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  • 11
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 459 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 47 (1991), S. 780-789 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A convenient method for the description of orientation data for cubic, hexagonal, tetragonal and orthorhombic crystals is given. The method can also be used for the representation of disorientation data, where disorientations between any two crystals of the specified symmetry lattices are considered. It is based on the quaternion formalism introduced into the discussion of orientations and disorientations by Grimmer [Acta Cryst. (1974), A30, 685–688], Frank [(1987). Proc. Int. Conf. on Texture of Materials 8 (INCOTOM 8), Santa Fé, USA, pp. 3–13] and others. Since orientations and disorientations can be interpreted as rotations which in turn can be represented by only three parameters a vector description is used. These vectors span a rotation space corresponding to the usual space of Eulerian angles. It is called Rodrigues vector space [Rodrigues (1840). J. Math. Pure Appl. 5, 380–440; Becker & Panchanadeeswaran (1989). Text. Microstruct. 10, 167]. The direction of a Rodrigues vector is parallel to the rotation axis and its length is tan (θ/2), where θ describes the rotation angle. A method for selecting a unique representative out of the numerous symmetrically equivalent Rodrigues vectors is given. Since these selection rules depend on the symmetry of the crystal lattices considered they yield compact domains in the Rodrigues vector space which are typical for each type of lattice or lattice pair. These domains are always bounded by planes. Frank (1987) called them fundamental zones and described them for the orientations of cubic, hexagonal and orthorhombic crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 107 (2000), S. 715-720 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Drug-associated stimuli, craving, drug memory, cue reactivity, conditioned response.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Due to conditioning processes, originally neutral stimuli become drug-associated cues and can initiate drug craving. Standardized stimuli are required to assess stimulus-induced activation of drug memory and craving in brain imaging and neurophysiology studies. We developed substance-specific visual and olfactory stimuli for alcohol, tobacco, opiate and cannabis abuse and tested them in subjects with the respective addiction and in healthy volunteers. Stimulus-related drug craving differed significantly between the diagnostic groups and indicated that the stimuli are suitable for craving studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Parkinson's disease ; continuous lisuride infusion ; motor fluctuations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-nine patients with advanced Parkinson's disease were treated with subcutaneous lisuride infusion in addition to a basic therapy consisting of levodopa + PDI in all, and deprenyl in some patients. At the time of the report, 13 patients are still receiving lisuride infusion after 5–36 months, while 16 have dropped out after 0.5–30 months one because of psychosis, three because of insufficient efficacy, three due to death unrelated to treatment, three because of difficulties in handling the pump as outpatients, and six for other reasons. “Off”-periods and parkinsonian disability in “off” and in “on” were reduced significantly. These improvements remained constant throughout the observation period. Once the optimal dose regimen is established, only minor adjustments of the doses of lisuride and levodopa are required in the individual case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dopamine receptors ; Growth Hormone ; alcoholism ; dopamine ; relapse ; neuroadaption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been hypothesized that dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission is involved in the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction. Therefore, peripheral dopamine levels, sensitivity of central dopamine receptors (apomorphine-induced Growth Hormone (GH) secretion), and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins on adenylyl cyclase activity (as an indicator for dopamine D2-receptor coupled second messenger mechanisms) were measured in 45 alcohol-dependent patients before and after detoxification and in 10 healthy controls. The time needed to adjust to abstinence conditions differed between patients with good and poor treatment outcome. In subsequent abstainers, effects of alcohol withdrawal were already found during the first 24 hours of abstinence (normalisation of GH response, increases in dopamine levels and the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins). During the next 7 days of abstinence, no more significant changes were observed in the assessed variables. In subsequent relapsers, no significant effect of acute ethanol withdrawal on the same measures was found. However, at day 8 of abstinence, increases in apomorphine-induced GH secretion (towards normalisation), in dopamine plasma levels, and in the inhibitory efficacy of G-proteins (towards above-normal levels) were observed. This retarded adjustment of dopaminergic signal transduction seems to reflect the relapse risk of treatment non-responders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Midline granuloma ; Histochemistry ; B cell NHL ; T cell NHL ; Malignant histiocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present report describes the results of a combined morphological, enzyme- and immunohistochemical analysis of nine cases of malignant non Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) clinically presenting as lethal midline granuloma. In a previous report written before antibodies directed against B and T lymphocytes were available, a histiocytic origin of such neoplasms had been suggested. A panel of antibodies reactive with most B cells (L26, MB1, KiB3) and a majority of T cells (MT1, UCHL1) was applied on paraffin sections of formalin fixed tissues as well as antibodies directed against leukocyte common antigen (LCA), myeloid/histiocyte antigen (MAC 387), lysozyme, alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, S-100 protein, prekeratin and immunoglobulin light chains. Enzyme histochemistry included tests for non-specific acid esterase, acid phosphatase, betaglucuronidase and chloroacetate esterase. As a result, five T, two B and two unclassified (malignant histiocytosis probable) NHL were identified, indicating distinct heterogeneity of NHL as causative disorders in lethal midline granuloma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Dopaminerges Verstärkungssystem ; Anhedonie ; Alkoholabhängigkeit ; Dopaminhypothese der Schizophrenien ; Phasische versus tonische Dopaminfreisetzung ; Key words Dopaminergic reward system ; Anhedonia ; Alcohol dependence ; Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia ; Phasic versus tonic dopamine release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It has been suggested that anhedonia, the loss of pleasure, is associated with a dysfunction of the dopaminergic reward system in schizophrenic and alcohol-dependent patients. In a series of neuroendocrinological and brain imaging studies, we examined pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of dopaminergic neurotransmission in non-human primates and in schizophrenic and alcohol-dependent patients. Among alcoholics, we found indicators of a sensitization of dopaminergic neurotransmission, which was associated with the relapse risk, but not with anhedonia or depression. Schizophrenics with neuroleptic blockade of striatal dopamine D2 receptors displayed psychomotor slowing and reduced motivation, but not anhedonia. Primate studies pointed to the importance of a temporo-cortical dysfunction in the pathogenesis of phasic dopaminergic dysregulation in the striatum. These observations indicate that a dysfunction of stimulus-dependent dopamine release may be associated with motivational deficits caused by a reduction in incentive salience, but not with anhedonia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Tierversuchen war postuliert worden, daß Anhedonie das gemeinsame psychopathologische Korrelat einer Störung des dopaminergen Verstärkungssystems darstellt. In einer Serie neuroendokrinologischer und bildgebender Studien untersuchten wir prä- und postsynaptische Mechanismen der dopaminergen Neurotransmission bei Primaten sowie bei schizophrenen und alkoholabhängigen Patienten. Bei abstinenten alkoholabhängigen Patienten fanden sich Hinweise auf eine Sensitivierung der dopaminergen Neurotransmission, die mit dem Rückfallrisiko, nicht jedoch mit Anhedonie oder Depressivität assoziiert war. Schizophrene Patienten mit neuroleptikainduzierter Blockade der striären Dopamin-D2-Rezeptoren zeigten eine Motivationsstörung und psychomotorische Verlangsamung gegenüber medikationsfreien Patienten, aber keine Assoziation der Rezeptorblockade mit Anhedonie. Primatenstudien verwiesen auf die Rolle der temporofrontalen Kortices bei der Regulation der phasischen subkortikalen Dopaminfreisetzung. Unsere Befunde sprechen für die Annahme, daß eine Dysfunktion der stimulusabhängigen, striären Dopaminfreisetzung mit Motivationsstörungen, nicht jedoch mit Anhedonie, assoziiert ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 780-789 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Serotonin ; Verhaltensinhibierendes System ; Impulsivität ; Aggression ; Depression ; Key words Serotonin ; Behavior inhibition system ; impulsivity ; Aggression ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission has been associated with two different psychopathological syndromes – impulsive aggressivity resulting form a lack of stimulation of the “behavior inhibition system” on the one hand and the manifestation of clinical depression and compulsive syndromes on the other. The examination of primate behavior provides a model which may reconciliate these seemingly contradictory hypotheses. According to primate experiments, monoaminergic depletion results in anxious and desperate behavior only if the individual has previously been exposed to social isolation stress, which in turn induces a decrease in the central serotonin turnover rate. Young non-human primates who experience early social separation stress are anxious and fearful, while as adults they tend to be aggressive, consume excessive amounts of alcohol and are less intoxicated by alcohol intake. These observation indicate the importance of social separation stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholism and antisocial behavior and may point to prophylactic and pharmacological treatment strategies.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Dysfunktion serotonerger Transmission wurde mit zwei verschiedenen psychopathologischen Syndromen in Verbindung gebracht. Einerseits wurde der serotonergen Neurotransmission eine wesentliche Rolle in der Stimulation des “verhaltensinhibierenden Systems” zuerkannt und postuliert, daß ein verminderter Serotoninumsatz zur Enthemmung impulsiver und aggressiver Verhaltensweisen führt. Andererseits gibt es Hinweise auf die Bedeutung einer verminderten serotonergen Transmission in der Pathogenese der Depression und der Angsterkrankungen. Eine mögliche Deutung der vordergründig widersprüchlichen Befunde ergibt sich aus der Untersuchung serotonerger Transmission bei Primaten. Eine pharmakogen induzierte Verarmung an monoaminergen Neurotransmittern führt demnach nur dann zu depressionsanalogen Verhaltensweisen, wenn in der individuellen Entwicklung mehrfach Phasen sozialer Isolation durchlebt wurden. Umgekehrt ist soziale Isolation bei jungen Primaten mit einem verminderten Serotoninumsatz, verstärkter Ängstlichkeit und sozialer Inkompetenz assoziiert, während sich bei diesen Primaten im Erwachsenenalter eine erhöhte Aggressivität und Alkoholtoleranz und ein erhöhter freiwilliger Alkoholkonsum nachweisen lassen. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Streß- und Lernfaktoren in der Ausgestaltung der psychopathologischen Korrelate einer serotonergen Dysfunktion und verweisen auf mögliche prophylaktische und pharmakologische Behandlungsoptionen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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