arsenic contamination, did not adsorb arsine by itself but potassium permanganate impregnation produced an adsorption capacity for arsine.The adsorbed arsine on the active carbon was desorbed into a hot dilute nitric acid solution with high efficiency (over 90%), but arsine adsorbed on sodium hydroxide impregnated active carbon or on potassium permanganate impregnated silica gel was dissolved into various solutions only at lower efficiencies. Silane adsorbed on sodium hydroxide-impregnated active carbon was desorbed with hot water with an efficiency higher than 90%. Dichlorosilane adsorbed on the active carbon with or without sodium hydroxide impregnation was desorbed with a nitric acid solution with efficiency of 85%. The lower determination limit for arsine able to discriminate from background interference of arsenie was 0.005 ppm, and those for silane and dichlorosilane were each 0.05 ppm for 3-dm3 air samples.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050202
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  • 48
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    Production of methyltin compounds related to possible conditions in the environment (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Methyltin ; environment ; abiological methylation ; methanol ; ethanol ; acetic acid ; propionic acid ; humic acid ; fulvic acid ; hexamethyldisiloxane ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The methylation of heavy-metal compounds (e.g. mercury, lead, tin) in the environment has great significance owing to the much higher toxicity of their methyl derivatives in comparison with inorganic metal species.In this paper abiological methylation of inorganic tin is described. Ethanol, acetic acid and propionic acid abiologically methylated inorganic tin, and the highest yield of methyltin was observed in the reaction between inorganic tin(II) and ethanol. Furthermore, environmental factors for the methylation, such as pH, temperature, added ethanol, concentration of sodium chloride and photoirradiation, were investigated in this reaction. Methyltin production increased at low pH, and decreased at higher concentrations of sodium chloride. Photoirradiation accelerated the reaction rate, and a shorter wavelength showed a higher rate. Inorganic tin(II) was converted rapidly into monomethyltin, and gradually transformed into dimethyltin and trimethyltin with the course time.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050204
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  • 49
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    Structure-activity relationships for organotin compounds on the red killifish Oryzias latipes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Toxicity ; organotin ; quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) ; Index Value (IV) ; Information Index (IWD) ; Mean Information Index (IDw) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The LC50 values of a series of 29 organotin compounds were determined for the red killifish (Oryzias latipes) according to an OECD test guideline. Their toxicities varied from 10-1 to 10-5 mmol dm-3 in five orders of magnitude. In this paper a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study of these organotin compounds was carried out using physicochemical and topological parameters as independent variables. These parameters were found not to be good descriptors for estimating the LC50 values. However, when the term index Value (IV), which is created as a new parameter and is defined by the number of phenyl or alkyl groups attached to the tin atom, was used, excellent regression equations to predict the toxicities of organotin compounds were obtained and a multiparametric relationship including IV, Information Index (IWD and Mean Information Index (IWD)) showed the best correlation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050205
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  • 50
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    Research on tributyltin in Australian estuaries (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Tributyltin ; estuaries ; Australia ; hydride generation ; atomic absorption ; gas chromatography ; copper ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tributyltin (TBT) from marine antifouling paints has been shown to have a major impact on the oyster industry in eastern Australia. Current research projects are examining the impact of TBT on Australian estuaries, assessing the response of sensitive biota to recently imposed bans and determining whether a continuing use of TBT on large vessels is an environmental concern.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050206
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  • 51
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    Detection of environmental polyorganosiloxanes (silicones) by silicon-29 NMR spectroscopy (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 107-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: polyorganosiloxanes ; 29Si NMR ; polydimethylsiloxanes ; sediments ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The utility of 29Si NMR spectroscopy has been demonstrated on sediment-like materials in the quantitative and qualitative determination of polyorganosiloxanes (silicones) in selected environmental samples. This technique is highly selective for polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) and is non-destructive to the sample. Also, specific identification of polyorganosiloxanes in sediment is possible, in contrast to previous methods which provided only quantitative information while consuming the sample. The detection limit for a 9 h experiment is approximately 45 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050207
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  • 52
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    Studies of the uptake and binding of trace metals in fungi. Part II. Arsenic compounds in Laccaria amethystina (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Mushroom ; Laccaria amethystina ; total arsenic ; dimethylarsinic acid ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Caps of the edible mushroom Laccaria amethystina collected during September and October at forested sites in the vicinity of the town of Domzale in Central Slovenia, Yugoslavia, were found by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and hydride generation to have total arsenic concentrations between 109 and 200 mg As kg-1 (dry mass). The extraction of fresh, frozen or freeze-dried caps with cold Tris buffer at pH 7.6, or with boiling water, transferred 60-70% of the arsenic into the aqueous phase. Sephadex gel permeation chromatography indicated that the arsenic compounds in these extracts were not associated with proteins or other organic compounds of molecular mass larger than 4000 Dal.Cation-exchange chromatography coupled with NAA, hydride generation, and reverse-phase chromatography with arsenic-specific detection (HPLC ICP) showed that dimethylarsinic acid is the major arsenic compound in the extracts. Methylarsonic acid and arsenate account for no more than 10% each of the total arsenic.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050103
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  • 53
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    Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of Rh (PPh3)2 (en)Cl complex (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Rh(PPh3)2(en)Cl complex ; synthesis ; characterizatio ; model hydrogenation reaction ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ethylenediamine bis(triphenylphosphine) monochlororhodium has been prepared by the interaction of Wilkinson's catalyst and ethylenediamine in benzene. The complex has been isolated and characterized by conventional and spectroscopic methods. The catalytic activity of the complex was investigated for the hydrogenation of 1-octene as a model reaction at a hydrogen pressure of 1 atmosphere (101 kPa) using methanol as a solvent. The influence of various factors such as catalyst, substrate concentrations and temperature have been studied. The hydrido complex has been identified as an intermediate product by IR and NMR studies. The experimental data are in accordance with a rate expression of the form: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ Rate = \frac{Kk_1[cat][H_2][olefin]}{k+k[olefin]} $$\end{document}.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050105
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  • 54
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    Crown ethers and analogs. S Patai and Z Rappoport (eds). Wiley, Chichester, 1989 558 pages $253.25, ISBN 0 471 91707 9 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 69-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050111
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  • 55
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    Errata (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050112
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  • 56
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050201
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  • 57
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    Sedimentary siloxanes: A depositional history (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Siloxanes (silicones) ; lead-210 ; inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer ; environment ; sediment deposition ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Puget Sound sediment core has been quantitatively analyzed for organic silicon content, as derived from post-1945 release of poly(organo)-siloxanes (silicones). The sedimentary silicone data record and preserve at depth, a smeared event horizon, or first appearance of silicone in the sediment column. Core samples older than 50 years showed no detectable silicone as measured by a new procedure utilizing inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy after solvent extraction to collect the silicone from gram-sized sediment core samples.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050203
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  • 58
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    Silicone curing and polyurethane preparation promoted by latent organotin catalysts (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 135-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Silicone ; polyurethane ; curing ; tetraorganotin ; latent ; organotin ; catalyst ; decomposition ; diorganotin dicarboxylates ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of new latent organotin cataylsts has been investigated for silicone curing and polyurethane preparation. These functional tetraorganotins are inactive at room temperature and liberate in situ the active species, diorganotin dicarboxylates, when heated. They confer long pot-lives to the mixtures in which they are incorporated. Upon heating, these mixtures are rapidly cured or polymerized after a short activation period.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050212
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  • 59
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    Organic Chemistry (4th edition). R J Fessenden and J S Fessenden, Brooks/Cole, California, 1990. Pp 1137. £19.95. ISBN 0 534 98175 5 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050213
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  • 60
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    Inclusion Phenomena inorganic, organic and organometallic hoste. December 1987. D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 422 pp. DFI 195, £ 59.50. ISBN 90 277 2601 9 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050214
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  • 61
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    Tin-based antitumour drugs. M Gielen (ed). NATO ASI Series H: Cell Biology, Volume 37, Springer-Verlag, 1990. 217 pages. Hardcover. DM 128. ISBN 3540 504176 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 139-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050215
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  • 62
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    Transition Metals in Total Synthesis. P J Harrington. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1990, xvi+ 484 pages, £47.50, ISBN 0 471 613002 (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 140-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050216
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    The elements their origin, abundance and distribution. P A COX. Oxford Scientific Publications, Oxford, ISBN 0 19 855298-X (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 140-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050217
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  • 64
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050301
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  • 65
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    The use of metallocenic esters of n-hydroxysuccinimide for metallohapten synthesis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organometallic labels ; drugs ; benchrotrene ; cymantrene ; cobaltocenium salt ; ferrocene ; metallohaptens ; immunoassays ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Different organometallic markers have been described in a new technique for the labelling of many drugs. Thus metallocenic esters of [M = (;CO)3CrC6H5=; (;CO)3CrC6H5=(;CH2)3=; η-C5H5=FeC5H4=; (;CO)3MnηC5H4=; (;CO)3Mn=ηC5H4COCH2CH2=; ηC5H4(;ηC5H5)Co+PF-6] react with primary or secondary amine drugs [DRUG=NHR] for a psychostimulant drug: amphetamine; tricyclic antidepressants - desipramine and nortriptyline; a vasodilator - histamine; an adrenergic substance - norfenefrine; and for a central stimulant - meth-amphetamine, to give the metallohaptens MCON(;R) - DRUG. All these compounds have been fully characterized by different analytical methods and have potentialities for biological assays. This synthetic route was found better than one presented previously which utilized the metallocenic acid chloride MCOCI as intermediate, and could be proposed as a general synthetic route for labelling biological compounds which possess an amino group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050302
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    Determination of butyltin species by GC/atomic emission spectroscopy (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Atomic emission detector ; gas chromatograph ; organotin ; speciation ; sediment ; fish ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A commercially available atomic emission detector coupled to a capillary column-containing gas chromatograph (;GC/AE) was utilized to detect organotin compounds. The response for tin was found to be dependent on the flow rate of the make-up gas. At flow rates of 174 cm3 min-1, 6 × 10-12 g of tin could be detected. Lower flow rates decreased the sensitivity. Response curves for two different pressures were established and both plots exhibited curvature at low concentrations. Extracted fish and sediment samples were analysed on the GC/AE system. The technique is element-specific. The presence of tin compounds could be confirmed by examining the emission spectra taken at the retention time of the peak.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050303
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  • 67
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    Catalytic ethylation of alkylbenzenes at high pressure (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Catalysis ; ethylation ; organosodium ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Study of the catalytic ethylation of p-t-butyltoluene in the presence of organosodium compounds, and of toluene in the presence of organopotassium compounds, was carried out at an ethylene pressure of 40 bar.Various yields of different products were obtained after 23 h of reaction in the presence of different tertiary polyamines used to complex and solubilize the organoalkali compounds.A higher initial ethylation rate was observed in the presence of organosodium than in the presence of organopotassium species. However, the thermal stability of organopotassium species being higher, much higher yields were observed in their presence in catalytic ethylation reactions than those observed previously.The results obtained concerning metallation or ethylation of hindered alkylaromatics may be interpreted by an anionic mechanism and the activation by a steric effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050305
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    A thermal analytical study of some mono- and di-organotin oxides and carboxylates (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin ; thermal ; analysis ; decomposition ; Mössbauer ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis studies on a variety of mono- and di-organotin oxides and carboxylates were performed; for the carboxylates, these studies followed 119Sn NMR spectroscopic investigation. All the organotin compounds thermally degrade to tin (;IV) oxide (;SnO2) in either air or oxygen, as was confirmed by Mössbauer spectroscopy in the cases of RSn(;O)OH (;R=butyl, octyl) and Bu2SnO.The organotins are less stable than previously believed since evidence for degradation was obtained in many cases at approximately 160-170 °C.In addition it was found that oxygen influences the thermal stability of the organotins, since Bu2SnO did not degrade when heated for 1 h at 280 °C under nitrogen, yet readily broke down at 170 °C in air. Furthermore, pure oxygen had the effect of lowering reaction temperatures by approximately 10-12°C compared with those in air.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050304
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  • 69
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    Speciation for analysis of organotin compounds by GC AA and GC MS after ethylation by sodium tetraethylborate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Ethylation ; analysis ; organotins ; sodium tetraethylborate ; tributyltin ; tricyclohexyltin ; triphenyltin ; gas chromatography ; mass spectroscopy ; atomic absorption ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A range of organotin compounds has been ethylated using the reagent sodium tetraethylborate in a simple one-step procedure. Analysis of the volatile, fully alkylated derivatives has been achieved by GC AA with confirmation of the identity of the resulting ethylated derivatives by GC MS. Conditions for the GC AA and GC MS analysis of the organometallic ethyl derivatives are given.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050306
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    Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antitumour properties of complexes of bis(alkoxycarbonylmethyl)tin dibromides with bidentate nitrogen ligands (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin ; nitrogen ligands ; synthesis ; antitumour activity ; NMR ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of 10 new bis(;alkoxycarbonylmethyl)tin dibromides and of 14 of their complexes with bidentate nitrogen ligands (;bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline and 5-nitro-1, 10-phenanthroline) are described. Their proton NMR spectra are discussed. Their in vitro antitumour activity against two human cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and WiDr, is low compared to antitumour drugs used clinically.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050307
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    Active sites, nature and mechanism of carbon dioxide - propylene oxide copolymerization and cyclization reactions employing organozinc - oxygen catalysts (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; propylene oxide ; organozinc-oxygen compounds ; poly(;propylene carbonate) ; propylene carbonate ; copolymerization ; cyclization ; organozinc catalyst ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of carbon dioxide with propylene oxide in the presence of catalysts with condensed zinc species (;derived from diethylzinc and dihydric phenols, e.g. catechol o= C6H4(;OH)2 and saligenin 0= HOC6H4CH2OH) yields poly(;propylene carbonate) as well as propylene carbonate. The above reaction in the presence of catalysts with noncondensed zinc species (;derived from diethylzinc and phenol) yields propylene carbonate as the main product, but in relatively low yield. The mechanism of the linear and cyclic carbonate formation is discussed in terms of the nature of the catalyst's active sites for both types.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050308
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  • 72
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    Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antitumour activity of di-n-butyltin(;iv) derivatives of some aromatic carboxylic acids, including aspirin (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin ; NMR ; anti-tumour ; Mössbauer ; mass spectrum ; carboxylate ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eleven di-n-butyltin(;IV) derivatives of the type (;a) (;C4H9)2(;XYC6H3COO)2Sn or (;b) {[(;C4H9)2(;XYC6-H3COO)Sn]2O}2 (;X, Y = H, 2-OH, compound 1a; H, 2-OCH3, compounds 2a and 2b; H, 2-OCOCH3, 3a; 2-OH, 3-OCH3, 4a; 2-OH, 3-CH3, 5a; H, 3-OCH3, 6a and 6b; H, 3-N(;CH3)2, 7a; H, 2-(;CF3), 5-(;CF3), 8a and 3-OCH3, 4-OH, 9a) have been prepared and characterized by 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR, Mössbauer and mass spectroscopy. The in vitro antitumour activity of these compounds against MCF-7 human tumour cells was higher than that of cis-platin, but only three compounds, 4a, 8a and 9a, scored better than cis-platin against the WiDr cell line.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050309
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050401
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    Foreword (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050402
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  • 75
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    X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical conductivity studies of metallophthalocyanine sheet polymers (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 203-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; phthalocyanine sheet polymers ; metal-free ; nickel ; copper ; electrical conductivity ; pyrolysis ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique has been used to characterize metallophthalocyanine sheet polymers having peripheral carboxyl groups. A comparative analysis of the XPS and electrical conductivity data of metal-free, and nickel- and copper-containing, phthalocyanine sheet polymers has been described. Metallophthalocyanine sheet polymers exhibited a maximum conductivity of about 1 S cm-1 on pyrolysis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050310
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  • 76
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    Organometallic chemistry related to applications for microelectronics in Japan (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 207-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Microelectronics ; optoelectronics ; semiconductors ; metals ; MOCVD ; MOVPE ; MOMBE ; photochemistry ; metal complexes ; organometallic polymers ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is meant to be a brief overview of the developments of research activities in Japan on organometallic compounds related to their use in electronic and optoelectronic devices.The importance of organometallic compounds in the deposition of metal and semiconductor films for the fabrication of many electronic and opto-electronic devices cannot be exaggerated. Their scope has now extended to thin-film electronic ceramics and high-temperature oxide superconductors. A variety of organometallic compounds have been used as source materials in many types of processing procedures, such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE), metal-organic molecular-beam epitaxy (MOMBE), etc. Deposited materials include silicon, Group III-V and II-VI compound semiconductors, metals, superconducting oxides and other inorganic materials.Organometallic compounds are utilized as such in many electronic and optoelectronic devices; examples are conducting and semiconducting materials, photovoltaic, photochromic, electrochromic and nonlinear optical materials.This review consists of two parts: (I) research related to the fabrication of semiconductor, metal and inorganic materials; and (II) research related to the direct use of organometallic materials and basic fundamental research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050403
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    Syntheses and electrochemical behaviour of novel dmit or dmio (dithiolato) cobalt(iii) complexes with a η5-cyclopentadienyl or η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ring (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: dmit ; dmio ; metal complexes ; cyclopentadienyl ; cobalt(III) complex ; cyclic voltammetry ; controlled potential coulometry ; electron reservoir ; sulphur-rich organic electron donor ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Four novel cobalt(III) complexes with a cyclopentadienyl or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ring and dmit or dmio ligands were synthesized, and their electrochemical behaviour was investigated. All these complexes exhibited three one-electron transfer steps: one reduction and two oxidation steps. In addition, a novel organosulphur compound was afforded by electrochemical oxidation of dmit cobalt complex. Thus, these complexes may have considerable synthetic potential as precursors for electron reservoirs and organosulphur compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050404
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    Synchrotron radiation-stimulated photochemical reaction and its application to semiconductor processes (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 229-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Synchrotron radiation ; photochemical reaction ; semiconductor process ; etching ; chemical vapor deposition ; epitaxial growth ; atomic layer epitaxial growth ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent results are reviewed on synchrotron radiation (SR)-excited photochemical reaction studies aimed at applications to semiconductor processes. Valence or core electronic excitations induced by SR irradiation and ensuing chemical reactions are classified and characterized by rate equations. Unique material selectivity in etching has been found. SiO2 has been found to evaporate by SR irradiation and this phenomenon can be applied to the low-temperature surface cleaning of silicon. In the epitaxial growth of Silicon by ultrahighvacuum chemical vapor deposition using Si2H6, SR irradiation significantly lowers growth temperature beyond the low-temperature limit of thermal reaction. Lowering of the operating temperature by SR irradiation is especially effective in applications to the atomic layer epitaxial growth of silicon. The layer-by-layer process has been successfully demonstrated, confirming self-limiting adsorption of SiH2Cl2 and ensuring surface reactivation by SR irradiation.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050405
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    Photochemistry of iron pentacarbonyl adsorbed on titanium dioxide (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; iron pentacarbonyl ; titanium dioxide ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolysis of iron carbonyl (Fe(CO)5) adsorbed on titanium dioxide (TiO2, anatase) was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. When adsorbed Fe(CO)5 is illuminated by visible and near-UV light, the IR spectrum of its photolysis products is hardly observed, indicating that most of the Fe(CO)5 is photodecomposed to iron(0) or iron oxides on TiO2. The carbon monoxide (CO) evolution rate upon illumination depends on the wavelength of light; 433 nm light is more effective for CO evolution than 366 nm light. This result implies that the band-gap excitation of TiO2 has little effect on the photolysis of adsorbed Fe(CO)5, since the absorption edge of TiO2 (anatase) lies at around 400 nm. The effects of substrates on the photolysis of adsorbed Fe(CO)5 are discussed with reference to previous results obtained for aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), on which the photolysis leads to the formation of Fe2(CO)9 or Fe3(CO)12.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050406
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  • 80
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    Laser photodissociation of organometallic compounds on a cryosubstrate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Photodissociation ; organometallic ; time-of-flight ; translational energy ; dynamics ; photoejection ; excimer laser ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photodissociation dynamics of organometallic compounds (tetramethyltin, trimethylgallium, trimethylindium and dimethylzinc) adsorbed on a quartz substrate at 100 K have been studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, detecting mainly CH3 photofragments. Shapes of the time-of-flight spectra depend on the flux of the dissociation laser at 193 nm and the thickness of multilayers of organometallic compounds. In thick layers, not only a low energy component but also a high energy component are observed in the time-of-flight spectrum of the CH3 photofragments. In thin layers, relaxation processes take place so quickly that the product time-of-flight profiles are characterized by a Maxwell-Boltzmann temperature profile.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050407
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    Quadratic nonlinear optical properties of ruthenium (II)-bipyridine complexes in crystalline powders (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 257-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Second harmonic generation (SHG) ; two-photon emission ; ruthenium-bipyridine complexes ; nonlinear optical properties ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quadratic nonlinear optical properties for the crystalline powders of two types of ruthenium-bipyridine [Ru(bipy)3] complexes were investigated. The nonlinear optical processes markedly depended on the molecular structures of the ruthenium complexes. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and very weak two-photon emission were observed for the alkylated ruthenium-bipyridine compexes with two long alkyl chains attached via amide bonds (RuCnB), whereas only two-photon emission was observed for Ru(bipy)3. The existence of two amide bonds in one bipyridine ligand for RuCnB complexes most probably enhanced the molecular hyperpolarizability as compared with Ru(bipy)3. The SHG intensity from RuCnB complexes increased in the order RuC18B 〈 RuC12B 〈 RuC16B. The order of SHG intensity from RuCnB was ascribed to the difference in size of each crystalline powder estimated by X-ray diffraction methods.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050408
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    Dissociative photoionization of Al2(Ch3)6 and Al2(Ch3)3Cl3 in the range 40-100 eV (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organoaluminum ; photoionization ; synchrotron radiation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dissociation processes of the organoaluminum compounds Al2(CH3)6 and Al2(CH3)3Cl3 have been studied in the range of valence and Al:2p core-level ionization by means of photoelectron-photoion and photoion-photoion coincidence techniques. The double-ionization threshold and the Al:2p core-ionization threshold of Al2(CH3)6 are estimated to be about 30 and 80 eV1 eV = 96.4853 kJ mol-1. respectively. The relative yields of the H+=Al+ and H+=CHm,+ (m′ = 0-3) ion pairs are enhanced around the Al:2p core-ionization threshold of Al2(CH3)6. The photoion-photoion coincidence intensities of Al2(CH3)3Cl3 are negligibly small throughout the energy range studied. The ratio of the relative yield of AlC2H6+ to that of Al+ increases smoothly through the Al:2p core-ionization and/or excitation region of Al2(CH3)3Cl3. The variation of the fragmentation pattern with photon energy is discussed in conjunction with the relevant electronic states.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050410
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    Photochemical formation of silver-gold (Ag—Au) composite colloids in solutions containing sodium alginate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Photochemistry ; silver alginate ; Ag-Au composite colloids ; metal particles ; extinction spectrum ; Mie scattering ; surface plasmon ; polyelectrolyte ; protective agent ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photochemical formation of colloidal silver, colloidal gold and silver-gold (Ag-Au) composite colloids under mild conditions has been studied. Irradiation of either aqueous AgCIO4 or HAuCI4 solution in the presence of sodium alginate (SA) with 253.7 nm light yielded colloidal silver or gold, whose particle diamter was 10-30 nm or 40-60 nm, respectively. The Ag-Au composite colloids consisting of mixtures of silver and gold domains (particle diameter 30-150 nm) have been prepared and their extinction spectra have been examined on the basis of a conventional Mie theory in combination with an effective medium theory to estimate the optical constants of these colloids. It has been shown that the extinction spectra of the Ag-Au composite colloids are completely different from those of Ag-Au alloy colloids, in that the former have two extinction maxima close to the colloidal extinction bands of pure silver and gold, in contrast to a single extinction maximum of the latter. The importance of natural, high-molecular carboxylic acids such as alginic acid in the photochemical formation of metal colloids and thin films has been stressed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050409
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    Mass spectrometric studies on the decomposition of trialkylgallium on gaas surfaces (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Gallium arsenide ; trimethylgallium ; triethylgallium ; mass spectrometry ; thermal decomposition ; metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) ; growth mechanism, surface reconstruction ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of trimethylgallium [(CH3)3Ga] and triethylgallium [(C2H5)3Ga] on gallium arsenide (GaAs) surfaces was studied under an ultra-high vacuum using mass spectrometry. It was observed that the decomposition process of (CH3)3Ga and (C2H5)3Ga depends on the arsenic coverage of the substrate surface. On a (100)-oriented surface, increasing the arsenic coverage basically enhances the decomposition of (CH3)3Ga and (C2H5)3Ga to gallium atoms above 350 and 300°C, respectively. The decomposition of (CH3)3Ga proceeds by emitting CH3 radicals. On a surface with low arsenic coverage, the decomposition of (CH3)3Ga is imperfect and fewer than three methyl groups of alkylgallium are desorbed. On a (111)B-oriented surface, however, an increase in the surface arsenic coverage suppresses the decomposition of alkylgallium, which is different from the case for a (100) surface.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050411
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    Wavelength dependence in photochemical vapor deposition of aluminum film using dimethylaluminum hydride (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 289-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Photochemical vapor deposition (CVD) ; aluminum film ; deuterium lamp ; dimethylaluminum hydride ; wavelength dependence ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In photochemical vapor deposition of aluminum film on silicon using dimethylaluminum hydride, (CH3)2AlH, a surface reaction dominated below a (CH3)2AlH pressure of 0.3 m Torr at 200°C, which was induced only with the 160 nm band emitted from a deuterium lamp. A gas-phase reaction occurred above 0.3 mTorr at 200°C, which could be induced by both 160 nm and 240 nm emission bands from the lamp. To distinguish between surface ad gas-phase reactions, a thickness profile was used. At 240°C the surface reaction could be induced even by the 240 nm band, while the deposits formed under illumination of the two bands were thinner than those obtained with only the 240 nm band, indicating occurrence of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)-enhanced desorption. The mechanism responsible for the observed wavelength dependence in unclear. The electrical resistivity of the films deposited at 200°C was 4.5 μΩ cm, which did not change with wavelength.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050412
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    Thin films of peroxopolytungstic acids: applications to optical waveguide components (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Peroxopolytungstic acid ; etching ; refractive index ; optical waveguide ; diffractional grating ; photochromism ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thin films of peroxohetero(carbon)polytungstic acid (CW-HPA) and carbon-free isopolytungstic acid (W-IPA) were prepared, and examined in terms of optical and etching properties. Thermal decomposition was found to give good results in removing excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during the preparation of CW-HPA and W-IPA. It was shown for the first time that thin films of CW-HPA and W-IPA have very high refractive indices (larger than 2.0) when sufficiently dried. Optical waveguide (OWG) characteristics of these films were examined using a slab-type OWG structure and ARROW (Antiresonance Reflection Optical Waveguide)-type structures. An embossing technique was applied to make diffractional grating couplers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050413
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    Highly efficient formation of metal and metal alloy particles from methyl metal compounds by a single pulse laser irradiation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Excimer laser ; organometallic compounds ; fine particles ; metal particles ; metal alloy particles ; metal oxide particles ; ignition ; explosive reaction ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly efficient processes for fine particle formation of metal alloys and metal oxides were developed using a high-power laser. In these processes, laser light was used only for the ignition of a thermal chain reaction. This reaction was suppressed by adding inert gases, and the suppression effect was in the order C3H8 〉 C2H6 〉 CH4 〉 He 〉 Ar 〉 Xe. Oxygen accelerated the reaction because of the large exothermicity of the reaction of oxygen with methyl metal compounds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050414
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    The epitaxial growth of AlGaAs using highly purified trimethylaluminum (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: OMPVE ; epitaxy ; AlGaAs ; source gas ; trimethylaluminum ; impurity ; purification ; HEMT ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Highly purified trimethylaluminum [(CH3)3Al] was prepared by reducing the contamination of volatile impurities such as organic silicon and dimethyl-aluminum methoxide [(CH3)2AlOCH3]. The concentration of methoxy group in (CH3)3Al was found to decrease considerably when (CH3)2Al was distilled in the presence of aluminum trihalide. Among the halides, purification efficiency increased in the order I〉Br〉Cl.High-quality AlGaAs layer and AlGaAs/GaAs modulation doped structures were grown by organometallic vapor-phase epiloxy (OMVPE) using the purified (CH3)3Al. Their electrical properties were discussed in relation to the volatile impurity in the source gas.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050416
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    XPS study on early stages of heat deterioratin of silicon-containing aromatic polymide film (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 309-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: XPS ; TG ; aromatic polyimide ; silicon ; silicon-carbon bond ; heat deterioration ; dissociation energy ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Early stages of heat deterioration of some siliconcontaining aromatic polyimide thin films with disiloxane groups (I) in their main chains were studied with XPS. It was found that the thermal decomposition of silicon-containing aromatic polyimides takes place at lower temperatures than those not modified with silicon. The low thermal stabilities observed are explained by the easier decomposition of silicon-carbon bonds (e.g. silicon-methylene, silicon-aryl) than other bonds (e.g. carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen). Particularly, silicon-methylene bonds (II) readily undergo thermal oxidative decomposition and start to decompose at 350°C under aerobic conditions. This starting temperature of thermal decomposition is lower by 100°C than that of the corresponding polyimide not modified with silicon. In the case of polyimide incorporating silicon-aryl bonds (III) instead of silicon-methylene bonds, the decrease in the thermal decomposition temperature is as small as 50°C, and decomposition under aerobic conditions starts at 400°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050415
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  • 90
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    The epitaxial growth of gaas using alkylarsine: Part 2. molecular orbital calculation (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 331-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Molecular orbital ; calculation ; MOCVD ; source gas ; alkylarsine ; β-elimination ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations were carried out for the compounds (C2H5)3As, (C2H5)3Ga and RAsH2 (R = C2H5, i-C3H7, i-C4H9, and t-C4H9) by using the CNDO/2-U program, and their capability of β-elimination reaction is compared on the basis of the torsion energy to the transition state, electrostatic interactions and orbital overlapping between the central atom and the β-hydrogen, and bond order of the metal-carbon, and carbon-hydrogen bond. In the comparison of (C2H5)3As with (C2H5)3Ga, we found that the β-elimination of (C2H5)3As could hardly be expected to take place in the thermal decomposition. The capability of β-elimination would be smaller in C2H5AsH2 than that in (C2H5)3As. Moreover when the ethyl group is replaced by a t-butyl group in RAsH2, the β-elimination reaction appears to become more difficult and a large possibility for a radical process is suggested.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050418
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  • 91
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    Photo-Absorption and photochemical decomposition of copper and alkaline-earth ß-diketonates as source gases of high-Tc superconducting films (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 325-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Thin film ; photo CVD ; metal ß-diketonates ; complex oxide ; high-Tc superconductor ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For low-temperature deposition of oxide films relating to Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors, photo-absorption and -decomposition properties were examined with respect to copper and alkaline-earth ß-diketonates. It was confirmed that all ß-diketonates examined were promising as source materials for photochemical vapour deposition (photo-CVD) using a low-pressure mercury lamp, in view of their large light absorption coefficients at wavelength 254 nm. The light irradiation was effective for the formation of highly crystalline oxide films at temperatures below 600 °C. By combining two sources, Ca2CuO3 and SrCuO2 films were prepared. Photo-CVD of c-axis oriented Bi2Sr2CuOx film was achieved by the irradiation of ternary sources of Bi(C6H5)3 and strontium and copper ß-diketonates at 500 °C.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050417
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Special issue (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. ii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050420
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Physicochemical properties of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium and diethylzinc (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organometallic ; vapor pressure ; decomposition ; metal vapor deposition ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Physicochemical properties of dimethylzinc, dimethylcadmium and diethylzinc have been investigated by means of vapor pressure measurement, mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The saturated vapor pressure-temperature dependence of these alkyl organometallics was determined to be as followsThe temperature ranges for vapor phase decomposition for deposition of each metal were clarified, and vapor-phase species released in the decompositions were investigated. These investigations on the organometallics are to provide basic material data for the establishment of organometallic chemical vapor deposition techniques for Group IIB-VI compounds.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050419
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050501
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogermylation of phenylacetylene catalyzed by onium chlorometallates (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 379-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Hydrogermylation ; quaternary onium chlorometallates ; polymer-bound metal catalysts ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triethylbenzylammonium chlorometallates [Et3NCH2Ph]+m[MCln]m- (M = Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir, Fe, Co, Cu, m = 1-3, n = 3-6), polymer-anchored ionic metal complexes [℗ - CH2PBu3]+m[MCln]n- and some other chlorometallates and complexes of platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and osmium were studied as catalysts in the hydrogermylation of phenylacetylene with triethylgermane. All the complexes containing platinum, palladium and rhodium were found to be effective catalysts. The cis/trans ratio of the products obtained is determined by the metal atom involved and decreases in the following order: Ir 〉 Rh ≫ Pd 〉 Pt.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050503
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organometallic materials for nonlinear optics (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 349-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Nonlinear optics ; second-order ; nonlinear optical effects ; third-order nonlinear optical effects ; organometallics ; molecular ; hyperpolarizability ; central metals ; conjugated ligands ; oxidation states ; applications ; opto-electronics ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Almost three decades ago, the field of nonlinear optics evolved with the discovery of lasers. In the beginning, nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena were investigated in inorganic materials, leading to the development of traditional NLO materials such as lithium niobate, potassium titanyl phosphate, quartz and gallium arsenide. In the 1970s, the importance of organic materials was realized because of the promise of large NLO responses, high laser damage thresholds, fast optical responses, architectural flexibility and ease of fabrication. Following work with organic materials, the scrutiny of organometallics also began recently. In organometallics, the metal-ligand bonding is expected to display large molecular hyperpolarizability because of the transfer of electron density between the metal atom and the conjugated ligand system. In organometallics, the diversity of central metals, oxidation states and ligands fosters in optimization of the charge-transfer interactions. Keeping this in view, second- and third-order NLO properties of organometallics have been reviewed here, highlighting new materials that are emerging. Organometallics may have a wide range of applications in opto-electronics including integrated optics, optical switching, telecommunications, bistability and modulation.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050502
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of organotin derivatives of N-benzoylglycylglycine (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin compounds ; N-benzoylglycylglycine ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Di- and tri-organotin derivatives of N-benzoylglycylglycine (HBzGlyGly) were synthesized and characterized by infrared, 1H, 13C NMR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. Diorganotin derivatives appear to be dimer distannoxanes ([R2SnBzGlyGly]2O)2 (R = CH3, n-C4H9, n-C8H17) with a ladder-type structure where tin atoms are five-coordinated and N-benzoylglycylglycine alternatively acts as a unidentate or bridging bidentate ligand through the carboxylate group. For triorganotin derivatives R3SnBzGlyGly (R= CH3, n-C4Hg) we propose a polymeric structure where N-benzoylglycylglycine bridges planar SnC3 units through the carboxylate group.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050504
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Tributyltin analysis in seawater by GC FPD after direct aqueous-phase ethylation using sodium tetrathylborate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Tributyltin ; ethylation ; seawater analysis ; gas chromatography ; flame photometric detection ; organotin speciation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using sodium tetraethylborate as an alkylation reagent, one-step ethylation and extraction of organotin compounds in seawater was performed directly in the aqueous phase to obtain optimal rection conditions. No further purification or concentration of the extract was required before GC FPD analysis. The detection limit for monobutyl-dibutyl-and tributyl-tin was approximately 0.4 ng dm-3, which is adequate for any currently know toxicity effect. The linearity range (0-200 ng dm-3) was solely dependent on the detector response curve. Compared with the Grignard reaction after extraction in an organic solvent, this new ethylation procedure reduces the number of analytical steps, thus saving time and improving reliability.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050505
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Speciation of butyltins in fish and sediment by means of gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 399-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Organotin determination ; gas chromatography ; fish samples ; sediment samples ; speciation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A modified method for the determination of tributyl-, dibutyl-, and monobutyl-tin in fish and sediment samples is proposed. The samples are digested with hydrochloric acid and the butyltin compounds are extracted into a tropolone solution in pentane and pentylated by a Grignard reaction. The products are cleaned up by washing with a sodium hyrdoxide solution, dried over sodium sulphate, concentrated by evaporation and analysed by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection, using an interence filter at 610 nm. Problems peculiar to the fish and sediment samples are overcome by this improved clean-up procedure. The limit of detection for tributyltin in fish is 0.04 m̈g g-1 and the reproducibility at 0.06 μg g-1, expressed as the relative standard deviation, is 6.8%. Contaminated sediment samples were found to contain the mixed methylbutyl-tin compounds Me2BuSn+ and MeBu2Sn+.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050506
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of six triorganotin compounds by the mouse micronucleus and spermhead abnormality tests (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Triorganotin ; mutagenicity ; micronucleus ; spermhead ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Six triorganotin compounds - Ph3SnOH, BuPh2SnOH, (p-CIC6H4)Ph2SnOH, (cyclo-C5H9)Ph2SnOH, Ph3SnO2CCH2CS2NMe2 and Bu3SnOSO2Et - were tested for their mutagenic potential in somatic and germinal cells in ICR mice by using the micronucleus and spermhead abnormality assays, respectively. In somatic cells, the compunds significantly induced chromosomal disorders at half their respective estimated LD50 (i.p.) values (5.00-6.25 mg kg-1 body wt), and one compound, Ph3SnOH, even at 1/20 of its estimated LD50 value. In germinal cells, five compounds significantly induced chromosomal disorders at 1/64 of their respective estimated LD50 (i.p.) values, whereas one, (p-CIC6H4)Ph2SnOH, caused such disorders only at 1/8 of its estimated LD50 value.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590050507
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