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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucagon ; natural and synthetic hormone ; glycogenolysis ; lipolysis ; blood glucose ; endogenous insulin ; immunoreactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D'après l'analyse chimique, le glucagon obtenu par préparation synthétique (Nonicosapeptide) montre une similitude frappante avec l'hormone naturelle et a une structure cristalline semblable. Le glucagon synthétique possède la même activité biologique que le glucagon naturel (deux fois cristallisé) provenant de l'extrait pancréatique, lorsque ses effets sont mesurés sur la glycogénolyse des coupes de foie isolé, sur la lipolyse in vitro du tissu adipeux, ainsi que sur la glycémie humaine et la sécrétion insulinique endogène. L'hormone synthétique nonicosapeptide ainsi que le pentadecapeptide de l'hormone séquence 9–23 montrent dans les tests immunologiques une immuno-réactivité identique à celle de l'hormone naturelle. La réussite de la synthèse complète du glucagon pancréatique est ainsi démontrée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das synthetisch hergestellte Glucagon (Nonikosapeptid) zeigt in den chemischen Analysen eine weitgehende Identität mit dem natürlichen Hormon und bildet die gleiche Kristallform. Die vergleichenden biologischen Untersuchungenin vitro undin vivo zeigten, daß das synthetische Glucagon eine ähnliche Aktivität wie das aus Pankreasextrakten gewonnene zweifach rekristallisierte Glucagon besitzt. Es wurde die Wirkung auf die Glycogenolyse an isolierten Leberschnitten und auf die Lipolyse an isolierten Fettzellenin vitro sowie auf den Blutzucker und auf die endogene Insulinsekretionin vivo beim Menschen gemessen. Im immunologischen Test zeigte nicht nur das synthetisch hergestellte Nonicosapeptid, sondern auch das Pentadecapeptid der Hormon-Sequenz 9–23 eine dem natürlichen Hormon vergleichbare Reaktionsfähigkeit. Es ist somit der Beweis erbracht, daß die Totalsynthese des Pankreashormons Glucagon gelungen ist.
    Notes: Summary Synthetic glucagon (nonicosapeptide) appears to be identical with the natural hormone in chemical analyses, and has a similar crystalline structure. Synthetic glucagon has the same biological activity as the natural, twice recrystallized, pancreatic glucagon when measured by its effects on glycogenolysis in the liver, on lipolysis in adipose tissue and on endogenous insulin release. In immunological tests both the synthetic nonicosapeptide and pentadecapeptide 9–23 showed identical immunoreactivity to the natural hormone. Proof of the total synthesis of glucagon appears conclusive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. A female patient with the clinical diagnosis “essential hypertension” is described, who became hypokalaemic within two weeks of treatment with low doses of chlorthalidone. Peripheral plasma renin concentration was normal during recumbancy but showed no or a subnormal rise after a four-hour period of ambulation and/or i.v. injection of furosemide. Secretion rates of aldosterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone and, to a lesser degree, of cortisol were elevated, suggesting the diagnosis “normokalaemic mineralocorticoid syndrome” rather than “normokalaemic primary aldosteronism”. Glucose tolerance and response of plasma insulin to i.v. glucose loads were subnormal. 2. Surgical exploration revealed two solitary adenomas together with macro- and micronodular hyperplasia of the left adrenal, which was removed. Atrophy of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney and absence of typical epitheloid cells was demonstrated by light and electron microscopy. 3. The conversion of14C-progesterone to14C-aldosterone,14C-6-OH-corticosterone,14C-18-OH-corticosterone,14C-corticosterone,14C-18-OH-desoxycorticosterone,14C-desoxycorticosterone,14C-cortisol and14C-cortisol and14C-cortisone in normal, macro- and microadenomatous adrenal cortical tissue was examined in vitro. In adenomatous tissue production of aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, 6-OH-corticosterone and an UV-positive, unidentified compound of high polarity was greater than in adjacent normal tissue. The absence of detectable amounts of 18-OH-desoxycorticosterone and 18-OH-corticosterone points towards a pathway of aldosterone biosynthesis different from that commonly found in solitary adenomas of patients with primary aldosteronism. 4. After operation blood pressure, plasma renin response to stimulation, aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone secretion returned to normal. Secretion of cortisol and corticosterone remained elevated for several weeks, probably as a consequence of increased ACTH-activity during recovery from surgical trauma. Glucose tolerance and response of plasma insulin to glucose loads remained unaltered. This observation together with the slight postoperative rise in serum potassium suggest, that chronic oversecretion of corticosterone and cortisol rather than a reversible biochemical lesion of the pancreatic beta cells due to local potassium deficiency were the cause of decreased glucose tolerance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wird der Fall einer Patientin mit der klinischen Diagnose „essentielle Hypertonie“ beschrieben, die unter Behandlung mit kleinen Chlorthalidon-Dosen innerhalb von 2 Wochen hypokaliämisch wurde. Die Reninkonzentration im peripheren Plasma war in der Ruhelage normal, nach Stimulierung durch vierstündige aufrechte Körperhaltung und/oder intravenöser Injektion von Fursemid stieg sie jedoch nicht oder nur subnormal an. Die Sekretionsraten von Aldosteron, Corticosteron, Desoxycorticosteron und in geringem Ausmaß auch von Cortisol, waren erhöht. Die Glucosetoleranz und die Reaktion des Plasmainsulins auf intravenöse Glucosebelastung war erniedrigt. Die Befundkonstellation entsprach mehr der Diagnose eines normokaliämischen Mineralocorticoidsyndroms als der eines normokaliämischen primären Aldosteronismus. 2. Bei der chirurgischen Exploration fanden sich 2 Rindenadenome und eine makro- und mikronoduläre Hyperplasie der Restrinde im Bereich der linken Nebenniere, die entfernt wurden. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch ließ sich eine Atrophie des juxtaglomerulären Apparates der Niere mit Fehlen typischer epitheloider Zellen nachweisen. 3. Die Umwandlung von14C-Progesteron in14C-Aldosteron,14C-6-OH-Corticosteron,14C-18-OH-Corticosteron,14C-Corticosteron,14C-18-OH-Desoxycorticosteron,14C-Desoxycorticosteron,14C-Cortisol und14C-Cortison durch normales und makro- bzw. mikroadenomatös verändertes Nebennierenrindengewebe wurde in vitro untersucht. Die Bildung von Aldosteron, Cortisol, Cortison, 6-OH-Corticosteron und eines unidentifizierten, stark polaren Steroids mit UV-Absorption war in dem pathologisch veränderten Gewebe erheblich größer als in den benachbarten normalen Nebennierenrindenabschnitten. Das Fehlen von 18-OH-Desoxycorticosteron und 18-OH-Corticosteron spricht hier für einen Weg der Aldosteronbiosynthese, der von dem üblicherweise in solitären Adenomen von Patienten mit primärem Aldosteronismus gefundenen abweicht. 4. Nach der Operation kehrten der Blutdruck, das Verhalten des Plasmarenins nach Stimulierung und die Sekretion von Aldosteron und Desoxycorticosteron zur Norm zurück. Die Sekretionsraten von Cortisol und Corticosteron blieben noch, vermutlich infolge der postoperativen transitorischen Zunahme der ACTH-Aktivität, während einiger Wochen erhöht. Eine Verbesserung der Glucosetoleranz und der Insulinfreisetzung nach Glucosebelastung wurde durch die Operation nicht erzielt. Zusammen mit dem geringen postoperativen Anstieg des Serumkaliums sprechen diese Befunde dafür, daß die Hauptursache der herabgesetzten Glucosetoleranz nicht in einer reversiblen, biochemischen Läsion der beta-Zellen des Pankreas infolge lokalen Kaliummangels, sondern in der über lange Zeit erhöhten Sekretion von Corticosteron und Cortisol gesucht werden muß.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Beta-adrenergic blockade ; Physical excercise ; Metabolism ; Hormones ; Beta-Blockade ; Körperarbeit ; Metabolismus ; Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 14 gesunden Probanden wurde der Einfluß einer Beta1-selektiven Blockade (100 mg Metoprolol) bei 50minütiger Körperarbeit auf dem Laufband mit einer Belastungsintensität von 65% der maximalen Leistungsfähigkeit auf den Metabolismus untersucht. Sowohl unter Beta-Blockade als auch im Kontrollversuch wurden Glukose und Lactat im arterialisierten Kapillarblut, freie Fettsäuren und Glycerin im Serum, Adrenalin und Noradrenalin im Plasma sowie STH, Cortisol, Glucagon, Insulin, Testosteron und Östradiol im Serum bestimmt. Während Lactat und Glukose keine signifikanten Unterschiede zeigten, waren freie Fettsäuren und Glycerin unter Beta-Blockade um 50 bzw. 30% erniedrigt. Adrenalin und Noradrenalin lagen unter Beta-Blokkade im Vergleich zum Kontrollversuch um 104 bzw. 54%, STH und Cortisol um 60 bzw. 72% sowie Glucagon um 36% höher. Während die Konzentrationen für Insulin und Östradiol keine Unterschiede zeigten, lag Testosteron unter Beta-Blockade um 21% niedriger. Die Befunde zeigen, daß die bei längerdauernder Körperarbeit unter akuter Beta1-selektiver Blockade gehemmte Lipolyse zu einem Anstieg für den Metabolismus wesentlicher Hormone führt. Dadurch kann ein energetisches Defizit verhindert werden, so daß bei ausdauercrientierten Belastungen unter Beta1-selektiver Blockade aus metabolischer Sicht eine wesentliche Beeinträchtigung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit nicht zu erwarten ist.
    Notes: Summary The effects of beta-1-adrenergic blockade (100 mg metoprolol) on metabolism in exercise was examined in 14 healthy males who worked for 50 min on a treadmill at 65% of their maximal exercise capacity. The tests were carried out in a double blind fashion. Glucose and lactate were determined in arterialized capillary blood, free fatty acids, glycerol, growth hormone, cortisol, glucagon, insulin, testosterone, and estradiol in serum, and adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma. Lactate and glucose were not significantly affected by beta-1-adrenergic blockade, free fatty acids and glycerol were reduced by 50% and 30% respectively as compared with the unmedicated condition. Adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were increased by 104% and 54% respectively, growth hormone by 60%, cortisol by 72%, and glucagon by 36% when compared with the control experiments. Insulin and estradiol were unaffected, testosterone was depressed by 21% under medication. The results demonstrate that during prolonged exercise beta-1-adrenergic blockade depresses lipolysis. Energetic deficiency is prevented by counter-regulatory increases of various hormones. Consequently, from the metabolic point of view there is no indication of impairment of prolonged exercise capacity under beta-1-adrenergic blockade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 36 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In accordance with the clonal selection theory we intended to prevent the development of artificially induced birch pollen allergy in rabbits with the aid of the radiolabelled' pollen allergen (75–1000 μCi125 I-pollen/animal) intravenously administered prior to pollen sensitization. The birch pollen allergen, in accordance with Burnet's working hypothesis, reacts only with a genetically determining B cell subpopulation. The fixation of the radiolabelled birch pollen allergen to the receptors of the competent B cell clone causes the lesion of the latter. Compared with the control group, this group of rabbits showed an extensive suppression of anaphylactic reagin-like PCA-antibodies, and haemagglutinating antibodies in the blood as well as in nasal secretion. In addition, we tried to influence the already ongoing synthesis of the antibodies with the aid of a subsequent intravenously administered radiolabelled birch pollen allergen (750–1000 μCi125 I-pollen/animal). An intensive suppression of the synthesis of antibodies could also be proved in this case. The simultaneous immunization of the control rabbits with birch pollen and egg albumin resulted in the production of antibodies against both antigens, as expected. The hot-labelled birch pollen antigen intravenously injected before or after immunization with egg albumin and birch pollen led selectively to suppression of anti-birch-pollen PCA antibodies. The synthesis of anti-egg albumin PCA antibodies was unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the aid of epicutaneous application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) solution in acetone, we induced a cutaneous allergic reaction of the delayed type. Our question was whether the development of the DNCB cutaneous sensitivity could be suppressed by highly radiolabelled DNCB. On the basis of the clonal selection theory and our own results with other in vivo-experimental animal models, one could suppose that the highly radiolabelled DNCB as haptens binds to the Ig-membrane receptors of the genetically determined T-lymphocyte clone, and that the conjugated radioactivity (125I) causes a selective radioactive damage to this competent T-lymphocyte subpopulation. By means of intracardially applied radiolabelled DNCB, we are able to induce either complete or very significant suppression of the cutaneous DNCB immune response. In the second experiment, the highly radiolabelled DNCB was not able to inhibit sensitization to a simultaneously applied 4-ethoxy-methylene-2-phenyl-oxazolone (oxazolone). This result clearly demonstrates the antigen specificity of this form of immune suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 25 (1913), S. 292-293 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 24 (1912), S. 685-687 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 27 (1914), S. 397-397 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hypomagnesemia ; Hypocalcemia ; Parathyroid hormone ; Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ; Hypoparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In four patients with severe hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and functional hypoparathyroidism (three patients with shortened bowel, one with alcoholism), sequential measurements of parameters of calcium metabolism were performed before and during intravenous administration of magnesium. Parathyroid hormone was unmeasurably or inadequately low in all patients before magnesium injection, but rapidly rose to elevated values thereafter. Even without calcium supplements, serum calcium rose to normal levels within 2–5 days, although 1,25(OH)2-Vitamin D levels did not rise significantly. In the patient with alcoholism, hypophosphatemia developed during the first days after admission; the rise of serum calcium preceded the elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in urine. A transient rise of urinary calcium was observed in two patients after initiation of magnesium therapy, with a subsequent fall to subnormal levels in spite of normal serum calcium concentrations. The findings were considered to be due to partial parathyroid hormone resistance during the phase of magnesium replenishment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 235 (1983), S. 477-477 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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