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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 554-555 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mutanten eines Bodenbakteriums (Hydrogenomonas H 16), welche Poly-β-hydroxybuttersäure-Granula nicht zu synthetisieren und anzuhäufen vermögen, wurden isoliert. Anreicherungs- und Selektionsverfahren zur Isolierung solcher Mutanten werden beschrieben und die physiologischen Eigenschaften der isolierten Mutanten charakterisiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Coryneform Hydrogen Bacteria ; Taxonomical Classification ; Corynebacterium autotrophicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recently isolated coryneform hydrogen bacteria were investigated under taxonomical aspects. Strains 7 C, RH 10, and 14 g are characterized by the snapping type of cell division, 68.5 to 69.7% GC content, dl-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, content of metachromatic granules, weak utilization of sugars and inhibitory effect of citrate. The strains are placed to the group 1—genus Corynebacterium—of the classification of coryneform bacteria of Yamada and Komagata (1972) and the name Corynebacterium autotrophicum sp.nov. is proposed. Strains 11 X and RH 12 are characterized by the bending type of cell division, a GC content of 70.2 and 70.5%, ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, absence of metachromatic granules, utilization of several sugars and no changes in cell morphology by citrate. The strains have to be placed to group 6 of coryneform bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 93 (1973), S. 179-193 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new hydrogen bacterium has been isolated by enrichment culture on hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. It is a strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, immotile rod. Irregular cell shapes, the snapping type of cell division and the partial fragmentation of the rods into coccoid cells in older heterotrophic cultures indicate that strain 14 g is a coryneform bacterium. Strain 14 g grows well in a mineral salts medium under a gas atmosphere of 80% hydrogen, 10% carbon dioxide and 10% oxygen. With increasing oxygen partial pressures, the growth rate decreases. While growth is good or excellent on organic acids, carbohydrates are utilized not at all. Autotrophically grown cells are able to oxidize organic substrates after a relatively short lag-phase. Growth is retarded when hydrogen is present in the gas atmosphere. Citrate utilization is even inhibited by hydrogen. In gluconate grown cells gluconokinase, the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff system and a NAD-dependent 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are present. All enzymes are inducible. The uptake rate of the oxygen-hydrogen mixture by resting cells is very high and amounts to 2500 μl gas/mg protein·h. Carbon dioxide does not stimulate the oxyhydrogen-reaction. The hydrogenase activity of intact cells measured with methylene blue as a hydrogen acceptor is limited by the penetration of methylene blue into the cell. In cell-free extracts the hydrogen uptake rate amounts to 2260 μl H2/mg protein·h with methylene blue as H-acceptor. The hydrogenase of strain 14 g is a strictly inducible enzyme. It is completely part culate and does not reduce pyridime nucleotides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 88 (1973), S. 299-318 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new hydrogen bacterium has been isolated by enrichment culture on propane. It is a strictly aerobic, Gram-positive, non acid-fast bacterium, characterized by filamentous growth, and has been tentatively assigned to Nocardia opaca (strain 1 b). It grows heterotrophically, on many organic compounds (71 out of 138 tested substrates including organic acids and sugars), on hydrocarbons (C11−C18) as well as under autotrophic conditions (under an atmosphere of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide=8:1:1) In the absence of a nitrogen source storage materials, mainly carbohydrates, are accumulated. Hydrogenase is an inducible enzyme. Under appropriate growth conditions the specific hydrogenase activity reaches high values: 2700 enzyme units/g cell protein. The formation of hydrogenase is repressed by fructose. With increasing oxygen concentrations during growth the specific hydrogenase activity decreases. In resting cell oxygen progressively inhibits the oxyhydrogen reaction. Cell-free extracts of autotrophically grown cells are able to reduce oxygen benzyl-and methyl viologen, dichlorphenolindophenol, methylene blue and nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide with hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 88 (1973), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Nocardia opaca strain 1b the key enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase, are inducible, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are constitutively formed. In autotrophically grown cells the fructose diphosphate aldolase has six-fold specific activity compared to fructose- or gluconate-grown cells. Molecular hydrogen represses the adaptation to fructose, glucose, or gluconate and inhibits the utilization of glucose or fructose. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been purified 22fold. It utilizes either NADP of NAD as coenzyme; it requires magnesium ions for maximal activity. The dehydrogenation reaction is competitively inhibited by rather high concentrations (2–6 mM) of ATP, and in a similar fashion by phosphoenolpyruvate. Homotropic or heterotropic interactions between substrate molecules were not detected. The effect of ATP is relieved by equimolar concentrations of magnesium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 95-112 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die am Fructose- und Gluconatabbau über den Entner-Doudoroff-Weg beteiligten Enzyme sowie die Enzyme des oxydativen Pentosephosphat-Weges wurden in Rohextrakten von Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 und Pseudomonas facilis, sowohl nach autotrophem Wachstum als auch nach heterotrophem Wachstum auf Fructose oder Gluconat, bestimmt. Fructose induziert in H. eutropha alle Enzyme des Entner-Doudoroff-Weges, Gluconat nur die Gluconokinase, die 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydratase und die 2-Keto-3-desoxy-6-phosphogluconat-Aldolase. Dagegen induzieren in P. facilis beide Substrate den gesamten Enzymsatz. Das Fehlen der 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase in H. eutropha und das Vorhandensein einer NAD-abhängigen 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase in P. facilis wurden bestätigt. Die Enzymaktivitäten in voll induzierten, auf Fructose gewachsenen Zellen beider Arten sind ähnlich. Mit beiden Stämmen wurden Einbauexperimente mit U-14C-, 1-14C- und 6-14C-Fructose sowie 1-14C- und 6-14C-Gluconat als Substrate durchgeführt. Die Ribose wurde aus der RNS isoliert und durch Lactobacillus plantarum fermentativ in Essigund Milchsäure gespalten. Die spezifische Radioaktivität der einzelnen C-Atome wurde durch schrittweisen Abbau der Säuren, quantitative Bestimmung des dabei entstehenden 14CO2 und Messung der darin enthaltenen absoluten Radioaktivität ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Ribose in Stamm H 16 ausschließlich über die nicht-oxydativen Reaktionen des Pentosephosphat-Weges gebildet wird. Die C-Atome 1,2 und 3 des Gluconats tragen nicht signifikant zur Gluconeogenese bei. Das Markierungsmuster der Ribose aus P. facilis ist mit dem von Stamm H 16 nahezu identisch. Die oxydativen Reaktionen des Pentosephosphat-Weges über die 6-Phosphogluconat-Dehydrogenase sind von quantitativ geringerer Bedeutung als die Transaldolase-Transketolase-Reaktionen.
    Notes: Summary The enzymes involved in the degradation of fructose and gluconate via the Entner-Doudoroff-pathway as well as those involved in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway have been determined in crude extracts of Hydrogenomonas eutropha strain H 16 and of Pseudomonas facilis after either autotrophic growth or heterotrophic growth on fructose or gluconate as substrates. In H. eutropha fructose induces all enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff-pathway, gluconate induces only glucokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase. In contrast, in P. facilis both substrates induce the entire set of enzymes. The absence of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in H. eutropha and the presence of a NAD-linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in P. facilis have been confirmed. Otherwise, the enzyme activities in fully induced fructose grown cells of both species are similar. Incorporation experiments were performed using both bacterial species and employing U-14C-, 1-14C-, and 6-14C-fructose as well as 1-14C- and 6-14C-gluconate as substrates. Ribose was isolated from RNA and fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum with the production of acetic and lactic acids. By stepwise degradation of the acids and by quantitative measurement and scintillation counting of the carbon dioxide formed the specific radioactivity of each carbon atom has been determined. The results demonstrate that in strain H 16 ribose is formed exclusively via the non-oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway. Carbon atoms 1 to 3 of gluconate do not significantly contribute to gluconeogenesis. With P. facilis an almost identical labelling pattern was observed, indicating that the oxidative reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway via 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are quantitatively of minor importance for ribose synthesis than the transaldolase-transketolase reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 142-152 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. During a selection program aiming at obtaining obligate autotrophic mutants 49 carbon dioxide requiring mutants of Hydrogenomonas eutropha strain H 16 have been isolated. Growth on solid media containing organic substrates depends on an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Mutant strain 25/1 has been studied more intensively. 2. Neither complex media nor growth factors and primary metabolites compensate for the defect of the mutant; it is an “obligate CO2 mutant”. 3. The saturating CO2-concentration depends on the nature of the substrate. The maximal growth rate is reached on lactate or pyruvate at more than 10% CO2, on fructose or under autotrophic conditions (H2+O2+CO2) at 5% CO2, and with acetate and succinate at 2.0 to 2.5% CO2. 4. If the mutant cannot grow due to low CO2-concentrations, it synthesizes and accumulates poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, heterotrophically as well as autotrophically. The CO2-saturation curve for autotrophic 14CO2-fixation is identical for the wild type and the mutant. The analogous curve for heterotrophic (fructose) 14CO2-fixation reaches saturating concentrations at 0.5% CO2 for the wild type and 5.0% CO2 for the mutant. Therefore, primary CO2-fixation as well as substrate degradation and storage material synthesis are obviously not affected by the mutation. 5. The possible localization of the CO2-defect is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 ; Growth on 2-Ketogluconate ; 2-Ketogluconate Kinase ; 2-Keto-6-phosphogluconate Reductase ; Low Cooperative ; Homotropic Effects ; Hydrogen Bacterium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During growth ofHydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 on 2-ketogluconate, 2-ketogluconate kinase and 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase were formed. These enzymes were absent from cells grown on fructose, gluconate, acetate, succinate or autotrophically. There was no evidence for extracellular oxidation of glucose, fructose or gluconate with the formation of ketogluconic acids. The utilization of 2-ketogluconate is neither subject to catabolite inhibition by hydrogen nor is 2-keto-6-phosphogluconate reductase inhibited by ATP, ADP or phosphoenolpyruvate. The enzyme is characterized by a high affinity for its substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 71 (1970), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus zellfreiem Extrakt von Hydrogenomonas H 16 wurde die lösliche Hydrogenase 45 fach bis zu einer spezifischen Aktivität von 36500 E/g Protein angereichert. Das Enzym katalysiert die Reduktion von NAD mit molekularem Wasserstoff. Ein Cofaktorbedürfnis konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Der Einfluß von NADH, ATP, Bicarbonat und Magnesium auf die hydrogenasekatalysierte NAD-Reduktion war unerheblich. Das angereicherte Enzym ist flavin- und pyridinnucleotidfrei und reagiert mit NAD, nicht mit O2, NADP, FMN, FAD oder Methylenblau. Die drei letztgenannten Wasserstoff-Acceptoren werden lediglich in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen NAD reduziert. Die lag-Phase der Reduktion von NAD läßt sich durch Vorinkubation des Enzyms mit NADH oder Wasserstoff, nicht jedoch mit NAD eliminieren. Die Hemmung der Hydrogenasereaktion durch Sauerstoff ist gering. Reduzierende Agenzien wie Mercaptoäthanol oder Sulfid setzten die Reaktionsrate herab. Die Michaeliskonstante der löslichen Hydrogenase für molekularen Wasserstoff beträgt K m H2 =1,9·10−4 M. Die NAD-Konzentration, bei der halbmaximale Aktivität erreicht wird, beträgt [NAD]0,5 (V)=1,3·10−4 M. Das pH-Optimum wird in 0,05 M Kaliumphosphat-Puffer bei pH 8,5 und in 0,05 M Tris-HCl-Puffer bei pH 7,9 erreicht. Unter den angegebenen Bedingungen lag das Temperatur-Optimum bei 36°C. Die Aktivierungsenergie der löslichen Hydrogenase wurde als 10,4 kcal/mol ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary A soluble hydrogenase from cell-free extracts of Hydrogenomonas H 16 has been purified 45-fold up to a specific activity of 36,500 units per g protein. The enzyme catalyzes the reduction of NAD with molecular hydrogen. It does not require cofactors. The NAD-reduction catalyzed by this enzyme is influenced to only a small extent by the presence of NADH, ATP, bicarbonate or magnesium ions. The enzyme is free from flavins and pyridine nucleotides, reacts only with NAD and not with oxygen, NADP, FMN, FAD or methylene blue. FMN, FAD and methylene blue are reduced only in the presence of catalytic amounts of NAD. The lag-phase of the reduction of NAD can be eliminated by preincubating the enzyme in the presence of NADH or molecular hydrogen; NAD is ineffective. The inhibition of the hydrogenase reaction by oxygen is negligible. Reducing agents such as mercaptoethanol or sulfide decreased the reaction rate. The Michaelis constant of the soluble hydrogenase for molecular hydrogen is K m H2 =1.9·10−4 M. Half maximal activity is attained at a NAD-concentration of [NAD]0.5 (V)=1.3·10−4 M. The pH-optimum is 8.5 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer and 7.9 in 0.05 M Tris-HCl-buffer; reaction rates were maximal at 36°C under the conditions employed. The activation energy was calculated to be 10.4 kcal/mol.
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