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  • 1980-1984  (348)
  • 1982  (348)
  • Engineering  (261)
  • Ultrastructure  (87)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 954-955 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 959-966 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Presented herein are methods to generate special interpolation formulae of the following type: (i) C0 continuous interpolation over triangular elements which induces a given type of singularity for the first derivatives at one of the vertices, and yet preserves ‘rigid and constant strain’ motions, (ii) C1 continuous interpolation over triangular elements which induces a given type of singularity for second derivatives at one of the vertices.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1019-1029 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An explicit algorithm which gives stable finite-difference schemes, of order of accuracy greater than two, for solving a quasi-linear hyperbolic system of partial differential equations in several space dimensions is presented. Third and fourth order accuracy schemes are derived using this algorithm. The fourth order scheme needs fewer flux evaluations than the scheme given by Abarbanel and Gottlieb.1 Numerical results obtained show that these schemes have the expected accuracy and stability.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1063-1076 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Displacement formulated singular elements are compared to isoparametric quarter-node elements. The total stress and displacement solution for each element is decomposed into singular and regular components for evaluating stress intensity factors. Specific relationships between nodal displacements and the singular component of stress are presented for the isoparametric element at selected locations within the element. Numerical results for KI and KII in the slant crack problem are presented. The singular components are shown to produce superior results when considering crack opening displacements.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1197-1211 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A compact FORTRAN subroutine for reducing unsymmetric band matrices (in-core solution) is presented. As usual, the zeros inside the band are skipped during the Gauss elimination. However, the theme of the paper is centred on a new approach in applying the above-mentioned band solver to transient problems. The approach results in considerable saving of computational time while also achieving reduction in memory space. This double advantage makes it particularly useful in handling dynamic real world problems. Extension of the use of the algorithm to moving boundary problems is indicated.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1245-1248 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Simplicial finite elements have many symmetries, which are commonly exploited in programs to save computing time and storage. All possible permutations of the interpolation functions of an N-simplex can be expressed in terms of N basic permutation operations. The relevant permutation matrices are given for triangles up to order 20 and tetrahedra up to order 10.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1265-1270 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1297-1311 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two new finite elements are developed for the Mindlin theory plate bending problem. The formulation is based on the modified Hellinger-Reissner principle with independent transverse shear strains. Numerical examples indicate that, with properly assumed transverse shear strains, these new elements designated as PLAT8 and PLAT8H do not exhibit locking effect even for very thin plates.
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1375-1384 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Integration over triangles where the integrand contains a singularity at one of the vertices is considered in this paper. The applications for such problems arise in using the boundary element method. Low order formulae are presented and compared to previous methods where the singularity was not considered.
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1401-1411 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An exact expression is derived for the potential due to a uniform source distribution over a triangular domain. This expression, which is valid for arbitrary field points, is important for the numerical solution of electromagnetic field problems. Numerical values of the potential are calculated by using the expression obtained, and are compared with the results derived by numerical integration.
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  • 112
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1423-1423 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 113
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1425-1427 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 114
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1455-1468 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Hybrid stress elements are known to provide accurate results for analyses of plate bending; in particular, for the prediction of moment distribution. The construction of hybrid stiffness matrix requires numerical inversion of a moment matrix, evaluation of some relatively complicated boundary integrals and several matrix transformations. Each of these operations can be time-consuming, and the matrix inversion can result in a loss of numerical accuracy.This paper devises methods to explicitly invert the moment matrices. We find that for triangular elements the inverse is independent of the element shape and is only inversely proportional to its size. We also use a novel set of displacement variables, which greatly simplifies the boundary integration. The displacement variables are chosen in a hierarchical form so that lower order elements can be determined by straightforward reduction of excess terms in a higher order element. Except for the nodal displacements at the vertices, the present approach involves only variables at the midpoints of the sides of an element.
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1505-1520 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper deals with the theoretical and numerical treatment of dynamic unilateral problems. The governing equations are formulated as an equivalent variational inequality expressing D' Alembert's principle in its inequality form. The discretization with respect to time and space leads to a static nonlinear programming problem which is solved by an appropriate algorithm. Some properties of dynamic unilateral problems are outlined and the influence of several parameters on the solution is investigated by means of numerical examples.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1565-1568 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of warping displacement functions for the torsional stiffness representation of beams with rectangular cross-sections is studied. These functions can directly be employed in the displacement-based formulation of Hermitian and isoparametric three-dimensional beam elements for linear, elastic-plastic or large displacement/large rotation analysis. the results of some studies are given to demonstrate the applicability and use of the proposed functions.
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  • 117
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1583-1585 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1601-1611 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A closed solution for dynamic problems with the transform technique is possible for linear behaviour only. Therefore, a strategy for the solution involving nonlinear material behaviour has been developed. Herewith, an iterative equalization is made possible by the repeated transform of the differential equations given through the initial strain method.
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1679-1684 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1719-1732 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional linear elastodynamic analysis of crack initiation, fast crack propagation and crack arrest in the DCB specimen is presented. The analysis is performed using the previously developed SMF2D code in its generation mode. The experimentally measured crack tip motion, as well as the specimen's geometry and its material characteristics, serve as input to the simulation. The dynamic stress intensity factor, the dynamic energy release rate and the various distributions of energies are subsequently evaluated. The numerical results are found to be in very good agreement with analytical and experimental findings.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1733-1735 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The solution of a fourth order differential equation, which governs a number of problems in structural mechanics and possibly elsewhere, is considered. It is shown how the use of complex arithmetic can be avoided in the computation.
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1739-1740 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 123
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1765-1784 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A powerful new finite boundary concept of seeking field solution, at few selected regions in the solution domain, is introduced. Also a highly economical finite boundary method (FBM) which would greatly reduce the size of the coefficient matrix of the resulting system of simultaneous algebraic equations, requiring lesser computer memory and lesser computing time, is developed. Fluid flow fields governed by the basic elliptic partial differential equations - the Laplace's and the Poisson's equations - in two independent variables are mainly considered. The computational merits of the FBM are shown by solving, as an example, a simple representative flow problem, and the relevant computational finite boundary formulae are given in tabular form. The formulae are numerically derived based on a generalized method presented here. The added feature of the FBM is that it proves to be equally economical even when the solution is sought in the entire flow domain. The problem of steady-state viscous flows governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, the system of two simultaneous partial differential equations - the Poisson's equation and the vorticity transport equation - makes the FBM doubly economical. The possibility of developing an efficient hybrid computational algorithm, for curved problem boundaries, in conjunction with the finite element method, is discussed. The extension of FBM to transient, non-elliptic problems and to three-dimensional problem fields is also indicated. The FBM has been discussed in a more detailed manner so as to clearly bring out the advantages of the new finite boundary concept.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1801-1820 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Fourier series solution is presented for a system of first-order partial differential equations which describe the linear elastic behaviour of a thick rectangular plate resting on an elastic foundation and carrying an arbitrary transverse load. The lateral edges of the plate are unstressed. A central step in the method for solving the system of equations is to combine a complementary function with a particular solution of the system in order to satisfy the boundary conditions. The complementary function is the sum of two series. The terms of the first series are products of a Fourier term in one space variable with the solution of an eigenvalue problem in the other space variable. The second series is similar and comes from reversing the roles of the space variables.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1855-1871 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element nonlinear shell model has been developed using Reissner's symmetrically loaded shell-of-revolution theory. This model is capable of modelling nonlinear strains, large rotations and nonlinear materials. This paper discusses the limitations of this model by deriving the basic equations and describing the simplifying assumptions used in the theory and the model. Possible extensions of the model are discussed also.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 259-271 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid stress finite element procedure for the solution of bending stress intensity factors of a plate with a through-the-thickness crack is presented. Reissner's sixth-order plate theory including the effects of transverse shear deformation is used. The dominant singular crack tip stress field is embedded in the crack tip singular elements and only regular polynomial functions are assumed in the far field elements. The stress intensity factors can be calculated directly from the crack tip singular stress solution functions. The effects of the plate thickness, the ratio between the crack size and the inplane dimension of the plate, and the singular element size on the stress intensity factor solution are investigated.The effects of the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces, which are the natural boundary conditions in the present hybrid stress finite element model, are also investigated. The numerical results of bending of a plate with a straight central crack compare favourably with analytical solutions. It is also found that the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces is mandatory to obtain meaningful results for the Mode I type of bending stress intensity factor.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 477-502 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically nonlinear formulation using total Lagrangian approach is presented for the axisymmetric shell elements. The basic element is formulated using the co-ordinates of the mid-surface nodes and the mid-surface nodal point normals. An important aspect of the formulation presented here is that the restriction on the magnitude of the nodal rotations is eliminated. This is accomplished by retaining true nonlinear nodal rotation terms in the definition of the displacement field and the consistent derivation of the element properties based on this displacement field. The element properties are derived and presented in detail. Numerical examples are also presented to demonstrate the element behaviour and the accuracy.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 775-781 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 798-798 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 801-828 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Hybrid-stress eight-node isoparametric multilayer plate elements are developed for the analysis of thin to thick fibre-reinforced composite plates. Transverse shear deformation effects are incorporated by allowing a linear through-thickness displacement variation for in-plane displacements in each layer, with displacement continuity enforced along interlayer surfaces. An alternative, kinematically constrained through-thickness displacement distribution is also studied, characterized by laminate reference plane displacements and non-normal rotations. All stress components are included and are interpolated independently within each layer; interlayer surface traction continuity and laminate upper/lower surface traction-free conditions are satisfied exactly. Alternative forms of in-plane stress distributions are examined and the best is shown to be based on a rationale used previously for single layer hybrid-stress plate elements to avoid locking in the thin plate limit. Selected example problems are used to demonstrate the convergence and effects of plate thickness for each of the elements, and limited stress results serve to verify the expected optimal sampling points.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 879-895 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A transitional shell finite element which is useful for the analysis of shells of revolution with local deviations is developed. For the analysis of such a structure, rotational shell elements may be used in the axisymmetric portion of the shell, while general shell elements are needed in the region where deviations create a local non-axisymmetry. The transitional shell element connects these two different types of elements. To facilitate the transition, a line node, which can accommodate any type of shape function, is developed. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the new element.
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  • 132
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 863-878 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A direct vector combination procedure is developed for the formulation of finite element stiffness matrices. Only the homogeneous solution modes to governing equations of a problem and a uniquely defined interpolation displacement function along the element boundary are used to generate pairs of nodal displacement and nodal force vectors. The stiffness matrix is obtained by a simple multiplication of the nodal displacement and nodal force vectors. The element formed passes all the higher order patch tests for the order of solution modes included in the formulation. However, the stiffness matrix may become unsymmetrical. Restoring symmetry leads to compromising some of the higher order patch test performances. The present procedure is shown to have direct relations to those of the displacement model and the hybrid stress model. The present procedure presents new possibilities for the improvement of element performance. The procedure itself can also be used to study the limitations of element behaviour.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 945-948 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A common cause of costly abortive computer structural analysis runs is the failure to identify and constrain linear dependencies inthe stiffness matrix, most of which results from axis transformation. This paper describes a very simple and economical method for automatic constraining the linear dependencies in structure made up of plates and beams. It can be easily installed in general-purpose finite element programs.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 954-954 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1031-1044 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model for the calculation of the three-dimensional thermal history of a composite cylinder, during girth welding by the TIG method, is presented. The solution is obtained by the alternating direction implicit finite difference method. The model takes into consideration the distribution of the heat input from the welding arc, the heat losses from the cylinder by radiation and convection, the dependence of the physical properties of the metal on the temperature and the solid-liquid phase transformation. The effects of the efficiency coefficient of the welding arc, of the effective arc radius and of heat transfer coefficients on the thermal history are presented.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1249-1252 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1264-1264 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1313-1319 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for solving two-point boundary value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is described. It needs three function evaluations for each sub-interval and is of order O(h7), where h is the space chop. Results of computational experiments comparing this method with other known methods are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 737-754 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper reports on an experimental study of the effectiveness of high order numerical methods applied to linear elliptic partial differential equations whose solutions have singularities or similar difficulties (e.g. boundary layers, sharp peaks). Three specific hypotheses are established with high levels of statistical confidence to support the general conclusion: there is a strong correlation between the order of a method and its efficiency. Higher order is better.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 782-791 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A rational function is presented for approximating the function f(z)=coth z-1/z that appears in several exponentially fitted or weighted finite difference and finite element methods for convection-diffusion problems. The approximation is less expensive to evaluate than f(z) and provides greater accuracy than the doubly asymptotic approximation when z = O(n1).
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  • 142
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1429-1454 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Simple mixed models are developed for the geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells. A total Lagrangian description of the shell deformation is used, and the analytical formulation is based on a form of the nonlinear shallow shell theory with the effects of transverse shear deformation and bending-extensional coupling included. The fundamental unknowns consist of eight stress resultants and five generalized displacements of the shell, and the element characteristic arrays are obtained by using the Hellinger-Reissner mixed variational principle. The polynomial interpolation (or shape) functions used in approximating the stress resultants are, in general, of different degree than those used for approximating the generalized displacements. The stress resultants are discontinuous at the element boundaries and are eliminated on the element level.The equivalence and ‘near-equivalence’ between the mixed models developed herein and displacement models based on reduced/selective integration of both transverse shear and extensional energy terms is discussed. The use of reduction methods in conjunction with the mixed models is outlined and the advantages of mixed models over displacement models are delineated. Analytic expressions are derived for the rigid-body and spurious (or zero energy) models for the various mixed models and their equivalent displacement models. Also, the advantages of mixed models over equivalent displacement models are outlined. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the mixed models developed, and to compare their performance with other mixed models reported in the literature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1581-1581 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1623-1654 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A frontal solution program is presented, based on the original work of Irons, published in 1970. The main drawback of the original frontal solution program that the complete front matrix has to reside in core has been overcome by ‘partitioning’ the front matrix. The programming strategy has been optimized to (a) minimize the number of I/O operations on the partitioned front-matrix (b) optimize the speed of I/O transfer between high speed memory and slow peripheral (or secondary) storage media, and (c) make the program transportable and easily implementable on different types of computers, including mini- and micro-computers.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1582-1582 
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  • 148
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1587-1600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new finite element procedure for calculating stress intensity factors in elastic crack problems is developed. In common with a number of other approaches in the literature, the procedure combines the analytical singular fields present in a problem with a finite element treatment of the residual regular problem. What distinguishes the procedure is the use of path-independent integrals to balance the analytical and numerical contributions. A set of test problems with exact solutions is analysed and demonstrates that the procedure is readily implemented and can accurately evaluate stress intensity factors with a modest amount of computational effort. The application of two competing methods to the test problems further demonstrates that the new procedure is markedly superior in both its initial accuracy and its rate of convergence. The paper concludes with two additional illustrations of the procedure as applied to the single-edge crack and the centre crack; these also yield accurate results for little computational effort.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1685-1697 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1736-1738 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 151
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1873-1881 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For selected situations in geotechnical engineering, the use of implicit time integration techniques for elasto-viscoplastic analysis is advantageous, or even unavoidable. In this paper the necessary expressions are derived for the implicit analysis of a material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. In particular, detailed expressions are provided for the viscoplastic, strain rate derivative matrix Hn in a form suitable for numerical computation. Use of this algorithm is illustrated by the solution of a numerical example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. i 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 503-519 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is proposed. The approximate solution is sought in the form of the sum of a power series with unknown coefficients multiplied by a special term which controls the appropriate solution behaviour near and at the edges of the interval. The coefficients are to be determined from a system of linear algebraic equations. The method is applied to the solution of a contact problem of a disk inserted in an infinite elastic plane. Exact analytical solution is obtained for the particular case when the disk is of the same material as the plane. Comparison is made between the exact and the approximate solutions as well as with the solutions previously available in literature. The stability and the accuracy of the present method is investigated under variation of the parameters involved. The applicability of the method to the case when the boundary conditions for the unknown function are nonzero is discussed along with an illustrative example. A FORTRAN subroutine for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is also provided.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 557-568 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Three competing finite element techniques are applied to a simple flow problem in a region with curved boundaries. Only three-sided elements are considered. The techniques are (1) straight-sided elements, (2) isoparametric elements, both of which use polynomial bases, and (3) curved elements using rational basis functions. The broad conclusions are that both curved-edge techniques are much superior to their straight-sided equivalent and that rational basis functions are quite successful in practice but require slightly more effort to implement, and cost a little more in computer time. From the point of view of efficiency, isoparametric elements seem to be the best choice.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 609-622 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A semi-implicit direct time integration procedure is presented which avoids factorization of the implicit difference solution matrix. The procedure, if properly implemented, requires only vectorial calculations and hence needs the same computer core space as explicit integration procedures. Guidelines for splitting the stiffness matrix into upper and lower matrices are established, which among other things are designed to satisfy a correct transmission of rigid-body motions from element (or grid) to its adjacent elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 631-631 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 635-651 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The need for multiple repeated analyses, which usually involve much computational effort, is one of the main difficulties in the optimization of large structures. This study deals with approximate structural reanalysis along a line in the design space, a problem common to many optimal design procedures. The problem is first stated in terms of a single independent variable. Explicit polynomial approximations for the nodal displacements are then presented. It is shown that Taylor series expansion of the displacements and a series based on a simple iteration procedure are equivalent. Furthermore, the series coefficients can readily be computed, providing efficient and high-degree polynomial approximations.To improve the quality of the approximations, two nonpolynomial series are proposed. The relationship between the various methods is discussed and simple numerical examples demonstrate applications. All the proposed procedures require only a single exact analysis to obtain the explicit expressions for any given line.The results obtained are very close to the exact solution and indicate that the proposed methods provide efficient and high-quality approximations for the nodal displacements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 701-725 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Several different variational formulations of boundary-value problems with constraints are discussed, with particular reference to constrained problems in elasticity. Special attention is given to exterior penalty methods. A discussion of the conditions necessary for penalty methods to provide a basis for stable and convergent finite element methods is given. In particular, the use of reduced integration is discussed and criteria on the order of reduced integration rules sufficient to produce stable and convergent schemes are described. Applications of reduced integration-penalty methods to incompressible elasticity problems and contact problems are described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 765-774 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A variational theorem and the finite element method of solution are presented for the solution of thermoviscoelastic stress analysis of linear materials, valid for all admissible values of Poisson's ratio. An illustrative example is included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 792-797 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Upper and lower bounds on the spectral condition number of the coefficient matrix are computed for several Lagrangian and serendipity elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 351-362 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of slight shroud skewness on rotating flow in an enclosed rotor geometry is modelled as a perturbation about axisymmetric flow. Solutions are obtained by the finite element method. Mixed and penalty finite element formulation are employed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 421-434 
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    Notes: This paper describes an algorithm which reduces the apparently diverse and complicated matrix calculations required to evaluate the finite element matrices of doubly curved quadrilateral shell finite elements to a few basic manipulations which are then repeated a large number of times. The algorithm can be transcribed particularly quickly into computer code. It lends itself to a structured programming approach and the flexibility of the ensuing coding is high. The accuracy of the code can be ascertained with relative ease and fault-finding is comparatively straightforward; hence, a high degree of confidence can be placed in its execution. The element chosen to illustrate the application of the algorithm is a particularly difficult example. It is expected that the algorithm described would be useful in a wide variety of finite element computer program applications.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 467-474 
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    Notes: In this paper, heat conduction problems are solved by a quasi-variational approach. A parabolic time-space element based on the above formulation is developed, and the stability of the above scheme is established. The results indicate that the scheme is suitable for various auxiliary conditions and that it is unconditionally stable.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 981-995 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Numerical solutions of the shallow water equations obtained both by finite element methods and finite difference methods are compared. The numerical results show that the way in which the boundary is discretized has an important but local influence. Furthermore, the role of empirical parameters is shown to be of at least the same local importance.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1179-1195 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In the present paper, discretization errors in the finite element analysis of arches are investigated quantitatively. So far they have been estimated as an order, such as a power of the element size by means of functional analysis; however, it is insufficient for practical applications, because they depend to a great extent upon the constant of proportionality, which is investigated herein. As a result, it is shown that the constant is affected largely by the arch's stiffness. Errors for displacements are also evaluated with the aid of the energy principle. A formula for a posteriori estimating errors is proposed, which can be evaluated only from the finite element solutions calculated. The validity of the present theory is verified by numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1091-1100 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The minimum weight design of a spherical shell under a concentrated load at the apex is presented in this paper. The usual restrictions of statical equilibrium and various yield criteria have been utilized. The finite element method is used to discretize the design parameters and the resulting nonlinear minimization problems are solved using the modified Rosenbrock's optimization method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 653-660 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 687-700 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper is a sequel to the author's previous paper. 1In soliving Dirichlet's problem of Laplace's equation by the finite element method, we can subdivide the original region into many elements, which in general are chosen to be triangular or rectangular. Customarily, 2,3,7 polynomial trial functions are chosen as the basis of the finite element model.In this paper we divide the original region into rectangles and choose a particular series for the finite element model. This model is shown to be very efficient in obtaining the analytical solution of Laplace's equation over complex regions. From some computer trials it is demonstrated that this finite element model can be used to reduce the main memory storage and computer time requirements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1361-1373 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The numerical solution of field substructures in time domain diakoptics requires an interation time consistent with the numerical accuracy required. When storing and reconnecting the substructures, the information required can be obtained from considerably fewer samples. This paper shows how time domain approximations can further reduce the storage and computing time in space approximated time domain diakoptics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1412-1415 
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    Notes: Expressions involving products of exponential functions and polynomials are encountered in the finite element formulation of the diffusion-convection equation. Integrals of such expressions over finite elements are necessary to derive the element matrices. The derivation of the formula for such integrations is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1321-1336 
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    Notes: A time-dependent transport equation is solved numerically by using a Petrov-Galerkin technique on a time-dependent grid. A piecewise linear trial solution and piecewise Hermite cubic test functions are used. The same method is also applied to a time-independent problem, in which case it automatically generates a grid in a way which bears some resemblance to certain existing grid-generation techniques. Several numerical examples are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1349-1360 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In designing a structure for a given purpose, the designer should aim at the most economical design from many points of view. Minimum weight designs may not be the most economical ones. Nevertheless, such designs provide insights into other types of design and may pave ways for improvements in design procedures. Minimum weight designs of continuum structures may be formulated as numerical optimization problems using either the finite difference method or the finite element method, and the resulting minimization problem may be solved using techniques of numerical optimization. This paper, on the other hand, considers the formulation of the minimum weight design of a spherical cap as a dynamic programming problem and its solution. The paper also discusses the advantages and limitations of the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1416-1419 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A numerical method for the direct determination of stress intensity factors at crack tips from the numerical solution of the corresponding singular integral equations is proposed. This method is based on the Gauss-Chebyshev method for the numerical solution of singular integral equations and is shown to be equivalent to the Lobatto-Chebyshev method for the numerical solution of the same class of equations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1423-1423 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1497-1504 
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    Notes: A hybrid integral equation method is formulated to study the diffraction of oblique waves by an infinite cylinder. The water depth and the geometry of the floating cylinder are assumed to be uniform in the y-direction (one of the horizontal axes). Numerical discretization and integrations are performed in the vertical plane. Analytical solutions are used in far fields such that radiation boundary conditions are satisfied. Numerical results are obtained for the case of wave scattering by a floating rectangular cylinder in a constant water depth. The accuracy and efficiency of present method are compared with those obtained by other numerical techniques.
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1529-1546 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element solution of various partial differential equations leads to large linear equation systems, which may have a DBBF (double bounded band form) coefficient matrix, if periodicity conditions are taken into account. An efficient Fortran program solving such equation systems, developed for Control Data computers from the Cyber 70/170 series, utilizes the original block-indexed approach to reduce input-output time in communication with disc memory. Program performance is presented in some detail and quantitative comparison with other possible algorithms is carried out. An appendix lists the complete program.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1521-1527 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The eigenvalue economization process is an efficient way of reducing the size of eigenvalue problems to manageable proportions, at the expense of introducing approximations. The use of automatic criteria for selecting the slave variables to be eliminated has considerably eased the use of this technique recently. However, it is necessary to ensure that unacceptable errors are not introduced by the condensation process. Until recently, there has been little available to guide the user in estimating errors except past experience. In this paper, the errors introduced in the condensation process are considered theoretically, using an algebraic approach. This enables an absolute error bound to be stated, together with an approximate bound which can be very easily evaluated. Examples are given of the use of the approximate bound.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1576-1580 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The nine-node quadrilateral is much more accurate than its eight-node relative if elements are non-rectangular. However, the nine-node element may display spurious low-energy modes under 2 × 2 Gauss quadrature. These modes can be controlled by using the 3 × 3 quadrature rule, but at added cost. This paper investigates two inexpensive control devices that can be used with 2 × 2 Gauss quadrature.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1613-1621 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Third- and fourth-order accurate Nørsett rational approximations to the exponential and associated semi-implicit Runge-Kutta methods are used for the construction of efficient, accurate and unconditionally stable schemes for the direct numerical integration of the linear, nonhomogeneous, second-order equations of structural dynamics.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1655-1677 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review of 4-node, 12 degrees-of-freedom quadrilateral elements for thin plates is presented. A new element called DKQ is discussed. The formulation is based on a generalization of the efficient and reliable triangular element DKT presented in References 1 and 2 and on the rectangular element QC presented in Reference 3. These elements are derived using the so-called discrete Krichhoff technique. A detailed numerical evaluation of the behaviour of the DKQ element for the computation of displacements and stresses for thin plate bending problems is presented and discussed. The DKQ element appears to be a simple and reliable 12 degrees-of-freedom thin plate bending element.
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1741-1743 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 185
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1785-1799 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A state-of-the-art survey of a family of vector iterative methods with three-term recursion formulae is presented. The methods can be classified under two broad categories. The Chebyshev semi-iterative type of methods and the conjugate gradient type of methods. Relationships between the iteration parameters of the methods are established and computational techniques for estimating these parameters are presented. Numerical tests confirm the superiority of the conjugate gradient method for linear problems and the Chebyshev semi-iterative methods for nonlinear problems.
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  • 186
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1821-1828 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper an exact expression is derived for the potential at an arbitrary point due to a linear distribution of source over a triangular domain. The integral which gives the potential is evaluated by means of an extension of an analytical procedure previously evolved for a constant distribution. Numerical values of the potential are obtained for several field points by evaluating the above analytical expression, and are compared with those calculated by using triangle quadratures.
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1882-1885 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 188
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1469-1495 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is known that the matrix force method has certain advantages over the displacement method for a class of structural problems. It is also known that the force method, when carried out by the conventional Gauss-Jordan procedure, tends to fill in the problem data, making the method unattractive for large size, sparse problems. This poor fill-in property, however, is not necessarily inherent to the method, and the sparsity may be maintained if one uses what we call the Turn-Back LU Procedure. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it is shown that there exist some close relationships between the force method and the least squares problem, and that many existing algebraic procedures to perform the force method can be regarded as applications/extensions of certain well-known matrix factorization schemes for the least squares problem. Secondly, it is demonstrated that these algebraic procedures for the force method can be unified form the matrix factorization viewpoint. Included in this unification is the Turn-Back LU Procedure, which was originally proposed by Topçu in his thesis.8 It is explained why this procedure tends to produce sparse and banded ‘self-stress’ and flexibility matrices with small band width. Some computational results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the Turn-Back LU Procedure over the other schemes considered in this paper.
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  • 190
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1547-1563 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of steady, two-dimensional seepage from a nonsymmetric channel through a homogeneous porous medium underlain at a finite depth by a drain, is solved using the Baiocchi transformation and method. Because of the nonsymmetry in the problem, both free surfaces must be included in the solution domain of the problem. Thus, several interesting complexities are introduced into the solution of the problem. First, there are the two solution domain extensions (one across each free surface) and then the formulation of the new dependent variable throughout the extended solution domain. Secondly, the projection operator has two bounds in the numerical scheme. Finally, there are two compatibility conditions - one for the flowrate and one for the value of the new dependent variable at the left-hand side free surface-channel intersection. A secant method for the solution of two simultaneous nonlinear equations was used to obtain the values of these parameters. Results from the proposed method compared favourably with what few results were available in the literature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 191
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1569-1575 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We report on a very effective program for uniform approximation of functions (or discrete data) by generalized rational functions of any number of variables over point sets so large that conventional methods are inapplicable. The points need not be arranged in a regular pattern, but if they are, the number of points is normally limited only by the computer time available. The program extends the differential correction algorithm discussed in an earlier article in this journal by combining it with a first Remes-type exchange procedure, while retaining the flexibility and robustness of differential correction. Furthermore, this algorithm is guaranteed to converge in theory. Testing has shown that, even when the point set is small enough for differential correction to be applied directly, this algorithm is usually faster. We discuss the algorithm and program along with several numerical examples, one of which involves more than three million data points. A FORTRAN listing with illustrative output can be obtained from the first author.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical solution of Reissner's model for the bending of elastic plates by an advanced boundary integral equation method is outlined. Construction of fundamental solutions and computational strategy is fully described. Implementation of the resulting one-dimensional model is illustrated by two test problems, including comparison to analytical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces the notion of the finite element operator, and shows its application to the evaluation of several upwind finite element schemes. It is demonstrated that these operators supply good qualitative information on the performance of these schemes in an inexpensive as well as visual manner. In addition, this method gives insight into grid dependent effects which often characterize finite element solutions.
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new, simple and effective finite element procedure is presented for the practical solution of heat transfer conditions with phase changes. In this method, a fixed finite element mesh is employed, and a relatively coarse finite element mesh and large time step can be used in the incremental solution. The results of various numerical studies using the algorithm are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
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  • 195
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 165-165 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 196
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Given herein, in abbreviated form, is a discussion of the effects of element internal and edge node location in the finite element-Galerkin method. The solution dependencies on node placement of many numerical schemes are reviewed. Then, a transient linear one-dimensional heat conduction problem, solved using the finite element-Galerkin method, is used for illustration. Results show that, in contrast to many other numerical techniques, if the finite element-Galerkin method is strictly adhered to with respect to spatial integrations for a given number of nodes in an element, the solution is unaffected by shifting node locations as long as the specific shape of any given element remains unaltered. The reason for this invariance becomes readily apparent upon examining the orthogonality requirements imposed by this method.
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  • 197
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 198
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 211-243 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mixed variational principle for the limit analysis of rigid-perfectly plastic continua is discussed, in which the nonlinear yield condition and the associated flow rule appear through a suitably defined ‘penalty’ function. A mixed finite element discrete formulation is derived and a sequential unconstrained minimization technique is devised, affording a complete (static and kinematic) solution. Several results are presented in both structural and soil mechanics, compared with previously available (exact and numerical) solutions.
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  • 199
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 200
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 445-465 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two 20-node quadratic displacement three-dimensional isoparametric elements are developed based on the hybrid-stress model. The elements differ in the stress interpolation used. In one case, the stress polynomials are selected to correspond approximately to the strain polynomials obtained from the displacement field, and a 57β stress field results. In the other element, complete cubic polynomials are used which are forced to satisfy the equilibrium equations and stress compatibility equations, and a 69β stress field results. Both elements possess correct rank, but only the 69β element is invariant. Results obtained using these two elements, and the corresponding 20-node assumed-displacement element, are compared and the 69β element is shown to be the better element. The 2 × 2 × 2 Gauss stations are also verified to be the optimal sampling points for these elements.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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