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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Plexus brachialis ; vertikale infraklavikuläre Plexusblockade ; axilläre Plexusblockade ; Nervenstimulation ; Key words Brachial plexus ; Vertical infraclavicular block ; Axillary block ; Nerve stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We examined the efficacy of the vertical infraclavicular block for plexus brachialis anaesthesia using a nerve stimulator after introducing the method (VIP1) and after three years of clinical experience (VIP2). In two prospective studies we compared the results with each other as well as with the efficacy of the axillary block (AX). At VIP1, we found a complete analgesia in 88% of the patients, whereas in 9% a supplementation was needed. In group AX the results were significantly worse (complete: 70%, supplementation: 24%; p〈0.001). No increase of the rate of efficacy could be found when having some clinical experience with the VIP (VIP2: complete 87%, supplement: 11%). In general, the results of the VIP depended on the motoric answer to the nerve stimulation. There were no complications of the VIP such as nerve lesions or pneumothorax. The VIP using a nerve stimulator is a simple, reliable and uncomplicated method for plexus-brachialis-anaesthesia, which is easy to learn.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Plexus-brachialis-Anästhesie durch den vertikalen infraklavikulären Zugang (VIP) mittels Nervenstimulation wurde in zwei prospektiven Studien die Erfolgsrate bei Neueinführung des Verfahrens (VIP1) sowie nach dreijähriger klinischer Erfahrung geprüft (VIP2) und untereinander sowie mit der Erfolgsrate der axillären Blockadetechnik mittels Nervenstimulation (AX) verglichen. Untersucht wurden jeweils ca. 100 Patienten. Bei VIP1 zeigte sich ein kompletter Blockadeerfolg in 88%, eine Notwendigkeit zur Supplementierung in 9% bzw. zum Verfahrenswechsel in 3% der Fälle. Die Ergebnisse der axillären Plexusblockade waren signifikant schlechter (AX: komplett 70%, Supplementierung 24%; p〈0,001). Die Erfolgsrate des VIP ließ sich durch längere klinische Erfahrung nicht steigern (VIP2: komplett 87%; Supplementierung 11%; Verfahrenswechsel 2%). Der Blockadeerfolg war abhängig vom Ort der motorischen Antwort auf die Nervenstimulation. Komplikationen des VIP wie Nervenschädigung oder Pneumothorax wurden nicht beobachtet. Die vertikale infraklavikuläre Blockade mittels Nervenstimulation ist als einfache, leicht zu erlernende, zuverlässige und komplikationsarme Methode zur Plexus-brachialis-Anästhesie einzuschätzen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Epiduralanästhesie ; Isobare Spinalanästhesie ; Kombinierte Spinal- Epiduralanästhesie ; Sectio caesarea ; Augmentation ; Key words Epidural anaesthesia ; Isobaric spinal anaesthesia ; Combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia ; Cesarean section ; Augmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Incomplete anaesthesia is a major clinical problem both in single spinal and in single epidural anaesthesia. The clinical efficacy of epidural anaesthesia with augmentation (aEA) and combined epidural and spinal anesthesia (CSE) for cesarean section was investigated in a prospective randomized study on 45 patients. Methods: Anaesthesia extending up to Th5 was aimed for. Depending on the patient’s height, epidural anaesthesia was administered with a dose of 18–22 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and spinal anaesthesia with a dose of 11–15 mg 0.5% bupivacaine. Augmentation was carried out in all cases in epidural anaesthesia, initially with 7.5 ml 1% Lidocaine with epinephrine 1:400000, raised by 1.5 ml per missing segment. The epidural re-injection in CSE was carried out as necessary with 9.5–15 ml 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, depending on the height and difference from the segment Th5. Results: The extension of anaesthesia achieved in epidural anaesthesia after an initial dose of 101.8 mg bupivacaine and augmenting dose of 99 mg lidocaine reached the segment Th5. The primary spinal anaesthesia dose up to 15 mg corresponding to height led to a segmental extension to a maximum of Th3 under CSE. Augmentation was necessary in 13 patients; in 5 cases because of inadequate extent of anaesthesia and 8 cases because of pain resulting from premature reversion. The augmenting dose required was 13.9 ml. Readiness for operation was attained after 19.8 min (aEA) and after 10.5 min (CSE). No patient required analgesics before delivery. The additional analgesic requirement during operation was 63.6% (aEA) and 39.1% (CSE). Taking into account pain in the area of surgery, the requirement of analgesics was 50% (aEA) vs. 17.4% (CSE). Antiemetics were required in 18.2 (aEA) and in 65.2% (CSE). The systolic blood pressure fell by 17.7% (aEA) and in 30.3% (CSE). The minimum systolic pressure was observed after 13.4 min in aEA, and after 9.5 min in CSE. The APGAR score and the umbilical pH did not show any differences. General anaesthesia was not required in any case. A single epidural anaesthesia or a single spinal anaesthesia with isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine are not reliable as the sole, nonaugmentable anaesthesia. Isobaric spinal anaesthesia primarily achieves an appropriate extent of anaesthesia, but often also requires supplementary epidural reinjection for complete analgesia. An augmentation proves to be appropriate primarily with 0.5% bupivacaine in aEA. The operation can be commenced earlier with CSE.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Inkomplette Anästhesien stellen sowohl bei einzeitiger Spinal- wie einzeitiger Epiduralanästhesie ein wesentliches klinisches Problem dar. Methodik: Die Wirksamkeit von Epiduralanästhesie mit Augmentation (aEA) (n=22) und kombinierter Spinal-Epiduralanästhesie (CSE) (n=23) zur Sectio caesarea wurde prospektiv und randomisiert an 45 Patienten untersucht. Angestrebt wurde eine Anästhesieausdehnung bis Th5. Jeweils abhängig von der Körpergröße wurde die Epiduralanästhesie mit Bupivacain 0,5% mit einer Dosis von 18–22 ml, die Spinalanästhesie mit einer Dosis von 11–15 mg Bupivacain 0,5% isobar durchgeführt. Eine Augmentation erfolgte bei der aEA in allen Fällen zuerst mit 7,5 ml Lidocain 1% (+Adrenalin 1:400000), erhöht um 1,5 ml je fehlendem Segment. Die Nachinjektion bei der CSE (Nadel-durch-Nadel-Technik) wurde bedarfsweise mit 9,5 ml– 15 ml Lidocain 1% (+Adrenalin 1:400000), abhängig von Körpergröße und Differenz zum Segment Th5 durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Anästhesieausdehnung erreichte bei aEA nach einer Anfangsdosis von 101,8 mg Bupivacain und augmentierter Dosis von 99 mg (9,9 ml) Lidocain (7,5–18 ml) das Segment Th5. Die Spinalanästhesie führte unter CSE zu einer segmentalen Ausdehnung bis Th3. Bei 13 Patientinnen (56%) war eine Augmentation notwendig, in 5 Fällen wegen unzureichender Anästhesieausdehnung und in 8 Fällen wegen Schmerzen infolge vorzeitiger Rückbildung. Die Augmentation erforderte 13,9 ml/138,8 mg (9,5–23,5 ml). Operationsbereitschaft war nach 19,8 min (aEA) bzw. nach 10,5 min (CSE) erreicht (p〈0,0001). Vor Entbindung benötigte keine Patientin ein Analgetikum. Der zusätzliche Analgetikabedarf im weiteren Operationsverlauf betrug 63,6% (aEA) und 39,1% (CSE) (n.s.). Berücksichtigt man Schmerzen im Operationsgebiet betrug der Analgetikabedarf 50% (aEA) vs. 17,4% (CSE) (p〈0,05). Antiemetika wurden in 18,2% (aEA) und in 65,2% (CSE) benötigt (p〈0,0023). Der systolische Blutdruck fiel um 17,7% (aEA) bzw. 30,3% (CSE) ab (p=0,0054). Bei der aEA wurde das Minimum des systolischen Drucks nach 13,4 min, bei der CSE nach 9,6 min beobachtet. Die APGAR-Werte sowie der Nabelschnur pH zeigten keine Unterschiede. Eine Allgemeinanästhesie wurde in keinem Fall erforderlich. Schlußfolgerung: Eine einzeitige Epiduralanästhesie oder eine einzeitige isobare Spinalanästhesie mit Bupivacain 0,5% sind als alleinige, nicht augmentierbare Anästhesie nicht zuverlässig. Die isobare Spinalanästhesie erzielt primär eine angemessene Anästhesieausdehnung, benötigt jedoch auch häufig eine ergänzende epidurale Nachinjektion zur kompletten Analgesie. Eine Augmentation erweist sich bei der aEA mit Bupivacain 0,5% primär als zweckmäßig. Die CSE ermöglicht einen früheren Operationsbeginn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 29 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-7345
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract.— Filial cannibalism has been identified as a constraint to the intensive production of swordtails Xiphophorus helleri. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of refuge availability and quantity, broodstock population density, and adult sex-ratio on the rate of cannibalism under culture conditions. The availability of shelter had a significant effect on the number of harvestable juveniles, while the quantity of shelter did not affect harvest size. At a constant sex-ratio of 1:1 and broodstock population densities of four, ten, and 16 fish per 300-L tank the amount of juveniles harvested was lowest at the stocking density of four fish per tank, but did not increase significantly when stocking density was raised from ten to 16 fish per tank. Rate of cannibalism was lowest at the lowest population density. At a constant stocking density of ten fish per tank and sex-ratios of 1:1, 1:4, and 4:1 (male: female), the highest number of juveniles was obtained at a social structure of two males and eight females. Rate of cannibalism was independent of sex-ratio, indicating that males and females are equally cannibalistic. These results suggest that the 300-L broodstock tanks should be stocked with a maximum of two males and between five and eight females to obtain the greatest number of harvestable juveniles per tank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic coupling of the Fe layers in Fe/Si multilayers strongly depends on the morphology of the iron-silicide interlayer that forms during deposition. Antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling is only observed in Fe/Si multilayers with crystalline interlayers in the CsCl structure. Recently, it has been shown that single layers of Fe–Si in the CsCl structure can be grown epitaxially on Si over a range of stoichiometries. FeSi films are reported to be Kondo insulators below 50 K. We find evidence of a magnetic phase transition in antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Si multilayers. Ms measured in a constant applied field of 50 kOe shows T3/2 behavior down to 10 K. However, M(T) at a lower constant field peaks around 50 K and decreases at lower temperature, indicating enhanced antiferromagnetic coupling or a phase transition. The remanent magnetization increases monotonically with decreasing temperature and has been explained by invoking thermally activated coupling. However, the saturation field also increases with decreasing temperature, indicating a stronger antiferromagnetic interaction. We explore the suggestion that the interlayer coupling is biquadratic in nature. Polarized neutron reflectometry has also been used to get a clearer picture of the complicated magnetic behavior of this multilayer system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 4779-4781 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial (11¯02) Dy/Y rare earth superlattices and a thick (11¯02) Dy film, grown on sapphire with Y/Ta buffer layers, have been prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. Neutron diffraction and SQUID magnetization measurements on a single 200 nm thick (11¯02) Dy layer showed nearly bulk behavior. However, for the (11¯02) Dy/Y superlattices we found different magnetic behavior depending on the relative Dy to Y-layer thickness. The superlattices exhibit both ferromagnetic and helical phases, but with the Néel and Curie temperatures significantly different from bulk Dy. These results differ from previous findings in Dy/Y superlattices grown along [0001]. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Utilizing the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) in conjunction with x-ray and neutron reflectometry (NR) and diffraction, we have studied the magnetic coupling of Fe/Cr(001) superlattices grown at room temperature and 250 °C. Only the samples grown at elevated temperature exhibit noncollinear coupling of 5.0 nm Fe layers across 1.7 nm Cr interlayers. The noncollinear samples feature a less-disordered in-plane interfacial structure than those grown at room temperature. Using x-ray diffuse reflectivity, we have measured a length scale of 10 nm for these in-plane features. We have also observed, via NR, a remanent noncollinear coupling angle of 50° and, via MOKE and NR, a gradual approach to saturation at upwards of 7 kOe. These features can be explained qualitatively by the proximity magnetism model of Slonczewski. We will compare the predictions of both the proximity and bilinear/biquadratic models with our data and present the results of ongoing neutron measurements of the temperature dependence of the coupling. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 3765-3766 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using polarized-neutron reflectivity, we have measured the temperature dependence of the noncollinear magnetic coupling of ferromagnetic iron across chromium interlayers in two superlattice samples. The first sample, (52 Å Fe/17 Å Cr)9, exhibits a room temperature remanent magnetic structure consisting of successive Fe layer moments aligned at 50° relative to each other. This magnetic structure remains unchanged upon cooling the sample to 42 K. In contrast, a superlattice with a thicker Cr interlayer, [44 Å Fe/88 Å Cr]30, passes in a 20 K-wide transition centered on TN=240 K from a room temperature state with Fe moments aligned at 90° to an uncoupled state. The formation of the incommensurate Cr spin density wave state below TN suppresses the interlayer coupling. The thinner Cr interlayers do not undergo a transition to this bulk structure, hence exhibit no suppression of coupling. In both samples, the coupling strength decreases for temperatures at and above room temperature. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 28 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 29 (1998), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: To test the effect of stocking density on growth, survival rates and size distribution of juvenile swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri Heckel, under different environmental conditions, fish were stocked at rates of 1, 3 and 6 fish I−1. Growth was monitored over a 14-week period. Fish were weighed in six groups of 20 fish per tank. Size variation was determined at the end of the growth period by measuring the total length of each fish to the nearest mm. Fish were stocked in two different systems at three stocking densities (1, 3, and 6 fish I−1) in replicate. The systems were an indoor aquarium system and a tunnel system under semicommercial conditions. In each system, increasing stocking rates resulted in a significant reduction of growth rates. In the aquarium system, survival rate was not related to stocking density, whereas in the tunnel system, fish at the highest stocking density had a lower survival rate than those kept at the two lower stocking densities. The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 40 mm total length was not higher in fish stocked at 6 fish I−1 than at 3 fish I−1 at the end of the study. Therefore, a stocking rate of 3 fish I−1 would be optimal. At the end of the study, fish were categorized into males, females and immature fish. Fish with a clearly visible gonopodium were classified as males, those with typical female characteristics as females, and small fish that were not yet differentiated as immature fish. The ratio of females to males was highly skewed in both systems, favouring a higher percentage of females. As stocking density increased, the female:male ratio was significantly reduced, which would result in a greater number of saleable pairs at increased stocking density. The implications of these results for the management of intensive production of swordtails are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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