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  • 1980-1984  (1,054)
  • 1982  (1,054)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (706)
  • Engineering  (261)
  • Ultrastructure  (87)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Material
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,054)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malignant Rhabdoid tumor of the kidney. Histopathology, ultrastructure and comments on differential diagnosis (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 398 (1982), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Rhabdoid tumor ; Histology ; Ultrastructure ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical and histopathological features of two cases of malignant rhabdoid tumor of the kidney are presented. One of these cases was also studied by electron microscopy. Histologically, both tumors consisted of an admixture of undifferentiated polygonal or elongated cells and cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm frequently containing hyaline globular structures. Ultrastructurally, these cytoplasmic inclusions were composed of large masses of actin-size and intermediate-size filaments. The poor prognosis of this type of tumor is emphasized and histological criteria for differential diagnosis from other malignant renal tumors of childhood and adolescence are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585617
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pars tuberalis of the human pituitary (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 399 (1982), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; Gonadotrophs ; Squamous nests ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty autopsy pituitaries were studied to elucidate the histology, immunocytology and ultrastructure of pars tuberalis in subjects with normal and abnormal endocrine homeostasis. Pars tuberalis consisted mainly of gonadotrophs interspersed with few corticotrophs and thyrotrophs, histologically resembling those of pars distalis. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs were not identified. There were no histologic differences attributable to age or sex. In cases of glucocorticoid excess, pars tuberalis corticotrophs showed Crooke's hyalinization. Following castration or hypophysectomy, pars tuberalis gonadotrophs exhibited more intense immunostaining for FSH1 and LH than did normals. Ultrastructural analysis revealed gonadotrophs and corticotrophs showing no evidence of active secretion; immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated FSH, LH and ACTH in secretory granules. By light microscopy, squamous nests, often identified in pars tuberalis, were positive for immunoreactive keratin; cells at their periphery contained FSH, LH or ACTH, indicating derivation of nests by squamous metaplasia from gonadotrophs and corticotrophs. By electron microscopy, clusters of epithelial cells containing desmosomes and tonofilaments were surrounded by granulated gonadotrophs. Human pars tuberalis cells represent mainly a subpopulation of gonadotrophs possessing all organelles required for synthesis and storage of hormones but showing ultrastructural features of functional inactivity; the reasons for this inactivity and for the formation of squamous nests remain unexplained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666218
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of myocardium in the hurler syndrome (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 394 (1982), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hurler syndrome ; Myocardium ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Storage of gangliosides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac tissues obtained at post mortem examination of eight patients with the Hurler syndrome, who ranged in age from 5 to 23 years, were examined by histochemical methods and electron microscopy. Extensive myocardiocytic vacuolization and increased interstitial fibrous tissue were noted by light microscopy in all hearts. The cytoplasmic (perinuclear) vacuoles contained Luxol-fast-blue-positive substance. At the ultrastructural level, abnormal cytoplasmic organelles were present within the myocardiocytes in all patients. These organelles were of three types: zebra bodies (ZB), membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCB) and granulomembranous bodies (GMB). As ZB and MCB are believed to represent the morphological counterpart of accumulated gangliosides, these substances rather than glycosaminoglycans appear to be stored within myocardiocytes of patients with the Hurler syndrome. The accumulation of gangliosides and the consequent damage to the myocardial substratum probably contributes to the clinically evident cardiac disease, so often observed in the patients with this disorder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430665
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pituitary adenomas with hyperfunction of TSH (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 394 (1982), S. 255-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Adenoma ; TSH ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a collection of 564 surgically removed pituitary adenomas, 4 cases were found to have had elevated TSH plasma levels. One of these tumors (case 1) could be classified as a highly differentiated mucoid TSH cell adenoma presenting histochemical reactions typical of, as well as electron microscopical features identical to, normal TSH cells. Immunoenzymatic studies failed to demonstrate TSH in the tumor cells. Two further adenomas (case 2 and 3) were similarly structured in many areas, but showed regions of poorer differentiation in which cells with distinct pleomorphism, irregular secretory granules, increased numbers of ribosomes and a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were present. In 10% of the tumor cells GH could be demonstrated immunoenzymatically, but there was no TSH. The fourth adenoma was an undifferentiated acidophilic adenoma showing pleomorphic cells having slight acidophil and partly mucoid granulations. The ultrastructure showed convoluted nuclei, increased numbers of free ribosomes as well as abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules which were different in size and number but distinctly of the TSH cell type. Immunoenzymatically, TSH was found in some cells, with GH in more cells. Endocrinologically, elevated levels of GH were measured in cases 2, 3 and 4 with LH being increased in case 1. Clinical and morphological correlations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430669
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aneurysmal bone cyst, a study of ultrastructure and malignant transformation (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 395 (1982), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Aneurysmal bone cyst ; Malignant transformation ; Osteosarcoma ; Irradiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, of which one became malignant 7 years after irradiation, were studied by electron microscopy. The aneurysmal bone cyst was composed of four different types of stromal cells — fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, osteoblasts, and histiocytes — and osteo-clastlike multinucleated giant cells. The surface of blood spaces was devoid of specialized endothelium, which may explain the presence of large quantities of extravasated erythrocytes. Some histiocytes contained siderosomes. The malignant lesion consisted of two main types of stromal cells, of which one had electron lucent and the other electron dense cytoplasm. The stromal cells produced osteoid and the tumour was regarded as an osteosarcoma. The multinucleated giant cells resembled those observed in aneurysmal bone cysts, but the nuclei seemed to be more often spherical. It is concluded that irradiation of the aneurysmal bone cyst may cause sarcomatous transformation in a cell capable of producing osteoid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429610
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elastofibroma (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 127-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Elastin ; Elastofibroma ; Histochemistry ; Soft tissue tumor ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four cases of elastofibroma located in the subscapular region of 3 men aged 66, 74, and 83 years, and a woman 70 years old are reported. A correlated light and electron microscopic study including ultrastructural examination of Verhoeff's iron-hematoxylin (VIH)-stained sections was performed. Light microscopically, the elastofibromas were characterized by connective tissue built up by collagen fibers and sclerotic masses mingled with numerous fibers and globules of elastin material. In one micron thick Epon sections these elastin fibers often revealed a central axis surrounded by a mantle composed of periodic segments giving them a necklace-like appearance. The ultrastructural findings of these elastin structures, stained with VIH, and the appearance of the stroma cells and their relation to the elastin indicate that elastofibroma is a non-neoplastic reactive lesion in which elastin material is synthesized by the stromal cells and predominantly laid down around preexisting elastic fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431236
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of conventional chondrosarcomas and myxoid- and mesenchymal-chondrosarcomas (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 197-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Chondrosarcoma ; Mesenchymal ; Myxoid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five cases of conventional chondrosarcomas (CS.) of graded malignancy, 3 cases of myxoid CS. and 2 cases of mesenchymal CS. were studied by electron-microscopy. The chondrocyte like tumor cells of conventional CS. were characterized by: an ovoid shape, eccentric nucleus, abundant endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae of RER; cytoplasmic glycogen, lipid droplets, and filaments plus numerous thin cytoplasmic projections. The histologically high grade tumors showed fewer cytoplasmic organelles, bizarre nuclei and more prominent nucleoli than the better differentiated ones. The tumor cells of myxoid CS. were chiefly fusiform. The cells frequently presented a pattern of rows with good cellular cohesion, and scanty cytoplasmic projections. The most prominent cytoplasmic feature was a conspicuous RER. Abundant cytoplasmic filaments and cytoplasmic glycogen were also observed. The undifferentiated areas of the mesenchymal CS. showed primitive mesenchymal cells with rounded nuclei, and scanty cytoplasm which was poor in organelles and glycogen. The cytoplasmic membranes were very cohesive and cytoplasmic projections were not present. Scanty cytoplasmic filaments and conspicuous desmosome like junctions were observed. The intercellular matrix of conventional and myxoid CS. consisted of fibrils, glycosaminoglycan granules and collagen fibers. In the undifferentiated zones of the mesenchymal CS. the intercellular matrix was very scanty and did not contain collagen fibrils. The more immature cells correspond to the small undifferentiated cells of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431241
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis propria testis (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 396 (1982), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Mesothelioma ; Testis ; Ultrastructure ; Clear cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of a papillary mesothelioma arising in a hydrocele-sack are reported. The tumour cells presented numerous microvilli, desmosomes, basement membranes and abundant bundles of microfilaments, which all are hallmarks of mesotheliomas. The predominant cell type was the “clear epithelial cell”, but transitional cells and degenerative forms (foamy cells) were also found. The morphology and differential diagnosis of mesothelial tumours arising in the tunica vaginalis propria testis are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431244
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epithelioid sarcoma (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Epithelioid sarcoma ; Ultrastructure ; 5′-nucleotidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of epithelioid sarcoma was studied by electron microscopy and by light and electron microscopic enzyme histochemistry comparing with several control soft tissues. In addition to previously reported ultrastructural features, such as abundant 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments, desmosome-like cell junctions and small cystic spaces surrounded by filopodia or microvilli of the tumor cells, we encountered 10 nm cytoplasmic filaments showing electron dense condensation with a concentrically oriented or whorled pattern and a finger-print-like arrangement and 5′-nucleotidase activity of tumor cell membrane. Among the control soft tissues, 5′-nucleotidase activity was found only in synovial and endothelial cells. Both tumor and synovial cells showed no activity of adenosine triphosphatase, while marked activity of the enzyme was found in endothelial cells. These results support the concept that epithelioid sarcoma is derived from mesenchymal cells undergoing differentiation toward synovial cells during neoplastic transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430898
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microvasculature of human colorectal epithelial tumors (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 397 (1982), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Colonic neoplasm ; Microcirculation ; Ultrastructure ; Pathology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the microvasculature in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas was studied, and compared with that of normal tissue. Blood vessels in adenomas were generally of normal structure, whereas carcinoma vessels displayed a variety of structural alterations. Endothelial proliferation was frequently observed in all the eleven carcinomas examined, which confirms the reports of new vessel formation in experimental malignant tumors. The presence of fenestrations in obviously abnormal endothelium was tentatively attributed to hypoxia, vascular regression or immaturity of the cells, in spite of the fact that normal capillaries in colonic mucosa are fenestrated. Some vessels showed multilayered basement membranes, various types of activated cells containing numerous lysosomal granules, and thickened perivascular tissue. These features may be a vascular response to repeated damage or a manifestation of vascular remodelling. Dilated thin-walled vessels, which were usually found at the periphery of carcinomas, were identified as venules. Small vessels located between the closely apposed carcinoma tubules were not obviously abnormal. They were nevertheless considered to be tumor-induced vessels which had undergone differentiation. The differences in vascular morphology between adenomas and carcinomas were considered to be due to their different growth patterns, growth rates and degrees of maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442384
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adamantinoma of bone (1982)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 398 (1982), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Bone neoplasms ; Adamantinoma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunoenzyme ; Tibia/fibula ; Keratin ; Blood group antigens ; Factor VIII-related antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adamantinoma of bone is a rare tumor, and fine structural analysis has been done in only a few cases. We report four cases studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. Ultrastructural evaluation revealed a characteristic constellation of features, including intracellular bundles of type I microfilaments, moderate numbers of evenly dispersed mitochondria, scattered profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, occasional Golgi bodies and lysosomes, and scattered glycogen particles. Microvillous processes and desmosomes were identified in all tumors. Well-formed basement membranes enveloped cell clusters but did not surround individual cells. Intercellular basement membrane-like material also was found focally in pools. Ultrastructural features of endothelial differentiation, including Weibel-Palade bodies, micropinocytotic vesicles, and tight junctions, were not identified. Immunoperoxidase stains for coagulation factor VIII (von Willebrand factor) and blood group antigens were negative, whereas similar stains for keratin were positive. Our findings strongly suggest that adamantinoma is a neoplasm expressing definite epithelial, rather than endothelial, characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585615
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase activity during rodent odontogenesis (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Odontogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization and gradient of activity of alkaline phosphatase were studied with respect to cell differentiation, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization in the incisor and molar teeth of 4-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were perfused intracardially at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) with 3–4% sucrose. The jaws were dissected, immersion-fixed for 24 h, and the incisor and molar tooth germs removed. These were demineralized in 10% EDTA in NaOH (pH 7.4) with 7% sucrose. After reactivation of the enzyme with 0.1M MgCl in Tris-maleate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, the teeth were incubated for alkaline phosphatase in a medium consisting of 6 ml 3% sodiumβ-glycerophosphate, 4 ml 0.2M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.2), 3 ml 1.6% MgSO4, 12 ml 0.5% lead citrate (pH⋍12), and 2.1 g sucrose. The pH was adjusted to 9.2 with 0.2M HCl, the volume made up to 30 ml, and the solution centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm. Control teeth were incubated in medium minus the substrate. Finally, the specimens were routinely post-fixed and embedded for sectioning and examination with a Philips 300 electron microscope. A gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was mapped along the developing teeth in the cells of the stratum intermedium, the proximal borders of the ameloblasts, the early dentine matrix, the predentine-dentine border, matrix vesicles, and the plasma membranes of odontoblasts and subodontoblast cells. The gradient of alkaline phosphatase activity was evident in the forming tooth from the cervical loop to the crown apex and was related to the cellular events, matrix synthesis, and matrix mineralization occurring during odontogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411250
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopy of avian osteopetrosis induced by retrovirus MAV.2-O (1982)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 34 (1982), S. 382-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian osteopetrosis ; Avian oncornavirus ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Bone cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Diaphyseal tibial bone of 12.5 – 13-day and 19-day-old embryos and 20-day-old hatched chicks infected with retrovirus MAV.2-O were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The viruses were associated with lining osteoblasts and osteocytes. Whereas the infection of the osteoblast layer seemed to be a transient stage, virus association with osteocytes was a constant and main ultrastructural feature. The viruses were found either in the osteoid or in the periosteocytic space of the bone lacunae. They arose from dense cytoplasmic areas located near the cell plasmalemma via a budding process. The newly budded virus particles often had a large tail or a fine stalk-like process lost in the extracellular space. The viruses underwent calcification by deposition of inorganic material and were incorporated in the bone trabeculae. No production of virus was observed in typical osteoclasts with well-differentiated ruffled borders. The viral-induced avian osteopetrosis seemed to result from increased bone deposition through stimulation of osteoblast and osteocyte activities, whereas osteoclastic bone resorption seemed to be undisturbed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411272
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical and electron microscopical studies of mitotic adenohypophysial cells in different ages of rats (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 51-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary cells ; Mitosis ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitotic rates of the six types of immunohistochemically identifiable adenohypophysial cells were histometrically calculated in colchicine-pretrated male rats 5, 17, 30 and 70 days old. Sections were stained with the antisera against rLH, rFSH, rTSH, oGH, rPRL and pACTH1–39. The mitotic growth rate of the anterior pituitary gland at 30 days of age was much higher than at other times. Mitotic growth rates of GH and PRL cells increased with advancing age, while those of ACTH-, TSH- and immunonegative cells decreased with advancing age. LH/FSH cells showed no variation in mitotic growth rate with age. Mitotic cells can be classified into six cell types based on their fine structural properties: (1) agranular cells associated with the folliculo-stellate cells; (2) ambiguous cells with scanty minute secretory granules (50–150 nm in diameter); (3) basophils with a number of small secretory granules (130–200 nm); (4) immature acidophils whose large secretory granules (130–300 nm) are sporadically scattered; (5) acidophils with numerous spherical larger secretory granules (200–300 nm); and (6) prolactin cells with large polymorphic granules. At day 5 there was a high mitotic rate of the agranular and ambiguous cells [types (1) and (2)]; at day 70 a high mitotic rate was found in immature and mature acidophils [types (4) and (5)]. The mitotic rate of basophils (type 3) was high only at day 17 and low at all other times. The mitotic rate of prolactin cells (type 6) showed a slight increment with advancing age. It is concluded that the mitotic rates of the six cell types are age-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304582
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy of the guinea-pig cecum (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cecum ; Guinea pig ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Bacteria (microvilli)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the cecum of the domesticated guinea pig (Cavia apera f. procellus) was investigated at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. In situ observations, injections of the blood vascular system and the preparation of dried specimens were made to elucidate the macroscopic anatomy of the cecum. The complex mesenterial situation in the abdomen was also investigated. The guinea-pig intestinal tract is particularized by the presence of the voluminous teniated cecum, which lacks an appendix vermiformis. The stomach is relative small and simple; the large intestine does not possess teniae. Seen with the scanning electron microscope the surface topography of the cecal wall shows a pattern of irregular mounds and crevasses. The former are made up of raised ridges, often in circular or looped profiles. Correlated light microscopic observation revealed an irregularity of the mucosal surface consisting of protrusions into the cecal lumen, the circular and looped configurations of the scanning microscope image representing the entry into crypts at the light-microscopic level. The close association of bacteria to the mucosal surface is striking. Observed with the transmission electron microscope this close association takes the form of an intermicrovillar location of the bacteria. The present observations are compared to those made on other rodents and with respect to the dietary habit of the guinea pig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304586
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 329-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lateral reticular nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic study of the normal synaptic patterns within the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) of the rat revealed various synaptic relationships. Two types of axon terminals were identified according to the morphology of the synaptic vesicles contained within them. Axon terminals with round vesicles established asymmetrical synaptic contacts with the somata and all areas of the dendritic trees including somatic and dendritic appendages. Pleomorphic-vesicle terminals established symmetrical synaptic contacts on somata and their appendages and on all sizes of dendrites and their appendages. Both round and pleomorphicvesicle terminals were infrequently seen to synapse upon the somata and proximal dendrites. The round-vesicle terminals outnumbered the pleomorphic-vesicle terminals on the dendritic trees. Terminals of the en passant type were also common throughout the LRN. Both round and pleomorphic-vesicle terminals were observed simultaneously contacting the soma and one or more dendritic profiles, or two different dendritic profiles. Synaptic configurations (glomeruli) were also observed in all three divisions of the nucleus. They consisted of a large, central, round-vesicle terminal contacting a number of small-calibre dendritic processes. This arrangement was surrounded by one or more sheets of glial lamellae. Puncta adherentia were observed on the apposed membranes of adjacent cells, adjacent dendrites and adjacent axon terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305571
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscope observations on preimplantation mouse embryos cultured with LiCl (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Preimplantation embryos ; Ultrastructure ; Effect of Li+
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recently shown that LiCl in the culture medium retards cleavage of mouse preimplantation embryos without delaying their blastulation and causes the formation of blastocysts with few large cells and a reduced or absent inner cell mass (Izquierdo and Becker 1982). In this study we compare the ultrastructure of major cellular organelles of Li+-treated and control embryos. No subcellular alterations were found that correlate with the altered morphology of the blastocysts. On the basis of these results we submit that the malformation of blastocysts developed in a Li+-containing medium is the morphogenetic consequence of a retardation of cleavage coupled with a normal timing in the establishment of zonular tight junctions around the peripheral cells of the morula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315756
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of prenatal muscle development in the mouse (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 379-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Muscle ; Growth and Development ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to study prenatal muscle development in mouse fetuses ranging from 12 days to 18 days gestation. Some transmission electron micrographs were also used for comparison. At 12 days no myofibres were evident although at 13 days long fibres surrounded by many mononucleated cells could be seen. At 14 days bundles of primary myofibres were observed with new myofibres forming in crevices between adjacent fibres. At 16 days the primary myofibres had separated but smaller secondary myofibres could be seen forming along their surfaces. The myofibres were very compact at 18 days and often appeared fused but this was due to the basal lamina ensheathing clusters of primary myofibres with their secondaries. The scanning electron micrographs appeared to illustrate the theories of muscle development which have arisen out of the various studies employing sectioning techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315759
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural study of seminiferous tubules in the rat after prenatal irradiation (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 425-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Sertoli cells ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Prenatal irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Is the presence of germinal cells necessary for the Sertoli cells to acquire normal features? To respond to this question we have studied the development of the Sertoli cells in rats irradiated at the end of the foetal life. In the prenatal irradiated rats, the lumen of the seminiferous tubules appears later than in the control rats. The Sertoli cells show numerous flexuous apical processes, with central microtubule bundles. These processes regress progressively after the 40th day of life when the tubular lumen appears; numerous junctional complexes differentiate with the same structure as those of control animals. There are important dilatations of the intercellular spaces. The cytoplasmic organelles show a normal development up to the 40th day of life. After this period, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus clearly regress while important dilatations appear in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and persist in the adult animal. From the 35th day on, the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules is irregular and multilayered. The differentiation of the Sertoli cells seems to be independent of the presence of germinal cells until the 40th day of life and presents several particularities; thereafter the Sertoli cells show signs of regression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305578
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Catecholamine-containing neurons in the mesencephalic tegmentum of the chicken (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 164 (1982), S. 303-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Catecholamine ; Histofluorescence ; Ultrastructure ; Brain stem ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis (NTD) which may be homologous with the mammalian locus coeruleus was investigated in the chicken by means of light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. Results are summarized as follows: 1) Numerous neurons emitting green fluorescence by the Falck-Hillarp method were observed in the NTD of the chicken. By consecutive light and fluorescence microscopy of the same section it was established that these catecholamine(CA)-containing neurons clearly coincided with the cell group named nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis by Jungherr (1945). This procedure further showed that there were also non-fluorescent neurons in the NTD. 2) On the basis of electron microscopic observation, two types of neurons were recognized in the NTD: medium-(15–25 μm) and small-sized (10–15 μm) neurons. Medium-sized neurons had a round to oval nucleus with several deep infoldings and abundant organelles. From combined fluorescence and electron microscopic examination, they obviously corresponded with CA-containing neurons demonstrated by the Falck-Hillarp method. Small-sized neurons had a round nucleus surrounded by pale cytoplasm. They corresponded with non-CA-containing neurons. 3) From morphometric analysis, it was clear that CA-containing neurons contained a well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many lysosome-like dense bodies, unlike non-CA-containing neurons. This study was undertaken as the basis of a research program to elucidate the catecholaminergic projections from the NTD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315753
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of perichromatin granules, nematosomes and concentric lamellar bodies in sympathetic postganglionic perikarya in response to immobilization stress (1982)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 165 (1982), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sympathetic neurons ; Immobilization ; Perichromatin granules ; Nematosomes ; Concentric lamellar bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perichromatin granules, nematosomes (threadlike bodies), or concentric lamellar bodies were rarely observed in profiles of principal ganglionic neurons in the untreated rat superior cervical ganglion. They were more frequenlty encountered in these neurons following long-term activation of the sympathetic nervous system by intermittent immobilization (6 to 18 12-h periods). The increased number of the described nuclear and cytoplasmic structures following immobilization is documented by morphometric data and discussed in relation to specific chronic neuronal hyperactivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305482
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peripheral neuropathy in de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 194-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Xeroderma pigmentosum ; de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome ; Peripheral neuropathy ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, ultrastructural, and morphometric studies were performed on nerve and muscle biopsies from three patients with de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome. Sural nerves showed marked loss of the myelinated fibers, in proportion to decrease in nerve conduction velocities and in inverse proportion to the severity of the clinical symptoms, which were related to the survival length. The larger fibers were involved earlier and more markedly than the smaller. The unmyelinated fibers were also decreased in number. Electron-microscopic studies showed the presence of primary degeneration of myelin sheaths or Schwann cells. Muscle biopsies showed grouping of type I and type II fibers in all three patients. Therefore, peripheral nerve involvement in de Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome was suggested to result from chronic degeneration of the neuronal cells and Schwann cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690635
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of primary cerebral rhabdomyosarcoma (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primary rhabdomyosarcoma ; Brain tumor ; Ultrastructure ; Basal ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary intracranial rhabdomyosarcoma is extremely rare. A case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma in the left basal ganglia is described in a 2-year-old boy. The investigations revealed no primary lesion elsewhere except in the brain. At the electron-microscopic level, the majority of the cells contained specific microfilamentous bundles, which were either distributed at random or organized in myofibrils identified by their cross striations with primitive Z band formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691264
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural findings in so-called ependymal rat tumors induced by transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Ependymoma ; Rat ; Ethylnitrosourea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats were induced transplacentally by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 10–25 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on days 16–20 of gestation. Light-microscopic examination revealed that 22% of these tumors could be diagnosed as ependymomas, anaplastic ependymomas (ependymoblastomas), or mixed tumors revealing both oligodendroglioma and anaplastic ependymoma tissues if the criteria of accepted classifications were followed. Electron-microscopic examination, however, demonstrated that the ependymoma and the anaplastic ependymoma-like tissue in ENU-induced tumors lacked ependymal features, such as basal bodies, cilia, complicated junctional complexes, microvilli, etc. This tissue type was repetitious, always being composed of cells arranged in groups, cords, and rosette-like (pseudorosette) formations. In the pseudorosettes, the cell nuclei were polarized at the periphery and the cytoplasm contained numerous polyribosomes, occasional short microtubules and usually a few small dense-core vesicles. The center of the pseudorosettes showed numerous slender interdigitating processes interconnected by maculae adherens. The tips of these processes showed vesicular degeneration. The cells arranged in groups or cords and perivascular rosettes revealed identical ultrastructure, but they were not polarized. The present findings indicate that the socalled ENU-induced ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas are not true ependymal tumors, but rather primitive neuroepithelial neoplasms with some features of oligodendroglioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688877
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Mastigocladus laminosus ; Fischerella ; True branching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00943762
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular responses to trialkylphosphorothioate-induced injury in rat lung (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 51 (1982), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Trialkylphosphorothioates ; Rat ; Lung ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Various trialkylphosphorothioates occur as impurities in many organophosphorus pesticides. In addition to the immediate, cholinergic symptoms usually associated with the toxicity of organophosphorus compounds an oral LD50 dose of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate or O,O,S-triethyl phosphorothioate to rats, resulted in the delayed development of lung lesions and often death within 4 days. This study attributes the late crisis to impaired lung function resulting from massive alveolar oedema and cellular responses to the selective destruction of type I pneumocytes. Proliferation of type II pneumocytes produced an epithelium of very large cells which resulted in a thick blood/alveolus barrier and also occluded much of the alveolar lumen. Debris from the type I pneumocytes was liberated into the alveolar lumen resulting in leukocytic infiltration of the interstitial tissue and an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages. The lung morphology of animals surviving the crisis period returned to normal within a further 4 days with the transformation of many hypertrophic type II pneumocytes into type I alveolar lining cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279323
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular and nuclear volumetric alterations during differentiation of normal hamster cheek pouch epithelium (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 273 (1982), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Morphometry ; Oral mucosa ; Keratinocytes ; Cell and nuclear volume ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this investigation was to determine whether volumetric changes occurred in differentiating layers of stratified squamous epithelium. Samples of cheek pouch mucosa from 5 hamsters were obtained, prepared for electron microscopy using carefully controlled methods, and electron micrographs obtained from defined basal, spinous and granular layers of the epithelium. Stereological point counting procedures were used to determine the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm for each of the defined cell layers. From direct measurement of nuclear profiles, major and minor axes were transformed to diameters of circles of equivalent area and it was thus possible to obtain an estimate of nuclear volume. Using the previously determined nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios the volume of cytoplasm and hence cell volume, could be estimated for the cell layers. Between basal and granular layers, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratios decreased from 0.42 to 0.08, whereas cytoplasmic and cellular volumes increased progressively from 248 to 1052 μm3 and from 352 to 1144 μm3, respectively. Nuclear axial ratios were highest in the granular layers. These methods can be used in a variety of comparative ultrastructural studies of epithelia, and will also prove valuable in generating additional biological information from more conventionally presented stereological data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409260
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioautographic study of 3H-GABA uptake in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 48 (1982), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: GABA uptake ; Radioautography ; Ultrastructure ; Oculomotor nucleus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of tritiated γ-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat was studied, using light and electron microscopic examination of radioautograms after intracerebral in vivo administration of the amino-acid. A glial uptake by oligodendrocytes was seen together with a neuronal uptake of the tracer in a certain type of axon terminals found in synaptic contact with both dendrites and soma, some of them exhibiting all the ultrastructural features of motoneurons. Previous neurochemical, electrophysiological and immunocytochemical studies indicate that GABA might well be the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vestibuloocular reflex arc. The present results show that a morphological substrate exists for the presumed postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition of ocular motoneurons, at least in the oculomotor nucleus of the cat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239581
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the structure of the mandible based on modern engineering methods (1982)
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 4 (1982), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Finite element method ; Engineering ; Mandible ; Stress ; Honeycomb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons, dans le précédent travail, attiré l'attention sur le fait que l'application des méthodes modernes utilisées en engineering pour la création et la vérification des structures mécaniques complexes à la recherche en anatomie semblait d'avérer une voie de recherche nouvelle et fructueuse, précisant bien que cette méthodologie n'était appliquable qu'à certains types de recherche bien définis et que son domaine de choix était l'ostéologie fonctionnelle. Nous avons donc procédé à une ≪modélisation≫ de la mandibule et à une expérimentation sur le modèle ainsi obtenu à l'aide de la ≪méthode des éléments finis≫ parce que l'étude de celle-ci nous semblait un moyen commode de tester notre méthodologie et sa fiabilité (la traumatologie de la mandibule est en effet bien connue), mais aussi et surtout parce que les conceptions généralement admises, relatives à la structure de la mandibule, ne nous semblaient pas pleinement satisfaisantes eu égard aux progrès actuels des connaissances en résistance des matériaux.
    Notes: Summary In a previous article we drew attention to the application of modern methods used in engineering to the development and verification of complex mechanical structures in anatomical research. This approach was new and appeared to be fruitful, showing clearly that this technique was only applicable to certain types of well-defined research, in particular functional osteology. We therefore developed a model of the mandible and performed a series of experiments using the concepts of finite structures which provided a convenient means of testing our approach and its validity. More particularly, however, there are a number of widely held ideas regarding the structure of the mandible which strike us as not altogether consistent with current developments in the knowledge of resistance in materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01798889
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die endokrinen Zellen des Verdauungsapparats (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 213-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal hormones ; Gastrointestinal neoplasms ; APUD cells ; Cytology ; Ultrastructure ; gastrointestinale Hormone ; gastrointestinale Tumoren ; APUD-Zellen ; Zytologie ; Ultrastruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Endokrine Zellen kommen im Verdauungsapparat in Form von Mikro-Organen (Langerhans'sche Inseln) und als „diffuses endokrines epitheliales Organ“ (Feyrter), das heißt als im Epithelverband der Magendarmschleimhaut gelegene Einzelezellen vor. Diese gastro-entero-pankreatischen (GEP-) endokrinen Zellen synthetisieren neben Serotonin zahlreiche Polypeptidhormone, die zum einen systemisch wirken (Kohlenhydrat-Stoffwechsel) und zum andern der Regulierung der Verdauungstätigkeit dienen. Die vorliegende Übersicht befaßt sich vornehmlich mit der Zytologie und Zytochemie der GEP-endokrinen Zellen. Die bis heute bekannten 19 endokrinen Zelltypen werden entsprechend ihrem Verteilungsmuster nach der neuesten Nomenklatur synoptisch zusammengestellt. Außerdem werden morphologischfunktionelle Aspekte der Biologie, Pathologie und Zytogenese dieser Zellen sowie ihre Stellung innerhalb übergeordneter Systeme (APUD-Zellen, Paraneurone) diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Endocrine cells occur in the digestive system as micro-organs (islets of Langerhans) or scattered throughout the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (“diffuse endocrine epithelial organ” of Feyrter). These gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells synthesize — in addition to serotonin — a great variety of polypeptide hormones, which regulate both carbohydrate metabolism and digestive processes. The present review deals mainly with cytology and cytochemistry of GEP endocrine cells. A synopsis is presented of the 19 endocrine cell types identified to date, which includes their update nomenclature and their anatomical distribution pattern. Morphological-functional aspects of cell biology, pathology, and cytogenesis of these cells and their position within superimposed systems (APUD cells, paraneurons) are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01728340
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distal symmetric polyneuropathy in the spontaneously diabetic BB-Wistar rat (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: BB-Wistar rat ; Diabetic distal symmetric neuropathy ; Axonal degeneration ; Teased fibers ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal, symmetric polyneuropathy of the spontaneously diabetic BB-Wistar rat was studied ultrastructurally and by means of teased fiber preparations. Ultrastructural findings consisted of malorientation of the axonal cytoskeleton, followed by axonal atrophy, secondary myelin breakdown and distal Wallerian degeneration. This sequence of structural changes could be confirmed by scoring of pathological abnormalities and morphometric evaluation of teased fibers. Distal sensory nerve fibers were affected earlier and more severely than motor fibers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692696
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic features of an endocrinologically active pituitary adenoma cultured in vitro (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 56 (1982), S. 245-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pituitary adenoma ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A pituitary adenoma from an acromegalic female patient has been studied in cell cultures. Two populations of parenchymal cells, i.e., elongated shapes and big pale forms with irregular outlines, were distinguished light-microscopically. Ultrastructurally, three types of cells were found. Two of them contained secretory granules in varying numbers and sizes. Based on the proportion of the various cellular elements these cells were considered as counterparts of the elongated shapes being responsible for the GH secretion at different rates. The third cell type with very few secretory granules was identified with the big pale forms. Presumably, they could be exhausted GH-secreting cells. Besides fine structural characterisation, cultured cells of endocrinologically active human pituitary adenomas offer suitable models for studying some phases of exocytosis and membrane retrieval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691254
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peripheral nerve fibre degeneration in protein-deprived young rats (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 57 (1982), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Rat ; Malnutrition ; Protein deprivation ; Peripheral nervous system ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a previous study the occurrence of nerve fibre degeneration with a distribution as in dying-back neuropathies was described in young rats subjected to severe protein deprivation (Oldfors 1981). In this study the ultrastructural appearance of the degeneration of the nerve fibres at different levels of the longitudinal tail nerves in severely protein-deprived rats has been investigated. Various structural changes were noted, the most common being bands of Büngner indistinguishable from those seen in Wallerian degeneration. In nerve fibres which were less severely affected the most common finding was shrinkage of the axon with concomitant folding of the myelin sheath. Other structural changes included axonal accumulation of 10 nm filaments or mitochondria and other cell organelles, areas of demyelination, and projections of axolemma and Schwann cell membrane into the axon. Signs of axonal regeneration occurred but were infrequent. The degenerative changes seen at various levels of the nerves support the view that the neuropathy is of distal axonal type, but the structural appearance differs from several of the toxic dying-back neuropathies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688871
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The brain in extreme respiratory acidosis (1982)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 58 (1982), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hypercapnia ; Rat brain ; Ultrastructure ; Cerebral edema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is presently debated how much cellular acidosis contributes to brain cell damage during ischemia and hypoxia. To study the influence of acidosis occurring in the absence of energy failure, extreme hypercapnia was produced in anesthetized, artificially ventilated, and well oxygenated rats by increasing the inspired CO2 concentration until arterialPCO2 reached 150 or 300 mm Hg. At these CO2 tensions intracellular pH falls from a control value of about 7.05 to about 6.85 and 6.65, respectively. After 45 min the brains were fixed in perfusion and processed for light and electron microscopy. AtPaCO2 150 mm Hg no clear neuronal abnormality was detected, but atPaCO2 300 mm Hg some neuronal changes were observed. Notably, the nuclei showed slightly coarser chromatin than normally. In a few nerve cells mild swelling of mitochondria and dispersion of polysomes as well as detachment of ribosomes from the endoplasmic reticulum appeared. In both groups, slight to moderate astrocytic edema developed. Thus, even extreme hypercapnia, with its acompanying marked tissue acidosis, alters ultrastructure in the brain only to such a moderate extent that irreversible cell damage is unlikely. We conclude, therefore, that acidosis occurring during ischemia or hypoxia is detrimental only if pH is further lowered and/or if it occurs in conjunction with cerebral energy failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691646
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations of the receptor content and ultrastructure of breast cancer cells (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 231 (1982), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Steroid receptor ; Ultrastructure ; Breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor assay results were compared with the ultrastructure of 127 breast cancers (112 primary tumors, six recurrent lesions, nine metastases). Tumors were considered to be receptor positive if the receptor levels were ⩾ 15 fmol/mg of soluble tissue protein. Most breast cancer had heterogenous cells with different grades of ultrastructural differentiation. A prevalence of well-differentiated cancer cells and an abundance of intracytoplasmic vacuoles had a significant correlation with a positive estrogen receptor status. The correlation was better than between malignancy grades and receptor content. The type of breast cancer and the menopausal status bore no relation to receptor content. Progesterone receptors were found in well-differentiated tumors of low malignancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110116
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of orally administered cadmium on the ultrastructure of the rat prostate (1982)
    Springer
    Urological research 10 (1982), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Prostate ; Cadmium ; Ultrastructure ; Testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of cadmium and nickel chloride, administered in drinking water at 5 and 50 ppm, on the rat prostate are described. Zinc concentrations in the two lobes of the gland were unaffected by the metals and no consistent changes were observed at the subcellular level by X-ray microanalysis. The ultrastructural appearance of the prostate gland in rats of varying ages was unaltered following cadmium administration at those levels, while plasma testosterone concentrations did not differ significantly in cadmium treated animals. Low levels of cadmium (5 ppm) were accumulated by the ventral lobe of the prostate, although the metal was not detectable subcellularly. The results are discussed in relation to human prostatic carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00255954
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastrukturelle Befunde bei 9 Feten nach pränataler Diagnose von Neurolipidosen (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 407-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Fetal neurolipidosis ; Ultrastructure ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Fetale Neurolipidose ; Ultrastruktur ; Pränatale Diagnose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach positiver enzymatischer Pränataldiagnose aus der Amnionzellkultur lieferte die morphologische Untersuchung von 10 Feten (19.–25. Schwangerschaftswoche) mit sechs verschiedenen Neurolipidosen (Sphingolipid-Speicherkrankheiten) bei 9 Feten ein positives Ergebnis, wobei der nicht immer optimale Erhaltungszustand der fetalen Gewebe nach therapeutischer Abruptio in Kauf genommen werden mußte. Die Ultrastruktur der quantitativ meist noch geringen Lipidspeicherprozesse in Gehirn oder viszeralen Organen glich qualitativ jener der postnatalen Speicherprozesse: GM2-Gangliosidose Type 2; Nachweis von „menbranous cytoplasmic bodies“ lysosomalen Ursprungs in Fortsätzen von Nervenzellen des Groß-hirns. Morbus Krabbe; Auftreten von einkernigen und mehrkernigen Speicherzellen, z. T. mit Gefäßbeziehung, im Rückenmark. In den Speicherzellen traf man auf spieß- oder lamellenförmige, teils auch fädig strukturierte Einschlußkörper. GM1-Gangliosidose Typ 1; in Nervenzellen des Hirnstamms Vorkommen intrazytoplasmatischer lysosomaler Speicherkörper vom „Zebra“-Typ, in der Milz fanden sich durch zahlreiche, kaum strukturierte Vakuolen geblähte Speicherzellen. Metachromatische Leukodystrophie; im Gegensatz zu Literatur-Befunden waren keine Speicherprozesse im fetalen Hirn und Rückenmark, jedoch starke Speicherungen in den Nierentubuli in Form multilamellärer (zirkulär, parallel oder unregelmäßig geschichteter) Speicherkörper, teils mit Prävalenz in den Zellen mit Mikrovilli, nachweisbar. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch war metachromatisches Material in Nierentubuli und Sammelrohren, ferner auch in der Leber (Grenze der Glissonschen Dreiecke zum Parenchym) darstellbar. Morbus Niemann-Pick Typ C; große Nervenzellen des Rückenmarks und der Stammganglien enthielten zahlreiche Myelinfiguren-artige Einschlußkörper, die den postnatalen lysosomalen Speicherkörpern in Nervenzellen bei dieser Erkrankung ähneln. Morbus Gaucher; der erst 19 Wochen alte Fet zeigte trotz biochemisch eindeutigen Defekts der Glucocerebrosidase-Aktivität noch keine Speicherphänomene. Die bereits pränatal oft deutliche morphologische Manifestation der Speicherprozesse bei Neurolipidosen zeigt, daß die postnatale Latenz der klinischen Erscheinungen während mehrerer Monate (bisweilen 1–2 Jahre) einem hohen Grad an zellulärer Kompensationsfähigkeit entspricht.
    Notes: Summary After positive prenatal enzymic diagnosis of different neurolipidoses therapeutic abortion was carried out in the 19th to 25th week of pregnancy. Ten delivered fetuses were studied ultrastructurally and in nine of them positive results were obtained, although in some cases one had to accept relatively poor structural conservation of fetal tissues. The ultrastructure of the quantitatively small lipid storage effects qualitatively resembled that of the postnatal stages with some exceptions of localization. In fetal GM2-gangliosidosis type 2 (variant 0) concentric menbranous cytoplasmic bodies were detected in the brain cortex. In Krabbe's disease the myelinated regions of the spinal cord showed scattered storage (globoid) cells, sometimes closely related to blood vessels, which contained isolated or stranded tubular or spicular inclusions. In GM1-gangliosidosis type 1 neurons of the brain stem showed lamellar inclusions structured as zebra bodies, and splenic histiocytes exhibited numerous almost clear cytoplasmic vacuoles. In fetal metachromatic leukodystrophy the CNS including myelinated regions was essentially free of morphologic lipid storage effects. However, many kidney tubules cells contained great numbers of irregular or roughly parallel stacks of membranes. These inclusions may be equivalent to “tuffstone” bodies. In one fetus the bodies were restricted to tubular cells bearing microvilli. Fluorescent microscopy of arcus of the kidney tubule showed excess amounts of metachromatic material. Less of this material was demonstrable in the envelope layer of hepatic Glisson triangles. In the fetus with Niemann-Pick disease type C large neurons of the basal ganglia and the spinal cord were filled with membranous inclusions that were similar to myelin-shaped bodies rather than to solid membranous bodies. The 19-weeks-old fetus with enzymically proven Gaucher disease was free of ultrastructural lipid storage effects. Most but not all of the morphological findings in the fetuses with neurolipidoses were in accordance with published results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345597
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    Sensory transduction and neuronal transmission as related to ultrastructure and encoding of information in different labyrinthine receptor systems of vertebrates (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 236 (1982), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Intracellular receptor potentials ; Synaptic potentials ; Ultrastructure ; Bilateral afferent-efferent control ; Reptilian labyrinth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. The animals were young crocodiles (Caiman crocodilus), geckos (Gekko gecko, Tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans, Chinemys reevesii). Intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, and papillar sensory cells. These single-cell responses are, within limits, proportional to stimulus amplitude, frequency, or phase and are bidirectional in that they show depolarization by kinociliopetal stereociliar displacement and hyperpolarization by kinociliofugal displacement. Synaptic potentials (presynaptic from the basal region of the hair cell, postsynaptic from the contacting nerve endings) were recorded in the utricular, saccular, and lagenar neuroepithelia with electron-optic localization of the in situ fixed microelectrode tip. As local excitatory or inhibitory processes, respectively, they follow the stimulus and receptor potential with latency and with nonlinear distortion. Action potentials (spikes), as synchronized by the excitatory synaptic potentials, were recorded from single nerve fibers or bipolar cells, related to ampullar, macular, or papular receptor units. Unit responses and synaptic potentials were recorded from the first, second, and following centripetal and central neurons of the ascending systems, or from neurons of the descending systems in the brain stem or from centrifugal neurons. Such records were achieved during adequate mechanical or acoustical stimulation of the different receptor systems, with additional electrical stimulation, uni- or bilaterally. Thus, the influence of centripetal-centrifugal bilateral interaction on the receptor functions was measured, as inhibition or disinhibition, respectively. The input-output relations of these sequential stages of information transfer were plotted as histograms of different types, as characteristic curves, power spectra, or by correlation operations, with or without feedback, from the different systemic levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464055
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    Electronic Resource
    The influence of chronic vitamin A deficiency on human and animal ears (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 234 (1982), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Vitamin A deficiency in rats ; Ultrastructure ; Acoustic sensory receptor ; Ganglion cell ; Vitamin A deficiency in alcoholic liver disease ; Auditory dysfunction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After feeding young rats a diet deficient in vitamin A, we examined the inner ear with the electron microscope. There were changes in the cuticle of the outer and inner hair cells. Furthermore, there were changes in the reticular system of the intermediate zone and massive degenerative changes in the ganglion cells of the VIII nerve. In a second experiment with older animals we found no significant changes in the sensory cells, though there was new bone formation in Rosenthal's canal and damage to the ganglion cells, of a lesser extent than was evident in the first experiment, however. In a further clinical study, we carefully chose human subjects suffering from alcoholic liver disease who also had a negative history of ear infection, noise exposure, head injury and use of streptomycin. Normal auditory function in the family was also a criterion. A decreased auditory function associated with low vitamin A levels was found in these patients. Those with liver disease showed not only a significant auditory dysfunction in the higher frequencies, but as well a poorer performance in the tone decay test. They were compared to a control group with normal hepatic, renal and thyroid status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00453625
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of meiosis in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum I. Prophasic microtubules and spindle dynamics (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 110 (1982), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Microtubules ; Polarity ; Ultrastructure ; Mosses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An extensive system of microtubules develops during meiotic prophase in the mossRhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.)Jaeg. &Sauerb. Development of the cytoskeleton can be traced to early prophase when the nucleus is acentric and the single plastid divides into four plastids. The cytoskeletal microtubules are associated with equidistant positioning of the four plastids at the distal tetrad poles and with migration of the nucleus to a central position in the sporocyte. The cytoskeleton, which interconnects plastids and encloses the nucleus, contributes to the establishment of moss sporocyte polarity. Just prior to metaphase I evidence of the prophase cytoskeleton is lost as the bipolar metaphase I spindle develops in association with discrete polar organizers located in opposite cleavage furrows between plastids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314678
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    Isolation and ultrastructural identification of membranes from the fungusGilbertella persicaria (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 87-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungi ; Gilbertella persicaria ; Membranes ; Mitochondria ; Organelle isolation ; Plasma membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for isolating and identifying subcellular membranes from walled hyphae ofGilbertella persicaria. Differences in thickness and symmetry of membranes and in contents of vesicles were used to distinguish different types of membranes. Mitochondria, vacuoles, plasma membrane, and vesicles with attached ribosomes from homogenized germlings equilibrated at the 1.2/1.4 M interface in discontinuous sucrose gradients. Accelerated flotation in centrifuged Ficol-sucrose gradients resulted in the additional separation of the mixed membranes into three fractions: one contained predominantly intact mitochondria, another was composed of vacuoles and vesicles coated with ribosomes, and a third was enriched in plasma membranes. Based upon morphometric analysis, these fractions contained 92% mitochondria, 53% vacuoles, and 89% plasma membranes, respectively. The source of vesicles coated with ribosomes was investigated since rapidly growing hyphae ofG. persicaria contained little rough endoplasmic reticulum as compared with other classes of membranes. Reconstruction from electron micrographs of mitochondrial fragmentation and vesiculation suggested that most of the ribosome-coated vesicles originated from disrupted mitochondria rather than from rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study demonstrates the utility of ultrastructural markers to identify membranesin vitro independent of, or as an adjunct to, cytochemical and biochemical markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282067
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    A light and electron microscopic study of stigmas inAneilema andCommelina species (Commelinaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 26-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aneilema ; Commelina ; Cytochemistry ; Evolution ; Papillae ; Pollination ; Secretion ; Stigmas ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The stigmas of species inAneilema andCommelina are trifid and comprise elongate papillae. Progressive degeneration of papular cells is observed in stigmas from open flowers and at anthesis papillae may be moribund and collapsed. Fluid emanating from the hollow style flows onto the surface through ruptures in the cuticle at the interpapillar junctions into the interstices at maturity. This secretion stains positively for protein. Stigmas are of the “wet” type. The cuticle overlying the papillar cells is ridged and at the final stages prior to flowering this cuticle becomes detached from the underlying cellulosic wall. The sub-cuticular space so formed is filled with secretion. InAneilema species detachment of cuticle is at the papillar tip and along the lateral walls. InCommelina species the anticlinal walls of adjacent papillae are strongly attached for much of their length and thus detachment of cuticle is restricted to the papillar tip. The cell wall at the tip in both genera may proliferate forming a rudimentary transfer-cell type wall. The secretion is considered to be produced by the papillar cells. It is PAS positive but fails to stain for protein and in both the light and electron microscopes appears heterogenous. Pollen attachment, hydration, germination and early tube growth are very rapid following self-pollination, the pollen tubes entering the neck of the style within ten minutes of attachment. A unique character combination involving pollen and stigmas in these genera indicates a monophyletic origin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280212
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    Cross-linking bridges associated with the microbody-lipid globule complex inChytriomyces aureus andChytriomyces hyalinus (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 181-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fungus ; Zoospore ; Ultrastructure ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Determining how the orientation and association among organelles are maintained within zoospores of theChytridiales is important to understanding the control of zoospore motility. Zoospores of the aquatic fungi,Chytriomyces aureus andC. hyalinus, contain microbody-lipid globule complexes with an elongate microbody adjacent to the portion of a lipid globule facing the cell's interior and a fenestrated cisterna (the rumposome) opposed to the surface of the lipid globule toward the plasma membrane. Mitochondria are intimately associated with the microbody. Electron microscopy of the microbody-lipid globule complex fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, with or without tannic acid, reveals cross-linking bridges connecting the rumposome to the plasma membrane, to the microbody, and to microtubules of the rootlet extending from the kinetosome. It is concluded that these bridges are responsible, at least in part, for the consistent location of the microbody-lipid globule complex in the zoospore body. The possible role of the rumposome as a receptor organelle is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01284092
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    Electronic Resource
    Rapidly-secreting, cultured oat cells serve as a model system for the study of cellular exocytosis. Characterization of cells and isolated secretory vesicles (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 196-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Secretion ; Vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Cultured cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Callus-derived suspension cultures of oats dramatically increase the viscosity of the culture media after one month in culture. Colorimetric assays for sugars and protein, as well as measurements of viscosity, suggest that the released material is a long-chain polysaccharide, probably a pectinaceous substance. These cells grow slowly in liquid culture, yet despite their low cell density, they are able to increase the viscosity of the media several fold within seven days after media transfer. Ultrastructural observations show that oat cells have features common to actively-secreting cells; especially evident are numerous dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae. Using a combination of filtering and centrifugation techniques we were able to recover large numbers of intact secretory vesicles. The interior of the vesicles stain with periodic acid-silver hexamine, and colormetric analysis of the vesicle pellet for total sugars confirms the presence of polysaccharides in this vesicle fraction. Because of the uniformity of these cells, the high rate of secretion, and the accessability of a large vesicle population, this culture system is'a useful model for studying the secretory process in plant cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01284094
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Muscle ultrastructural characteristics of elite powerlifters and bodybuilders (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 48 (1982), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Hypertrophy ; Bodybuilders ; Fast and slow twitch fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Skeletal muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle ultrastructure of a group of subjects possessing extreme hypertrophy was compared with that of a control group which had undergone 6 months of heavy resistance training. Two needle biopsies were taken from triceps brachii of two international calibre powerlifters and five elite bodybuilders. In addition, samples were taken from five healthy volunteers before and after 6 months of training of the elbow extensors. One biopsy was prepared for electron microscopy and analyzed stereologically, and the other was stained for myosin ATPase activity and photographed under the light microscope. Despite large differences in elbow extension strength and arm girth there was no significant difference in fibre areas or percentages of fibre types between the elite group and the trained controls. This suggests that the elite group possessed a greater total number of muscle fibres than the controls did. Mitochondrial volume density of the elite group was similar to that of the control group following training but significantly less (p〈0.05) than the pretraining control measurements. Myofibrillar volume density was significantly lower and cytoplasmic volume density significantly higher in the elite group than in the trained controls. There was a considerably higher incidence of structural abnormalities including central nuclei and atrophied fibres in the elite group than in the control group, which might possibly have been associated with the use of anabolic steroids by the elite group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00421171
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    Electronic Resource
    Microcyst formation in the plasmodial slime moldDidymium iridis (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Didymium iridis ; Microcyst-encystment ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; Myxomycete
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Myxamoebae ofDidymium iridis were removed from the bacterial food source and induced to encyst by transfer to 10 mM phosphate buffer. After 24 hours of induction approximately 90% of the myxamoebae had differentiated into microcysts. The kinetics of encystment were not significantly affected by pH or osmolarity of the encystment medium. Early stages of encystment were distinguished by the appearance of autophagic vacuoles and an extracellular “slime-like” sheath. The outer wall layer, consisting of dense fibrils, was unevenly deposited after 4 hours. An electron-lucent, second wall layer appeared between 5–10 hours followed by a densely packed, third wall layer adjacent to the plasma membrane. Wall formation appeared to involve smooth-membraned vesicles of possible Golgi origin. The vesicle contents and outer wall layer reacted with the periodic acid-silver methenamine stain for polysaccharide. The density of intramembrane particles of the protoplasmic fracture face increased during encystment with a gradual formation of aggregates of particles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280218
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    Tentacle contraction and ultrastructure inDiscophrya collini: The response to cations (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 112 (1982), S. 92-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Discophrya ; Tentacle contraction ; Cations ; Calcium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Discophrya collini is a suctorian protozoan with contractile tentacles containing a microtubule-lined canal and microfilaments. The effects of a range of cations on tentacle contraction and ultrastructure have been determined. Treatment with 80 mM CaCl2 and 95 mM MgCl2 causes contraction to 28% and 57% of the control length respectively. Re-extension takes over 4 hours in the culture medium, but CaCl2-treated tentacles are re-extended after a 5 minutes treatment with 10−2 M EDTA or 5 × 10−3 M EGTA. CuCl2 causes a significant contraction at 10−5 M (to 77%); LaCl3 at 10−4 M (to 65%); ZnCl2 at 10−2 M (to 65%), but BaCl2, CoCl2, MnCl2, NiCl2, and SrCl2 cause significant changes only at 10−1 M. The cytoplasm of CaCl2-treated cells contains two forms of membraneous structures when viewed in TEM; that of MgCl2-treated cells reveals granular areas of medium electron density. None of these features are seen in control cells. The microtubules of the tentacle canal appear to be intact upon its retraction into the cell with no change occurring in the numbers or relative positions of the microtubules. The tentacle cortex is wrinkled. It is suggested from this and previous work that tentacle contraction may be mediated by a microfilament-based mechanism, and that calcium may be involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280219
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    Ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the motile diatomNavicula cuspidata (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 10-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Diatom ; Motility ; Mucopolysaccharide ; Secretion ; Staining ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Generation of movement in benthic diatoms is thought to be intimately associated with secretion at the raphe, a slit in the silica cell wall. The presence and distribution of extracellular substances and their source was investigated cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Extracellular material, possibly-acid mucopolysaccharide, was observed consistently within the entire length of the raphe of both valves and also as a sheath enveloping the silica frustule. Such quantities of extracellular material are absent in conventionally fixed motile diatoms. Numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, with fibrillar contents, distributed peripherally but concentrated along the raphe and at the cell poles, react strongly with a polysaccharide specific stain; their distribution in the cell and polysaccharide content suggest these may be the source of raphe and sheath material. Results support the most recent theories on the mechanism of locomotion in outline only; the details cannot be clarified. Localization procedures using alcian blue and silver staining of peroxidised sections are discussed briefly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283035
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    A comparative ultrastructural and physiological study on melanophores of wild-type and periodic albino mutants of Xenopus laevis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores ; Periodic albinism ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Xenopus laevis, tadpoles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pigment of tail-fin melanophores in periodic albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles is dispersed in response to darkness and to α-MSH in a manner similar to wild-type melanophores. However, periodic albino tadpoles lack the response to different background conditions and the melatonin-induced aggregation in darkness. The tyrosinase activity in cells of the latter type tadpoles is weak compared to the wild-type cells. Ultrastructural examination of melanophores from periodic albino mutants and cells from wild-type tadpoles shows similar organelles at corresponding sites. A morphological difference can be observed in the fine structure of the melanosomes, which in albinos resembles an earlier stage of development. It is postulated that periodic albino Xenopus laevis possess the cellular mechanism to disperse pigment in the melanophores, but that under physiological conditions the release of α-MSH appears to be absent or scarce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218284
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    Electronic Resource
    The interstitial cells in the colon of the rabbit (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Interstitial cell ; Myenteric plexus ; Colon ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The interstitial cells associated with the myenteric plexus of the rabbit colon were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that the interstitial cells were stellate or fusiform in shape and located over the ganglia, over nerve bundles and between muscle cells. They were characterized by many slender processes, and resemble fibroblasts. No basal lamina was observed between the interstitial cells and muscle cells. It was concluded that structural features of the interstitial cells are distinctly different from those of neurons, Schwann cells, or of smooth muscle cells, while they show clear similarities to those of fibroblasts. By scanning electron microscopy the shapes and the relations of these cells could be demonstrated in great detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218287
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    Fine structure of seminiferous tubules from prenatally irradiated rats (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sertoli cells ; Seminiferous tubules ; Irradiated rats ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules was studied in rats that had been subjected to whole body irradiation on the 19th day of gestation. The seminiferous tubules from 3 months-old irradiated animals are devoid of germ cells and contain only Sertoli cells. Compared with controls of the same age, the seminiferous tubule basal membrane is thickened and multilayered and several alterations are observed in the Sertoli cells. The most characteristic of these alterations are: (a) an abnormal number of nuclear heterochromatin clumps, (b) the presence of numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles and various sized lipid droplets, (c) elaborate interdigitations and junctions between adjacent cells, and (d) the presence of anomalous ectoplasmic specializations disposed perpendicularly to the Sertoli cell membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218294
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  • 52
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    Noradrenergic axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 359-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axon terminals ; Substantia gelatinosa ; Spinal cord ; Noradrenaline ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The noradrenergic terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord of the rat were investigated by means of the histofluorescence technique and electron-microscopic cytochemistry using the glyoxylic acid-KMnO4 fixation technique. In accordance with the topographical distribution of fluorescent catecholaminergic fibers, noradrenergic terminals containing small granular vesicles were frequently observed electron microscopically in the outer layer of the substantia gelatinosa. These terminals were most frequently found to appose without showing typical synaptic features, small-caliber dendrites, spine apparatus, and rarely, large caliber dendrites. Only in a few cases, the noradrenergic terminals exhibited typical synaptic contacts with dendritic elements of small size. In addition, noradrenergic terminals apposed non-noradrenergic terminals containing small agranular vesicles. In rats bearing surgical lesions of the dorsal roots, no noradrenergic terminal were found in contact with the degenerated axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa. These findings suggest that the noradrenergic afferents to the substantia gelatinosa may exert their influence on sensory transmission via dorsal horn cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213218
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    Primary cultures of endothelial cells of the rat liver (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 201-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Endothelial cells ; Primary culture ; Ultrastructure ; Adsorptive endocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new isolation and purification procedure for endothelial cells of the rat liver and the conditions for large scale survival of these cells in maintenance culture are reported. Cells isolated by this new method and cultured with homologous rat serum on a collagen matrix show the restoration of several ultrastructural characteristics typical of rat liver endothelial cells in situ, including the broad cytoplasmic extensions that contain the sieve plates. These fenestrated cytoplasmic projections, which cover the liver sinusoids in vivo, are well preserved and are reformed in a manner reminiscent of the situation in situ. Reformation of specific membrane receptors is indicated by the reappearance of the capacity to take up horseradish peroxidase by adsorptive endocytosis, a characteristic that is lost during the cell isolation procedure. From the results obtained in this study, maintenance culture of rat liver endothelial cells seems to be a promising system for studying the regulation of pore size of the fenestrated sieve plates by alcohol and certain hormones, for studying the interaction of endothelial cells with other liver cells and tumor cells, and for studying the mechanisms of adsorptive endocytosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221510
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical characterization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin neurons in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 685-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunoelectron microscopy ; Preoptic nucleus ; Goldfish ; Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We describe the ultrastructural localization of isotocin, vasotocin and neurophysin in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish. With the aid of immunocytochemical techniques, we see staining both in classical neurosecretory granules and in diffuse agranular form throughout somata and processes. Signs of cellular and synaptic interactions between chemically identified neurons include axon terminals which contain vasotocin immunoreactivity and membrane specializations (puncta adhaerentia) between adjacent somata. Our investigations provide an anatomical basis for neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter-like functions of peptidergic neurons in the teleost preoptic nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218487
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    The pinealocyte nucleolus (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Nucleolus ; Rat ; Ultrastructure ; Twenty-four-hour changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis was made of the nucleolar components in pinealocytes of 40 male Fischer rats sampled at eight times in an LD 12∶12 photoperiod cycle. Comparisons of results from the eight times showed variation in estimated mean volume of the granular component of ±29%, and of the fibrillar component ±11%, in relation to daily means. Peaks in mean volume of total nucleolus and its granular component occurred at 1 h of light. Near maximal and minimal mean volumes of the fibrillar component both occurred during both light and dark. Fibrillar centers (nucleolar organizer regions) of different sizes were found at all sampling times. It is concluded that temporal patterns in 24-h changes in the nucleolar components are most prominent in the granular component, and are more complex than suggested by changes in total nucleolar size or mean dimensions, and than represented by a simple biphasic circadian rhythm. Examples of different stages in the migration of the granular component, and of possible sites of nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of nucleolar material, are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217279
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    Ultrastructure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the amphibian urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 663-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) ; Urodeles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure du tissu lymphoïde associé au tube digestif (GALT) a été étudiée chez l'amphibien urodèle, Pleurodeles waltlii. Les follicules lymphoïdes se présentent comme de vrais infiltrés entre les éléments conjonctifs de la muqueuse. Ils se trouvent principalement constitués par des plasmocytes mûrs et en développement, des macrophages et des granulocytes. Les cellules lymphoïdes migratrices provoquent une invasion massive de l'épithelium intestinal qui présente des modifications notables comme la disparition de la membrane basale et une diminution du nombre de cellules muqueuses. D'après son organisation et ses composants cellulaires, le GALT de P. waltlii semble représenter un précurseur phylogénétique primitif de la “barrière immunologique intestinale” des mammifères.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) has been studied in the salamander, Pleurodeles waltlii. Lymphoid accumulations appear as true infiltrates scattered throughout the lamina propria cell elements. The most important components of these infiltrates are small and medium sized lymphocytes, and, in lesser amounts, developing and mature plasma cells, macrophages and granulocytes. Migrating lymphoid cells massively invade the intestinal epithelium inducing noticeable modifications, such as the disappearance of the basement membrane and decreased numbers of mucous cells. Thus, in its organization and cell composition, the GALT of P. waltlii appears to represent a primitive phylogenetic precursor of the mammalian “intestinalimmunologic ” barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213761
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    Effects of acute opiate-peptide administration on pro-opiomelanocortin cells of the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Opiate peptides ; Pituitary ; Pro-opiomelanocortin cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acute injections of synthetic opiate peptides into the lateral cerebral ventricle of young adult male rats on cells of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary were studied. Met-enkephalin (100/μg) injected into anesthetized rats, or 20 μg beta-endorphin administered via a previously implanted cannula to unanesthetized animals, will lead to cell degranulation and often to expanded Golgi zones and prominent regions of rough endoplasmic reticulum in secretory cells when tissue is fixed 45–60 min after peptide administration. Treatment of animals with the opiate antagonist naloxone hydrochloride prior to enkephalin injection appeared to prevent the cellular changes elicited with peptide alone. Observations suggest that opiate peptides administered to the cerebrospinal fluid may stimulate release of pro-opiomelanocortin-peptide from pituitary cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216230
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    Fine structure of the larval rhinophores of the nudibranch, Rostanga pulchra, with emphasis on the sensory receptor cells (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 225 (1982), S. 235-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhinophore ; Larva ; Nudibranch ; Sensory cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rhinophores of the veliger larva of Rostanga pulchra are located in the intravelar field near the base of the velar lobes. Each rhinophore is a cylindrical structure, tapering distally, and covered with a dense meshwork of microvilli. A conspicuous row of ciliary tufts runs along each side of the rhinophore and several stiffer tufts, composed of fewer cilia, are positioned around the tip or at the base. The rhinophoral epithelium consists of supporting cells, ciliated cells (giving rise to the ciliary rows), dendritic terminals (giving rise to the tufts around the apex), and sinuses containing occasional amebocytes. The lumen of the rhinophore is occupied by the rhinophoral ganglion and muscle cells that are oriented in two perpendicular planes. Cell bodies of the dendritic endings are located within the rhinophoral ganglion, which in turn joins into the optic and cerebral ganglia. Rhinophoral ganglionic neurons do not synapse with each other, but numerous neuromuscular synapses are found in the lumen of the rhinophore. Morphological evidence suggests that the dendritic endings are chemoreceptors and the ciliated cells are possibly mechanoreceptors but are not functional at this stage in development. The functional role of the rhinophores is discussed in relation to larval behavior at settlement and metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214678
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    Development of the ovarian surface and associated germ cells in the human fetus (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 493-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian cords ; Surface epithelium ; Fetal germ cells ; Mesonephros ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ovarian surface and associated germ cells have been studied in human fetuses from 12 weeks of age until near term, using light, TEM and SEM techniques. The surface epithelium and related cords proliferate extensively, especially at midterm. The cords in the ovarian cortex appear to be linked with ingrowths from the surface epithelium, and both structures have a common basal lamina. Germ cells are always interspersed among the somatic cells of the surface epithelium and associated cords. These results indicate that both the proliferating cords and surface epithelium may contribute to the formation of early follicles. Furthermore, the occurrence, of elements having some of the features of primitive steroidogenic cells in the regions of cordsurface epithelium continuity, suggests that both structures (surface epithelium and cords) contribute somatic cells, which in addition to becoming granulosa cells, might also contribute to the provision of primitive interstitial cells. Gonocytes tend to migrate through the developing ovarian tissue towards the surface where they become extruded into the peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon might contribute to the reduction in the number of germ cells at birth and parallels the atretic processes within the ovary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214779
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    Effects of metronidazole on growth, chloroplast structure and differentiation in gametophytes ofAnemia phyllitidis L. Sw. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anemia phyllitidis ; Chloroplast ; Gametophyte ; Metronidazole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Metronidazole inhibits cell division in gametophytes of the fernAnemia phyllitidis without changing morphogenetic patterns. Simultaneously the sensitivity of the prothallia against gibberellins which substitute for the natural sexual pheromone “antheridiogen A”, is increased. The inhibition of cell division is accompanied by a loss of chlorophyll and by severe changes in the ultra-structure of the chloroplasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282004
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    Nuclear and nucleolar inclusions in root tip ofBrassica napus L. (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Membrane ; Nucleolus ; Nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Vacuole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vacuole-like structures were found in the nuclei of root tip cells ofBrassica napus. The cells containing the unusual nuclear inclusions were found to be adjacent to zones of degenerating cells. Such groups of cells occurred irregularly in the meristematic regions of the young root tips. The possibility that they represent changes which have occurred in old seeds is discussed. The “vacuole-like” structures seen in the cells adjacent to the degenerating zones were bounded by a membranous layer 12 nm thick. This is thicker than most cellular membranes. The “vacuoles” frequently contained inclusions and showed similarities to protein bodies reported elsewhere. The structures are thought to represent rearrangements of cell products which may have accumulated through an imbalance of metabolism in consequence of the imminent cell degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280906
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    Hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus and possible implications of woronin bodies close to the hyphal apex of the latter species (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 113 (1982), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; Aspergillus giganteus ; Hyphal apex ; Ultrastructure ; Woronin body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyphal tip ultrastructure ofAspergillus nidulans andAspergillus giganteus indicates that their apical organization is very similar to that found in other filamentous fungi. Both species have an area immediately behind the hyphal apex free of all large organelles and containing a high concentration of vesicles. InA. giganteus only one size class of vesicle is clearly evident, with a mean diameter of 72 nm. InA. nidulans two size classes of vesicle were found, with mean diameters of 75 nm and 31 nm. A Spitzenkörper is evident inA. nidulans as an area very close to the tip containing only the smaller vesicles. InA. giganteus one or more apparently mature Woronin bodies were found within the first 1 μm of some hyphal apices. The possible significance of their presence is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280909
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    Lack of correlation between ultrastructural and pharmacological types of non-adrenergic autonomic nerves (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 551-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves ; Cholinergic nerves ; Ultrastructure ; Nervous transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to test the premise that non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) autonomic nerves have a distinctive ultrastructural appearance, clearly different from that of cholinergic nerves, a detailed quantitative ultrastructural analysis has been made of the non-adrenergic innervation of 15 tissues thought from pharmacological evidence to be innervated by NANC nerves (rat and rabbit anococcygeus muscles; rabbit hepatic portal vein; extrinsically denervated toad lung); cholinergic nerves (atria of rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and toad); or both (guinea-pig cervical and thoracic trachealis muscle; rabbit rectococcygeus muscle; urinary bladder of rat, rabbit, guinea-pig and toad) in addition to their adrenergic supply. Following fixation with a modified chromaffin procedure allowing identification of adrenergic nerves, large, randomly selected samples of non-adrenergic nerve profiles from each tissue were analysed with respect to numbers, relative proportions, and size frequency distributions of different vesicle classes within the profiles. The neuromuscular relationships within each tissue were also analysed. On the basis of these analyses, it is clear that there are no consistent ultrastructural differences between cholinergic and NANC autonomic nerves: neither proportions nor sizes of the vesicles provide any clue as to the transmitter used by a particular nerve. The great majority of nerve profiles, whether cholinergic or NANC, contain predominantly small clear “synaptic” vesicles. Large filled “peptidergic” vesicles are no more common in most NANC nerves than in most cholinergic ones. It is concluded, on ultrastructural grounds, that the primary transmitter in these NANC autonomie nerves is most likely to be stored in and released from the small clear vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215701
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    Comparative study of structure and function of blood cells from two Drosophila species (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 607-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytes ; Drosophila ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila yakuba larvae have been defined in terms of their ultrastructure and functions in “coagulation”, wound healing, encapsulation, phenol-oxydase activity, and phagocytosis. The position of these cells among the classical hemocyte types of insects is determined. We distinguish two plasmatocyte types (macrophage plasmatocytes and lamellocytes) which do not seem to belong to the same lineage, and oenocytoids which are the crystal cells of the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215704
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    Ultrastructural observations on the pineal gland of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 531-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pineal parenchymal cells, pinealocytes and glia-like cells, of the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) is described. Pinealocyte nuclei contain spindle-shaped inclusions consisting of bundles of closely packed parallel filaments of about 8 nm in thickness. Mitochondria contain lamellar and tubular cristae. Smaller and larger mitochondria are usually localized separately in individual pinealocytes. Flattened mitochondria contain two to four closely arranged, unusual lamellar cristae, which lie parallel to the surface of the mitochondria. These cristae exhibit particular structures. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is frequently found in close association with such flattened mitochondria. Tubular expansions of the outer membrane of mitochondria occur frequently. The pinealocyte cytoplasm contains stacks of flattened cisternae, which are continuous with both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Pinealocyte cell bodies and processes contain granulated vesicles. Although larger granulated vesicles measuring up to 300 nm in diameter occasionally occur, smaller granulated vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter) and larger ones are usually localized separately in individual cells. Vacuoles containing flocculent material are found in groups in close association with rough endoplasmic reticulum. Glia-like cells with darker cytoplasm and nuclei lie surrounding pericapillary or intercellular spaces. The glia-like cells are characterized by the presence of abundant lipid droplets and occasional pigment granules. Bundles of filaments run parallel to the long axis of the processes of the glia-like cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213853
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    The life cycle of the gastrin granule (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin cell ; Secretory granules ; Secretory process ; Peptide hormones ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gastrin cells in the rat antrum was analyzed with standardized and quantitative planimetric methods. Resting and active cells were compared. The gastrin cells were activated by removal of the acidproducing part of the stomach (fundectomy). As a result the serum gastrin concentrations were greatly elevated. Compared with gastrin cells in fasted control rats the gastrin cells in fundectomized rats were increased in number, contained fewer cytoplasmic granules, increased amount of endoplasmic reticulum, and an enlarged Golgi area. Generally, the secretory granules of the gastrin cell displayed a wide range of electron density from highly electron-dense to electron-lucent. They exhibited certain characteristic features: 1) Electron-dense granules made up a greater proportion of the total granule population in active gastrin cells than in resting cells. 2) Electron-dense granules were more frequent near the Golgi stacks than in the periphery of the cell. 3) Electron-dense granules were smaller in size than the electron-lucent granules; hence, small electron-dense granules probably represent young granules (progranules), while large, electron-lucent granules represent mature (old) granules. 4) Electron-dense granules invariably displayed a more intense immunoreactivity than electron-lucent granules. The gastrins are generated from a large precursor molecule. The posttranslational processing of this precursor is reflected in the gastrin-component pattern. The gastrin-component pattern in antral extracts of fundectomized and normal fasting rats differed in that the proportion of the gastrin-4-like component was reduced, whereas the gastrin-34-like component was increased in the fundectomized rats. The results suggest a greater proportion of small gastrin components in the mature granules than in the newly formed ones, presumably due to more extensive conversion of larger forms into smaller forms with a longer granule half-life. As a result gastrin-17-and gastrin-34-like components make up a larger proportion of total gastrin in active gastrin cells than in resting gastrin cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213849
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    Apical surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout and the tench (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gallbladder epithelium ; Brush border ; Apocrine secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The free surface of the epithelial cells in the gallbladder of the rainbow trout (a predatory fish) and the tench (an omnivorous fish) is characterized by well-developed microvilli. They are irregularly arranged in the tench, but form a true brush border consisting of regularly aligned microvilli in the rainbow trout. In both species membrane-bounded cytoplasmic protrusions, up to 5 μm in diameter, extend from the apical surface. These protrusions are free of granules, secretory vesicles or other organelles; only in the tench some of them contain glycogen. Thus, the previously used terms “apocrine and droplet secretion” are not justified; the epithelial protrusions are now to be regarded as droplets of degenerated cytoplasm. Since they resemble the protrusions reported in fetal and postnatal epithelial cells in the gallbladder of higher vertebrates, interspecific differences are discussed. There is no significant correlation between the seasonal activity of the fish and the abundance or structure of the cytoplasmic protrusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216886
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    A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of changes in hamster cheek-pouch epithelium treated with vitamin A (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 541-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oral epithelium ; Cell differentiation ; Vitamin A ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes induced by the topical application of retinol acetate on hamster cheek pouch epithelium were evaluated using stereological analysis. Electron micrographs were prepared of the basal and superficial regions of the nucleated cell layer of the epithelium obtained from 3 treated and 3 control animals and examined at two levels of magnification. A total of 528 micrographs were analyzed using a coherent double lattice test system. Although the mean thickness of the nucleated cell layer did not change significantly after 10 days of treatment with retinol acetate the formation of keratinized squames was completely inhibited. This was paralleled by significant changes in the volume density of a number of organelles in both the basal and superficial strata. Rough endoplasmic reticulum increased significantly whereas filaments, which maintained a constant diameter of approximately 9 nm, keratohyalin granules and membrane-coating granules decreased in both strata. Desmosomes also showed a significant decrease in numerical area density in the treated tissues. In contrast, no changes were observed in the volume density of the Golgi apparatus, free ribosomes or mitochondria in the treated epithelium. It is concluded that this treatment provides an epithelium lacking all features of keratinization and may be a useful model for examining metabolic activities specifically associated with keratinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214783
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    The structure of a hair mechanoreceptor in the antennule of crayfish (Crustacea) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 565-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanosensory hair ; Chordotonal organ ; Ultrastructure ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study we examine the fine structure of mechanosensory hairs in the antennule of crayfish. The sensory hair is a stiff shaft with feather-like filaments. The hair's base is a large expansion of membrane which allows the hair shaft to deflect. The sensory transducing elements are located far from the hair, but are coupled mechanically with the hair shaft by a fine extracellular chorda. The sensory element is a type of scolopidium which consists of a scolopale cell and three sensory cells with a 9 + 0 type ciliary process. This type of scolopidium is characteristic of the chordotonal organ that has no cuticular structure on the surface of the exoskeleton. In this crustacean hair receptor, the deflection of the cuticular hair is transmitted through the chorda to the scolopidium which is a tension-sensitive transducer. The present study reveals that the mechanosensory hair of decapod crustaceans is a chordotonal organ accompanied by a cuticular hair structure. We also discuss comparative aspects of cuticular and subcuticular chordotonal organs in arthropods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214785
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    Ultrastructural changes in the neurohypophysis of the aged male rat (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Ageing ; Hormone-containing vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurohypophyses (neural lobes of the pituitary) of young adult (3–6 months) and aged (12–30 months) male rats were studied by means of electron microscopy. Stereomorphometric analyses were performed to determine the size, number and relative volume of the hormone-containing vesicles. The principal observations included: 1) the conspicuous depletion in aged rats of the granular hormone-containing vesicles from the axon terminals and the Herring bodies, with a decrease in the relative volume fraction of the vesicles from 4.8 Vv % in the control animals to 1.1 Vv % in the aged rats; 2) a change in the size-distribution of the hormone vesicles; 3) an increase in the extracellular space around the nerve terminals, axons and capillaries; and 4) lipid accumulations and signs of activation in the pituicytes. The possible physiological significance of the findings is discussed in the light of several regulatory functions known to be altered during the process of ageing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217081
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    Ultrastructure of pinealocytes of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Kangaroo rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the wild-captured ord kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordi) was examined. A homogeneous population of pinealocytes was present in the pineal gland of the kangaroo rat. The Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, dense-core vesicles, vacuoles containing a flocculent material and lipid droplets were consistent components of the pinealocyte cytoplasm, whereas infrequently-observed organelles included centrioles, multivesicular bodies, subsurface cisternae, “synaptic” ribbons and cilia. The number of dense-core vesicles was relatively high and dense-core vesicles and vacuoles containing a flocculent material were present in the same cell. Although it has been recently suggested that two different secretory processes, i.e., neurosecretory-like (Golgi apparatus — dense-core vesicles) and ependymal-like (granular endoplasmic reticulum — vacuoles containing a flocculent material) may be involved in different regulatory mechanisms in the pinealocytes, the definitive answer to this is still far from clear. Therefore, the pineal gland of the kangaroo rat appears to be a good model for the study of the potential relationship between these two secretory processes, especially in respect to seasonal changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217091
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    Estrogen-mediated exocytosis in the glandular epithelium of prostates in castrated and hypophysectomized dogs (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 689-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocytosis ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Canine prostate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glandular cells in the prostate of the intact, adult dog contain numerous, large secretory granules that are released by exocytosis. Following hypophysectomy or castration, the glandular epithelium atrophies and the secretory granules degenerate and eventually disappear. Pharmacologic doses of estradiol-17β 17-cyclopentylpropionate cause the regressed glandular cells to synthesize a new population of smaller granules that are also released by exocytosis, even though estrogen is known to inhibit fluid secretion by the canine prostate. Thus, the mechanisms involved in prostatic synthesis and exocytosis of secretory granules are independent of those regulating fluid secretion and are operative in the absence of androgen or pituitary hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214795
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    Correlation of mitochondrial form and function in vivo: Microinjection of substrate and nucleotides (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure ; Microinjection ; ATP ; ADP ; Amoeba proteus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Microinjection of adenine nucleotides and substrates into the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus followed by EM examination has been used in an attempt to relate alterations in mitochondrial morphology with functional changes. Contracted mitochondria with dark matrix and wide cristae (Type I), and expanded mitochondria with light matrix and narrower cristae (Type II) coexist in normal active amoebae, but their numbers can be varied according to different cell activity states. Following injection of ATP, the mitochondria of the amoebae showed a time-dependent movement towards a predominately Type II form, whilst injections of ADP produced predominately the Type I form. Injection of succinate or deionised water, even in large amounts, had little effect on the numbers of Type I or Type II forms. The change induced by ATP was of long duration; that induced by ADP was influenced by both concentration injected and the cell's substrate levels. With 3 mM solutions of ADP the mitochondrial population was primarily of Type I organelles; higher ADP concentrations or the simultaneous injection of succinate, however, resulted in a switch with time to increased proportions of Type II mitochondria. The results extend the findings of previous in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial studies and are discussed in the light of these.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206336
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    A light- and electron-microscopic study on the migration of primordial germ cells in the teleost, Oryzias latipes (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 139-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Migration ; Primordial germ cell ; Teleost ; Oryzias latipes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The primordial germ cells (PGCs) of Oryzias latipes in migration to the gonadal anlage have been investigated by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the PGCs, which occur in the subendodermal space on the syncytial periblast, differ conspicuously from that of the surrounding endodermal cells. After the PGCs move to the cavity between lateral plate and ectoderm, they are taken into the somatomesodermal layer and transferred to the dorsal mesentery where they form gonadal anlage with mesodermal cells. During their translocation to the dorsal mesentery through the somatic mesoderm, apparently without formation of pseudopods, the PGCs are completely surrounded by mesodermal cells. Since these conditions seem unfavorable to the active translocation of the PGCs to the dorsal mesentery, it is more likely that the PGCs are transferred passively by the morphogenic activity of the lateral-plate mesoderm. Counts of the number of the PGCs revealed that they are mitotically dormant during the migratory period. After the completion of the migration, they regain their proliferative activity. The PGCs in the female proliferate more actively than those in the male, which provides the first morphological indication of sex differentiation in this species of fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206337
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  • 75
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    Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers and onset of myelin ensheathment in the optic tectum of the trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Optic systems ; Axonal growth ; Myelination ; Ultrastructure ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The early differentiation of the optic pathway of the trout was studied by means of autoradiography, silver impregnation and electron microscopy. Ingrowth of optic nerve fibers into the optic tectum was consistently shown by tracer application and Golgi studies to occur at stage 28, about one week before hatching. Fibers being arranged in discrete bundles were rapidly growing through the longitudinal axis of tectum and at stage 33 reached its posterior end. Cross sections of these fiber bundles at different positions revealed myelin ensheatment to be initiated at the end of stage 34 at the anterior pole of the tectum. Since in the optic nerve of the trout the onset of myelination occurred even earlier (stage 33), it is assumed that this differentiation process follows a rostro-caudal gradient during development of the optic pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206341
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    The fine structure of the polymorphic spermatozoa of Fusitriton oregonensis (Mollusca: Gastropoda), with notes on the cytochemistry of the internal secretions (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 235-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sperm polymorphism ; Ultrastructure ; Mollusca ; Prosobranchia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prosobranch Fusitriton oregonensis exhibits an unusual form of sperm polymorphism. The viable, eupyrene sperm are attached in groups of about fifty to worm-shaped, apyrene, carrier sperm. There is a second apyrene sperm, which is lancet-shaped and has a different internal organization than the carrier, but does not transport eupyrene sperm. The eupyrene sperm are filiform (185 μm long), with a conical acrosome, elongate nucleus and midpiece. They contain large stores of glycogen in the principal piece, together with an unusually high proportion of protein. The latter is due to a complex interconnecting system of fibres that supports the tail internally. A distinct annulus is located, characteristically, at the junction between midpiece and principal piece. The carrier sperm has a core of about 112 axonemes that arise from basal bodies in the anterior end and extend through its entire length of 36 μm. The basal bodies have unstriated rootlets that are embedded in a granular cap. Large membrane-bound “yolk bodies” are arranged along the length of the carrier sperm, on either side of the median axonemal core. Dense bodies, which may be indigestible residues formed from the degeneration of the nucleus, are excreted by exocytosis. Individual carrier sperm are capable of “corkscrew” propulsion, resembling that of spirochaetes. The lancet sperm is three times as long as the carrier. The sixteen or so axonemes, which are arranged peripherally like a cage enclosing the cytoplasm, originate from a dense centriolar plate in the anterior end. The cytoplasm is filled with secretions including small yolk granules, dense bodies (also excreted), clear vesicles, and a membranated granular secretion that resembles mucus. The possible functions of the lancet and carrier sperm are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210883
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    Lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells in the immune response (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 277-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (rat) ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cells ; Immune response to paratyphoid vaccine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology and kinetics of macrophages and reticulum cells of rat lymph nodes have been studied in relation to the immune response to a second exposure to antigen. During the first 24 h after stimulation monocyte-like exudate macrophages, including some scattered interdigitating cells (IDC), contain granules similar to those present in epidermal Langerhans cells and lymph-borne veiled cells. In this induction phase these macrophages migrate from the marginal sinus into the paracortex and during the migration they gradually transform into IDC. In the proliferation phase the paracortex is mainly populated by transitional macrophages and there are almost no typical IDC present between the lymphoblasts. In the memory phase the relative number of IDC again rapidly increases. During this period in the paracortex there are often typical IDC which contain partially digested necrotic lymphocytes, thus resembling tingible body macrophages (TBM) of the germinal centre in this respect. It is suggested that the newly arrived macrophages induce the lymphoblast reaction, while mature IDC may have an inhibitory function in the memory phase of the immune response. In this phase the phagocytic potential of IDC is clearly shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210886
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    Sensory input to growth stimulating neuroendocrine cells of Lymnaea stagnalis (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 371-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tentacle sensory input system ; Neuroendocrine control of growth ; Ultrastructure ; L. stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several environmental factors influence the growth of the basommatophoran freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Growth is hormonally controlled by 4 cerebral clusters of ca 50–75 peptidergic, neuroendocrine Light Green Cells (LGC). The present light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopic study shows that the LGC are synaptically contacted by a tentacle sensory system (TSS). The TSS consists of 2 types of primary sensory neurone, viz. ca 150 S1-cells and ca 50–100 S2-cells. A S1-cell has a non-ciliated dendrite and an axon branch that synaptically contacts the soma of a S2-cell. A S2-cell has a branching, ciliated dendrite. Probably, S1- and S2-cells have different sensory modalities and can integrate sensory information by intersensory interaction. The S2-axons run through the tentacular nerves, the cerebral ganglia, and the intercerebral commissure. In each ganglion S2-axons branch and form synaptic contacts on the axons and somata of the LGC and on glial cells that surround the LGC. In an LGC-cluster, 1–3 LGC-somata are particularly strongly innervated. Probably, the TSS is involved in the environmental control of growth in L. stagnalis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210892
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    Boron chelates and boron-metal chelates. VIII. Constitution of Boron Chelates with C=N GroupsDedicated to Professor Fritz Umland on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 484 (1982), S. 41-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Borchelate und Bormetallchelate. VIII. Die Konstitution von Borchelaten mit C=N-GruppenDie Chelate 1-5 wurden aus der Carbonyl-Komponente, dem primären Amin bzw. Hydrazin und der organischen Borsäure in guter Ausbeute erhalten. Die Verbindungen wurden analytisch (Elementaranalyse, quantitative Bestimmung acider Wasserstoffatome und reduzierbarer Gruppen) und spektroskopisch (UV-VIS; IR; NMR: 11B, 1H, 13C) charakterisiert. 4 reagiert beim Erhitzen unter Abgabe von Benzol zu Chelat 6, das analytisch und spektroskopisch untersucht wurde.
    Notes: The chelates 1-5 were obtained in good yield by reacting the carbonyl component with primary amine or hydrazine and organo-boric acid. The compounds were characterized analytically (by elemental analysis and quantitative determinations of acidic hydrogen atoms and reducible groups) and spectroscopically (uv-vis; ir; nmr: 11B, 1H, 13C). Benzene is liberated on heating 4. The novel chelate 6 was investigated using analytical and spectroscopic methods.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824840105
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    Acyl- und Alkylidenphosphane. XIX. Molekül- und Kristallstruktur des 2,4-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,3-diphenyl-1,3-diphosphetans (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl and Alkylidenephosphines. XlX. Molecular and Crystal Structure of 2,4-Bis (dimethyl-amino) -1,3-diphenyl-l, 3-diphosphetane2,4-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,3-diphenyl-1,3-diphosphetane 2a which is isolated as a byproduct in the synthesis of (E)-(dimethylamino)methylidene-phenylphosphine 1a crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The dimensions of the unit cell determined at -65 ± 5°C are: a = 1 004(1); b = 1 018(3); c = 1 873(2) pm; β = 105.15(8)°; Z = 4. As it is shown by a low temperature X-ray structure determination (Rg = 3.5%) the phenyl groups are placed above and the dimethylamino groups below the folded 1,3-diphosphetane ring; the molecule with its differently twisted substituents, however, deviates considerably from point symmetry mm2. The dihedral angle between the P1—C1n—P2 planes (n = 1 or 2) is found to be 153°. The relatively long Pn—C1n bond distances (187 to 191 pm) indicate a strained ring system; in solution 2a decomposes to some extent and forms monomeric 1a again. Further characteristic average bond distances and angles are: Pn—C4n (phenyl) 184; C—N 146 pm; P1—C1n—P2 93°; C11—Pn—C12 84° and Pn—C1n—Nn 116°.
    Notes: Das bei der Synthese des (E)-(Dimethylamino)methyliden-phenylphosphans 1a als Nebenprodukt gebildete 2,4-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,3-diphenyl-1,3-diphosphetan 2a kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit den dei der Meßtemperatur von -65 ± 5°C bestimmten Gitterkonstanten: a = 1 004(1); b = 1 018(3); c = 1 873(2) pm; β = 105,15(8)°; Z = 4. Nach den Ergebnissen der Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Rg = 3,5%) ordnen sich die Phenylgruppen oberhalb, die Dimethylamino-Gruppen unterhalb des mit 153° an der P1-P2-Achse gefalteten 1,3-Diphosphetan-Rings an; durch unterschiedliche Drehung der Substituenten weicht aber das Molekül stark von der Punktsymmetrie mm2 ab. Die mit 187 bis 191 pm langen endocyclischen Pn-C1n-Abstände (n = 1 oder 2) weisen auf einen gespannten Ring hin; in Lösung zerfällt 2a wieder teilweise in das Monomere 1a. Weitere charakteristische mittlere Bindungsabstände und -winkel sind: Pn-C4n (Phenyl) 184; C—N 146 pm; P1—C1n—P2 93°; C11—Pn—C12 84° und Pn—C1n—Nn 116°.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824850104
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    Silaethene. VII. Darstellung und Charakterisierung SiF-haltiger Silacyclobutane Silaethene. VII. Preparation and Characterization of Silacyclobutanes with SiF Groups (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 53-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Silaethene. VII. Preparation and Characterization of Silacyclobutanes with SiF Groups and Me(F)- can be prepared in moderate to good yields by fluorination of the corresponding chlorine compounds with SbF3, ZnF2, AgF, or AgF2. The Lewis acidic fluorides SbF3 and ZnF3 lead to ring cleavage products in considerable amounts. With SbF3 in the presence of catalytic amounts of SbCl5 ring cleavage via formation of HX (X = F, Cl) is the main reaction. Disilacyclobutanes 3 and 4 can be prepared, alternatively, by gas phase pyrolysis of 1 and 2, respectively.
    Notes: und lassen sich in mäßigen bis guten Ausbeuten durch Fluorierung der entsprechenden Chlorverbindungen mit SbF3, ZnF2, AgF oder AgF2 darstellen. Die Lewis-aciden Fluoride SbF3 und ZnF2 führen in erheblichem Umfang zu Ringspaltungsprodukten. Bei Verwendung von SbF3 in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen SbCl5 wird durch Bildung von HX (X = F, Cl) die Spaltung der Ringe zur Hauptreaktion. Die Disilacyclobutane 3 und 4 sind auch durch Gasphasenpyrolyse von 1 und 2 zugänglich.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824850106
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    Die K4[Ag4O4]  -  Strukturfamilie (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: K4[Ag404] Structure TypeM4[Ag4O4] (M = Li—Cs) and M4[Cu4O4] (M = Li—Rb) have been prepared anew; as an example the crystal structure of K4[Ag4O4] has been revised.Contrary to our first report [2, 3] it crystallizes in the space-group I4m2 with the “ring” [Ag4O4]4- which is not plane, however. Each two O2- (trans-arrangement) are rather (0.02 Å) above and below the plane of the “ring”, respectively. The new parameters are given in the text. The distances, for example d(Ag+·O2-) = 2.058 Å and the Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, are both in a very good agreement with the measurements and calculations, respectively, which have been done on other ternary oxides with silver.
    Notes: Die Verbindungen M4[Ag4O4] mit M = Li—Cs und M4[Cu4O4] mit M = Li—Rb wurden erneut dargestellt; die Kristallstruktur wurde am K4[Ag4O4] überprüft.Entgegen unserem ersten Befund [2, 3] (I4) liegt in I4m2 zwar die Gruppe [Ag4O4]4- vor, doch sind je zwei O2- (trans-Stellung) etwas (0,02 Å) oberhalb bzw. unterhalb der “Ringebene” ausgelenkt. Bezüglich der neuen Parameter siehe Text. Die Abstände, z. B. d(Ag+→O2-) = 2,058 Å, sowie der Madelung-Anteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, stimmen mit Messungen bzw. Berechnungen an anderen ternären Oxiden mit Silber sehr gut überein.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824850110
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    Die Kristallstruktur von p-Tolylbis(diethyldithiocarbamato)-thallium(III) und Phenylbis(methylxanthogenato)bismut(III) (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure of p-Tolylbis (diethyldithiocarbamato)thallium(III) and Phenylbis-(methylxanthogenato)bismut(III)The crystal structure of 4-CH3(C6H4)—Tl(S2CN(C2H5)2)2 (P21/c, a = 11.973(3), b = 10.692(3), c = 19.232(4) Å, β = 114.02(2)°, Z = 4) and C6H5-Bi(S2COCH3)2 (P21/c, a = 6.395(2), b = 24.684(8), c = 9.732(3) Å, β = 101.38(3)°, Z = 4) was solved from X-ray diffraction data of single crystals. From the interatomic distances follows that the dithiocarbamate and xanthogenate ligands coordinate asymmetrically bidentate to the metal as presumed and exclusively through the sulfur atoms. Differences in the coordination sphere of bismut and thallium give evidence for a “stereochemically active lone pair” on the bismut atom.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur von 4-CH3(C6H4)—Tl(S2CN(C2H5)2)2 (P21/c, a = 11,973(3) Å, b = 10,692(3) Å, c = 19,232(4) Å, β = 114,02(2)°, Z = 4) und C6H5-Bi(S2COCH3)2 (P21/c, a = 6,395(2) Å, b = 24,684(8) Å, c = 9,732(3) Å, β = 101,38(3)°, Z = 4) konnte aus Röntgendiffraktometerdaten von Einkristallen ermittelt werden. Die interatomaren Abstände zeigen daß, die Koordination von Dithiocarbamat und Xanthogenat an die Metallatome wie schon vermutet stark asymmetrisch zweizähnig und ausschließlich über Schwefel erfolgt. Die Koordinationsunterschiede zwischen Bismut und Thallium ergeben ein deutliches Indiz für die “stereochemische Aktivität” des freien Elektronenpaares am Bismutatom.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824850121
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    Zur Reaktion von farblosem Phosphor mit Cyclohexen und Sauerstoff (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: About the Reaction of Colourless Phosphorus with Cyclohexene and OxygenIn the presence of cyclohexene, oxygen, and cyclohexene hydroperoxide the P4 molecule is decomposed into an organo-phosphorus oxide - network. NMR investigations on hydrolysis, alcoholysis and chlorination products have shown this cyclohexene-phosphorus oxide to consist essentially of anhydrides and partially esterified anhydrides of phosphonous acids, phosphonic acids, phosphorous acids, and phosphoric acids. The anhydrides of cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diphosphonic acid and benzene phosphonic acid contain the largest amount of the whole organically bonded phosphorus, the formation of the latter compound being attributed to the participation of the solvent (benzene) in the reaction.
    Notes: Beim Abbau des P4-Moleküls in Gegenwart von Cyclohexen, Sauerstoff und Cyclohexenhydroperoxid entsteht ein organyliertes „Phosphor-Netzoxid“. Durch NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen von Hydrolyse-, Alkoholyse- und Chlorierungsprodukten dieses Cyclo-hexen-Phosphoroxids konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß es sich im wesentlichen aus den Anhydriden bzw. partiell veresterten Anhydriden von phosphonigen Säuren, Phosphonsäuren, phosphoriger Säure und Phosphorsäure zusammensetzt. Der größte Anteil organisch gebundenen Phospors liegt in Form der Anhydride von cis-Cyclohexan-1,2-diphosphonsäure und Benzenphosphonsäure vor, wobei die Bildung letzterer Verbindung auf die Einbeziehung des Lösungsmittels (Benzen) in die Reaktion zurückzuführen ist.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824860103
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    Gallium-, Indium-Mangan- und Thallium-Rhenium-Carbonylverbindungen (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 485 (1982), S. 234-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Gallium-, Indium-Manganese-, and Thallium-Rhenium Carbonyl CompoundsCompounds of type Na{Cl4-nM[Mn(CO)5]n} (M = Ga, In; n = 1, 2, 3) were prepared by reaction of the Lewis acids MCl3 and NaMn(CO)5. Instead of the sodium salts were obtained the compounds (C3H7CO2)2InMn(CO)4L (Indium atom with the coordination number 5) from Indium(III) butyrate with two carboxylate groups bonded as chelate ligands and NaMn(CO)4L [L = CO, P(C6H5)3] in the molar ratio 1:1. By reacting TlCl with NaRe(CO)5 i.r. spectroscopic measurements of the solution pointed out the intermediate product TlRe(CO)5, which was unstable against a disproportionation reaction into Tl and Tl[Re(CO)5]3. The last named compound delivered as a thermal decomposition product Re2(CO)8[μ-TlRe(CO)5]2. I.r. bands of the new compounds were assigned.
    Notes: Verbindungen des Typs Na{Cl4-nM[Mn(CO)5]n} (M = Ga, In; n = 1, 2, 3) wurden durch Umsetzungen der Lewissäuren MCl3 mit NaMn(CO)5 hergestellt. An Stelle der Natriumsalze entstanden die beiden Produkte (C3H7CO2)2InMn(CO)4L (Indiumatom mit Koordinationszahl 5) bei Umsetzungen zwischen Indium(III)-butyrat mit zwei chelatartig gebundenen Carboxylatgruppen und NaMn(CO)4L [L = CO, P(C6H5)3] im Molverhältnis 1:1. Bei der Reaktion von TlCl mit NaRe(CO)5 zeigten infrarotspektroskopische Lösungsuntersuchungen das Zwischenprodukt TlRe(CO)5, welches instabil gegenüber einer Disproportionierungsreaktion in Thalliummetall und Tl[Re(CO)5]3 war. Die letztgenannte Verbindung lieferte als ein thermisches Zersetzungsprodukt Re2(CO)8[μ-TlRe(CO)5]2. Es wurden den neuen Verbindungen IR-Banden zugeordnet.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824850123
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    Element-Element-Bindungen. I. Synthese und Struktur des Tetra(tert-butyl)tetrarsetans und des Tetra(tert-butyl)tetrastibetans (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 70-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Element-Element Bonds. I. Syntheses and Structure of Tetra(tert-butyl)tetrarsetane and of Tetra(tert-butyl)tetrastibetaneDilithium (tert-butyl)arsenide reacts with (tert-butyl)dichloroarsine to give tetra-(tert-butyl)tetrarsetane 1; homologous tetra(tert-butyl)tetrastibetane 2 is formed by reduction of (tert-butyl)dichlorostibane with magnesium. The isotypic compounds 1/2 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4. The dimensions of the unit cells determined at -45 ± 5°C are: a = 957.4(8)/1 000.2(3); b = 1 399.1(14)/1 423.9(4); c = 1 697.4(9)/1 749.8(7) pm; β = 96.02(6)/96.77(3)°. As shown by low temperature X-ray structure determinations (3 531/3 232 symmetry independent reflections; Rg = 4.0/4.6%) the four membered rings E4 (E = As or Sb) are folded; in all-trans configuration the bulky organic substituents occupy pseudo-equatorial positions. Characteristic averaged bond distances and angles are: E—E 244/282; E—C 202/221 pm; ∢ E—E—E 86/85° ∢ E—E—C 101/99°. The dihedral angels of the bisphenoides built up by the atoms of the rings are found to be 139/133°.
    Notes: Dilithium-(tert-butyl)arsenid reagiert mit (tert-Butyl)dichlorarsan zum Tetra(tert-butyl)tetrarsetan 1; das homologe Tetrastibetan 2 bildet sich bei der Reduktion von (tert-Butyl)dichlorstiban mit Magnesium. Die isotypen Verbindungen kristallisieren monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 4. Die bei der Meßtemperatur von -45 ± 5°C bestimmten Gitterkonstanten von 1/2 sind: a = 957,4(8)/1 000,2(3); b = 1 399,1(14)/1 423,9(4); c = 1 697,4(9)/1 749,8(7) pm; β = 96,02(6)/96,77(3)°. Nach den Ergebnissen der Röntgenstrukturanalysen (3 531/3 232 symmetrieunabhängige Reflexe, Rg = 4,0/4,6%) sind die E4-Ringe (E = As, Sb) gefaltet; die voluminösen organischen Substituenten stehen pseudo-äquatorial in der all-trans-Konfiguration. Charakteristische mittlere Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: E—E 244/282; E—C 202/221 pm; ∢ E—E—E 86/85° ∢ E—E—C 101/99°. Die Diederwinkel der von den Ringatomen aufgespannten Bisphenoide betragen 139/133°.
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    Trimethylsilylverbindungen der Vb-Elemente. II. Molekül- und KristallStruktur des Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-diarsans (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 90-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of Vb-Elements. II. Molecular and Crystal Structure of Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)diarsinePale yellow tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)diarsine 1 which is easily obtained from lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)arsenide · 2 tetrahydrofurane (THF) and 1,2-dibromoethane crystallizes in a trigonal, acentric space group. The dimensions of the unit cell determined at -95 ± 5°C are: a = 974.2(2); c = 2 080.0(4) pm; Z = 3. Considering anomalous dispersion the refinement of structural data in space group P3121 converges at an R-value of 0.060, in its enantiomorph P3221, however, at 0.031. With a dihedral angle Si2′—As′—As—Si1 of -125.7° the molecule adopts gauche conformation. Both bis(trimethylsilyl)arsino groups are symmetry-related by the crystallographic operation of the diad. Characteristic bond lengths and angles are: As—As 245.8(1); As—Si 236.5(1) and 236.2(2) pm; Si—As—Si 100.90(5); As—As—Si 93.87(3) and 113.63(4)°. The shortest intermolecular As—As distance is found to be 662 pm.
    Notes: Das schwach gelbe, aus Lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)arsenid · 2 Tetrahydrofuran (THF) und 1,2-Dibromäthan leicht zugängliche Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)diarsan 1 kristallisiert trigonal mit den bei der Meßtemperatur von -95 ± 5°C verfeinerten Gitterkonstanten: a = 974,2(2); c = 2 080,0(4) pm; Z = 3. Unter Berücksichtigung der anomalen Dispersion konvergieren die Verfeinerungen der Röntgenstrukturanalyse in der Raumgruppe P3121 bei einem R-Wert von 0,060, in ihrem Enantiomorphen P3221 bei 0,031. Mit einem Diederwinkel Si2′—As′—As—Si1 von -125,7° weist das Molekül gauche Konformation auf; beide Bis(trimethylsilyl)arsano-Gruppen werden über die kristallographische Symmetrieoperation der zweizähligen Drehachse ineinander überführt. Charakteristische Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: As—As 245,8(1); As—Si 236,5(1) und 236,2(2) pm; Si—As—Si 100,90(5); As—As—Si 93,87(3) und 113,63(4)°. Der kürzeste intermolekulare As—As-Abstand beträgt 662 pm.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824860111
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  • 88
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    Über Chalkogenolate. 108. Untersuchungen über Perthiocyansäure 1. Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Perthiocyanaten (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 102-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Chalcogenolates. 108. Studies on Perthiocyanic Acid. 1. Synthesis and Properties of PerthiocyanatesThe perthiocyanates \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm }3{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = [(C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm)}_{\rm 4} {\rm As] bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Ba,}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm 2H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = Na, K,}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = Rb, Cs bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Cu, Cd und}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm mit M = NH, Tl, Ag bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Pb, Hg}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} have been prepared by different techniques. The compounds were characterized by means of diverse methods.
    Notes: Die nach unterschiedlichen Verfahren hergestellten Perthiocyanate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm }3{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = [(C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{\rm 5} {\rm)}_{\rm 4} {\rm As] bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Ba,}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm 2H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = Na, K,}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm }{\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm O mit M = Rb, Cs bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Cu, Cd und}} \\ {{\rm M}_{\rm 2} [{\rm C}_{\rm 2} {\rm N}_{\rm 2} {\rm S}_{\rm 3}]{\rm mit M = NH, Tl, Ag bzw}{\rm . M}_{\rm 2} {\rm = Pb, Hg}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden charakterisiert.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824860112
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  • 89
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    Struktur und Reaktionen von Phosphorsäure-tris(N-dichlorphosphino-N-methylamid). Phosphorsäure-tris(N-phenylchlorphosphino-N-methylamid) (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure and Reactions of Phosphoric tris(N-dichlorophosphino-N-methylamide). Phosphoric tris(N-phenylchlorophosphino-N-methylamide)The X-ray structural analysis of phosphoric tris(N-dichlorophosphino-N-methylamide), I, is reported. Synthesis, properties and nmr data of phosphoric tris(N-phenylchlorophosphino-N-methylamide), III, are described.
    Notes: Es wird die Röntgenstrukturanalyse von Phosphorsäure-tris(N-dichlorphosphino-N-methylamid), I, mitgeteilt. Die Synthese, Eigenschaften und NMR-Daten von Phosphorsäure-tris(N-phenylchlorphosphino-N-methylamid), III, sind beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824860121
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  • 90
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    Hochdrucksynthesen von Carbonaten. VII. Kalium-Lanthanoid-Carbonate (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 486 (1982), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: High Pressure Syntheses of Carbonates. VII. Potassium Lanthanoid CarbonatesThe anhydrous carbonates KLn(CO3)2 with Ln = La to Lu including Y are prepared either from KLn(CO3)2 · xH2O (Ln = La to Nd) at 350°C and CO2 pressures to 3 000 bar or from K2CO3 and Ln2(C2O4)3 · xH2O (Ln = Sm to Lu including Y) under CO2 pressures to 2 000 bar at 500°C. An orthorombic Type (Ln = La to Nd) and a monoclinic type are observed. Both types are investigated by IR and X-ray methods.
    Notes: Die wasserfreien ternären Carbonate KLn(CO3)2 mit Ln = La bis Lu sowie Y werden unter CO2-Drücken bis 3000 bar bei 350°C aus KLn(CO3)2 · xH2O (Ln = La bis Nd) oder bei 500°C und 2000 bar aus K2CO3 und Ln2(C2O4)3 · xH2O (Ln = Sm bis Lu sowie Y) hergestellt. Es wird ein orthorhombischer Strukturtyp (Ln = La bis Nd) und ein monokliner Strukturtyp beobachtet. Beide Typen werden IR-spektroskopisch und röntgenographisch untersucht.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824860126
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  • 91
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    Masthead (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 484 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824840101
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  • 92
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    Zum Ablauf der Hydrothermalreaktion von CaO und Quarz in Suspension bei 190°C (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 490 (1982), S. 77-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Course of the Reaction between CaO and Quartz under Hydrothermal Conditions in Suspensions at 190°CThe rate and the products formed intermediately of the reaction between CaO and quartz under hydrothermal conditions at 190°C depends on the grainsize resp. the surface area of the quartz and the CaO/SiO2 ratio. Using quartz with a surface area of 2 000 cm2/gr α-dicalciumsilicate monohydrate is formed primarily which is converted directly to Xonotlite in the further course of the reaction. On the other hand the use of quartz with a surface area of 12 000 cm2/gr leads at first to an amorphous calciumhydrogensilicat which gives 11 Å-Tobermorite in the second stage of the reaction which is converted at last to Xonotlite too. In the presence of calcium or magnesium carbonate the hydrothermal reaction between CaO and quartz shows the same dependence from the surface area of the quartz. But instead of Xonotlit Scawtite is formed as the stable finale product of this reaction in that case.
    Notes: Bei der Hydrothermalreaktion von CaO und Quarz bei 190°C werden Umsetzungsgeschwindigkeit und Art der entstehenden Zwischenprodukte durch die Korngröße bzw. die spez. Oberfläche des Quarzes und durch das CaO/SiO2-Verhältnis bestimmt. Bei Verwendung von Quarz mit einer spez. Oberfläche von 2 000 cm2/g wird zuerst α-Dicalciumsilicatmonohydrat gebildet, das im weiteren Verlauf der Reaktion direkt in Xonotlit übergeht. Die Verwendung von Quarz mit einer spez. Oberfläche von 12 000 cm2/g führt dagegen zunächst zu einem amorphen Calciumhydrogensilicat, das in einem zweiten Reaktionsschritt 11 Å-Tobermorit bildet, der schließlich auch in Xonotlit übergeht. In Gegenwart von Calcium- oder Magnesiumcarbonat zeigt die Hydrothermalreaktion von Quarz- und Kalk dieselben Abhängigkeiten von der spez. Oberfläche des Quarzes, jedoch wird in diesem Fall anstatt Xonotlit Scawtit als stabiles Endprodukt der Reaktion gebildet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824900110
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  • 93
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    NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen an 15N-markierten Oxocyclophosphazanen (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 490 (1982), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: NMR Spectroscopic Studies of 15N Labelled OxocyclophosphazanesThe completely 15N labelled cyclophosphazanes (15NMeP(OMe)O)3, (15NEtP(OEt)O)3, and (15NMeP(OMe)O)4 were prepared by rearrangement of the corresponding alkoxyphosphazenes and their 31P- and 15N-NMR spectra were investigated. On the case of the trimer compounds spectra of the ABB′XX′Y spin type were obtained; all coupling constants are relevant, and like the 15N chemical shifts they are found only by means of spectra simulations. The relative signs of the coupling constants 1JPN, 2JPP, 2JNN, and 3JPN were also obtained.
    Notes: Die vollständig 15N-markierten Cyclophosphazane (15NMeP(OMe)O)3, (15NEtP(OEt)O)3 und (15NMeP(OMe)O)4 wurden aus den entsprechenden Alkoxyphosphazenen dargestellt und sowohl 31P- als auch 15N-NMR-spektroskopisch untersucht. Bei den trimeren Verbindungen wurden Spektren vom Spintyp ABB'XX'Y erhalten; alle Kopplungskonstanten sind relevant, sie können wie die 15N-chemischen Verschiebungen nur auf dem Wege der Spektrensimulation erhalten werden. Es ergeben sich auch die relativen Vorzeichen für die Kopplungskonstanten 1JPN, 2JPP, 2JNN und 3JPN.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824900114
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  • 94
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    Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion von Metallen mit vierzähligen Schiffschen Basen (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 490 (1982), S. 147-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Metals with Some Tetradentate Schiff BasesThe liquid-liquid extraction of copper(II), iron(III), nickel(II), cobalt(II), and zinc(II) with some tetradentate Schiff bases HO∩N∩N∩OH has been investigated. The extraction is strongly influenced by changing the size of the chelate ring. From slope analysis, the extracted species are found to be neutral complexes MII (O∩N∩N∩O) in the case of bivalent metal ions. Iron(III) forms chloride containing complexes in the organic phase. The complex behaviour of these Schiff bases in the solid state has been compared with the complex formation in solution.
    Notes: Es wird über die Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion von Kupfer(II), Eisen(III), Nickel(II), Cobalt(II) und Zink(II) mit vierzähligen Schiffschen Basen HO∩N∩N∩OH berichtet. Der Extraktionsvorgang hängt stark von der Gestalt der gebildeten tricyclischen Komplexe ab. Im Falle der zweiwertigen Metallionen werden, wie die Slope-Analyse zeigt, die Chelate MII (O∩N∩N∩O) extrahiert. Eisen(III) bildet in der organischen Phase chloridhaltige Komplexe. Die Komplexbildung der Schiffschen Basen in Lösung wird mit der im festen Zustand verglichen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824900118
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  • 95
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    Synthesen und IR-Spektren von [Br4Re≡N—BBr3]⊖ und [ReNBr4]⊖. Die Kristallstruktur von AsPh4[ReNBr4] (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 490 (1982), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and I.R. Spectra of [Br4Re≡N—BBr3]⊖ and [ReNBr4]⊖. Crystal Structure of AsPh4[ReNBr4]AsPh4[Br4Re≡N—BBr3] is obtained from AsPh4[ReNCl4] and excess boron tribromide, forming dark violet crystals, sensitive to moisture. Thermal cleavage at 210°C in vacuo yields red-orange AsPh4[ReNBr4]. According to the i.r. spectra the complex anions of both compounds contain ReN triple bonds; in [Br4Re≡N—BBr3]⊖ the sp-hybridised nitrogen is part of a linear bridge . The crystal structure of AsPh4[ReNBr4] was determined by aid of X-ray diffraction data (1 168 unique reflexions, R = 3.8%). The compound crystallises in the tetragonal space group P 4/n with two formula units per unit cell and the cell dimensions a = b = 1 290 pm and c = 795.4 pm. The anion [ReNBr4]⊖ has C4v symmetry with a bond angle NReBr of 103° and the ReN bond length (162 pm) corresponding to a triple bond.
    Notes: AsPh4[Br4Re≡N—BBr3] wird aus AsPh4[ReNCl4] und überschüssigem Bortribromid in Form tiefvioletter, feuchtigkeitsempfindlicher Kristalle hergestellt. Durch thermischen Abbau im Vakuum bei 210°C entsteht rotoranges AsPh4[ReNBr4]. Nach den IR-Spektren enthalten die komplexen Anionen beider Verbindungen ReN-Dreifachbindungen; bei [Br4Re≡N—BBr3]⊖ liegt eine gestreckte Brücke vor mit sp-hybridisiertem Stickstoff. Die Kristallstrukturbestimmung von AsPh4[ReNBr4] wurde mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten bestimmt (1 168 unabhängige Reflexe, R = 3,8%). Die Verbindung kristallisiert in der tetragonalen Raumgruppe P 4/n mit zwei Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle und den Gitterabmessungen a = b = 1 290 pm, c = 795,4 pm. Das Anion [ReNBr4]⊖ hat C4v-Symmetrie; die ReN-Bindungslänge entspricht mit 162 pm einer Dreifachbindung, der Bindungswinkel NReBr beträgt 103°.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824900122
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    Magnetische Ordnungsphänomene in den Clusterverbindungen Ti7Cl16 und Ti7Br16 (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 490 (1982), S. 64-76 
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    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Magnetic Ordering Phenomena in the Cluster Compounds Ti7Cl16 and Ti7Br16The magnetic susceptibilities of Ti7Cl16 and Ti7Br16 have been measured between 3.8 and 295 K by the Faraday method. The compounds show magnetic ordering points at 15.9 and 13.5 K, respectively. The determination of the oxidation states of the titanium ions and the exchange interactions between them is complicated by the fact that at room temperature competing antiferro-magnetic intra- and intercluster exchange interactions are already present. Calculations with simple models agree with the assumption that the compounds consist of Ti3 clusters with TiII and isolated TiIV ions.
    Notes: Die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten von Ti7Cl16 und Ti7Br16 sind mit Hilfe der Faraday-Methode zwischen 3,8 und 295 K bestimmt worden. Die Verbindungen zeigen magnetische Ordnungspunkte bei 15,9 bzw. 13,5 K. Komplikationen bei der Bestimmung der Oxidationsstufen der Titan-Ionen und der magnetischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen ihnen ergeben sich dadurch, daß bereits bei Raumtemperatur miteinander konkurrierende, überwiegend antiferromagnetische Intra- und Interclusterwechselwirkungen vorhanden sind. Modellrechnungen lassen darauf schließen, daß die Verbindungen entsprechend der Aufteilung “6 TiX2 · TiX4” aus Ti3-Clustern mit TiII- und isolierten TiIV-Ionen bestehen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824900109
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    Beiträge zur Chemie des Phosphors. 115. Synthese und Eigenschaften des Tetraphospha-silaspiro-[2.2]pentans (PBut)2Si(PBut)2Professor Rudolf Hoppe zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 491 (1982), S. 27-33 
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    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus. 115. Synthesis and Properties of the Tetraphospha-silaspiro[2.2] pentane (PBut)2Si(PBut)2The first spirocyclic phosphorus-silicon three-membered ring compound, 1,2,4,5-tetra-tert-butyl-1,2,4,5-tetraphospha-3-silaspiro[2.2]pentane, (PBut)2Si(PBut)2 (1), has been synthesized by cyclocondensation of K(But)P—P(But)K with silicon tetrachloride in the molar ratio of 2:0.9. It was characterized by elemental analysis, cryoscopic molecular weight determination and its mass, magnetic resonance and vibrational spectra. 1 is formed as a mixture of two diastereomers 1a and 1b. These differ in the relative arrangement of the trans-oriented organyl substituents at the two three-membered rings; both isomers could be obtained in a pure state. The sterically less favoured isomer 1b rearranges into the comparatively more stable isomer 1a.
    Notes: Die erste spirocyclische Phosphor-Silicium-Dreiringverbindung, das 1,2,4,5-Tetra-tert-butyl-1,2,4,5-tetraphospha-3-silaspiro[2.2]pentan, (PBut)2Si(PBut)2 (1), wurde durch Cyclokondensation von K(But)P—P(But)K mit Siliciumtetrachlorid im Molverhältnis 2:0,9 synthetisiert. Die Charakterisierung erfolgte durch Elementaranalyse, kryoskopische Molmasse-Bestimmung, Massen-, Kernresonanz- und Molekülschwingungsspektren. 1 entsteht als Gemisch von zwei Diastereomeren 1a und 1b, die sich in der Anordnung der jeweils trans-ständigen Organylgruppen beider Dreiringe zueinander unterscheiden; beide Isomere konnten rein erhalten werden. Das sterisch ungünstigere Isomer 1 b lagert sich in das vergleichsweise beständigere Isomer 1 a um.
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  • 98
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    Synthesis and structures of Sc7Cl12 and Zr6Cl15Dedicated to professor Rudolf Hoppe on his 60th birthday (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 491 (1982), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The indicated nine-electron clusters of scandium and zirconium are formed in transport reactions at 880/900°C and 750/600°C, respectively. Sc7Cl12 (R¯3, a - 12.959(2), c - 8.825(2), Z - 3) can be described as c.c.p. Sc6Cl12 clusters with isolated metal atoms in all octahedral interstices or as Sc3+(Sc6Cl6iCl6i-a) 3- with Sc3+ in Cli octahedra between Sc6Cl123- sheets. Metal-metal distances within the cluster are 3.201-3.230(2) Å. Zr6Cl12iCl6/3a crystallizes in the Ta6Cl15 structure (Ia3d, a - 21.141(3) Å, Z - 16) with d(Zr—Zr) = 3,199-3.214(4) Å. Apparent residual electron density is found in the center of both clusters, amounting to Z∼7.6 (Sc) and ∼6 (Zr) based of refinement of oxygen in these positions. The effect is thought to probably arise from errors in the diffraction data rather than partial incorporation of light nonmetal atoms such as oxygen or fluorine. Observed metal-metal distances are compared with those in other clusters.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824910108
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  • 99
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    Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of Six-coordinated Iron(V)Dedicated to Professor Rudolf Hoppe on his 60th birthday (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 491 (1982), S. 60-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der hohen Oxydationsstufen der Übergangsmetalle in Oxiden. Stabilisierung des sechsfach-koordinierten Eisen(V)Eine Bestimmung der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Eisen, Cobalt, Nickel und Kupfer hoher Oxydationsstufen in Oxiden zeigt den Einfluß der chemischen Bindung und struktureller Faktoren auf die elektronische Konfiguration. Diese Zusammenhänge werden gezeigt bei der Synthese des ersten sechsfach-koordinierten Eisen(V)-oxids: La2LiFeO6.
    Notes: An evaluation of the physical properties of iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper high oxidation states in oxides shows the influence of chemical bonding and structural factors on the electronic configuration. Such correlations are illustrated by the synthesis of the first six-coordinated iron(V) oxide: La2LiFeO6.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824910109
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  • 100
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    Thermisch stimulierte Lumineszenzerscheinungen. I Einfluß der Vorbehandlung von Kupferstaub und das Phänomen „Kontaktgedächtnis“Professor Rudolf Hoppe zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 491 (1982), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermally Stimulated Luminescence Phenomena. I. Influence of Pretreatment of Copper Dust and the Phenomenon “Contact Memory”The thermally stimulated luminescence of so-called “copper dust” is strongly influenced by its pretreatment. Samples which have been cooled prior to measurement show lower energies and those which have been mechanically treated, irradiated or heated, show higher thermoluminescence energies than samples which have been stored normally. After removal of the samples from the metallic carrier and subsequent heating of the latter, the thermoluminescence energies are proportional to those found for the sample measured immediately before. This phenomenon is considered as “contact memory”. All results are interpreted according to the concept of the hierarchic order.
    Notes: Die thermisch stimulierte Lumineszenz von sogenanntem “Kupferstaub” hängt von der Art der Vorbehandlung ab. Vorher gekühlt gewesene Proben zeigen geringere, verriebene, bestrahlte oder geglühte Proben höhere Werte als normal gelagerte. Nach Entfernung der Untersuchungssubstanz vom Probenträger wird beim Erwärmen abermals Thermolumineszenz beobachtet. Die dabei gemessene Energie ist derjenigen proportional, welche von der vorher aufgebracht gewesenen Untersuchungssubstanz gemessen wurde. Diese Erscheinung wird als “Kontaktgedächtnis” bezeichnet. Alle Beobachtungen werden unter Zuhilfenahme des hierarchischen Ordnungskonzeptes interpretiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19824910113
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