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  • 1985-1989  (3,199)
  • 1988  (3,199)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,199)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R194 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 492-499 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic stress corrosion cracking of steel in liquid ammoniaSteel rods W.No. 1.8907 were tested for stress corrosion cracking in liquid ammonia at about 20 °C under controlled electrochemical conditions at constant rate of elongation. Stress corrosion cracking was not observed in pure ammonia at the free corrosion potential of the steel corroding in the active state, but only upon polarization to the passive state. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking grew with the temperature and was negligible at temperatures below about 10°C. In presence of oxygen at pressures exceeding about 0.1 bar, stress corrosion cracking occurred at the free corrosion potential in the passive range at more negative electrode potentials than in absence of oxygen. Additions increasing the specific conductivity of ammonia and 0.15% water inhibited stress corrosion cracking. The small danger of hydrogen embrittlement was enhanced by cathodic polarization and by addition of acids.
    Notes: Der Stahl W.Nr. 1.8907 wurde in flüssigem Ammoniak unter elektrochemisch kontrollierten Bedingungen bei etwa 20 °C in Zugversuchen mit konstanter Dehngeschwindigkeit an Rundproben auf Spannungsrißkorrosion geprüft. In reinem Ammoniak trat beim freien Korrosionspotential im Bereich der aktiven Korrosion keine Spannungsrißkorrosion auf, sondern nur im Bereich der passiven Korrosion. Die Neigung zu Spannungsrißkorrosion wuchs mit der Temperatur und war unter etwa 10°C vernachlässigbar gering. Bei Sauerstoffpartialdrucken über 0,1 bar wurde Spannungsrißkorrosion am freien Korrosionspotential im Passivbereich beobachtet, welches negativer war als das Elektrodenpotential, das in sauerstofffreiem Ammoniak überschritten werden mußte, um Spannungsrißkorrosion herbeizuführen. Zusätze zur Erhöhung der spezifischen Leitfähigkeit und 0,15% Wasser verhinderten die Spannungsrißkorrosion. Die in reinem Ammoniak geringe Neigung zu Wasserstoffversprödung wurde durch kathodische Polarisation und durch Säurezusatz erhöht.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verhinderung von Lochkorrosion in Wasserleitungen aus Kupfer durch Zugabe von HydrogencarbonatKupferrohre werden für Wasserleitungen viel verwendet und verhalten sich im allgemeinen sehr gut. In Ausnahmefällen kann es jedoch zu Lochkorrosion und sogar Durchlöcherung kommen. Zwar hat man 3 Arten der Lochkorrosion (I-III) nachweisen können, doch sind die Ursachen und die Mechanismen bisher noch nicht völlig geklärt. Aufgrund der Untersuchungen von Schadensfällen, Modellversuchen und thermodynamischen Berechnungen sowie Praxisversuchen haben sich Hinweise dafür ergeben, daß Wässer, die in Kupferrohren Lochkorrosion hervorrufen können, durch Erhöhen des Hydrogencarbonatgehalts weniger aggressiv gemacht werden können. Bei der Behandlung der Wässer sollte die folgende Wasserzusammensetzung angestrebt werden: - pH mindestens 7,- Hydrogencarbonatgehalt von mindestens 70 mg/l, vorzugsweise 100 mg/l- möglichst niedriger Sulfatgehalt, mindestens jedoch unter dem Hydrogencarbonatgehalt.
    Notes: Copper pipes are extensively used for tap water installations and generally perform well. Exceptionally, however, copper pipes are perforated due to pitting. Three main types of pitting (I, II and III) have been identified, but as for the causes and the mechanisms these have not yet been fully clarified.Through case studies, model experiments, thermodynamic calculations, and service tests, evidence has been obtained that waters having a pitting propensity for copper pipes can be made less corrosive by an increase of the HCO3- content. On water treatment the following water composition should be aimed at: - a pH value of at least 7- an HCO3- content of at least 70 mg/l, preferably 100 mg/l- as low SO42- content as possible, or at least lower than the HCO3- content (both in mg/l).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 541-543 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R197 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effects of Mo, V, Nb, Ti, Zr and their carbides on the corrosion and hydrogen uptake of iron in sulphuric acidThe effects of Mo, V, Nb, Ti, Zr and their carbides on the corrosion and hydrogen uptake of iron in 1 M H2SO4/N2/25°C were investigated by electrochemical and surface analytical methods using binary and ternary Fe-Me alloys with about 0.2 at.-%Me.Due to the experimental conditions, no protective surface layers formed. The transition metals were enriched at the iron surface only as a carbide or oxicarbide. Mo or Zr were not markedly enriched. The corrosion current density and the hydrogen activity were decreased only by Mo or Zr.Hydrogen permeation measurements were analysed in terms of the trapping theory. The average binding energy of shallow traps for hydrogen increases with increasing atomic radius of the substituted alloying elements in the order V, Mo, Ti, Nb and Zr. Correspondingly, the hydrogen diffusion coefficient (after saturation of the deep traps) decreases and the hydrogen solubility increases. The steadystate hydrogen permeation rate remains almost unaffected.The total hydrogen content is determined by the density of deep traps and thus mostly independent of the external hydrogen activity. The trapping effect of iron is strongly increased by dissolved Zr or Nb or in the presence of fine dispersed carbides as VCx. The effect of coarse carbide particles at a lower density is small.
    Notes: Die Einflüsse von Mo, V, Nb, Ti, Zr und deren Karbiden auf die Korrosion und Wasserstoffaufnahme von Eisen in 1 M H2SO4/N225°C wurden an binären und ternären Fe-Me-Legierungen mit rund 0,2 At.-% Me mittels elektrochemischer und oberflächenanalytischer Meßmethoden untersucht.Unter den Versuchsbedingungen traten keine schützenden Deckschichten auf. Die Übergangsmetalle reicherten sich nur als Karbid oder Oxikarbid an der Eisenoberfläche an, nicht elementar. Mo und Zr reicherten sich auch als Karbid nicht merklich an. Korrosionsstromdichte und Wasserstoffaktivität wurden nur durch Mo und Zr deutlich erniedrigt.Die Messungen der H-Permeation wurden auf der Grundlage der „trapping“-Theorie analysiert. Die mittlere Bindungsenergie der flachen „traps“ für Wasserstoff in Eisen steigt mit dem Atomradius der substituierten Legierungselemente in der Reihenfolge V, Mo, Ti, Nb und Zr an. Entsprechend fällt der H-Diffusionskoeffizient (nach Sättigung der tiefen „traps“) ab, und die H-Löslichkeit nimmt zu. Der stationäre H-Permeationsstrom bleibt weitgehend unbeeinflußt.Die Gesamtwasserstoffkonzentration wird durch die Dichte der tiefen „traps“ bestimmt und ist meistens unabhängig von der äußeren H-Aktivität. Der „trapping“-Effekt in Eisen ist stark bei Substitution von Zr oder Nb sowie bei Gegenwart feindisperser Karbide wie VCx. Der Effekt grober Karbidteilchen geringerer Dichte ist klein.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 543-559 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 28 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R244 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 603-609 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Messung der nach der Zeit aufgelösten Photoströme und -potentiale an den Passivierungsschichten von Eisen und TitanDie nach Einfall eines Laserpulses auftretende Zeitabhängigkeit der Abnahme von Photopotential und Photostrom wurde an passiven Eisen- und Titanschichten gemessen. Die Abnahme des Photopotentials zeigte eine Kinetik der zweiten Reaktionsordnung. Wir fanden, daß die Abnahme des Photopotentials auf Titan sehr viel langsamer erfolgte als auf Eisen. An der Eisenelektrode wurde die Abhängigkeit der Photopotentialtransienten von pH-Wert, Potential und Lichtintensität untersucht. Die Photostromtransienten waren in erster Linie bestimmt von der elektronischen RC Zeitkonstante der Zelle und des Meßsystems.
    Notes: The time dependence of photopotential and photocurrent decay occurring after the incidence of a laser pulse was measured at iron and titanium passive layers. The photopotential decay showed a second order reaction kinetic. The photopotential decay on titanium was found to be much slower than on iron. At the iron electrode the dependence of the photopotential transients on pH-value, potential and light intensity was examined. The photocurrent transients were mainly determined by the electronic RC-time constant of the cell and the measuring system.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R218 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 67-69 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht der Hochtemperaturkorrosion in Dampfkesseln in PolenDie Arbeit bringt ausgewählte Daten über die Elektrizitätserzeugung in Polen, und zwar hinsichtlich erzeugte Elektrizitätsmenge, Zahl der kraftwerke, Dampf- und Brennstoffdaten (Kohle) sowie-chemische Zusammensetzung der gegenwärtig für die Ofenwände und die Überhizerrohre verwendeten Werkstoffe. Kurz erörtert werden auch die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur feuerseitigen Korrosion von PCF-Kesseln. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß die Hochtemperatur-korrosion, die an Rohren in der Nähe der Brenner auftritt, mit örtlich reduzierenden Bedingungen und dem Chlorgehalt der Kohle zusammenhängt, während die Korrosionserscheinungen an Überhitzerrohren durch geschmolzene Ascheablagerungen bedingt sind. Als vorbeugende Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der feuerseitigen Korrosion und der Verschlackung sind für die nächste Zukunft die Verwendung von coextrudierten Metallrohren und Zusatz von Additiven bei der Kohleverbrennung vorgesehen.
    Notes: The paper presents selected data on power industry in Poland. The information given comprises electric energy production, number of power plants, steam and fuel (coal) characteristics as well as chemical compositions of construction materials being currently in use for furnace wall and superheater tubing.Briefly discussed are also the results of investigations on fireside corrosion of pcf boilers. It has been found that the high temperature corrosion phenomena observed on furnace wall tubes in the vicinity of burners are related with local reducing conditions and chlorine content in coal whereas those encountered on superheater tubes are associated with fused ash deposits.Preventive measures to combat fireside corrosion and slagging planned for the nearest future are the application of bimetallic coextruded tubes and the dosage of additives in coal combustion.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neuere betriebliche Erfahrungen und Forschungsarbeiten auf dem Gebiet der feuerseitigen Korrosion in JapanDie wieder zunehmende Verwendung von Schweröl zur Beheizung von Kraftwerken hat in Japan zu einer Intensivierung der Forschung auf dem Gebiete der feuerseitigen Korrosion geführt. Die Probleme, die dabei zu behandeln sind, werden aufgrund der Erfahrungen dargestellt, die sich beim Betrieb von öl- und kohlebeheizten Kesseln ergeben haben. Hauptsächlich wurden dabei ungleichmäßige Abtragungen an Rohren, verbunden mit Aufkohlung gefunden, wobei sich signifikante Abhängigkeiten von der Kohlezusammensetzung, vor allem dem Natrium- und Schwefelgehalt, ergaben. Aufgrund dieser Erfahrungen und zahlreicher Korrosionsversuche im Laboratorium und unter Betriebsbedingungen wurde festgestellt, daß die aussichtsreichste Maßnahme zur Bekämpfung der Korrosion in der Verwendung in coextrudierten Rohren bestehen könnte, da dann die Kombination von hoher Korrosionsbeständigkeit und hoher Kriechfestigkeit realisierbar wird.Daneben bieten auch einige modifizierte Legierungen (z.B. Alloy 800 H, CR 30 A oder NF709) gute Aussichten, wobei der hohe Chromgehalt (über 20%) das entscheidende Kriterium ist.
    Notes: The increasing use of heavy oil as a fuel in power stations has given rise to intensified research in the field of fireside corrosion in Japan. The problems which have to be tackled are described in terms of experiences gained in the operation of oil and coal fired boilers. The main types of damage encountered are nonuniform wastage of tubes in connection with carburization. In this context significant interdependences have been found in connection with coal deposition (especially sodium and sulphur contents). On the basis of this experiences and of the results of corrosion tests in the laboratory and in the field it has been found that the measure offering the best prospect for corrosion control might be the use of coextruded tubing which would allow a combination of high corrosion resistance and high creep strength. In addition to that some modified alloys (e.g. Alloy 800 H, CR 30 A or NF709) offer an interesting potential whereby the high chromium content (more than 20%) is the main criterium.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 84-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanistische Parameter der Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen in kohlebeheizten KesselnIm allgemeinen sind die heißesten Stellen am Ausgang von Überhitzern und Erhitzern der modernen CEGB-Kessel mit Rohren aus nichtrostenden Stählen bestückt. Die im Laufe der letzten 10-15 Jahre gemachten Erfahrungen haben gezeigt, daß die feuerseitige Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen die nominelle Lebensdauer beträchtlich verringern kann; die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit ist dabei abhängig von Metalltemperatur, Gastemperatur, Chloridgehalt der Kohle und aerodynamischen Verhältnissen um das Rohr.Die charakteristischen visuellen Befunde, d.h. die klassische Abflachung von Rohren, wabenförmiger Lochfraß und örtlicher Lochfraß an Schweißnähten und Ansatzstücken werden beschrieben. Ebenso werden einige der metallographischen Phänomene bei der Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen beschrieben, darunter die Aufkohlung des Substrats, innere Oxidation und Sulfidierung und die Morphologie des Zunders.Der genaue Mechanismus ist zwar noch nicht klar, doch hat man bei CEGB pragmatische Schritte unternommen und neue bzw alternative Werkstoffe verwendet, beispielsweise auch Beschirmungen, Überzüge und koextrudierte Rohre. Eine solche Politik ist jedoch nicht unbedingt auch die wirtschaftlichste: unter manchen Bedingungen bietet erst die Legierung 50 Cr 50 Ni ausreichende Beständigkeit. Benötigt wird noch Quantifizierung der Rolle von Natrium, Kalium, Chlor usw. in Brennstoff bei der Bildung von Ablagerungen und der dadurch bedingten Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit. Ebenso ist noch zu klären, wodurch die Aufkohlung bedingt ist und wie sie sich auswirkt, da nur auf diese Weise die Korrosion durch Salzschmelzen operative beherrscht werden kann.
    Notes: In general, the hottest outlet sections of both superheaters and reheaters in modern CEGB boilers are tubed in austenitic stainless steels. Experience over the last 10-15 years has indicated that molten salt fireside corrosion can significantly reduce design lives, corrosion rates being a function of (i)metal temperature(ii)gas temperature(iii)coal chlorine content(iv)the tube's aerodynamic positionThe characteristic visual features of this form of corrosion such as “classical” wastage flats, honeycomb pitting, and localised pitting at tube geometrical features such as weld beads, and lugs is described. Also discussed are some of the metallographic features of molten salt corrosion, including substrate carburization, internal oxidation/sulphidation and corrosion scale morphology.Whilst uncertainty remains in understanding the precise mechanism, the CEGB have adopted a pragmatic approach using new/alternative materials such as shields, coatings and co-extruded tubes. However, such a policy may not be the most economic: for example, in some circumstances the alloy 50 Cr 50 Ni is required to give a guaranteed degree of protection. What is still required is the quantification of the role of Na, K, Cl etc. in fuel on deposition and corrosion rates, and the source and influence of carburization so that further operational control of this molten salt corrosion is available.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mikro-Tunnelkorrosion während der selektiven Legierungsauflösung und während des LochfraßesDie Kinetik und die Morphologie einerseits der selektiven Korrosion von Legierungen, die ein Edelmetall enthalten, andererseits des Lochfraßes passiver Metalle, werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Ähnlichkeit der beiden Typen lokalisierter Auflösungsvorgänge diskutiert. Die selektive Korrosion von CuAu(Pd)-Legierungen sowie der Lochfraß des Aluminiums und seiner Legierungen werden als typische Fälle herangezogen. Die selektive Korrosion erfordert die Keimbildung von Leerstellen-Clustern auf Netzebenen, da die leicht lösbaren Halbkristallagen durch die Oberfläche stoßender Schraubenversetzungen durch Edelmetallatome blockiert sind. Der Lochfraß erfordert die Keimbildung von Poren im Passiv-Oxidfilm, der die aktive Metallauflösung unterbindet. In beiden Fällen folgt der Keimbildung lokaler Angriff, variierend von der Bildung von Ätzgrübchen bis zur Bildung tiefer, schmaler Tunnel. „Tunneln“ erscheint als geeignete Beschreibung aller dieser Ereignisse. Wiewohl zugleich die Dimension des Tunnels beim Lochfraß erheblich größer ist als bei der selektiven Korrosion, berechnen sich Durchbruchspotential der selektiven Korrosion und Lochfraßpotential auf grundsätzlich gleiche Weise. Grober Lochfraß, der tiefe Löcher entstehen läßt, ist die Folge des lokalen Aufkonzentrierens und Hydrolisierens des Halogenids des Metalls, das jeweils an Ort und Stelle die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Neustarts von Tunnelereignissen hebt.
    Notes: The kinetics and the morphology of selective dissolution of alloys containing a noble component and of pitting of passive metals are discussed emphasizing common properties of both localized dissolution processes. Dealloying of CuAu(Pd)-alloys and pitting of aluminum and aluminum alloys are considered as typical cases. Dealloying requires the nucleation of terrace site vacancy clusters, since easily dissolvable kink sites of screw dislocations are blocked by noble metal atoms. Pitting requires the nucleation of pores in the passive oxide film, which inhibits active metal dissolution. In both cases, rapid local crystallographic attack, ranging from etch pitting to very narrow tunnelling, is involved in the nucleation process. The term tunnelling is appropriate for all these events. While the scale of tunnelling events is much larger in the case of pitting compared with the case of dealloying, the calculation of the breakthrough potential of dealloying and of pitting is basically equivalent. Gross pitting, ending in the formation of macroscopic holes, is the result of localized renucleation of tunnelling events due to localized accumulation and hydrolysis of metal halogenide salt solution.
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  • 116
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 173-177 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wüstite in oxide layers on low-alloy steels in water vapour - I: Wüstite formationThe oxidation and corrosion behaviour in steam of low-alloy steel tubes, which are used in boilers of electric of power stations, was investigated below and above the wüstite formation temperature. Phases, microstructure and thickness of the oxide layers were determined as a function of time and temperature. The parabolic growth constant was determined for the temperature range from 600°C to 700°C. It reflects the faster oxid layer growth caused by formation of wüstite.
    Notes: Wasserdampf-Oxidation und -Korrosion der niedrig-legierten Stähle (13 CrMo 44, 10 CrMo 9 10), die als Rohrwerkstoffe in Kraftwerkskesseln eingesetzt werden, wurden unter- und oberhalb der Wüstitbildungstemperatur (600°C) untersucht. Die Phasenzusammensetzung, das Gefüge und die Dicken der Oxidschichten wurden auf Stahlrohren in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Zeit ermittelt. Im Bereich von 600° bis 700°C ist infolge Wüstitbildung verstärktes Oxidschichtwachstum beobachtbar. Die parabolische Zunderkonstante wurde als Funktion der Temperatur bestimmt.
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  • 117
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 103-113 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 114-114 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 268-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 268-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R81 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R84 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 37-39 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 127
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R96 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R97 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 129
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbonation cells - On the corrosion of steel in carbonated concreteCorrosion of steel in carbonated concrete involves the activity of active-passive galvanic couples (carbonation cells). Carbonation cells consisting of mortar electrodes in wet condition and subjected to wet-dry cycles have been investigated by means of current and potential measurements. The corrosion current can be explained in terms of oxygen diffusion through the mortar cover. The stationary current gives realistic values for the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in concrete. Changes from wet to dry and vice versa always increase the corrosion rate. Electrolytically and gravimetrically determined weight loss are in good agreement only for constant moisture conditions. In case of wetdry cycles oxidation and reduction reactions within the corrosion products are assumed to contribute to the total corrosion loss.
    Notes: Die Korrosion von Bewehrungsstahl in karbonatisiertem Beton ist zum Teil auf die Wirkung von galvanischen aktiv-passiv Elementen zurückzuführen. Die Wirkung solcher Elemente wird anhand von Kurzschlußstrom- und Potentialmessungen an Mörtelelektroden bei wechselnder und dauernder Befeuchtung untersucht und unter Berücksichtigung der Sauerstoffdiffusion in Mörtel quantitativ gedeutet.Aus dem (stationären) Kurzschlußstrom ergeben sich realistische Werte für den Diffusionskoeffizienten von Sauerstoff in wassergesättigtem Beton. Jeder Wechsel von feucht zu trocken und umgekehrt bewirkt einen Anstieg der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit. Elektrochemisch und gravimetrisch bestimmte Gewichtsverluste stimmen nur bei konstanten Feuchtigkeitsverhältnissen zufriedenstellend überein. Bei Feucht-Trocken-Wechseln ist eine zusätzliche Mitwirkung der Oxidation und Reduktion von Korrosionsprodukten auf den Korrosionsprozeß anzunehmen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Korrosionsverhalten von Werkstoffen in Natrium und seine Beeinflussung durch die Bildung ternärer OxideSchnellbrüterreaktoren werden in ihren primären und sekundären Kreisläufen mit flüssigem Natrium gekühlt. Das Korrosioinsverhalten und die Verträglichkeit der Strukturwerkstoffe in Natrium bei den Einsatztemperaturen der Reaktoren wird offensichtlich durch den Sauerstoffgehalt im Flüssigmetall selbst im parts-per-million-Bereich beeinflußt. Der Sauerstoffeinfluß auf die Verträglichkeit der Strukturwerkstoffe mit Natrium ist früher über die Bildung von binären Metalloxiden erklärt worden. Seither ist bei vielen der Strukturwekstoffe die Bildung ternärer Oxide in Natrium gefunden worden. Mehrere Dreiphasengleichgewichte und Werte der freien Bildungsenergie ternärer Oxide der Komponenten der Strukturwekstoffe werden in dieser Arbeit beschrieben. Schwellenwerte der Sauerstoffkonzentrationen in Natrium für die Bildung binärer und ternärer Oxide dieser Metalle wurden aus den relevanten thermodynamischen Daten abgeleitet.Viele der Strukturwerkstoffe bilden demnach bei viel niedrigeren Sauerstoffgehalten des Natriums ternäre Oxide, als für die Bildung entsprechender binärere Oxide nötig wären. Schwellenwerte des Sauerstoffgehalts in Natrium für die Bildung ternärer Oxide der Hauptkomponenten rostfreier austenitischer Stähle werden hier gegeben. Das Korrosionsverhalten der Strukturwerkstoffe und austenitischen Stähle wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Einflusses der Bildung ternärer Oxide diskutiert.
    Notes: Fast breeder reactors use liquid sodium metal as the coolant in their primary and secondary circuits. Corrosion behaviour and compatibility of structural materials in sodium at the operating temperature of the reactors has been found to be influenced by oxygen impurity in sodium even at parts per million level. The compatibility of structural materials in sodium influenced by oxygen in the liquid metals has been dealt with previously on the basis of formation of binary oxides of the solid metals. Since then many of the structural metals have been found to form ternary oxides in sodium. Several three phase equilibria and free energy of formation data for the ternary oxides of structural metals with sodium are reviewed in this paper. Threshold oxygen levels in sodium for the formation of binary oxides and ternary oxides on structural metals are derived from the relevant thermodynamic data. Many of the structural metals are found to form ternary oxides at much lower oxygen levels in sodium than required for the formation of respective binary oxides. Threshold oxygen levels in sodium for the formation of ternary oxides of major constituents of stainless steel are also presented. Corrosion behaviour of the structural metals and austenitic steels influenced by formation of ternary oxides is discussed.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 364-369 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Repassivierungsfähigkeit von keramikbeschichteten EdelstahlprothesenDas Durchbruchs- und das Repassivierungspotential von keramikbeschichteten Prothesen aus nicht rostendem Stahl sind in Hanks-Lösung und an Implantaten an Hunden bestimmt worden. Diese Werkstoffe zeigen geringe Lochkorrosionsempfindlichkeit und starke Repassivierungsfähigkeit. Der Einfluß von Oberflächenrauhigkeit, Tauchzeit und der Homogenisierungsbehandlung auf das Lochfraßverhalten wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The breakdown and repassivation potentials of stainless steel-ceramic prostheses have been determined both in a Hanks' solution and in implants in dogs. These materials show low susceptibility to pitting corrosion as well as a high repassivation capability. The influence of surface roughness, exposure time and homogenization treatment on the pitting corrosion behaviour is studied.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 208-212 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Electrochemical investigation of the permeability, adhesion, and inhibition properties of plasma-polymer films on noble metal electrodesElectrodes were coated with thin acrylonitrile/argon plasma-polymer films and investigated with electrochemical techniques. The analysis of the impedance of the coated platinum electrodes in acidic electrolytes yielded the charge associated with the hydrogen electrosorption process. This is a measure for the fraction of the metal surface accessible to the electrolyte. Thus the “free” surface shortly after immersion of the coated electrodes was determined to range between 0.01-1%. Depending on the preparation parameters this fraction was observed to rise more slowly or rapidly, demonstrating differences in the stability of the metal-polymer bonds. The coating possesses membrane properties permitting the electrochemical investigation of the metal/polymer interface in presence of the intact film.
    Notes: Zur Charakterisierung des Verbundsystems Plasmapolymer/Metall wurden Elektroden in einem Acrylnitril/Argon Plasma beschichtet und in wäßrigen Medien mit elektrochemischen Methoden untersucht. Um Veränderungen der Metallseite auszuschließen, wurden Edelmetallelektroden verwendet. Aus Wechselstrommessungen mit den beschichteten Platinelektroden in Schwefelsäure konnte die elektrische Ladung bestimmt werden, die der Elektrosorption von Wasserstoff an freiem Platin entspricht. Dies ist ein Maß für den Anteil der Pt-Oberfläche, der für den Elektrolyten zugänglich ist. Kurz nach dem Eintauchen wurden etwa 0,01-1% derartig „freier“ Oberfläche nachgewiesen; mit der Zeit nahm dieser Anteil regelmäßig zu. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Schichten Membraneigenschaften haben. Somit läßt sich die Grenzfläche Metall/Polymer auch durch noch fest haftende Schicht hindurch analysieren. Insbesondere kann die zeitliche Zunahme der für den Elektrolyten zugänglichen Platinoberfläche, d.h. das Aufbrechen der Platin-Polymerbindungen als Funktion der Herstellungsbedingungen verfolgt werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 185-192 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation of corrosion in the development of decontamination solutions for nuclear systems. Part I: The corrosion behaviour of several nuclear materials in acid and alkaline redox solutionsThe corrosion behaviour of some nuclear materials has been investigated in two types of decontamination solutions - an acid and an alkaline redox system.In nitric cer(IV) solutions the metal dissolution of the low-alloy steel 21CrMo V 5 11 depends only on the concentration of the nitric acid. For the molybdenum alloy TZM as well as the stainless steel X10CrNiTi 18 9 and the nickel chromium alloy Nimonic 80 A, the metal dissolution depends on both the concentration of the nitric acid and the concentration of cer(IV). For 21CrMo V 5 11, the corrosion rates are two to four, and for TZM two to three orders of magnitude higher than for X10CrNiTi 18 9 and Nimonic 80 A. There is no danger of contact corrosion in galvanic couples between these materials.In alkaline permanganate solutions, the metal dissolution of the materials investigated are independent of the sodium hydroxide concentration. For 21 CrMo V 5 11, X10CrNiTi 18 9 and Nimonic 80 A the metal dissolution is not influenced by permanganate concentrations higher than 3 g/L. The corrosion behaviours of these materials are the same, and their corrosion rates are low.For the molybdenum alloy TZM, the metal dissolution increases with increasing permangate concentration; the metal loss is two orders of magnitude higher than for steels and Nimonic 80 A. In contact with the other more noble materials, the metal loss of TZM is increased by a factor of three to four by galvanic corrosion.In both types of solutions the dissolution of the metal is regular for the steels as well as for Nimonc 80 A, while it is uneven in the case of TZM.
    Notes: Das Korrosionsverhalten einiger Werkstoffe der Kerntechnik wurde in zwei Typen von Dekontaminationslösungen, einem sauren und einem alkalischen Redoxsystem, untersucht.In salpetersauren Cer(IV)-Lösungen wird die Metallauflösung an dem niedriglegierten Stahl 21 CrMo V 5 11 praktisch nur von der Salpetersäurekonzentration, an der Molybdänlegierung TZM sowie an X10CrNiTi 18 9 und der Nickelchromlegierung Nimonic 80 A sowohl von der Salpetersäure wie auch von der Ce(IV)-Konzentration der Lösung bestimmt. Die flächenbezogenen Massenverluste sind an 21CrMo V 5 11 um zwei bis vier Größenordnungen, an TZM bis zu zwei bis drei Größenordnungen größer als an X10CrNiTi 18 9 oder Nimonic 80 A. An Metallkombinationen besteht keine Kontaktkorrosionsgefahr.In alkalischen Permanganatlösungen sind die Massenverluste an den untersuchten Werkstoffen von der Natriumhydroxidkonzentration unabhängig, an 21CrMo V 5 11, an X10CrNiTi 18 9 und an Nimonic 80 A bei Permanganatgehalten ab 3 g/L auch von diesen nahezu unabhängig. Diese Werkstoffe unterscheiden sich in ihrem Korrosionsverhalten nicht und werden nur relativ schwach korrodiert. An der Molybdänlegierung TZM nimmt der Massenverlust mit der Permanganatkonzentration in der Lösung zu und ist um bis zu zwei Größenordnungen größer als an den Stählen und an Nimonic 80 A.An TZM ist bei Kontakt mit den anderen edleren Werkstoffen der Massenverlust drei- bis viermal größer als bei freier Korrosion.In beiden Lösungstypen ist der Metallabtrag an den Stählen und an Nimonic 80 A gleichmäßig flächenhaft, an TZM ungleichmäßig.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R173 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 432-433 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 433-436 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 437-440 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 400-400 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R111 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R112 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R112 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 313-321 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of stainless austenitic steels in almost anhydrous acetic acidAs-welded samples and looped specimens from 5 differently alloyed stainless steels were tested for up to 246 days in 99,5% to 99,95% acetic acid at 118°C (boiling temperature/normal pressure) and at 150°C; the chloride content was varied between 〈 1 and 100 ppm. Pitting corrosion - of shallow depth, however (approx. 0,1 mm) - was already observed at surprisingly low chloride concentrations. Only the following were found to be resistant to pitting corrosion: - stainless steels 1.4439 and 1.4539, containing approx. 4,5% molybdenum, in 99,5% acetic with 〈 1 ppm chloride at 118 and 150°C,- stainless steels 1.4439 and 1.4539 in 99,9% acetic acid with 〈 1 ppm chloride at 118°C, and- special stainless steel X 2 CrNiMoCuN 20 18 6, containing approx. 6% molybdenum, in 99,5% acetic acid with 〉 3, 〈 10 ppm chloride at 118 and 150°C.Looped specimens and ground as-welded samples showed no sensitivity to transcrystalline, chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking at any of the concentration ranges.High surface-removal rates can be expected if air has access to the specimens; under this condition pitting corrosion and general corrosion may overlap.Contamination of acetic acid with chlorides must be prevented under all circumstances.
    Notes: Schweißverbindungen und Schlaufenproben aus nichtrostenden austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-(Molybdän, Kupfer)-Stählen wurden in geschlossenen Gefäßen in 99,5 bis 99,95%igen, 〈 1 bis 100 ppm Chlorid enthaltenden Essigsäuren bei 118°C (Siedetemperatur/Normaldruck) und bei 150°C ausgelagert. Die Beanspruchungsdauer betrug bis zu 246 d. Lochkorrosion - allerdings geringer Tiefe - war bereits bei überraschend geringen Chlorid-Konzentrationen zu beobachten.Als lochkorrosionsbeständig erwiesen sich lediglich - die mit ca. 4,5% Molybdän legierten Werkstoffe 1.4439 und 1.4539 bei 118 und 150°C in 99,5%iger Essigsäure mit 〈 1 ppm Chlorid,- die Werkstoffe 1.4439 und 1.4539 bei 118°C in 99,9%iger Essigsäure mit 〈 1 ppm Chlorid sowie- der mit rd. 6% Molybdän legierte Sonderstahl X 2 CrNiMo-CuN 20 18 6 bei 118 und 150°C in 99,5%iger Essigsäure mit 3 ppm Chlorid.An Schlaufenproben und geschliffenen Schweißverbindungen war in allen Konzentrationsbereichen keine Anfälligkeit gegenüber transkristalliner, chloridinduzierter Spannungrißkorrosion festzustellen.Bei Luftzutritt sind hohe Abtragungsraten zu erwarten; Lochkorrosion und abtragende Korrosion können sich unter diesen Bedingungen überlagern.Verunreinigung von Essigsäure mit Chloriden ist unbedingt zu vermeiden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R164 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R166 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R172 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 148
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 401-405 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Korrosion von Metallen in oxidierend-chlorierend wirkenden Medien bei hoher TemperaturDas Verhalten von Metallen, welche die Basis von Hochtemperaturlegierungen bilden, wurde in einem Gasgemisch mit 5,5% Sauerstoff, 0,96% Chlorwasserstoff, 0,86% Schwefeldioxid, Rest Argon, bei 900°C untersucht. Damit sollten die Reaktionsprodukte charakterisiert werden, speziell die flüchtigen Verbindungen, welche die handelsüblichen Legierungen in einer solchen Umgebung besonders schädigen. Aufgrund von thermodynamischen Überlegungen können die Potentiale der reaktionsfähigen Verbindungen in dem Gasgemisch bestimmt werden, wobei die Korrelation mit den potentiellen Reaktionsprodukten möglich ist. In diesem Gasgemisch sind die Oxide von Nickel, Kobalt, Chrom, Molybdän und Wolfram die stabilen Phasen für die entsprechenden Metalle, d.h. daß bei der Einwirkung des Gasgemischs die entsprechenden Oxidzunderschichten entstehen. Indessen werden die Reaktionen durch die Bildung flüchtiger Korrosionsprodukte kompliziert; das gilt speziell für Nickel, Kobalt und Molybdän. Auf Chrom entsteht zwar ein Cr2O3-Zunder, doch gibt es Beweise dafür, daß chlorhaltige Verbindungen bis zur Zunder/Metall-Grenzschicht vordringen können. Der Oxidzunder auf Wolfram ist nicht sehr schützend und wächst rasch, während der Zunder auf Molybdän flüchtig ist, so daß das Grundmetall rasch verbraucht wird.
    Notes: An investigation has been undertaken into the behaviour of metals which form the basis of high-temperature alloys in an argon -5.5% oxygen -0.96% hydrogen chloride -0.86% sulphur dioxide gas mixture at 900°C. The intention has been to ascertain the reaction products, with particular emphasis on the formation of volatile species which can cause considerable degradation of commercial alloys in this environment. From consideration of the thermodynamics of the gas system, the potentials of the reactive species can be determined and correlated with the possible reaction products. In this gas mixture, the oxides of nickel, iron, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are the stable phases with respect to the corresponding metals. Indeed, on exposure of the metals to the environment, the appropriate oxide scales are developed. However, the reactions are complicated by formation of volatile corrosion products, particularly for nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. Although a Cr2O3 scale is established on chromium, there is evidence for penetration of chlorine-containing species to the scale/alloy interface. The oxide scale on tungsten is not very protective and thickens rapidly while that on molybdenum is volatile, resulting in rapid consumption of the specimen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 465-476 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of impedance spectroscopy for investigating oxide layers on aluminium alloys submitted to different surface pretreatment and corrosion in high temperature waterReferring to investigations of the corrosion behaviour of AlNiFe and AlSiNi alloys in pressurized high temperature water (HTW) at 473 K, impedance measurements were put into practice in ammonium tartrate solution at 298 K for a variety of electrodes which had been submitted to hydrothermal, chemical or anodic pretreatment methods as well as to HTW corrosion tests. The impedance behaviour in the 10-3-105 Hz range proved to be mainly dependent on both the kind of pretreatment and the hydrodynamic conditions during corrosion.The analysis of the impedance spectra was accomplished by deconvolution and fitting methods on the basis of different equivalent circuit models. It was concluded that all the oxide types contain a thin nonporous sublayer, whereas diffusion control occurs within the pores of the covering layer on top.
    Notes: Ausgehend von Untersuchungen zum Korrosionsverhalten von AlNiFe- und AlSiNi-Legierungen in Hochtemperaturdruckwasser (HTDW) bei 473 K, wurden Impedanzmessungen in Ammoniumtartratlösung bei 298 K an einer Vielzahl von Behandlungszuständen vorgenommen. Die Impedanzspektren im Bereich 10-3-105 Hz wurden in erster Linie von der Art des Vorbehandlungsverfahrens sowie von den hydrodynamischen Bedingungen während der HTDW-Korrosionsbeanspruchung beeinflußt.Zur Analyse der Spektren wurden auf der Grundlage unterschiedlicher Ersatzschaltbild-Modelle Extrapolations- und Suchverfahren für die Parameterbestimmung herangezogen. Die bei überwiegend sehr guter Anpassung erhaltenen Ergebnisse belegen, daß in den Poren der z.T. kristallinen Deckschichten eine Diffusionshemmung auftritt und unabhängig vom Oxidtyp eine dünne porenfreie Unterschicht existiert.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 480-484 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 151
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 345-347 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 153
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  • 154
    ISSN: 0947-5117
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 155
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  • 156
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 157
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 354-354 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 158
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R205 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 159
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 160
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R120 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 161
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R131 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 162
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R137 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R136 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 164
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R138 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 165
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R138 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 166
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 167
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The adsorption of chloride on austenitic Cr-Ni-steel at high temperaturesUsing the radioactive isotope chlorine-36 and nuclear physical measuring methods (gas-flow radiation detector, autoradiography) chloride adsorbed on metal surfaces can be detected with a detection limit of 10-10 g cm-2 and a local resolution of at least 5 μm. This method was developed for investigating the chloride adsorption on the protective layers on an austenitic Cr-Ni-Steel (X 8 CrNiTi 18.10) under high temperature conditions at 250°C. Three different kinds of chloride adsorption could be distinguished: homogeneous chloride distribution across the whole surface, high localized chloride concentrations in places of local corrosion attack and local deposition of chloride by heat and mass transfer. The results obtained enabled attack concepts for the mechanism of action of the chloride were derived. Potential applications of this method to the rapid detection of chlorideinduced corrosion processes (pitting corrosion, stress corrosion cracking or crevice corrosion) or to the quantitative estimation of thermohydraulic concentration processes are mentioned.
    Notes: Durch Verwendung des radioaktiven Isotops Chlor-36 und kernphysikalischer Meßmethoden (Gasdurchflußzählrohr, Autoradiographie) kann an Stahloberflächen adsorbiertes Chlorid mit einer Nach-weisgrenze von 10-10 g/cm2 bei einem lokalen Auflösungsvermögen von mindestens 5 μm nachgewiesen werden. Diese Methode wurde benutzt, um die Chloridadsorption an den Schutzschichten eines austenitischen Cr-Ni-Stahls (X 8 CrNiTi 18 10) bei hohen Temperaturen (250°C) zu untersuchen. Dabei konnten drei unterschiedliche Arten der Chloridadsorption festgestellt werden: gleichmäßig flächenhafter Belag, hohe, örtlich begrenzte Chloridkonzentration an Stellen des lokalen Korrosionsangriffs und lokale Anreicherung von Chlorid durch Wärme- und Stofftransportvorgänge. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Vorstellungen zum Wirkmechanismus des Chlorids abgeleitet. Auf die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methode zum schnellen Nachweis eines chloridinduzierten Korrosionsprozesses (Lochfraß-, Spannungsriß- oder Spaltkorrosion) bzw. zur quantitativen Bewertung von thermohydraulischen Anreicherungsprozessen wird hingewiesen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 583-588 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fotoakustische Untersuchung der kathodischen Reduktion von Oxidfilmen auf Kupfer in BoratlösungenEine fotoakustische in situ-Technik mit einem piezoelektrischen Detektor hoher Empfindlichkeit wurde zur Untersuchung von Oxid-Duplexschichten verwendet, die durch Anodisieren von Kupfer in Boratlösung (pH 8,4) erzeugt worden waren. Die fotoakustischen Signale, die von der Kupferelektrode ausgehen, wurden durch Bestrahlen mit einem Lichtstrahl der Wellenlänge von 514,5 nm erzeugt.Während der kathodischen Reduktion der äußeren Oxidschicht (zu Cu2O) ändert sich die Amplitude der fotoakustischen Wellen in charakteristischer Weise, abhängig vom Anodenpotential der Filmbildung und der Oxidationsdauer. Wenn man annimmt, daß die Änderung der Amplitude proportional dem optischen Absorptionskoeffizienten und der Filmdicke ist, so läßt sich durch einen Vergleich der geschätzten Absorptionskoeffizienten für Cu(OH)2, CuO und CuO0,67 schließen, daß die Dehydratisierung der äußeren Schicht (mit der mittleren Zusammensetzung CuOx(OH)2-2x) mit zunehmendem Anodenpotential der Filmbildung und mit der Oxidationsdauer zunimmt.Außerdem wurde festgestellt, daß die Änderung der Amplitude der fotoakustischen Wellen während der kathodischen Reduktion des gesamten Cu2O-Films (wobei die innere Schicht zu metallischem Kupfer reduziert wird) proportional der für die kathodischen Reduktion erforderlichen Ladung ist; das bedeutet, daß die elektrische Ladung, unabhängig vom Anodenpotential der Filmbildung und der Oxidationsdauer, von der Filmdicke abhängt, wodurch die Gültigkeit der obigen Voraussetzung bewiesen ist.
    Notes: An in-situ photoacoustic (PAS) technique, using a piezoelectric detector with high sensitivity was applied to the study on duplex oxide films anodically formed on copper in pH 8.4 borate solution. The PAS signals from the copper electrode were produced by an irradiation of light beam with a wavelength of 514.5 nm.The PAS amplitude during cathodic reduction of the outer oxide layer to Cu2O changed in the opposite direction, depending on the anodic potential of film formation and oxidation time. Assuming that the change in PAS amplitude is proportional to both optical absorption coefficient and film thickness, it was deduced from comparison of the estimated absorption coefficients for Cu (OH)2, CuO and CuO0.67 films that dehydration of the outer layer having an average composition of CuOx (OH)2-2x proceeded with increasing anodic potential of film formation and oxidation time during growth of the duplex oxide film.Moreover, it was found that the change in PAS amplitude during cathodic reduction of the total Cu2O film involving the inner layer to metallic copper was proportional to the electric charge required for cathodic reduction, i.e., the film thickness, irrespective of anodic potential of film formation and oxidation time, which proved the validity of the above assumption.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 169
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R221 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 170
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 574-582 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility of titanium alloys for implantsGenerally titanium alloys have proved to be suitable for implants. But there exist scruples concerning to toxic alloying elements, which were the reason to start comparative examinations with various kinds of titanium alloys. Because of bad reproducibility and high expenditure the obvious way to qualify different alloys by biocompatibility was not practicable. Therefore those properties which can be regarded as prerequisites of good biocompatibility were tested in saline. These are high corrosion resistance and high resistance of the passive layers. Extensive tests demonstrated the suitability of all alloys but no significant differences between titanium and its alloys TiAl6V4, TiAl5Fe2,5, TiAl7Mo4 and TiAl5Nb7. High variances and outlayers indicate that surface treatment is more important than chemical compositions of titanium alloys.
    Notes: Titanlegierungen haben sich als Implantatwerkstoffe im allgemeinen gut bewährt. Es werden jedoch Bedenken gegen toxische Legierungselemente geäußert, die der Anlaß einer vergleichenden Untersuchung verschiedener Titanlegierungen waren. Die naheliegendste Unterscheidung der Qualitäten nach ihrer Biokompatibilität erschien wegen der schlechten Reproduzierbarkeit und des hohen Aufwandes nicht zielführend. Es wurden daher jene Eigenschaften in physiologischer Kochsalzlösung untersucht, die als Voraussetzung guter Biokompatibilität angesehen werden können. Das sind eine hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit und ein hoher Widerstand der Passivschichten. Eine eingehende Untersuchung beider Eigenschaften ergab ein günstiges Verhalten aller Legierungen, aber keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Titan und seinen Legierungen TiAl6V4, TiAl15Fe2,5, TiAl7Mo4 und TiAl6Nb7. Große Streuungen und Ausreißer weisen darauf hin, daß die Behandlung der Oberfläche von größerem Einfluß ist als die chemische Zusammensetzung der Legierungen des Titans.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 610-610 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zur Spaltkorrosion von Aluminium in chloridhaltigen LösungenUnterhalb der Potentialschwelle für stabilen Lochfraß (Lochfraß-potential) wurden potentiostatische Versuche zur Spaltkorrosion des Aluminiums in 1 N NaCl-Lösung durchgeführt. Hierfür wurden polierte Proben teilweise mit einer Glasfolie abgedeckt. Zum Vergleich dienten Messungen an unabgedeckten poly- und einkristallinen Proben in neutraler und angesäuerter 1 N NaCl-Lösung sowie in AlCl3-Lösungen. Die Angriffsmorphologie wurde rasterelektronenmikroskopisch beurteilt. Bei Spaltkorrosionsexperimenten ist im Strom-Zeit-Verlauf deutlich eine Inkubations- und eine Ausbreitungsphase erkenntlich. Nach Abbruch der Versuche während der Inkubationszeit wurden im Spalt kleine Lochfraßstellen gefunden. Dieser instabile Mikrolochfraß konnte bis zu 0.30 V unterhalb des Lochfraßpotentials nachgewiesen werden. Dagegen wird nach dem Einsetzen der Spaltkorrosion die Aluminumoberfläche allgemein angegriffen. In einem Bereich von 0.2 V unterhalb des Lochfraßpotentials erfolgt der Angriff dellenartig. Bei negativeren Potentialen setzt kristallographisch orientierte Metallauflösung ein. Diese beiden Angriffsformen wurden auch auf unabgedeckten Proben nach Halteversuchen im gleichen Potentialbereich in 1 N AlCl3- und in angesäuerter 1 N NaCl-Lösung festgestellt. Die Ausbildung eines sauren Elektrolyten wird daher als die hinreichende Voraussetzung zum Auslösen von Spaltkorrosion angesehen.
    Notes: To study crevice corrosion of pure aluminum, polished specimens partly covered with a glass foil were polarized potentiostatically in 1 N NaCl-solution at potentials negative to the critical potential for stable pitting (pitting potential). For comparison, non-crevice experiments were performed on polycrystalline and singlecrystalline material in neutral as well as acidified 1 N NaCl-solution and in AlCl3-solutions. Corrosion morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In current-time plots recorded during experiments on crevice corrosion, both an incubation and a propagation stage are discernible. If experiments were interrupted during the induction period, micropits were found inside the crevice. This unstable micropitting is detectable down to 0.30 V below the pitting potential. In contrast, during crevice corrosion propagation, the aluminum surface undergoes general attack. In a range of 0.2 V below the pitting potential, dimpled surfaces are produced. At more negative potentials, metal dissolution occurs crystallographically oriented. An identical behaviour was detected on unshielded samples polarized in the same potential range in both 1 N AlCl3- and acidified 1 N NaCl-solution. Hence, the build-up of an acidic electrolyte is considered the sufficient requirement for crevice corrosion initiation.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einfluß des Deltaferritgehalts auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von mit Stahl 316 plattierten MetallenAustenitische Plattierungen mit Stahl 316 wurden durch Schutzgas-Metall-Lichtbogenschweißen und Unterpulverschweißen mit Elektroden aus 316 L auf niedrig gekohltem Kesselblech (SA 515 Gr 60) hergestellt, wobei Stahl 309 L als Sperrschicht mittels Unterpulverschwei-ßen aufgebracht wurde. Der Wärmeeintrag beim Schweißen wurde variiert, um in der Plattierung unterschiedliche Ferritgehalte einzustellen. Die plattierten Proben wurden nach dem Schweißen wärmebehandelt (650°C, 50 und 200 h). Die oberste Plattierungsschicht wurde abgetragen und die Proben anschließend auf Anfälligkeit für interkristalline Korrosion untersucht (ASTM A-262-75, A, B, C und E, d.h. 10% Oxalsäure, elektrolytisch, Eisensulfat + 50% ige Schwefelsäure; 65%ige Salpetersäure; Kupfer/Kupfersulfat -16%ige Schwefelsäure); außerdem wurde auch ein ätzversuch bei kontrolliertem Potential durchgefüuhrt.Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß der Ferritgehalt der Plattierung mit zunehmender Stromstärke abnimmt. Der Anteil des umgewandelten Ferrits nach der Wärmebehandlung nach dem Schweißen war in den Plattierungen mit niedrigem Wärmeeintrag und hohem Ferritgehalt etwas erhöht. Die Wärmebehandlung im Anschluß an das Schweißen führte zum Sprödbruch von Plattierungen mit hohem Ferritgehalt (〉 als 10%).Der Korrosionsangriff des Ferrits ist abhängig vom jeweiligen Medium: 65% ige Schwefelsäure treibt den Ferrit bevorzugt an, während in Eisensulfat-Schwefelsäure der Ferrit intakt bleibt, der Austenit hingegen angegriffen wird. Keine der untersuchten Proben war im unbehandelten Plattierungszustand oder nach Wärmebehandlung anfällig für interkristalline Korrosion in Kupfer/Kupfersulfat -16% Schwefelsäure. Proben mit niedrigem Ferritgehalt (3,55%), die nach dem Schweißen wärmebehandelt wurde, wiesen an der Grenzfläche zwischen zwei benachbarten Schichten Korngrenzenausscheidungen auf. Im allgemeinen hat sich der Ferrit als günstig für das Korrosions-verhalten von plattierten Metallen nach Wärmebehandlung erwiesen. Der Wärmeeintrag im untersuchten Bereich führte zu keiner wesentlichen Beeinflussung der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit.
    Notes: Austenitic claddings of type 316 were obtained by SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) and SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) processes, using type 316 L electrodes on low carbon boiler steel (SA 515 Gr 60) with type 309 L as a barrier layer deposited by the SAW process. Welding heat input was changed in order to obtain different ferrite contents in the cladding. The clad samples were post-weld heat treated at 650°C for 50 and 200 h. The top layer of the cladding was removed and the specimens were then subjected to intergranular corrosion tests (ASTM A-262-75, practices A, B, C and E, viz. 10% oxalic acid electrolytic etch; ferric sulfate -50% sulfuric acid; 65% nitric acid and copper-copper sulfate -16% sulfuric acid tests) and controlled potential etching test.The study indicated that the ferrite content of the cladding decreases with increasing current. Ferrite transformed after PWHT (post weld heat treatment) was relatively more in claddings obtained with low heat input and containing high ferrite content in the as-clad condition. PWHT led to brittle fracture of high ferrite claddings (above 10 FN).The corrosion attack of ferrite was found to depend on environment. 65% nitric acid attacked ferrite preferentially, whereas in acid-ferric sulfate, ferrite was intact and austenite was attacked. No sample exhibited susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in the as-clad or PWHT conditions in the copper-copper sulfate -16% acid test. However, PWHT specimens with low ferrite contents (3.55 FN) exhibited grain boundary precipitation at the interface of two adjacent layers. In general, ferrite was found to be beneficial in controlling corrosion rates of clad metals after PWHT. Heat input, within the range studied, did not affect the corrosion rates significantly.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R53 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R60 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R68 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The influence of iron pick-up on the corrosion properties of NiCu30Fe/steel clad materialsThe influence of iron pick-up on the corrosion properties of overlay and butt weldings of NiCu30Fe/steel cald materials was investigated by electrochemical tests in aerated artificial sea water (ASTM Standard D 1141-75) at 25, 50 und 80°C and by exposure to sea water in a sea water test rig on Helgoland. NiCu30Fe plates with defined Fe contents between 0% and 14% were used for comparison. On the Fe being distributed homogeneously, no negative influence of the iron on the pitting resistance was noted in aerated artifical sea water of 25°C up to an Fe content of 10%. The pitting resistance increases with rising temperature (50 and 80°C) and the Fe influence increases slightly. On exposure to sea water on Helgoland, the corrosion in the subtidal zone is mainly caused by marine growth resulting in the formation of shallow pits. In the tidal zone, Fe contents of more than 6.7% cause rust pittings at very low integral corrosion rates (≤0.002 mm/a). With integral Fe contents of between 0.5% and 3% in the final pass, the overlay welds have the same good corrosion resistance properties as commercial NiCu30Fe plate material. The compound butt welds exhibit slight pitting in the weld metal and the heat-affected zone which cannot be conclusively attributed to Fe pick-up but is rather due to the different free corrosion potentials of the NiCu30Mn(Ti) weld metal and the NiCu30Fe cladding material. In the tidal zone which is the preferential application of NiCu30Fe corrosion rates are less than 0.01 mm/a for all specimens welded by different welding methods. Iron contents of up to 8% which can be met by all welding methods when welded in two layers have no negative effect on the corrosion properties.
    Notes: Durch elektrochemische Versuche in belüftetem künstlichem Meerwasser (ASTM-Norm D 1141-75) bei 25,50 und 80°C und durch Auslagerung in einem Meerwasserprüfstand auf Helgoland wurden die Korrosionseigenschaften von Auftrags- und Verbindungsschweißungen der Verbundwerkstoffe NiCu30Fe/Stahl im Hinblick auf den Einfluß einer Fe-Aufmischung untersucht. Zum Vergleich dienten NiCu30Fe-Bleche mit definierten Fe-Gehalten zwischen 0 und 14%Alle Angaben in Masse-%.. Bei homogener Fe-Verteilung wird in belüftetem KMW von 25°C bis zu einem Fe-Gehalt von 10% kein negativer Einfluß des Eisens auf die Lochfraßbeständigkeit gefunden. Mit steigender Temperatur (50 und 80°C) verschlechtert sich die Lochfraßbeständigkeit, und der Fe-Einfluß nimmt geringfügig zu. Bei der Beanspruchung in Meerwasser, Helgoland, wird in der Dauertauchzone die Korrosion in erster Linie durch den maritimen Bewuchs bestimmt, der zu muldenförmigem Korrosionsangriff führt. In der Wechseltauchzone verursachen bei sehr niedrigen integralen Abtragungsraten Fe-Gehalte deutlich oberhalb 6,7% die Bildung von feinen rosthaltigen Lokalkorrosionsstellen. Die Verbindungsschweißungen lassen leichte Lochfraßerscheinungen im Schweißgutbereich erkennen, die wahrscheinlich weniger auf eine Fe-Aufmischung als auf das gegenüber dem Grundwerkstoff leicht abgesenkte freie Korrosionspotential des Schweißgutes zurückzuführen sind. Mit integralen Fe-Gehalten in der Decklage zwischen 0,5 und 3% haben die Auftragschweißungen eine gleich gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit wie handelsübliches NiCu30Fe-Blech.In der Wechseltauchzone, dem vorwiegenden Anwendungsbereich, zeigt der nach unterschiedlichen Schweißverfahren geschweißte Werkstoff mit Abtragungsraten 〈 0,01 mm/a eine gute Beständigkeit. Dabei haben Fe-Gehalte bis etwa 8% Fe, die mit zweilagigen Schweißungen nach allen bekannten Schweißverfahren eingehalten werden können, keinen negativen Einfluß auf die Korrosionsbeständigkeit.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Avoidance of hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels during electroplating processes by thermal alloyingLow alloyed high strength steels are often electroplated by metal layers protecting against corrosion. For ultra high strength, quenched and tempered steels with yield strengths 〉 1000 Nmm-2 embrittlement by hydrogen being envolved during the electrochemical pretreatment as well as metal deposition has to be avoided. More over the corrosion protecting layers should form a diffusion barrier for hydrogen which can be formed during corrosion processes under special circumstances. In this paper two problem solutions including thermal alloying processes will be discussed.Plating the steel substrate with a nickel layer subsequently annealed at a temperature above 800°C in an inert gas atmosphere an austenitic iron-nickel-alloy at the boundary is formed, being a high efficient diffusion barrier for hydrogen. Further zinc plating is improving the corrosion resistance avoiding at the same time pitting corrosion problems.Plating the steel substrate with a copper and a following nickel layer on top and annealing it at the temperature of 800°C a highly corrosion resistant copper-nickel-alloy is formed showing excellent barrier behaviour for hydrogen diffusion. In both cases hydrogen being formed during the plating process itself and penetrating into the base metal does not lead to embrittlement as it is effusing during the annealing procedure.
    Notes: Niedriglegierte, hochfeste Stähle werden häufig gegen Korrosion durch galvanotechnisch abgeschiedene Metallschichten geschützt. Bei hochfest vergüteten Werkstoffen mit Streckgrenzen über 1000 Nmm-2 muß eine infolge des bei der galvanotechnischen Vorbehandlung sowie Metallabscheidung ebenfalls entwickelten Wasserstoffs mögliche Versprödung vermieden werden. Darüber hinaus sollen die vor Korrosion schützenden Schichten gleichzeitig eine Diffusionsbarriere gegen hierbei unter bestimmten Bedingungen ebenfalls entwickelten Wasserstoff bilden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei mögliche Lösungswege unter Einbeziehung thermischer Legierungsbildung diskutiert.Durch Abscheidung einer Nickelschicht und eine anschließende Temperaturbehandlung oberhalb von 800°C in einer Schutzgasatmosphäre wird eine austenitische Eisen-Nickel-Legierungszone gebildet, die eine wirksame Diffusionsbarriere für Wasserstoff formt. Eine anschließende galvanotechnische Zinkabscheidung führt zur weiteren Verbesserung des Korrosionsschutzes und vermeidet eine mögliche Lochkorrosion.Die Abscheidung einer Kupfer- und nachfolgend einer Nickelschicht auf dem Stahl-Grundwerkstoff führt bei einer Temperaturbehandlung von 800°C zur Bildung einer hochkorrosionsbeständigen Kupfer-Nickel-Legierung, die gleichzeitig eine ausgezeichnete Diffusionsbarriere für Wasserstoff darstellt. Der bei den galvanotechnischen Prozessen in den Stahl eindiffundierende Wasserstoff ist in beiden Fällen infolge der Temperaturbehandlung unwirksam.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 179-180 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 268-268 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 114-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R19 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 183-183 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 183-183 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. 184-184 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R98 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R69 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R72 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R1 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R79 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 39 (1988), S. R18 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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