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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Gene evolution ; Seed protein genes ; Legumin ; Vicilin ; Gene family ; Sequence homology ; Intron/exon structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Legumin-like 11S and vicilin-like 7S globulins are the main storage proteins of most angiosperms and gymnosperms. The subunits of the hexameric legumin are synthesized as a precursor comprising a N-terminal acidic α- and a C-terminal basic β-chain. The trimeric vicilin molecule consists of subunits composed of two symmetrical N- and C-terminal structural domains. In a multiple alignment we have compared the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of 11 legumns and seven vicilins of several dicot, monocot, and gymnosperm species. The comparisons using all six possible pairwise combinations reveal that the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of both protein families are similar to each other. These results together with data on the distribution of variable and conserved regions, on the positions of susceptible sites for proteolytic attack, as well as on the published 7S protein tertiary structure suggest that both protein families share a common single-domain ancestor molecule and lead to the hypothesis that a triplication event has occurred during the evolution of a putative legumin/vicilin ancestor gene. Moreover, the comparison of the intron/exon pattern reveals that at least three out of five intron positions are precisely conserved between the genes of both protein families, further supporting the idea of a common evolutionary origin of recent legumin and vicilin encoding genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Chitinase  ;  β-1 ; 3-Glucanase ; α-Manno‐sidase ; Nicotiana ; Protein secretion ; Suspension culture ; Vacuolar enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We have investigated the possibility that vacuolar proteins can be secreted into the medium of cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. Time-course and balance-sheet experiments showed that a large fraction, up to ca. 19%, of vacuolar α-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) and vacuolar class I chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) in suspension cultures accumulated in the medium within one week after subculturing. This effect was most pronounced in media containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Under comparable conditions only a small fraction, 1.8–5.1% of the total protein and ca. 1% of malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), which is localized primarily in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, accumulated in the medium. Pulse-chase experiments showed that newly synthesized vacuolar class I isoforms of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.39) were released into the medium. Post-translational processing, but not the release of these proteins, was delayed by the secretion inhibitor brefeldin A. Only forms of the proteins present in the vacuole, i.e. mature chitinase and pro-β-1,3-glucanase and mature β-1,3-glucanase, were chased into the medium of tobacco cell-suspension cultures. Our results provide strong evidence that vacuolar α-mannosidase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase can be secreted into the medium. They also suggest that secretion of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase might be via a novel pathway in which the proteins pass through the vacuolar compartment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: 2S Globulin ; Narbonin (immunolocalization) ; Seed ; Storage Protein ; Translation (in vitro) ; Vicia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Narbonin is a 2S protein from the globulin fraction of narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) cotyledons. Its amino acid composition and the pattern of its regulated accumulation in developing seeds led to the suggestion that narbonin could be a storage protein. Therefore, it was expected to be present in protein bodies of the storage tissue cells. Comparison of the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence with a directly determined partial N-terminal sequence revealed that the primary translation product of narbonin mRNA lacks a transient N-terminal signal peptide (V.H. Nong et al., 1995, Plant Mol Biol 28: 61–72). Narbonin polypeptides that had been synthesized in a cell-free translation system supplemented with dog pancreas microsomes were not protected against degradation by posttranslationally added proteases (protease protection assay). In accordance with the lack of a signal peptide this indicates that the polypeptide was not cotranslationally sequestered into the microsomes. The protein-body fraction that had been isolated from mature narbon bean cotyledons by a non-aqueous gradient centrifugation procedure was free of narbonin; this was found in the soluble cell fraction. In electron micrographs, narbonin could be localized in the cytoplasm using the immuno gold-labelling technique. Previously, it had already been shown that narbonin is too slowly degraded during narbon bean germination to act as a storage protein. From all these results it has to be concluded that narbonin is a cytoplasmic protein which does not belong to the storage proteins in the restricted sense. Other possible functions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 40 (1970), S. 286-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 25.75.+r
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Positively charged pions and protons from collisions of Ne+NaF and Au+Au at 1 GeV/nucleon incident energy were measured near midrapidity. The center-of-mass pion spectra deviate from a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The slope of the high-energy part of the pion spectra varies significantly with the system mass and little with the size of the reaction zone. While the total pion yield rises linearly with the number of participant nucleons, the highenergy component increases more than linearly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. The effect of sunlight and shade exposure upon germination, growth, and dry matter production was investigated in seedlings ofCoffea arabica L. ‘Caturra’ from february to september 1968 and 1969, in the climatic conditions of Havana, Cuba. 2. Sun and shade exposure did not affect the final germination percentage, but the germination rate was different during the first weeks. The germination percentage did not depend on the soil mixtures used in our experiments. 3. Growth and dry matter production proved to be higher under shade than in the sun. It should not be recommended to grow coffee seedlings completely without shade under the given climatic conditions. 4. Coffee seedlings initially grown under shade and later on adapted to sunlight conditions did not show the negative effects as observed in samples cultivated completely without shade. 5. Some symptoms indicate that coffee should be considered as a shadow plant. 6. Applying the traditional method of transplanting coffee seedlings after formation of the cotyledons caused deformations of the root system in 30–60% of the samples. Comparative growth measurements of transplanted and nontransplanted coffee seedlings, both cultivated under shade, resulted, with statistical significance, in favour of non-transplantation.
    Abstract: Краткое содержание 1.Coffea arabica L. cv., ‘Caturra KMC’ с февраля по сентябрь 1968 и 1969 гг. культивировалось в условиях Гаваны на Кубе. Исследовалось влияние полного солнечного освещения и затенения на прорастание, рост н накопление сухого вещества. 2. Влияние солнечного света или тени не оказывало существенного влияния на число проростков. Однако скорость прорастания в течение первой недели оказалась в тени и на свету различной. Четкой зависимости числа проростков от применяемой почвенной смеси установлено не было. 3. Рост и образование сухого вещества молодых кофейных растений и в 1968 и в 1969 гг. оказались более интенсивными в тени. Таким образом, в данных климатических условиях, выращивание молодых растений кофейного дерева без затенения не рекомендуется. 4. Если молодые растения, выросзие в тени, позднее приучались к солнечному освещению, то нежелательные последствия возделывания на полном солнечном свету не наблюдались. 5. Некоторые числовые данные, полученные во время опыта, говорят в пользу того, что кофе обладает свойствами тенелюбивого растения. 6. Традиционный метод пересадки молодых растеньиц кофе после полного развития семядолей оказался причиной искривления корней у 30 до 60% всех растений. Сравнение роста пересаженных и непересаженных растений в условиях затенения выявило статистически достоверную разницу в пользу непересаженных.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1.Coffea arabica L., ‘Caturra’ wurde in den Monaten Februar bis September 1968 und 1969 unter den Klimabedingungen Havannas auf Kuba kultiviert. Der Einfluß des vollen Sonnenlichtes und der Schattierung auf Keimung, Wachstum und Produktion von Trockenmasse wurden untersucht. 2. Die Keimzahlen zeigten keinen nachhaltigen Effekt, der von Sonnen- oder Schattenbedingungen abhängig war. Der zeitliche Verlauf der Keimung ist bei schattierten und unschattierten Proben während der ersten Wochen jedoch unterschiedlich. Eine eindeutige Abhängigkeit der Keimzahlen von der verwendeten Bodenmischung ließ sich nicht nachweisen. 3. In beiden Jahren waren Wachstum und Produktion von Trockenmasse junger Kaffeepflanzen aus schattierten Kulturen größer als bei Anzucht in vollem Sonnenlicht. Unter den gegebenen Klimabedingungen ist eine Anzucht von Kaffee ohne Schattierung nicht zu empfehlen. 4. Wurden Kaffeepflanzen, die im Schatten aufgewachsen waren, später an Sonnenbedingungen adaptiert, so fehlten die negativen Folgen, die bei vollständiger Anzucht ohne Schatten beobachtet wurden. 5. Einige der gemessenen Kenngrößen deuten darauf hin, daß Kaffee Eigenschaften einer Schattenpflanze besitzt. 6. Die traditionelle Methode des Umpflanzens der Keimlinge nach voller Entwicklung der Kotyledonen hatte bei 30 bis 60% aller Pflanzen Wurzelverkrümmungen zur Folge. Ein Vegleich des Wachstums von umgepflanzten und nicht umgepflanzten Kaffee-Keimlingen unter Schattenbedingungen fiel statistisch gesichert zugunsten der nicht umgepflanzten Kulturen aus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 18 (1970), S. 9-16 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using TTC we tried to develop a useful method for testing the germination capability of coffee seeds. A routine test method for germination using TTC is suggested, which works with isolated embryos of the coffee seeds. This method was tested with 4 different samples of coffee seeds and compared with the germination of coffee seeds at natural conditions. The agreement of the results from both germination tests was very good. Therefore the application of the test with TTC is proposed for the practical coffee farming.
    Abstract: Краткое содержание В поисках практически применимой методики для определения способности прорастания семян кофейного дерева разрабатывается простой тест ТТХ. Предлагается серийный метод, в котором этому тесту подвергаются изолированные зародыши кофейных зерен. Методика проверялась на 4 различных образцах семян. Совпадение результатов этих испытаний с таковыми, проведенными в естественных условиях, оказалось вполне удовлетворительным, так что практическое применение метода при разведении кофе можно считать оправданным.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Anwendung des TTC-Schnelltestes wurde versucht, ein praktisch brauchbares Keimprüfungsverfahren für Kaffeesamen zu entwickeln. Es wird eine Routinemethode zur Keimprüfung mit TTC vorgeschlagen, die mit isolierten Embryonen von Kaffee arbeitet. Dieses Verfahren wurde an 4 verschiedenen Samenproben von Kaffee überprüft. Die Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse aus den Keimprüfungen, die vergleichend unter natürlichen Bedingungen vorgenommen wurden, mit denen des TTC-Testes war gut, so daß eine praktische Anwendung des Verfahrens für den Kaffeeanbau gerechtfertigt erscheint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 77-99 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: storage proteins ; intracellular sorting ; secretory pathway ; processing ; deposition ; protein bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants store amino acids for longer periods in the form of specific storage proteins. These are deposited in seeds, in root and shoot tubers, in the wood and bark parenchyma of trees and in other vegetative organs. Storage proteins are protected against uncontrolled premature degradation by several mechanisms. The major one is to deposit the storage proteins into specialized membrane-bounded storage organelles, called protein bodies (PB). In the endosperm cells of maize and rice prolamins are sequestered into PBs which are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Globulins, the typical storage proteins of dicotyledonous plants, and prolamins of some cereals are transported from the ER through the Golgi apparatus and then into protein storage vacuoles (PSV) which later become transformed into PBs. Sorting and targeting of storage proteins begins during their biosynthesis on membrane-bound polysomes where an N-terminal signal peptide mediates their segregation into the lumen of the ER. After cleavage of the signal peptide, the polypeptides are glycosylated and folded with the aid of chaperones. While still in the ER, disulfide bridges are formed which stabilize the structure and several polypeptides are joined to form an oligomer which has the proper conformation to be either deposited in ER-derived PB or to be further transferred to the PSV. At the trans-Golgi cisternae transport vesicles are sequestered which carry the storage proteins to the PSV. Several storage proteins are also processed after arriving in the PSVs in order to generate a conformation that is capable of final deposition. Some storage protein precursors have short N- or C-terminal targeting sequences which are detached after arrival in the PSV. Others have been shown to have internal sequence regions which could act as targeting information. In some cases positive targeting information is known to mediate sorting into the PSV whereas in other cases aggregation and membrane association seem to be major sorting mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: biosynthesis ; gene structure ; narbonin ; recombinant protein ; 2S globulin ; seed storage protein ; Victa narbonensis L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA and genomic clones encoding narbonin, a 2S globulin from the seed of narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.), were obtained using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The full-length cDNA as well as genomic clones contain a single open reading frame (ORF) of 873 bp that encodes a protein with 291 amino acids comprising the mature narbonin polypeptide (M r ca. 33 100) and an initiation methionine. The deduced amino acid sequence lacks a transient N-terminal signal peptide. The genomic clones do not contain any intron. No homology was found to nucleic acid and protein sequences so far registered in sequence data libraries. The biosynthesis of narbonin during embryogenesis is developmentally-regulated and its pattern of synthesis closely resembles that of typical seed storage globulins. However, during seed germination narbonin was degraded very slowly, indicating that it may have other function than storage protein. Southern analysis suggests the existence of a small narbonin gene family. Narbonin genes were also found in four different species of the genus Vicia as well as in other legumes such as Canavalia ensiformis and Glycine max. In Escherichia coli a recombinant narbonin was produced which yielded crystals like those prepared from narbonin purified from seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: legumin ; methionine ; modification ; nutritional value ; Vicia faba ; vicilin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two different attempts have been undertaken to improve the amino acid composition of storage proteins from field bean (Vicia faba) by genetic engineering. First, legumin was modified to generate a new peptide sequence at the C-terminus containing 4 methionine residues. Second, vicilin was modified by generating 8 single methionine residues distributed over the peptide sequence. The genes were expressed in different systems includingin vitro transcription and translation and stable transformation into tobacco. The modified legumin was found to be unstable when expressed in tobacco seeds. Although specific mRNA was detected on RNA gel blots, no protein could be found by using protein gel blotting and ELISA. Furthermore, a protease preparation able to process the original legumin precursorin vitro degraded the modified legumin precursor. Contrary, the modified vicilin was accumulated in seeds of tobacco transformed with the gene under the control of the seed specific USP promoter. Both the original and the modified vicilin could be detected on protein gel blots at the expected position. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was employed to analyse the expression of original vicilin. Three vicilin-specific products of almost equal size were observed, indicating a slight modification leading to a change of pI. Quantitative determination using competitive ELISA showed that there is no significant difference in accumulation between original and modified vicilin. In both cases, three plants were found with vicilin amounts in the range of 1–3% of total globulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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