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  • ZIB Catalog
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (242)
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  • ZIB Catalog
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (242)
  • Opus Repository ZIB
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  • 1990-1994  (242)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1900-1904
  • 1830-1839
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic basis of Ro and La antibody formation in systemic lupus erythematosus (1992)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 11 (1992), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Ro and La antibodies ; Multicenter study ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against Ro and La, including recombinant La and recombinant 60 kD-Ro, were determined by counter immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA in over 300 central European systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The presence of both Ro and La antibodies was strongly associated with the MHC haplotype B8-C4AQ0-DR3-DQ2, the association being stronges for DR3. After exclusion of all B8-DR3 positive patients only DR3 positive patients still showed an increased incidence of Ro and La antibodies, suggesting DR3 as the primary association factor. High titers of La antibody, but not of 60 kD-Ro antibody, were also significantly associated with the presence of DR3. Other DR and DQ antigens or heterozygous DQ combinations were not significantly associated with Ro and La antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301501
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MHC associations of autoantibodies against recombinant Ro and La proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus (1992)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 12 (1992), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythematosus ; Genetics ; Ro and La antibodies ; Recombinant autoantigens ; MHC ; Multicenter study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against recombinant 52 kD-Ro, recombinant 60 kD-Ro and recombinant La protein were determined by ELISA in over 300 central European patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A strong association with HLA-DR3 was found for antibodies against 52 kD-Ro and La, but not for recombinant 60 kD-Ro antibodies in the absence of antibodies against 52 kD-Ro or La. Ro/La negative SLE patients still showed an increased frequency of HLA-DR3 as compared to healthy controls. These results indicated that the preferential formation of Ro and La antibodies was not due to an unspecific stimulatory effect of HLA-DR3 but that the antibody response to certain defined proteins (52 kD-Ro and La) was influenced by MHC genes in SLE. Furthermore, the association of SLE with HLA-DR3 was independent of the effects of DR3 on the formation of 52 kD-Ro and La antibodies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302148
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    L-Tyrosine-3-hydroxylase regulation in the brain: genetic aspects (1992)
    Springer
    Amino acids 3 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Brain ; Genetics ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary L-tyrosine-3-hydroxylase (TH) is the first and rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline). Implication of dopamine (DA) in various psychopathological phenomena, such as schizophrenia, has considerably contributed to the intensity of investigation of basic biochemical regulation of TH by activation and induction. Here we consider a third, constitutional (genotypic) aspect of regulation and present evidence that differences in mesencephalic (TH/SN), striatal (TH/CS), and hypothalamic (TH/HT) TH activity between virtually isogeneic strains of mice can be explained by segregating genetic factors. Biometrical genetic analysis of progenitor strains and their crosses indicated significant additive gene effects for TH/SN, TH/CS, and TH/HT, whereas dominance effects were statistically non-significant. A monogenic model of inheritance for TH/SN and TH/CS could not be rejected, while more than one gene was indicated for TH/HT. Significant positive phenotypic correlations were found in genetically segregating populations among mesencephalic, striatal and hypothalamic TH activities. This would suggest that some common genetic factors (or linked genes) are involved in the genetic variation of all three traits. A genetic selection experiment to elucidate the cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying these variations is in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00805997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apolipoprotein genes and atherosclerosis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Genetics ; Apolipoproteins ; Lipoproteins ; Atherosclerosis ; Transgenic animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to elucidate the genetic abnormalities underlying lipoprotein disorders associated with coronary heart disease susceptibility, researchers have looked for candidate genes. The studies have focused particularly on the lipoprotein transport genes. Relatively common as well as rare mutations have already been identified in several of these genes. In addition, further metabolic and genetic studies indicate that some of these loci harbor significant, but as yet undefined, genetic variation. In the next few years, it is not unreasonable to expect that all or most of the significant mutations at these loci will be catalogued. It is too early to know whether this will be sufficient to explain the genetic basis of altered lipoprotein levels or whether new loci will need to be investigated. Additional candidate gene loci might be those coding for genes involved in intracellular cholesterol metabolism, cholesterol absorption, or insulin resistance. New loci may also be revealed by the technique of reverse genetics. A more complete understanding of the genetics of atherosclerosis susceptibility will probably also entail the identification of variants at genetic loci that control both the reaction of the blood vessel wall to atherogenic lipoproteins and the thrombosis system. Investigation of the genetic basis of coronary heart disease susceptibility remains a worthwhile and lively field, with important clinical and public health ramifications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235516
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verapamil induces increased bone volume and osteopenia in female rats but has the opposite effect in male rats (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Verapamil ; Bone ; Osteopenia ; Rat ; Female ; Intestinal calcium absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Verapamil inhibits the intestinal absorption of calcium (Ca) and increases serum parathyroid hormone in rats. The effects of verapamil on bone tissue after long-term treatment is, however, not well described. Adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats received verapamil in their drinking water at a dosage of 0.075 mg/ml (low dose) or 0.75 mg/ml (high dose) for 12 weeks; control rats received only drinking water. All rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.5% P. In female rats, the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly reduced from 0.742 g/ml in controls to 0.713 g/ml after low-dose treatment of verapamil, and to 0.667 g/ml following high-dose treatment (P〈0.01). The tibial length was increased from 39.7 mm in controls to 40.3 mm or to 40.7 mm after low or high doses (P〈0.01). The tibial volume increased from 0.385 ml in controls to 0.397 ml after low doses and to 0.429 ml after high doses (P〈0.01). In contrast, in male rats the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly increased from 0.578 g/ml in controls to 0.580 g/ml after low doses and to 0.620 g/ml after high doses of verapamil (P〈0.01). The tibial bone volume in males as decreased from 0.633 ml in controls to 0.641 ml after low doses and to 0.583 ml after high doses (P〈0.05). The tibial length in the males was not changed by verapamil. The intestinal absorption of Ca was reduced in male rats from 5.28 in controls to 4.03 (serosa/mucosa) after low-dose treatment and to 2.46 after high-dose treatment with verapamil (P〈0.05). In female rats, the intestinal absorption of Ca did not change after verapamil treatment. Thus, chronic treatment with verapamil in female rats induced osteopenia whereas in male rats bone growth was inhibited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582167
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidic phosphoproteins from bone matrix: A structural rationalization of their role in biomineralization (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 391-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Matrix ; Phosphoproteins ; Biomineralization ; Calcium ; Nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and bone acidic glycoprotein-75 are three acidic phosphoproteins that are isolated from the mineralized phase of bone matrix, are synthesized by osteoblastic cells, and are generally restricted in their distribution to calcified tissues. Although each is a distinct gene product, these proteins share aspartic/glutamic acid contents of 30–36% and each contains multiple phosphoryl and sialyl groups. These properties, plus a strict relationship of acidic macromolecules with cell-controlled mineralization throughout nature, suggest functions in calcium binding and nucleation of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal formation. However, direct proof for such roles is still largely indirect in nature. The purpose of this review is to present two speculative hypotheses regarding acidic phosphoprotein function. The goal was to use new sequence information along with database comparisons to develop a structural rationalization of how these proteins may function in calcium handling by bone. For example, our analysis has identified a conserved polyacidic stretch in all three phosphoproteins which we propose mediates metal binding. Also, conserved motifs were identified that are analogous with those for casein kinase II phosphorylation sites and whose number correlates well with that of phosphoryl groups/protein. A two-state conformational model of calcium binding by bone matrix acidic phosphoproteins is described which incorporates these findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296767
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of histamine and polyamines in calcified tissues of mice: Contribution of mast cells and histidine decarboxylase to the amount of histamine in the bone (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histamine ; Polyamines ; Mast cells ; Histidine decarboxylase ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for determining histamine and polyamines in various tissues was devised. The method, however, could not be applied to calcified tissues, because the high concentration of Ca2+ in the extract interferes with the chromatographic separation of these amines. By treating the extracts from calcified tissues with K2CO3, we succeeded in removing the Ca2+, and the method could then be applied to determine the amines in bone tissues of mice. By using this method, we examined the contribution of mast cells and histidine decarboxylae (HDC) to the amount of histamine in the bone. The results indicate that (1) the HDC activity in the bone is the highest among the tissues of normal mice, and the histamine produced by the HDC in the bone is metabolized rapidly; (2) a major part of HDC in the bone is present in the bone marrow cells other than mast cells, and most of histamine in the bone is attributable to the histamine pooled in mast cells; (3) mast cells in the diaphysis are located largely along the endosteal lining; and (4) the method devised in this study may be useful for studying the roles of histamine (or mast cells) and polyamines in calcified tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296220
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Earlier wrist fracture: A confounding factor in distal forearm bone screening (1992)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 2 (1992), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone ; Distal radius ; Fracture ; Single photon absorptiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-six women aged 60, 70 or 80 years who had fractured one of their distal radii (Colles' fracture) 0 to 35 (median 10) years earlier were examined in this population-based study. Single photon measurements (SPA) were performed on both arms 1 cm and 6 cm proximal to the styloid process of the ulna. All women were questioned about earlier wrist fractures and which, if any, side had been affected. Information about the type and site of the fracture was also gathered from the hospital records. The bone mineral content (BMC) was found to be increased by almost 20% in the once-fractured radius at the distal measuring site (1 cm) when compared with the unaffected side. This difference did not seem to diminish with time. At the proximal measuring site there was no difference between the once-fractured and the non-fractured side. There was a progressive loss of bone mineral in the once-fractured arm during the first years after the fracture however. This appeared to be reversed after about 10 years to a relative gain, even though the correlation was weak. Six of the 36 women could not remember which side had been fractured and five could not remember having had such a fracture at all. Determination of osteoporosis by measuring forearm BMC with single photon densitometry is therefore of limited value in some women of the oldest age groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623927
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone A report of two cases and review of the literature (1992)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 21 (1992), S. 509-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is the prototype of a group of vascular tumors characterized by epithelioid or histiocytoid endothelial cells. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone is a rare lesion that constitutes fewer than 1% of primary malignant skeletal neoplasms. We describe two cases that illustrate the spectrum of radiographic features seen with this neoplasm, and also present its appearance on magnetic resonance imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195232
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identifying sex differences in reading disability (1992)
    Springer
    Reading and writing 4 (1992), S. 307-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Genetics ; Reading disability ; Sex differences ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract The issue of sex differences in reading disability has been of recent interest in relation to sex ratios in families with reading disabled children and to possible sex biases in referred populations. Data from a study of 570 twins are used to develop alternative definitions of reading disability that vary in the manner to which sex effects are taken into account. These definitions include discrepancies between reading quotients and IQ, the use of the regression of reading onto IQ and chronological age/reading age differences. In each case the reading and spelling disability was defined either separately for the sexes or based upon the data for the sexes combined and with and without an IQ〉90 exclusion criterion. The consequences of using the alternative definitions for prevalence, sex ratio and heritability are examined. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of reading disabled children vary with the way disability is defined. The excess of males seems to be a robust finding. Definitions that take into account differences in mean score for males and females reduce but do not eradicate the sex ratio. From the genetic analysis, there is no support for the suggestion that the genetic effect on reading is greater for females than males. It is concluded that the use of regression based procedures for identifying reading disability is desirable but that at present there is insufficient evidence to justify the adoption of separate regression procedures for the two sexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027711
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin receptor and insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT 4) mutations and polymorphisms in a welsh type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic population (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 486-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) ; diabetes mellitus ; insulin receptor ; glucose transporters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have recently examined the exons encoding the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain and GLUT 4 in 30 subjects with Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus using a molecular scanning approach. The variant sequences Val-Met985 and Lys-Glu1068 of the insulin receptor and Val-Ile383 of GLUT 4 were each separately found in three different diabetic subjects. In a study of a Welsh population, the GLUT 4383 variant was found in three of 160 diabetic and none of the 80 control subjects. In this study, the same group of Welsh Type 2 diabetic and control subjects was analysed using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation, single nucleotide primer extension and allele-specific restriction digestion to ascertain the frequency of the two insulin receptor mutations. The Val-Met985 mutation was found in none of the 160 Welsh Caucasian Type 2 diabetic subjects and two of 80 control subjects. The Lys-Glu1068 mutation removes a Sty 1 site and digestion of amplified exon 18 with Sty 1 confirmed the presence of this mutation in the heterozygous state in the original subject. None of the Welsh diabetic or control subjects had the Glu1068 mutation. The discovery of a very common silent polymorphism at codon 130 of GLUT 4 allowed examination of the association of this locus with Type 2 diabetes using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridisation in a subset of the Welsh subjects. The genotypic frequencies (homozygous wild-type and heterzygous polymorphic (poly) sequences) were not significantly different between diabetic and control subjects (Type 2 diabetic subjects: wild-type/wild-type 40%, wild-type/poly 46%, poly/poly 14%; Control subjects: wild-type/wild-type 37%0, wild-type/poly 45 %, poly/poly 18 %;p 〉 0.05). In conclusion, in a British Caucasian population the examined insulin receptor tyrosine kinase domain mutations are uncommon. Also the GLUT 4 locus does not appear to be strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342449
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repetitive loading, in vivo, of the tibia and femora of rats: Effects of a single bout of treadmill running (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 193-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mechanical properties ; Fatigue microdamage ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The presence of microdamage in the tibiae and femora of rats following repetitive loading in vivo was investigated by subjecting 48 male rats, aged 12 weeks, to treadmill running (26.8 m.min-1 on 10% grade) for 0.56 hours (5,000 cycles, E1), 1.13 hours, (10,000 cycles, E2), 2.27 hours (20,000 cycles, E3), and 3.4 hours (30,000 cycles, E4) with Group C as control. Following exercise, tibiae and femora were excised and the right limbs were tested in torsion at 180°.sec-1. Transverse sections were cut from the proximal, mid- and distal diaphysis of left tibiae and femora, bulk stained in basic fuchsin, cut to 50 μm thick, and examined for the presence of microdamage. Following these periods of loading, tibiae and femora showed no evidence of microdamage initiation, as evidenced by light microscopy, or corresponding alterations in mechanical properties. It was concluded that the magnitude of loading produced by single bouts of intensive exercise, which encompassed up to 30,000 loading cycles, was insufficient to initiate fatigue microdamage in tibiae or femora of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298800
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competitive adsorption of magnesium and calcium ions onto synthetic and biological apatites (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Magnesium ; Calcium ; Apatite crystals ; Enamel ; Dentin ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Magnesium (Mg) is a conspicuous constituent of hard tissues but its possible role in biomineralization is poorly understood. It is possible that Mg2+ adsorbed onto bioapatites may contribute to the modulation of crystal growth as such inhibitory activity has been reported for synthetic apatites. The present study was undertaken to determine the adsorption isotherms of Mg ions onto synthetic apatites and biominerals in tooth and bone tissues in the presence of other ions of natural occurrence. Synthetic crystals used as adsorbents were hydroxyapatite and, as a better prototype for the biomineral, Mg-containing carbonatoapatite. Human enamel and dentin materials were obtained from extracted, caries-free, permanent teeth. Porcine dentin materials at two developmental stages were obtained from erupted deciduous and unerupted permanent teeth of a 6-month-old slaughtered piglet. Porcine bone was obtained from the cortical portion of the mandible of the same animal. All biomineral samples were pulverized and then treated by plasma ashing (deproteination) at about 60°C. Each of the powdered samples was equilibrated in solutions containing various initial concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+ (or K+) as nitrate salts. Following equilibration, concentrations (and activities) of magnesium and calcium ions in the experimental solution were determined. The pH values of the equilibrium solutions were in the range of 6.2–6.5. Experimental data of the Mg adsorption onto hydroxyapatite were interpreted on the basis of a Langmuir-type model for binary systems assuming competition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ for the same adsorption sites on the crystal surfaces of the apatites. According to this model, the adsorbed Mg is expressed as a function of the ionic activity ratio (Mg2+)/(Ca2+) in the equilibrium solution. The model contains two parameters, the adsorption selectivity constant Ks and the maximum number of adsorption sites N (μmol/g). The numerical values of Ks were similar for all adsorbents used (synthetic and biological) and indicated the preferential adsorption of Ca2+ probably due to spacial restrictions extending to the very surface of the crystals. The initial level of Mg2+ in the surface pool was different in the various biominerals, probably reflecting the composition of fluid in which the biominerals were formed. Whereas the surface pool of Mg of human enamel was marginal, only 5% of the total Mg, significant fractions of the total Mg in human and porcine dentins (about 20–30%), and porcine bone (about 40%) existed on the crystal surfaces. There were significant differences in the total Mg and the value of the parameter N between young (unerupted) and mature (erupted) dentin minerals. It was ascertained that the occupancy of adsorption sites by Mg ions became greater with maturation of the dentin tissues. The overall results suggest that the Mg-mineral interaction in tooth and bone tissues may be a highly tissue-specific process, presumably reflecting differences in fluid composition (particularly Ca and Mg activities) responsible for biomineralization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298503
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An FT-IR microscopic investigation of the effects of tissue preservation on bone (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 72-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fixation ; FT-IR microscopy ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fourier transform infrared microscopy is a powerful tool for the characterization of mineral and protein in histologic sections of bone. This study was concerned with determining whether techniques used to preserve these tissties and to prepare them for sectioning had an effect on spectral properties. The υ1, υ3 phosphate bands in the 900–1200 cm-1 spectral region were used to evaluate the structure of the apatitic mineral in fresh-frozen, ethanol-fixed, and formalin-fixed 35-day-old rat femurs; fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed 20-day-old fetal rat femurs; ground 35-day-old rat diaphyseal bone samples; and formalin-fixed, methacrylate-embedded ground diaphyseal bone. The crystallinity (crystal size and perfection) of the bone apatite was assessed by a curve-fitting analysis of the υ1, υ3 phosphate bands. Results indicate that ethanol or formalin fixation of the 35-day-old intact rat femur, and formalin fixation and embedding of the ground rat bone do not significantly alter the crystallinity of the apatite. However, formalin fixation of the fetal rat bone did alter the structure of the apatite mineral phase. In addition, evaluation of protein secondary structure in the 35-day-old rat femur from the Amide I and Amide II vibrations near 1650 and 1550 cm-1, respectively, revealed that protein conformation was altered by ethanol fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296221
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimal levels of serum estradiol prevent postmenopausal bone loss (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 340-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Menopause ; Estrogens ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Biochemical parameters reflecting bone resorption [urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) and hydroxyproline/ creatinine (OH/Cr)] were related to serum estrogens [estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2)] in 262 healthy women including 158 patients receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for at least 6 months, 49 eugonadal women, and 55 untreated postmenopausal women. A significant (P〈0.001) correlation exists between serum E2 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.00044 E2 (pg/ml)+0.129 (n=262; r=-0.37), serum E2 and OH/Cr: (OH/Cr (mg/g)=-0.049 E2 (pg/ml)+18.76 (n=262; r=-0.36), serum E1 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.0003 E1 (pg/ml)+0.127 (n=261; r=-0.28) but not between serum E1 and OH/Cr. Women with circulating levels of E2 between 60 and 90 pg/ml have a significant (P〈 0.01) reduction of Ca/Cr and OH/Cr when compared with those with lower levels of E2. Higher values of E2 do not provide additional benefit. We conclude that in postmenopausal women receiving an estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), a significant reduction of bone resorption is achieved when circulating levels of estradiol reach a value (60 pg/ml) corresponding to the one measured, in eugonadal women, during the last days of the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We suggest that oral or percutaneous ERT should induce a minimal value of 60 pg/ml to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316876
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cyclosporin A on rat osteoblasts (ROS 17/2.8 cells) in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblast ; Cyclosporin A ; Attachment ; Proliferation ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) were evaluated on ROS 17/2.8 cells in vitro. ROS cells were treated with CsA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml) for 3 days with and without bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) 10 nM. CsA at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml without PTH and at 5.0 μg/ml in the presence of PTH significantly inhibited proliferation, as determined by a tetrazolium colorimetric assay. In addition, ROS cell number was significantly reduced at 3 and 4 days with CsA (5.0 μg/ml) without affecting cell viability. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA was significantly reduced by 3.0 and 5.0 μg/ml CsA after 12 and 24 hours exposure. Basal and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated alkaline phosphatase levels in confluent ROS cells were reduced (P〈0.05) with CsA (1.0 and 3.0 μg/ml). Pretreatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with CsA did not alter PTH-stimulated cAMP levels or [125I]-PTHrP binding to ROS cells. CsA treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells induced a spindle-shaped appearance with loss of attachment in confluent cultures. When ROS cells were cultured in CsA-containing media, cellular attachment at 6 and 12 hours was reduced (P〈0.05) compared with untreated ROS cells. These findings indicate that CsA was capable of inhibiting proliferation, cell number, mitogenesis, alkaline phosphatase levels, and cell attachment of ROS cells without affecting PTH binding or cAMP levels. This direct effect of CsA on osteoblasts may be important in changes of bone remodeling observed in CsA-treated humans and animals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334490
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproducibility of lateral spine scans using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Lateral spine scanning ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reproducibility of lateral spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (LAT DEXA) scans using a Lunar DPX-L scanner was assessed in a cadaveric phantom and in patients. One hundred phantom measurements over 7 months demonstrated a longitudinal stability of 1.7% (coefficient of variation, CV). Additional scans were performed with the phantom rotated by up to 20° in each of the three orthogonal planes to assess the effects of variable patient positioning. Horizontal and vertical rotation of the spine had little effect on the estimated bone mineral density (BMD), however, axial rotation of greater than 8° led to errors in the BMD measurement. One hundred consecutive patients had two lateral scans performed within 1 month. BMD (range 0.10–1.6 g/cm2) was determined for each scan by one operator. Significant overlap from ribs and pelvis was often seen with L2 and L4 vertebrae but one vertebra (L3) could be measured in every case. Intraoperator and interoperator variability was assessed by three experienced operators, each analyzing 10 patients' scans on five separate occasions, and was found to be less than 1.1% for a single vertebra. BMD estimation of vertebral bodies and midslices by lateral DEXA scans (CV% of 3.8% and 4.6%) have a 95% confidence interval of 0.074 g/cm2 and 0.096 g/cm2, respectively for two vertebrae. This variability is due mainly to axial rotation, with operator variability, horizontal rotation, and vertical rotation having little effect on BMD estimation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334484
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthetic parathyroid hormone-like protein (1–74) is anabolic for bone in vivo (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 30-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: PTHRP ; Anabolic ; Rat ; Bone ; Potency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) has recently been purified from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The gene encoding PTHRP has been cloned, and based on predicted amino acid sequence, polypeptides comprising the first 36 [36Tyr(1–36) PTHRP amide] and 74 [(1–74)PTHRP] amino acids have been synthesized. Human (h) PTHRP (1–36) and (1–74) are potent bone-resorbing agents, and are catabolic for bone in vivo when given continuously at high doses. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) is also catabolic for bone at high dose levels, but when given in low doses for weeks to months, it is anabolic. Although PTHRP possess several PTH-like properties in bone, hPTHRP (1–34) is reported to be only weakly anabolic in vivo. As polypeptide length influences PTHRP action, we evaluated hPTHRP(1–74) as an anabolic agent for bone in vivo. Twenty-four 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of hPTHRP(1–74) (1 and 2 nmol/100 g body weight, bw), bPTH(1–34) (4 nmol/100 g bw) or vehicle. Rats were sacrificed on day 12, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and femoral bone dry weight, calcium content, and hydroxyproline content were measured. Serum calcium and phosphorus were equivalent in all groups. A significant increase in dry bone weight was observed in both PTHRP-treated groups compared with controls. PTHRP also caused a significant, dose-dependent increase in bone calcium and hydroxypro-line content. Results of these studies indicate that PTHRP (1–74) is anabolic for bone in vivo when administered at low-dosage levels for a prolonged period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296214
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparaison des propriétés mécaniques d'une nouvelle xénogreffe osseuse à celles de l'os trabéculaire humain et de Bovin (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology 2 (1992), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1068
    Keywords: Bone ; Xenograft ; Young's modulus ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of the present study was to compare the mechanical properties of two types of a new bone xenograft, T650 (Luddoc®) (Dense and Medium) with human and fresh bovine trabecular bone. Compressive testing was performed to destruction with a constant deformation rate of 0,025 mm min−1. Shear destructive testing was also carried out. Under our experimental conditions, Young's modulus of dense T650 (132.9 ± 52.3 MPa) do not differ significantly from that of fresh bovine bone (117.5 ± 61.5 MPa); and that of medium T650 (79.92 ± 37.3 MPa) did not differ significantly from human bone (77,36 ± 54,9 MPa). The shear force is required to destroy dense T650 (494 ± 167 N) did not differ significantly from those for fresh bovine bone (558 ± 104 N). Whereas the values for medium T650 were significantly lower (359 ± 155 N). The stress-strain curves obtained from all the specimens did not differ significantly. The process used to obtain T650 did not modify the mechanical properties of bovine trabecular bone.
    Notes: Résumé Le but de ce travail est de comparer les propriétés mécaniques d'une nouvelle xénogreffe osseuse le T650 (Luddoc®) répartie en deux sous groupes dits “dense” et “moyen” à celle de l'os trabéculaire humain et de bovin. Des tests de compression avec un rapport de déformation constant de 0,025 mm min−1 et des tests de rupture au cisaillement sont appliqués. Dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées, le module de Young du T650 dense (132,9 ± 52,3 MPa) est comparable à celui de l'os trabéculaire frais de bovin (117,5 ± 61,5 MPa), celui du T650 moyen (79,92 ± 37,3 MPa) à celui de l'os humain (77,36 ± 54,9 MPa). La résistance à la rupture au cisaillement du T650 dense (494 ± 167 N) est comparable à celle de l'os trabéculaire de veau frais (558 ± 104 N). Les valeurs du T650 moyen sont significativement plus faibles (359 ± 155 N). Les courbes compression/déformation sont similaires pour les différents types d'éprouvettes testés. Les traitements subis par l'os trabéculaire de veau pour l'obtention du T650 n'affectent pas ses propriétés mécaniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01742445
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decrease in bone strength of cadmium-treated young and old rats (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 66 (1992), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Rat ; Bone ; Long-term administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A decrease in mechanical strength of bones was observed both in young and old rats for long periods of administration of cadmium. Young (3-week-old) female rats were given 0 (control), 5 and 10 ppm cadmium in drinking water, respectively, for 20 weeks. Old (18-month old) female rats were given 0 (control) and 40 ppm cadmium in drinking water, respectively, for 7 months. The compression strengths of bones of young rats which were given 10 ppm cadmium, and those of old rats which were given 40 ppm cadmium, significantly decreased at the distal end portion of femur. Cadmium contents in bones in the 10 ppm and 40 ppm groups were about 110 and 210 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The present result confirmed that cadmium has a lesional effect on the mechanical strength of bone at the concentration of 100–200 ng/g in dry weight of bone, for both young and old rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973625
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craniofrontonasal dysplasia (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 151 (1992), S. 837-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Frontonasal dysplasia ; Craniosynostosis ; Genetics ; X chromosome ; Psychomotor development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report on nine patients with craniofrontonasal dysplasia (CFND). Seven classical cases had facial features suggestive of frontonasal dysplasia and coronal craniosynostosis. Extracranial abnormalities such as brittle nails with prominent longitudinal grooves or syndactyly of fingers and toes were observed in individual patients. In two families the father of classical cases showed a milder pattern of abnormalities, consistent with the diagnosis. We present a 2- to 13-year follow-up on our patients. Hypotonia and laxity of joints are common and may necessitate supportive measures. Mild developmental delay was noted in three out of six classical cases studied in detail. Unlike almost all other X-linked disorders, clinical expression in CFND is generally much more severe in females than in males. In contrast to previous reports of this condition, one of our severely affected cases is a male.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01957936
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Usefulness of an acoustic edge artifact in assessment of the Ilizarov corticotomy interval (1992)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 21 (1992), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Ultrasound ; Bone ; Ilizarov ; Artifact ; Measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-three ultrasound examinations of the corticotomy interval of patients undergoing Ilizarov procedures were retrospectively evaluated for the presence or absence of an acoustic edge artifact. This artifact, consisting of a fine anechoic band, has been previously described in phantom models and is presumed to be due to phase cancellation effects. We demonstrated this artifact in 8 of 33 examinations. The artifact proved helpful in identifying the location of the corticotomy margin, even when this margin was obscured by the presence of developing periosteal new bone. Attention to technical factors is, however, important. We believe that this artifact may have a useful role in the routine monitoring of the Ilizarov patient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241766
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and immunologic analysis of a family containing five patients with common-variable immune deficiency or selective IgA deficiency (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical immunology 12 (1992), S. 406-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Genetics ; immune deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A family with 13 members included 2 subjects with selective IgA deficiency (IgA-D) and 3 subjects with common-variable immune deficiency (CVID), diseases which usually occur sporadically. Reciprocal combinations of B and T cellsin vitro between one normal and two immune-deficient family members and normal subjects revealed that defective Ig synthesis was determined by the B cells, while the patient T cells functioned normally. Normal T helper and suppressor function was demonstrated even in one patient with CVID who developed a T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with elevated IgM; this patient's B cells made only IgMin vitro. Immune deficiencies were inherited in this family in a pattern consistent with an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. All the immune-deficient patients in this family possessed at least one copy of an MHC haplotype previously shown to be abnormally frequent in IgA-D and CVID: HLA-DQB1*0201, HLA-DR3, C4B-Sf, C4A-deleted, G11-15, Bf-0.4, C2-a, HSP70-7.5, TNFα-5, HLA-B8, and HLA-A1. The patient who developed the lymphoproliferative disorder was homozygous for this haplotype. Four immunologically normal members, one of whom was 80 years old, also possessed this MHC haplotype, indicating that its presence is not sufficient for disease expression. A small segment of another MHC haplotype associated with Ig deficiency in the population also occurred in this family, but it was not associated with immune deficiency. The presence of neutral amino acids at position 57 of DQβ, previously correlated with IgA-D, was associated with disease in this family approximately to the same degree reported previously in unrelated patients. Thus the expression of immunodeficiency in individuals bearing a disease-associated MHC haplotype appears to require either additional genes or an environmental trigger.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918852
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and glucose transporter gene (GLUT 1 andGLUT 4) polymorphism (1992)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 29 (1992), S. 110-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; Genetics ; Polymorphisms ; GLUT 4 ; GLUT 1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glucose transporter genes have been proposed as candidate genes for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. We chose to study the adult skeletal muscle glucose transporter gene (GLUT 4) andGLUT 1 in consideration of previous conflicting results obtained by different authors. We studied 68 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 66 non-diabetic controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Women and men were considered separately, according to BMI (≤24.0 and 〉24.0 for women; ≤25.0 and 〉25.0 for men). Allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different in controls and in type 2 diabetic patients. ForGLUT 1 allele 1 and genotype x1x1 were more frequent, although not significantly (P=0.064 at χ2,P=0.025 at Fisher exact test) in overweight/obese diabetic women than in overweight/obese non-diabetic women. These data do not support the hypothesis that these genes play a major role in genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus, but suggest a possible association, at least in women, of allele 1 ofGLUT 1 with obese type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572554
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal function in primary hypertension (1992)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 29 (1992), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Erythrocyte ; Genetics ; Renal function ; Sodium transport systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies of kidney cross-transplantation in the Milan hypertensive strain of rats (MHS) and in its control strain (MNS) have demonstrated that the kidney has a causal role in the development of hypertension in this animal model. The same result was obtained in two other strains of rats with genetic hypertension. Patients receiving a kidney from a donor with hypertensive parents require more antihypertensive therapy than recipients of a kidney from a donor with a normotensive family. When MHS rats and a subset of patients with primary hypertension were compared with their appropriate controls, similar changes in kidney function and Na−K−Cl cotransport were observed. Offspring of hypertensive parents exhibit altered kidney function compared with their controls. Na−K−Cl co-transport in MHS rats is genetically determined and genetically associated with hypertension. In MHS rats the increase in Na−K−Cl co-transport seems to be linked to a cytoskeletal protein, adducin. In conclusion, a consistent sequence of events from a protein abnormality to cell and renal dysfunction may be proposed as being responsible for hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573483
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The expression of salt tolerance from Triticum tauschii in hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 714-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Salinity ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (D genome donor to hexaploid wheat) vary in salt tolerance and in the rate that Na+ accumulates in leaves. The aim of this study was to determine whether these differences in salt tolerance and leaf Na+ concentration would be expressed in hexaploid wheat. Synthetic hexaploids were produced from five T. tauschii accessions varying in salt tolerance and two salt-sensitive T. turgidum cultivars. The degree of salt tolerance of the hexaploids was evaluated as the grain yield per plant in 150 mol m-3 NaCl relative to grain yield in 1 mol m-3 NaCl (control). Sodium concentration in leaf 5 was measured after the leaf was fully expanded. The salt tolerance of the genotypes correlated negatively with the concentration of Na+ in leaf 5. The salt tolerance of the synthetic hexaploids was greater than the tetraploid parents primarily due to the maintenance of kernel weight under saline conditions. Synthetic hexaploids varied in salt tolerance with the source of their D genome which demonstrates that genes for salt tolerance from the diploid are expressed at the hexaploid level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224174
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of mRNA of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in fetal bones of the rat (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 597-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ; Osteocalcin-mRNA ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Bone ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have indicated that 19-dayold fetal long bones of the rat contain an adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity antigenically related to parathyroid hormone-related peptide. To ascertain its origin, Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry were performed. Results demonstrate that mRNA of parathyroid hormone-related peptide is present in RNA extracted from fetal long bones of the rat and that cells responsible for its production are localized in the periosteum. These cells are not mature osteoblasts because they do not synthesize mRNA of osteocalcin. Thus the present study shows that parathyroid hormone-related peptide could be produced locally, at least in part, in the skeleton of fetal rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645063
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is pelvic bone mineral content assessed through dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry an appropriate anatomical area for bone mass estimation in women? (1992)
    Springer
    Clinical rheumatology 11 (1992), S. 508-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-9949
    Keywords: Total ; Body ; Bone ; Mineral ; Content ; Pelvic ; Bone ; Mineral ; Content ; Postmenopausal ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Mass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Bibliographic references seem very controversill regarding the most appropriate anatomical area for bone mass estimation. Since some overlapping in the different bone mass measurements among normal and osteoporotic females has been observed, we have studied the bone mineral content of the pelvic bone through DEXA, and have correlated it with the total body bone mineral content, a highly discriminating measure, in order to observe whether pelvic bone mineral may be a useful measure in bone mass assessment. Pelvic and total body bone mineral values did not decrease until menopause in 104 normal premenopausal females aged 20 to 49 years. On the other hand, these values decreased in normal postmenopausal women (n=44) aged 50 to 65 years (p〈0.001), with a 16% pelvic bone mineral content and an 11% total body bone mineral content decrease. Osteoporotic females (n=30), showed lower values for both levels than normal postmenopausal ones (p〈0.001), with a 54% pelvic and a 24% total decrease. A 15% overlap was observed when pelvic values between normal postmenopausal and osteoporotic females were compared. The greater percentage decrease in pelvic BMC compared to total body bone mineral content and the lower overlap observed suggest that the pelvis may be an ideal anatomical area for bone mass evaluations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283108
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of cladistics to the analysis of genotype-phenotype relationships (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 8 (1992), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Cladistics ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We seek to understand the relative contribution of allelic variations of a particular gene to the determination of an individual's risk of atherosclerosis or hypertension. Work in progress is focusing on the identification and characterization of mutations in candidate genes that are known to be involved in determining the phenotypic expression of intermediate biochemical and physiological traits that are in the pathway of causation between genetic variation and variation in risk of disease. The statistical strategy described in this paper is designed to aid geneticists and molecular biologists in their search to find the DNA sequences responsible for the genetic component of variation in these traits. With this information we will have a more complete understanding of the nature of the organization of the genetic variation responsible for quantitative variation in risk of disease. It will then be possible to fully evaluate the utility of measured genetic information in predicting the risk of common diseases having a complex multifactorial etiology, such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145343
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution immunolocalization of osteopontin and osteocalcin in bone and cartilage during endochondral ossification in the chicken tibia (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 234 (1992), S. 479-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Bone ; cartilage ; growth plate ; mineralization ; osteopontin ; osteocalcin ; osteoblast ; osteoclast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural distribution of two noncollagenous proteins, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC), originally extracted from bone matrix and proposed to play an important role in bone formation, was examined in the matrices of bone and cartilage from embryonic and postnatal chicken tibial growth plates by high-resolution immunocytochemistry using the colloidal gold technique. In bone, immunolabeling patterns using polyclonal antibodies against chicken OPN and OC were generally similar in that both showed an intense, but regionally variable, labeling of mineralized bone matrix and small mineralization loci dispersed throughout the osteoid and containing prominent condensed organic material. Unmineralized osteoid showed weak-to-moderate labeling. In the mineralized bone matrix proper, labeling was predominantly associated with amorphous, electron-dense patches of organic material among the collagen fibrils. In growth plate cartilage, both proteins first appeared related to calcified cartilage in the hypertrophic zone, although the labeling patterns were somewhat different. For OPN, gold particles were mostly associated with an organic lamina limitans-like density containing condensed, filamentous organic matrix at the periphery of small nodules and large masses of calcified cartilage, with additional moderate labeling throughout the interior of the calcified cartilage. For OC, labeling was observed over filamentous structures throughout the calcified cartilage matrix, with some, but less, labeling at the periphery. In the lowermost zones of the growth plate, the major reaction using both antibodies was found over a layer of dense, amorphous organic material at the periphery of the calcified cartilage at the future bone/calcified cartilage interface, a labeling pattern that persisted following bone deposition at these sites. OPN and to a lesser extent OC were also concentrated in cement (resting, reversal) lines. Throughout the bone and cartilage of the tibia, cells of both the osteoblastic and the osteoclastic lineages were found directly apposed to labeled surfaces and lamina limitans of organic matrix containing OPN and OC. In summary, it is concluded form the immunocytochemical data presented here that the association of OPN and OC with mineralized regions of the extracellular matrices of bone and cartilage and the accumulation of these proteins at tissue surfaces and interfaces are consistent with the hypotheses that they play a role in the extracellular mineralization process per se and/or that they may mediate cell adhesion and dynamics.© Willey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092340404
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    The bone morphogenetic protein family and osteogenesis (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 32 (1992), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: BMP ; TGF-beta superfamily ; Bone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) are a group of related proteins originally identified by their presence in bone-inductive extracts of demineralized bone. By molecular cloning, at least six related members of this family have been identified and are called BMP-2 through BMP-7. These molecules are part of the TGF-beta superfamily, based on primary amino acid sequence homology, including the absolute conservation of seven cysteine residues between the TGF-betas and the BMPs. The BMPs can be divided into subgroups with BMP-2 and BMP-4 being 92% identical, and BMP-5, BMP-6, and BMP-7 being an average of about 90% identical. To examine the individual activities of these molecules, we are producing each BMP in a mammalian expression system. In this system, each BMP is synthesized as a precursor peptide, which is glycosylated, processed to the mature peptide, and secreted as a homodimer. These reagents have been used to demonstrate that single molecules, such as BMP-2, are capable of inducing the formation of new cartilage and bone when implanted ectopically in a rodent assay system. Whether each of the BMPs possesses the same inductive activities in an animal is the subject of ongoing research. Based on the chondrogenic and osteogenic abilities of the BMPs in the adult animal, the expression of the mRNAs for the BMPs has been examined in the development of the embryonic skeleton by in situ hybridization. These studies demonstrate that the BMP mRNAs are spatially and temporally expressed appropriately for the proteins involved in the induction and development of cartilage and bone in the embryonic limb bud. Furthermore, primary preparations of limb bud cells respond to BMP-2, as do several cell lines of the osteoblastic lineage. In addition to expression in the skeletal system, various of the BMP mRNAs are expressed in distinct tissues, suggesting additional roles during development. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080320212
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of the group I rDNA intron in Tetrahymena pigmentosa (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Group I introns ; intron homing ; rDNA inheritance in Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously argued from phylogenetic sequence data that the group I intron in the rRNA genes of Tetrahymena was acquired by different Tetrahymena species at different times during evolution. We have now approached the question of intron mobility experimentally by crossing intron+ and intron- strains looking for a strong polarity in the inheritance of the intron (intron homing). Based on the genetic analysis we find that the intron in T. pigmentosa is inherited as a neutral character and that intron+ and intron- alleles segregate in a Mendelian fashion with no sign of intron homing. In an analysis of vegetatively growing cells containing intron+ and intron- rDNA, initially in the same macronucleus, we similarly find no evidence of intron homing.During the course of this work, we observed to our surprise that progeny clones from some crosses contained three types of rDNA. One possible explanation is that T. pigmentosa has two rdn loci in contrast to the single locus found in T. thermophila. Some of the progeny clones from the genetic analysis were expanded for several hundred generations, and allelic assortment of the rDNA was demonstrated by subcloning analysis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130207
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of secretion mutants of Tetrahymena using a mucocyst-specific monoclonal antibody (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; mutants ; secretion ; mucocysts ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dense-core granules represent an adaptation of specialized secretory cell to facilitate stimulus-regulated release of stored proteins. Such granules are a prominent feature of mammalian neuroendocrine and exocrine cells and are also well developed in the ciliates. In Tet-rahymena thermophila, the ability to generate mutants in dense-core granule biosynthesis and fusion presents a versatile system for dissecting steps in regulated exocytosis. We have previously shown that defective granules in such mutants could be characterized by several biochemical criteria, including buoyant density, which increases during maturation, and the degree of proteolytic processing of the content precursors. We have now used indirect immunofluorescence, taking advantage of a monoclonal antibody directed against a granule protein, to visualize the morphology and distribution of both granules and putative granule intermediates in mutant and wild-type cells. The results are consistent with the biochemical analysis and extend our characterization of the mutants, allowing us to distinguish four classes. In addition, the assay represents a powerful technique for diagnosis of new mutants. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130209
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    Locus-dependent profiles of the rescue of nonexcitable behavioral mutants during conjugation in Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 174-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Conjugation rescue ; Tetrahymena ; nonexcitable mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Tetrahymena nonreversal (TNR) mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila are behavioral mutants with nonexcitable membranes. When cells of the tnrB mutant were mated with wild type, a phenotypic change occurred about l h after pair formation. The pairs began to lose their heterotypic character in stimulation solution containing high potassium and, within 1 1/2h, they were not distinguishable from the wild-type homotypic pairs. On the contrary, although pairs of the tnrA and wild type also lost their heterotypic character about 1 1/2 h after pair formation, they never showed a full response as wild-type homotypic pairs. When tnrA was mated with tnrB more than 50% of pairs expressed a heterotypic pair character 2 h after pair formation, consistent with the tnrB defect having been rescued but not the tnrA defect. Thus, conjugation rescue of the mutant phenotype is locus dependent and probably reflects the nature of the gene products controlling voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130212
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    Lithium-Induced respecification of pattern in Paramecium (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 194-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cellular morphogenesis ; polyphos-photidylinositide cycle ; myo-inositol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The long-known teratogenic effects (dorsalisation) of lithium on amphibian embryos has recently raised renewed interest. As it is known that lithium blocks the polyphosphoinositide (PI) cycle, causing a depressed level of myo-inositol, and as injections of myo-inostiol have been shown to rescue the effects of Li+, it was postulated that Li+ causes a flattening of gradients of PI cycle activity underlying the developmental polarities. We have studied the effect of Li+ on the morphogenesis of the unicellular organism, Paramecium. We show (1) that exposure to 25 mM Li+ during division yields precise distorsions of the cortical pattern that can be explained by a uniformisation of surface growth i.e. partial suppression of the right/left and antero/posterior asymmetries and (2) that Li+ effects are rescued by injection of myo- inositol. These results suggest that spatially graded activity of the PI cycle (ensuring in turn a spatially graded distribution of secondary messengers directly involved in the morphogenetic processes) appeared early in evolution. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130304
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    The influence of fission line expression on the number and positioning of oral primordia in the cdaA1 mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 216-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; partial cytokinesis ; Positioning ; cdaA1 mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During cytokinesis, furrowing creates new boundaries for daughter cells. Following a shift to a restrictive temperature, cells of the temperature-sensitive cell-division-arrest (cdaA1) mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila complete development of the oral apparatus for the prospective posterior daughter cell before becoming arrested in cytokinesis. When maintained under weak restrictive conditions (35°C), some of the chains were arrested prior to the start of fission line formation (D-shaped chains), whereas others manifested rudimentary unilateral furrowing on the ventral side (B-shaped chains). In their second cell cycle following the temperature shift, the D-shaped chains usually formed only one oral primordium, at a position highly correlated with the length of the entire chain. The B-shaped chains always produced two separate oral primordia, located at irregular positions anterior and posterior to the division furrow, often close to the posterior oral apparatus produced during the first cycle. These results suggest that the formation of the fission line sets a reference boundary to assess the number of oral primordia and influence their position, that appear during subsequent morphogenetic episodes. They also indicate that, during cell division cycles, pre-existing oral apparatuses do not strongly inhibit the formation of new oral apparatuses in their close vicinity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130307
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    Nuclear functions in postconjugational development of Paramecium caudatum: Ability to form food vacuoles analyzed by nuclear elimination and implantation (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronucleus ; macronucleus ; conjugation ; oral apparatus ; nuclear transplantation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum loses the ability to form food vacuoles at the crescent stage of the micronucleus from 5 to 6 hr after the initiation of conjugation and regains it immediately after the third division of the zygotic nucleus. To assess the micronuclear function in the development of the oral apparatus after coniugation, prezygotic micronuclei was removed from cells at various stages of conjugation, and their ability to form food vacuoles were examined. (1) When all of the prezygotic micronuclear derivatives were eliminated before the stage of formation of the zygotic nucleus, the exconjugant did not regain its ability. (2) When a zygotic nucleus or postzygotic nuclei were removed, in some cases the cell formed as many food vacuoles as did nonoperated cells after conjugation, while in other operated cells the number of food vacuoles was subnormal. (3) When a micronucleus from a cell at vegetative phase (G1) was transplanted into a cell of an amicronucleate mating pair at the stage between 8 and 9 hr after the initiation of conjugation, the implanted cell regained the ability to form food vacuoles. However, no cell regained the ability when the implantation was carried out within 1 hr after the separation of the mates. The results show that the micronucleus plays an indispensable role in the development of the oral apparatus at the stages of exchange of gametic nuclei and fertilization and that the micronucleus transplanted from asexual cells can fulfill this function. On the other hand, removal of the macronucleus from exconjugants showed that the maternal macronucleus also has an indispensable function in regaining the ability to form food Vacuoles. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Isolation of the Lembadion-factor, A morphogenetically active signal, that induces Euplotes cells to change from their ovoid form into a larger lateral winged morph (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Lembadion-factor ; cell-transformation ; Euplotes octocarinatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A morphogenetically active substance released by the predatory ciliate Lem-badion bullinum is recognized by ciliates of the genus Euplotes, which are potential prey organisms of Lembadion. The substance (L-factor) induces cells of the genus Euplotes to become less compact, which reduces their likelihood of becoming engulfed. Under the influence of this Lembadion- derived signal, E. octocarinatus develops extended wings and dorsal and ventral ridges and transforms within a few hours from its typical ovoid morph into an enlarged circular morph. This takes place without cell division. We have isolated the L-factor and report that it is a protein with a mass of 31,500 Da. The factor has been purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity and was found to be active at concentrations as low as 10-12 mol/L. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130311
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    Directed positioning of nuclei in living Paramecium tetraurelia: Use of the laser optical force trap for developmental biology (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronuclei ; laser tweezers ; micro-manipulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have constructed a laser optical force trap (“laser tweezers”) by coupling an Nd:YAG laser to an optical microscope with a high numerical aperture objective. The laser beam (approximately 0.1 W power) is focused to a diffraction-limited spot at the specimen plane of the objective: the wavelength chosen (1,064 nm) is not strongly absorbed by most biological materials and is thus not ablative. Because the intensity of the laser beam increases towards the center of the focal spot, small particles brought near the spot will be attracted to the center and held there. Movement of the laser beam will tend to move any trapped particles with it. The laser tweezers can permit precise, nondestructive repositioning of small structures inside a living cell, without recourse to micromanipulators. Initial work has involved the use of laser tweezers on cells of Paramecium tet-raurelia held by a rotocompressor. We have been able to trap and reposition small organelles, especially the highly refractile structures known as crystals. Using a trapped crystal as a “tool”, we have been able to push micronuclei and other structures for many micrometers to virtually any desired location in a cell. In spite of extended exposure of specific structures and of individual cells to the laser beam, no damage has been detectible. Exposed cells, which were removed from the rotocompres-sor and cultured, showed complete viabilty. The laser tweezers technique shows tremendous potential for applications to the study of many fundamental cellular and developmental phenomena in paramecia and other ciliates. For example, we intend to use this technique to investigate temporal and spatial characteristics of nuclear determining regions during sexual reorganization in Paramecium. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130310
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    Generation of Minute phenotypes by a transformed antisense ribosomal protein gene (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 256-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Minute mutations ; oogenesis ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antisense RNAs have been used for gene interference experiments in many cell types and organisms. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted with antisense genes integrated into the germ line. In Drosophila reduced ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene function has been hypothesized to result in a Minute phenotype. In this report we examine the effects of antisense r-protein 49 expression, a gene known to correspond to a Minute mutation An antisense rp49 gene driven by a strong and inducible promoter was transformed into the Drosophila germ line. Induction of this gene led to the development of flies with weak Minute phenotypes and to the transient arrest of oogenesis. Parameters that may affect the success of antisense gene inactivation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130403
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    Spatial regulation in the expression of structural and regulatory storage-protein genes in Zea mays endosperm (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 264-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; endosperm development ; in situ hybridization ; zein spatial expression ; highlysine mutants ; Opaque-2 transcript localization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Endosperm development in maize seed involves the multiplication, enlargement, and differentiation of cells with consequent accumulation of storage products. The storage protein genes, encoding zeins, and glutelins (multigene families) are expressed and developmentally regulated by different loci. Wild-type lines and genotypes carrying mutations at loci affecting zein synthesis (o2, o7, fl2, and prol) were characterized at the molecular level and investigated by Northern analysis in order to define the expression of structural and regulatory genes. In situ hybridization in both wild-type and mutant lines was performed to visualize the spatial distribution of transcripts representing each gene family, during endosperm development. The zein and glutelin mRNAs are expressed in all endosperm cells, except for the aleurone layer. However, each mRNA type accumulates at a different level in the various endosperm regions, thus allowing to recognize specific territories of expression for each storage protein mRNA within the tissue. The spatial expression patterns appear early for each gene type and are maintained during the course of endosperm development. Also, the quantitative distribution of the same transcripts in endosperm of mutant lines is specific for each mutant and different from that of the wild-type. Furthermore, the amount of the O2 transcript, present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of wild-type cells, varies substantially in the different o2 mutations considered, in one mutant almost exclusively confined within the nucleus. These data suggest a specific control of the spatial expression of storage protein genes and a heterogeneous molecular composition of protein bodies throughout the endosperm tissue. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130404
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    Sequential up-regulation of thyroid hormone β receptor, ornithine transcarbamylase, and carbamyl phosphate synthetase mRNAs in the liver of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles during spontaneous and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Thyroid hormone ; carbamyl phosphate synthetase ; Rana catesbeiana ; metamorphosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During both spontaneous and thyroid hormone (TH)-induced metamorphosis, the Rana catesbeiana tadpole undergoes postembryonic developmental changes in its liver which are necessary for its transition from an ammonotelic larva to a ureotelic adult. Although this transition ultimately results from marked increases in the activities and/or de novo synthesis of the urea cycle enzymes, the precise molecular means by which TH exerts this tissue-specific response are presently unknown. Recent reports, using RNA from whole Xenopus laevis tadpole homogenates and indirect means of measuring TH receptor (TR) mRNAs, suggest a correlation between the up-regulation of TRβ-mRNAs and the general morphological changes occurring during amphibian metamorphosis. To assess whether or not this same relationship exists in a TH-responsive tissue, such as liver, we isolated and characterized a cDNA clone containing the complete nucleotide sequence for a R. catesbeiana urea cycle enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), as well as a genomic clone containing a portion of the hormone-binding domain of a R. catesbeiana TRβ gene. Through use of these homologous sequences and a heterologous cDNA fragment encoding rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), we directly determined the relative levels of the TRβ, OTC, and CPS mRNAs in liver from spontaneous and TH-induced tadpoles. Our results establish that TH affects an up-regulation of mRNAs for its own receptor prior to up-regulating CPS and OTC mRNAs. Moreover, results with cultured tadpole liver demonstrate that TH, in the absence of any other hormonal influence, can affect an up-regulation of both the TRβ and OTC mRNAs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130406
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    Molecular phylogeny of ciliates: What does it tell us about the evolution of the cytoskeleton and of developmental strategies? (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: rRNA ; litostomes ; hypotrichs ; hetero-trichs ; karyorelictids ; postciliodesmatophora ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An rRNA phylogeny of 22 species of ciliates belonging to seven of Small and Lynn's eight classes has been obtained by distance and parsimony methods. It displays good congruence with classical systematics at low taxonomic levels and several major surprises at higher levels: (1) The species analyzed group into five major branches, four of which emerge almost simultaneously: hypotrichs, oligohymenophorans, lito-stomes, and nassophoreans corresponding to four of Small and Lynn's classes. The simultaneous emergence of these groups contradicts the long accepted view that litostomes (a group with “simple”, symmetrical, apical oral apparatus) are “primitive,” while hypotrichs are “highly evolved.” (2) Heterotrichs group with a karyorelictid, together forming the first emerging branch. While this supports the view that karyorelictids may be early-emerging ciliates, it completely explodes the traditional “spirotrichs” taxon, which united heterotrichs and hypotrichs. Instead, this reinforces the concept of Postciliodesmatophora and suggests that asymmetric oral apparatuses (i.e., with distinct paroral and adoral ciliatures) may be primitive in ciliates. The global topology of the tree therefore does not fit with the classical views of ciliate evolution, from “simple” oral apparatus and stomatogenesis to “complex” ones. Instead, a rather striking agreement with the strategy adopted to construct the cortical framework was disclosed. We noted that the cytoskeletal elements used to strengthen the cell surface could be subdivided into four main types: epiplasm, filaments, continuous microtu-bules, or basal body derived fibers. These four types fitted quite well with the major evolutionary lines disclosed by the molecular phylogeny. We therefore discuss unorthodox hypotheses assuming an early explosive radiation of ciliates into a small number of major lineages differing essentially in the solution adopted to subtend the cell surface and anchor the infraciliature. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130312
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    Broad-Complex function during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Broad-Complex ; gypsy ; eggshell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Broad-Complex (BR-C) appears to encode factors that mediate ecdysone effects during the larva-adult transition. The main goal of this study was to gain insight into what roles the BR-C might play during oogenesis. The main findings are as follows. First, as determined by heteroallele studies and clonal analysis, de12 is a somatic line mutation that appears to fall into the broad domain of the BR-C. Second, the de12 mutation is associated with the insertion of the gypsy transposon at position 169.5 (Chao and Guild, Embo J, 1986, 5:143-150) in the BR-C domain. In its new context this gypsy element exhibits ovarianspecific activation. Both this gypsy activation and the de12 phenotype are partially suppressible by su(f) and su(Hw). Third, we have identified a set of transcripts that cross-hybridize with BR-C sequence spanning the gypsy insertion site (166-179). There are significant differences in these cross-hybridizing species, both in size and relative abundance, between de12 and its parent strain. Finally we have determined that in de12 there is a premature arrest of chorion gene amplification in the late stages of oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130405
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    Early gene interaction during prepupal expression of Drosophila arginine kinase (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 302-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Arginine kinase ; developmental regulation ; Drosophila ; ecdysone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Arginine kinase displays a distinctive rise and fall in specific activity and specific protein levels during the prepupal stage of Drosophila development with maximal activity occurring at morphological stage P3. This developmentally regulated peak is under the influence of ecdysone. Altered doses of the major ecdysone-inducible “early” genes at cytological regions 75B and 2B5 alter this pattern of expression while altered doses of another major “early” gene at 74EF have no effect. We hypothesize that a product of the 2B5 locus and a product of the 75B locus interact to effect this developmental pattern of expression of Drosophila arginine kinase. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130407
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    Masthead (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130501
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    The genetic program for preimplantation development (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 319-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mammalianembryos ; compaction ; cavitation ; blastocoel expansion ; gene transcription ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This review summarizes information on accumulation profiles of individual gene transcripts in preimplantation development. Most of the information is from the mouse, but some data from other species are reviewed as well. The principal finding is that the transcription of most genes is not temporally linked with any of the three morphogenetic transitions (compaction, cavitation, and blastocoel expansion) that characterize this period. Most genes that are expressed during pre-implantation development of the mouse are already being transcribed in the 4-cell stage, and some clearly begin as early as the 2-cell stage. Once activated, a gene continues to be transcribed at least into the blastocyst stage, resulting in continuous mRNA accumulation. Thus the pattern of gene transcription established at the time of genomic activation in the 2-cell stage is perpetuated into the blastocyst, with a few additions along the way. This information is interpreted in light of previous findings concerning the sensitivity of morphogenetic transitions to inhibition of gene expression. The lack of a clear relationship between the timing of expression of most genes and the schedule of morphogenesis leads one to conclude that temporal regulation is imposed downstream of transcription and translation. This conclusion is substantiated by a consideration of factors controlling the events of compaction. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130502
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    Sequence and expression of IMP-L1, an ecdysone-inducible gene expressed during Drosophila imaginal disc morphogenesis (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 331-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; imaginal disc ; epithelial morphogenesis ; ecdysone ; steroid hormone secondary response ; pupariation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Drosophila imaginal discs are induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxy-ecdysone to initiate morphogenesis leading to formation of the adult appendages and thoracic epidermis at the end of the third larval instar. Ecdysone-dependent transcriptional activation of a set of genes that encode imaginal disc transcripts found on membrane-bound polysomes precedes and may be responsible for some aspects of the cellular changes that mediate epithelial morpho-genesis in this system. A 1.35 kb transcript from one of these genes, IMP-L1, is first observed in vivo at or just prior to pupariation, as ecdysone titers are peaking and beginning to decline. Expression is initiated in proximal areas of the antennal disc, later spreading to a more widespread but nonuniform distribution throughout other thoracic imaginal discs. IMP-L1 is not, however, expressed in other ecdysone target tissues such as salivary glands or fat body. The IMP-L1 gene encodes a novel protein product containing a signal peptide, a possible transmembrane domain, two highly charged domains and a proline rich C-terminal domain. We suggest that the delayed timing of expression of this secondary response gene is necessary for proper ordering of cellular events associated with disc morphogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130201
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    Stochastic developmental variation in the ratio of allelic rDNAs among newly differentiated, heterozygous macronuclei of Tetrahymena thermophila (1992)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Chromosome fragmentation ; ciliated protozoa ; copy number control ; DNA rearrangement ; gene amplification ; mating type determination ; nuclear dimorphism ; polymerase chain reaction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ciliates possess nuclear dimorphism, i.e., they carry two structurally and functionally differentiated types of nuclei. The micronucleus and macronucleus serve as the germline and somatic nuclei, respectively, of the cell. The macronucleus differentiates from a mitotic sister of the micronucleus once per life cycle. Macronuclear differentiation is accompanied by a developmentally programmed set of DNA rearrangements, including chromosome fragmentation, telomere addition, and amplification. Given the diploidy of the MAC anlage, are both homologous copies of a chromosome processed and amplified equally and simultaneously in an individual differentiating MAC? We have approached this question for the case of the rDNA, exploiting previously identified DNA polymorphisms and the sensitivity of PCR. We determined allelic ratios in individual caryonide cells, i.e., the cells carrying the primary products of MAC differentiation, prior to the first division of the newly differentiated MAC. We observed stochastic variability in allelic ratios among caryonides that start with genetically identical heterozygous MACs. Either rDNA type can be in the majority. Appropriate controls make it unlikely that the ratios observed were significantly affected by variation in the assay itself. The variability may well result from the statistical variation associated with the relative timing of individual biochemical events initiating the processing and/or amplification of a few rDNA precursor molecules, presumably 4-8 at the most, in a MAC anlage. In addition to this stochastic variability, we observed a small but distinct bias in favor of the C3 rDNA. Thus the replication advantage of C3 relative to B rDNA in heterozygous MACs, previously detected during vegetative multiplication, may begin to be expressed during developmental amplification. We discuss the relevance of this stochastic developmental variability to classical genetic observations of Nanney and their collaborators on other T. thermophila loci. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020130114
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    Molecular cloning and physical analysis of an 8·2 kb segment of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals five tightly linked genes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome XI ; mitochondrial protein ; triglyceride lipase ; CTD kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of 6472 base pairs of an 8·2 kb segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XI has been determined. The sequence contains a cluster of four long open reading frame (ORF) designated YKL2, YKL3, YKL4 and TGL1 in the same orientation, flanked at the 5′-end by a divergent incomplete ORF (YKL1). Transcription and Southern analyssis of the four complete ORFs showed that all are expressed and are present in single copy on the haploid genome. The average codon adaption index of the coding regions is approximately 0·2, suggesting that these genes are lowly expressed. The upstream regions of all four genes as well as the YKL1 ORF contain putative promoter elements previously found to be characteristic of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Significant sequence similarities were found between the YKL3 protein and Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S2 as well as between the TGL1 protein and triglyceride lipases from rat salivary gland and human gastric tissue. The 3′-end of the 6472 bp nucleotide sequence overlaps with the upstream region of the previously identified CTK1 gene, encoding the largest subunit of CTD kinase (Lee, J. M. and Greenleaf, A. L., 1991, Gene Expression 2, 149-167), thereby increasing the number of genes on the 8·2 kb fragment to at least five. The transcripts of these genes represent approximately 83% of the DNA fragment, making it one of the most highly transcribed regions of the yeast chromosome analysed to date.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080309
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    Efficient secretion in yeast based on fragments from K1 killer preprotoxin (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces crevisiae ; killer yeast ; protein secretion ; heterologous gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The α and β components of the secreted K1 killer toxin of Saccharaomyces cerevisiae are derived from residues 45-147 and 234-316, respectively, of the 316 residue prepotoxin (ppTox). The β N-terminus is produced by Kex2 cleavage after Lys Arg233, when β1a(the mature sequence of β-lactamase)is fused at this site and the fusion is expressed form the PGK promoter in pDT17, a multicopy plasmid, unexpectedly modest levels of βla secretion resulted. Over-expression of Kex2 failed to increase βla secretion while a kex2-null mutation reduced secretion by 98%. βla secretion in a Kex+ strain was not enhanced by inactivation of the a toxin component or by deletion of most of its central hydrophobic segments. However SP-βla, produced by deletion of ppTox residues 35-176, expressed 10-fold higher βla activity and the precursor was not secreted with similar efficiency in a kex - 2 null strain. Fusions of βla to ppTox at Ala34 or Ala46 also led to efficient secretion in both KEX2 and kex - 2-null strains. Since these βla fusions differ only in segments well downstream of the signal peptide and all had similar transcript levels, the efficiency of βla secretion is apparently determined by the efficiency with efficiency with which these fusions are translocated to the Golgi compartment where Kex2 is active. Efficiency is high for the shorter fusions but is 10% or less for the longer fusions; even this fraction is apparently diverted to the vacuole if not cleaved by Kex2. SP-βla was athe most efficient construct tested; secreted βla reacahed 4% of total cell protein, modestly exceeding levels produced by fusion to the MFα1-encoded preproα-factor, suggesting potential for the production of foreign proteins in yeast.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080404
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    A Ser/Thr-rich multicopy suppressor of a cdc24 bud emergence defect (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell cycle ; bud emergence ; chromosome VII ; recombination frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: MSB2 was identified previously as a multicopy suppressor of a temerature-sensitive mutation in CDC24, a gene required for polarity establishment and bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inferred MSB2 product contains 1306 amino acids, 42% of which are Ser or Thr. Its Ser+Thr-richnes and hydrophobicity profile suggest that Msb2p may be an integral membrane protein containing a long, periplasmic, N-terminal domain and a short, cytoplasmic, C-terminal domain. Cells that lack MSB2 display no obvious mutant phenotypes. MSB2 is located between the centromere and KSS1 on the right arm of chromosome VII. Although physical mapping suggests that MSB2 and LEU1 (on the left arm of chromosome VII) are approximately 40 kb apart, the genetic map distance observed between leul and msb2 :: URA3 marker was only 2.3 cM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080409
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    N-linked glycosylation of proteinase B precursors of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not require for proper targeting or processing of the enzyme (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 353-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protease ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein modification ; protein glycosylation ; protein sorting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Proteinase B precursors are modified by an N-linked carbohydrate side chain at Asn 314. Glycosylation at this position is not required for proper localization, processing, or activation of the enzyme.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080503
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    Identification of RAD 16, a yeast excision repair gene homologous to the recombinational repair gene RAD 54 and to the SNF2 gene involved in transcriptioal activation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA repair genes ; transcriptional activation ; sequence homology ; zinc fingers ; potential helicases ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The RAD54 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in the recombinational repair of DNA damage. The predicted amino acid sequence of the RAD54 protein shows significant homologies with the yeast SNF2 protein, which is required for the transcriptioal activation of a number of diversely regulated genes. These proteins are 31% identical in a 492-amino acid region that includes presumed nucleotide and Mg2+ binding sites. We noted previously that the SNF2 protein also shares homology with a partial open reading frame (ORF) that was reported with the sequence of an adjacent gene. This ORF also shares homology with the RAD54 protein. To test whether this ORF is involved in transcriptional activation or DNA repair, yeast strains deleted for part of it have been isolated. These strains do not show a Snf-like phenotyp, but they are UV sensitive. This gene has been identified as RAD 16, a gene involved in the excision repair of DNA damage. Analysis of the rad16 deletion mutations indicates that RAD16 encodes a nonessential function and is not absolutely required for excision repair. Outside the region of homology to RAD54 and SNF2, the predicted RAD16 protein contains a novel cysteine-rich motif that may bind zinc and that has been found recently in eleven other proteins, including the yeast RAD18 protein. The homologies between RAD16, RAD54 and SNF2 are also shared by several additional, recently isolated yeast and Drosophila genes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080506
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080601
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    Effect of benzoic acid on metabolic fluxes in yeasts: A continuous-culture study on the regulation of respiration and alcoholic fermentation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 501-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: benzoic acid: Yeasts ; Crabtree effect ; respiration ; fermentation ; mitochondria ; metabolic flux ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Addition of benzoate to the medium reservoir of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 growing at a dilution rate (D) of 0.10 h-1 resulted in a decrease in the biomass yield, and an increase in the specific oxygen uptake rate (qO2) from 2.5 to as high as 19.5 mmol g-1h-1. Above a critical concentration, the presence of benzoate led to alcoholic fermentation and a reduction in (qO2) to 13 mmol g-1h-1. The stimulatory effect of benzoate on respiration was dependent on the dilution rate: at high dilution rates respiration was not enhanced by benzoate. Cells could only gradually adapt to growth in the presence of benzoate: a pulse of benzoate given directly to the culture resulted in wash-out.As the presence of benzoate in cultures growing at low dilution rates resulted in large changes in the catabolic glucose flux, it was of interest of study the effect of benzoate on the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter as well as on the level of some selected enzymes. At D=0.10 h-1, the residual glucose concentration increased proportionally with increasing benzoate concentration. This suggests that modulation of the glucose flux mainly occurs via a change in the entracellular glucose concentration rather than by synthesis of an additional amount of carriers. Also various intracellular enzyme levels were not positively correlated with the rate of respiration. A notable exception was citrate synthase: its level increased with increasing respiration rate.Growth ofS. cerevisiae in ethanol-limited cultures in the presence of benzoate also led to very high qO2 levels of 19-21 mmol g-1h-1. During growth on glucose as well as on ethanol, the presence of benzoate coincided with an increase in the mitochondrial volume up to one quarter of the total cellular volume.Also with the Crabtree-negative yeasts Candida utilis, Kluyveromyces marxianus andHansenula polymorpha, growth in the presence of benzoate resulted in an increase in qO2 and, at high concentrations of benzoate, in aerobic fermentation. In contrast to S.Cerevisiae, the highest qO2 of these yeasts when growing at D = 0.10 h-1 in the presence of benzoate was equal to, or lower than the qO2 attainable at μmax without benzoate. Enzyme activities that were repressed by glucose in S. cerevisiae also declined in K.Marxianus when the glucose flux was increased by the presence of benzoate.The maximal aerobic fermentation rate at D = 0.10 h-1 of the Crabtree-negative yeasts at high benzoate concentrations was considerably lower than for S. cerevisiae. This is probably due to the fact that under aerobic conditions these yeasts are unable to raise the low basal pyruvate decarboxylase level: cultivation without benzoate under oxygen-limited conditions resulted in rates of alcoholic fermentation and levels of pyruvate decarboxylase comparable to those of S. cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080703
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    Corrigendum to: Cloning and sequencing of the yeast Saccharomyces serevisiae SEC1 gene localized on chromosome IV (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 587-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080710
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  • 59
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080801
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    Development of the yeast Pichia pastoris as a model organism for a genetic and molecular analysis of peroxisome assembly (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 613-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia yeast ; protein sorting ; peroxisome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe the isolation of mutants of the yeast Pichia pastoris that are deficient in peroxisome assembly (pas). These mutants of P. pastoris can be identified solely by their inability to grow on methanol and oleic acid, the utilization of which requires peroxisomal enzymes, and are defined by the absence of normal peroxisomes as judged by electron microscopy and biochemical fractionation experiments. These mutants are the result of genetic defects at single loci and represent at least eight different complementation groups. The isolation of pas mutants of P. pastoris by a simple screen for mutants unable to use methanol and oleic acid represents a significantly more efficient method for identification of pas mutants than is possible in other organisms. To exploit this advantage fully we also developed new reagents for the genetic and molecular manipulation of P. pastoris. These include a set of auxotropic strains with an essentialiy wild type genetic background, plasmids that act as Escherichia coli-P. pastoris shuttle vectors, and genomic DNA libraries for isolation of P. pastoris genes by functional complementation of mutants or by nucleic acid hybridization. The availability of numerous pas mutants and the reagents necessary for their molecular analysis should lead to the isolation and characterization of genes involved in peroxisome assembly.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080805
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    Efficient selection of phleomycin-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Dominant maker ; Phleomycin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The recently dsecribed dominant yeast marker Tn5ble confers phleomycin resistance on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Gatignol, Baron and Tiraby, 1987. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 342-348). Incubation in non-selective medium prior to selection is critical, however, for getting phleomycin-resistant transformants. A 6-h incubation period was found to give optimal transformation frequencies, up to 105 transformants/μg plasmid, comparable to selection for uracil prototrophy (Ura+).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080810
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a homolog of human fkbp-13, a membrane-associated fk506/rapamycin binding protein (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Immunosuppressant drugs ; membrane proteins ; S. cerevisiae ; chromosome IV ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: FKB2 encodes a homolog of human FKBP-13, a membrane-associated binding protein for the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKB2 is located on the right arm of chromosome IV and contains an open reading frame of 135 amino acids, of which the first 17 residues comprise a putative hydrophobic leader peptide. Yeast FKBP-13 is homologous to human FKBP-13 (52% amino acid identity) and to FKBP-12, the major cytosolic receptor for FK506. In the alignment of FKBP-13 and FKBP-12 sequences, there are 28 invariant residues. Among these conserved residues are those that comprise the drug binding and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase active site of FKBP-12. The phylogenetic conservation of the FKBP family suggests that the proteins are involved in a basic cellular function.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080812
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    Mutations in phosphofructokinases alter the control characteristics of glycolysis in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pasteur effect ; oxygen ; carbon dioxide ; fermentation ; respiration ; mass spectrometry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ethanol and CO2 production from gluecose by non-proliferating suspensions of aerobicaly-grown, glucose-derepressed wild-type Sacharomyces cerevisiae is inhibited by O2; monitoring by mass spectrometry provides a direct method for measurement of the Pasteur effect.Under aerobic conditons, that part of the CO2 evolved equivalent to the O2 consumed, is produced by respiration: subtraction of this respiratory CO2 from the total gives, CO2 produced by aerobic glycolysis. Pasteur quotients (anaerobic CO2/aerobic glycolytic CO2) were within the range 1.2 to 3.0. The Pasteur effect was not observed in the presence of carbonyl cyanid m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an uncoupler of mitochondrial energy metabolism, or in a ρ cytoplasmic petite mutant. A ‘non-allosteric’ mutant with an altered regulatory subunit of phosphofructokinase showed no Pasteur effect. Strains bearing a nonsense mutation pfk1 in the catalytic subnit of soluble phosphofructokinase (PFKI) also showed no Pasteur effect; the residual fermentative activity of this strain was dependent on PFKII, the particulate phosphofructokinase. A double mutant lacking both PFKI and glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase showed similar characteristics to those of the single pfk1 mutant; this indicates that the hexose monophosphate shunt is not acting to bypass the phosphofructokinase block. A ‘hyper-allosteric’ mutant altered in the regulatory subunit encoded by the gene PFK2 showed characteristics of glucose fermentation and ethanol oxidation very similar to those of wild-type organisms. These results indicate that either of the two phosphofructokinases can cary out glycolysis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080406
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080501
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    Development of a strain of Hansenula polymorpha for the efficient expression of guar α-galactosidase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; guar α-galactosidase ; continuous cultures ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A strain of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha, A16 has been developed that expresses the guar α-galactosidase gene to 22.4 mg/g dry cell weight in chemostat cultures at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1. This corresponds to more than 13.1% of solube cell protein, of which 56-62% is secreted into the medium. The α-galactosidase gene was flanked by the promoter and terminator sequences of the H. polymorpha mox gene, which can direct expression of the mox gene itself more than 30% of total cell protein under methanol growth. The expression cassette (pUR3510) based on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae plasmid, YEp13, was integrated into the genome. Such transformants were stable in chemostat cultures and exhibited 100% stability for both α-galactosidase+ and leu+ phenotypes. Chemostat cultures produced higher levels of α-galactosidase with higher specific productive expressed as mg α-galactosidase g-1 h-1 compared to batch cultures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080504
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080901
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080701
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    Factors affecting homologus overexpression of the Sacchromyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 519-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cytochrome P450 14DM ; recombinant DNA ; plasmid copy number ; regulated gene expression ; galactose induction ; mRNA and protein levels ; chemostat cultivation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (14DM) gene was overxpressed in S. cerevisiae using Promoter sequences of the highly expressed S. cerevisiae glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase TDH3 gene. To investigate factors affecting 14DM overproduction, the levels of 14DM-specific specific RNAs, apoprotein, and heme protein, repectively, were determined and the 14DM-specific RNA levels compared with the RNA levels originating from the enodogenous TDH gene(s). The quantitative measurements revealed that the 14DM steady-state RNA levels reached were some three-to five-fold below the theoretically expected values. With a View towards futrher improving expression of the 14DM gene, the specing between the TDH3 promoter and the AUG was adjusted precisely and to rule out possible toxic effects exerted by the 14DM protein, the TDH3 promoter was placed under galactose regulation by introducing an UASG segment. Furthermore, the effects of the gene copy number on 14DM overproduction were investigated. From the analysis of the improved expression constructs five conclusions could be reached: (1) experssion from the native 14DM gene is comparable to the expression driven by the TDH3 promoter-14DM fusion construct on single copy plasmid vectors; (2) expression from the TDH3 promoter-14DM construct on single-copy vectors is nearly as effcient as expression from the corresponding endogenous TDH3 gene; (3) the gene copy number has an effect on the relative expression levels of the TDH3 promoter-14DM constructs; (4) the steady-state amounts of protein produced are very nearly proportional to gene dosage; and (5) protein toxicity does not have a major impact on 14DM production. The maximum yield of 14DM was in the order of 7% of the total yeast protein and the maximum production of functional 14DM heme protein appears to be limited by the availability of heme.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080704
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    SEC6 encodes an 85 kDa soluble protein required for exocytosis in yeast (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 549-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein secretion ; exocytosis ; SEC6 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SEC6 gene encodes a protein required for an event leading to fusion of post-Golgi vesicles with the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The gene was cloned by complementation of the temperature-sensitive growth defect of a sec6-4 strain. The nucleotide sequence was determined and the longest open reading frame was found to encode an 85 kDa protein of 733 amino acids. The Sec6 protein is predicted to be hydrophilic and is found predominantly in the soluble fraction of a yeast lysate, in a species that sediments with a coefficient of 14S. No extnsive homology was found with known proteins of the database. Gene disruption and marker rescue experiments indicate that SEC6 is a single copy gene essential for growth. Overproduction of Sec6p does not suppress any of the other lateactind sec mutants, yet sec6-4 does display synthetic lethality with sec8-9, suggesting that the two products may fulfill inter-related functions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080706
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    The complete sequence of a 9,543 bp segment on the left arm of chromosome III reveals five open reading frames including glucokinase and the protein disulfide isomerase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 577-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; chromosome III ; gene disruption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the DNA sequence of a 9·5 kb segment of chromosome III. The sequence was determined by subcloning the segment into subfragments generated by appropriate restriction enzymes followed by oligonucleotide-directed sequencing. The segment contains at least five open reading frames, YCL311, YCL312, YCL313, YCL314, YCL315. YCL311 and YCL315 extend in the adjacent fragments, A4H and A6C respectively. YCL312 encodes glucokinase, and YCL313 the protein disulfide isomerase. Disruption of YCL311, 314 and 315 by insertion of a URA3 cassette does not lead to a detectable phenotype, whereas disruption of YCL313 provokes cell lethality.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080709
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    Genetic homology between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its sibling species S. paradoxus and S. bayanus: Electrophoretic karyotypes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 599-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Karyotyping ; Saccharomyces ; biological species ; genetic homology ; cloned genes ; chromosome polymorphism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chromosomal DNAs of many monosporic strains of the biological species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and S. bayanus were analysed using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophgoresis. SSouthern blot hybridization with eight cloned S. cerevisiae genes (ADC1, CUP1, GAL4, LEU2, rDNA, SUC2, TRP1 and URA3) assigned to different chromosomes was used to study homology and chromosomal location of the genes three sibiling species. A comparative study of Ty1, Ty2 and telomere-associated Y' sequences having multiple chromosomal location was also done.Chromosome length polymorphism was found in cultured strains of S. cerevisiae. Wild S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus strains yielded chromosome banding patterns very similar to each other, The karyotype pattern of S. bayanus was readily distinguishable from that of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus. Southern blot analysis revealed a low degree of homology between the S. cerevisiae genes studied and the corresponding S. paradoxus and S. bayanus genes. The number of chromosomes appears to be 16 in all three species.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080804
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  • 72
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    Yeast biotechnology (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081417
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 1-20 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081302
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 101-120 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 101-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081307
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 161-180 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 161-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081310
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  • 76
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    Polyamines and cell wall organization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1033-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: polyamines ; yeast architecture ; cell wall ; polysaccharides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 179-5, an ornithine decarboxylase mutant (spe-1), showed several ultrastructural abnormalities when cultivated in the absence of polyamines. Besides the appearance of microvacuole-like spaces in the cytoplasm and of deformed nuclei, the most important alterations seemed to be located in the cell wall, which was thicker and of heterogeneous texture, and in the cell membrane, of irregular contour. These modifications could not be evoked by general stress conditions elicited by lack of nutrients. The relative levels of cell wall polysaccharides were altered in polyamine-deprived organisms, giving an envelope with increased mannan and decreased glucan content; this cell wall was incompletely attacked by the lytic enzyme zymolyase. Polyamine depletion led also to some abnormalities in the budding pattern. The above observations suggest the involvement of polyamines in the correct structure and organization of the yeast cell.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081206
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  • 77
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    Analysis of glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsing glucose to a galactose-limited continuous culture (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1077-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; glucose repression ; continuous culture ; transcriptional regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analysed under defined physiological conditions, at both the molecular and physiological levels, by pulsing glucose to a galactose-limited continuous culture. During this pulse of glucose, the galactose feed was kept constant. Directly after the glucose pulse, carbon dioxide production increased while oxygen consumption remained constant, demonstrating that the surplus of glucose had been consumed by means of fermentation. The direct accumulation of galactose in the medium after the glucose pulse indicated that the consumption of galactose had been stopped instantaneously. Galactose uptake experiments revealed that the galactose transporter was still present but apparently was incapable of galactose uptake, which could be due to inhibition of the galactose transporter by glucose. The total concentration of cAMP increased from 5 nmol g-1 at t = 0 to 25 nmolg-1 at t = 1·5 min. After 2 min the concentration of cAMP gradually decreased again to the normal level. Within 2 min after the addition of glucose, the transcription of the GAL genes and SUC2 was inhibited. In addition, the transcription of the HXK1 gene, encoding hexokinase isoenzyme 1, was also inhibited, which demonstrates that the HXK1 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level comparable with invertase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081210
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    Control of peroxisome proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ADR1, SNF1 (CAT1, CCR1) and SNF4 (CAT3)Dedicated to Profesor Wilhelm Fleischhacker on the occasion of his 60th birthday. (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: peroxisome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ADR1 ; SNF1 ; CAT1 ; CCR1 ; SNF4 ; CAT3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADR1 gene has recently been demonstrated to control transcription of several genes encoding peroxisomal proteins or proteins necessary for peroxisome formation. Therefore, the effect of two other genes (SNF1 (CAT1, CCR1) and SNF4 (CAT3)) known to control derepression of glucose-repressible genes was studied. Levels of transcripts of genes encoding catalase A, fatty acid β-oxidation enzymes and of the PAS1 gene are reduced in snf1 and snf4 mutants of ethanol as well as on oleic acid medium. By immunogold labelling with an antibody directed against peroxisomal thiolase, clusters of peroxisomes were detected in wild-types cells, whereas smaller single peroxisomes were observed in adr1 mutant cells. Results of immunofluorescence experiments are consistent with these observations. No peroxisomes were detected in snf1 and snf4 mutants by immunogold labelling as well as by imunofluorescence.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080407
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    Isolation and sequence analysis of the gene encoding translation elongation factor 3 from Candida albicans (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 337-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; translation factors ; EF-3 ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The structural gene encoding translation elongation factor 3 (EF-3) has been cloned from a Candida albicans genomic library by hybrization to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae probe containing the Saccharomyces gene, YEF3 (Sandbaken et al., 1990b). The sequences were shown to be functionally homologous to the Saccharamyces gene by three criteria: (1) a Saccharomyces strain transformed with a high copy plasmid containing CaEF3 sequences overprodues the EF-3 peptide two-fold; (2) extracts from this strain exhibit a two-fold increase in the Ef-3 catalysed, ribosome-dependent ATPase activity (Kamath and Chakraburtty, 1988); and (3) the Candida gene complements a Saccharomyces null mutant. The coding region, identified by DNA sequencing, indicates that CaEF3 encodes a 1050 amino acid polypeptide having a potential molecular weight of 116 865 Da. This protein shows 77% overall identity to the Saccharomyces YEF3 gene, with a significantly greater identity (94%) concentrated in the region of the protein thought to contain the catalytic domain of EF-3 (Sandaken et al., 1990a). The upstream non-coding region contains T-rich regions typical of many yeast genes and several potential RAPI/GRFI elements shown to regulate expression of a number of translational genes (Mager, 1988). The data confirm a high degree of conservation for EF-3 among the two organisms.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080502
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    Calendar (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080210
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    Identification of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of the SNF2 transcrioptional regulator in the DNA sequence of an 8·6 kb region in the LTE1-CYS1 interval on the left arm of chormosome I (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 133-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Chromosome I ; sequence ; transcriptional regulators ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The DNA sequence of an 8·6 kb region of the left arm of chromosome I has been determined. This region, between the LTEL and CYS1 loci, is approximately 40 kb from centromere. There are six potential open-reading frames (ORFs), Provisionally nemed YAL001-006 within this fragment of chromosome I. Four of these ORFs can be aligned with Previously indentified FUN transcripts: FUN28 with YAL006, FUN29 with YAL004, FUN30 with YAL001 and FUN31 with YAL002. The YAL001 ORF shows significant homology to the SNF2 transcriptional regulator. A region of the DNA contains an extensive repeat of the bases C-A-T positioned in the 5′ terminus of the YAL004 promoter region.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080208
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    Characterization of mutants of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica defective in acetyl-coenzyme a synthetase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 193-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Glyoxylate pathway ; acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase ; isocitrate lyase ; dominant mutations ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The expression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes is required for growth of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica on acetate or fatty acids as sole carbon source. Acetyl-coenzyme A, which is produced by acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) from acetate, is needed for induction of this expression. Acetate-non-utilizing mutants of this yeast were investigated in order to identify mutants which express no or strongly reduced activity of this enzyme. Mutations in gene ICL2 exhibited the strongest effects on the activity. In icl2 mutants, lack of ACS activity resulted in a non-induced glyoxylate cycle on acetate; however, induction on fatty acids was not affected. Gene ICL2 was identified as the sstructural gene encoding the monomer of ACS. It is shown that a high level of ACS activity is necessary for full expression of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes. Mutations in gene ICL1, which encodes isocitrate lyase, resulted in overproduction of ACS without any growth on acetate. A new gene (GPR1 = glyoxylate pathway rergulation) was detected in which trans-dominant mutations inhibit expression of ACS and the glyoxylate cycle on acetate as carbon source.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080305
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    Yeast volume 7 issue 9 p. 919 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 239-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080310
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    The peroxisomal import signal of amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is not universal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Amine oxidase ; peroxisomes ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; targeting signal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is a peroxisomal protein. The signal for routing of the protein into peroxisomes has not been identified yet. Expression of a mutant amine oxidase in H. Polymorpha has revealed that the C-terminal sequence, which possesses an internal SRL tripeptide, is not involved in targeting (Faber et al., unpublished). We have explored heterologous expression of the amine oxidase gene (AMO) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the conservation of peroxisomal targeting pathways between yeasts. Surprisingly, wide-type amine oxidase is not recognized as a peroxisomal protein by S. cerevisiae. The enzyme, which was fully active and acumulated to levels similar to those found in H. polymorpha, stayed entirely in the cytosol. However, fusing a SKL or a SRL sequence to the C-terminus forced the protein at least partially into peroxisomes of the heterologous host. These data suggest that the functional targeting sequence of amine oxidase may differ from the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal S/C/A-K/R/H-L (Gould et al., 1989). Contrary to the established tripeptide motif, the amine oxidase targeting signal appears not to be conserved between the different yeast species.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080402
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    Rag-mutations involved in glucose metabolism in yeast: Isolation and genetic characterization (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 711-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; fermentation ; Rag-mutants ; genetic mapping ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Some natural isolates and many laboratory strains of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis cannot grow on glucose when respiration is inhibited by antimycin A. The ability or inability to grow on glucose in the absence of mitochondrial respiration has been called Rag+ or Rag- phenotype (resistance to antimycin on glucose, respectively). Rag- strains, unable to grow on glucose in the presence of the respiratory drug, behave as if they were defective in fermentation. The Rag phenotype was first found to be determined by variant alleles of either of the two nuclear genes, RAG1 and RAG2, which code for a low-affinity glucose transport protein and for phosphoglucose isomerase, respectively. These findings suggested that the Rag- phenotype can be used to obtain mutations of genes involved in glucose metabolism in K. lactis. We thus looked for other Rag- mutants. Seventy-four mutants were isolated and genetically characterized. All of the mutations were nuclear recessive alleles, defining 11 new complementation groups, which we designate rag3 through rag13.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080904
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  • 86
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    Yeast flocculation: Receptor definition by mnn mutants and concanavalin A (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 635-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; floculation ; receptors ; mnn mutants ; coflocuulation ; concanavalin A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast flocculation involves the binding of surface lectins on flocculent yeasts, to carbohydrate receptors present as constituents of yeast cell walls. Receptors were investigated by coflocculation of flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both Flo 1 and NewFlo phenotypes, to known mnn mutants which vary in the wall mannan structure. Strong coflocculation was found with mnn1, mnn4, mnn9 and control strains, while very little coflocculation was found with mnn2 and mnn5 strains. In constrast, aggregation of these muatants by concanavalin A, a lectin with similar sugar inhibition to NewFlo phenotype flocculation, showed strong aggregation of mnn1, mnn4, and mnn5 strains and poor aggregation of mnn2 and mnn9 strains.The mmn mutant data suggested that flocculation receptorss were the outer-chain mannan side-branches, two or three mannose residues in length, confirming an earlier theory based on sugar inhibition data. The similarities and differences between flocculation and concanavalin A aggregation are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080807
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    Mapping of two new codon-specific suppressors in saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 669-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; nonsense suppressors ; tRNA genes ; yeast chromosome V ; yeast chromosome VI ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080811
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  • 88
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    The complete sequence of a 10.8 kb segment distal of SUF2 on the right arm of chromosome III from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals seven open reading frames including the RVS161, ADP1 and PGK genes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; chromosome III ; RVS161 ; ADP1 ; PGK1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have entirely sequenced a 10,835 bp segment of the right arm from chromosome III contained in the J11D and J11D-K3B GF clones. The segment contains seven open reading frames longer than 100 amino acids. Three of them, RVS161 (Urdaci et al., 1990; Crouzet et al., 1991), ADP1 (Purnelle et al., 1991) and PGK1, (Hitzeman et al., 1982) have been described previously. YCR10C, encodes a putative membrane protein. YCR8W, (encoding a putative protein kinase) and YCR14c extend inside the D10H (Skala et al., 1991) and 62B5-2D clones respectively. Four ARS elements previously reported by Palzkill et al., (1986) are located between RVS161 and YCR10C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080508
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    Genetic and physical maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, edition 11 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 817-902 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081002
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  • 90
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    Structure and expression of the ABF1-regulated ribosomal protein S33 gene in Kluyveromyces (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 949-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces marxianus ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; ribosomal protein ; ABF1 regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The abundant multifuctional protein ABF1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae binds to the upstream region of several genes, including some ribosomal protein genes like the one encoding protein S33. Deletion of th ABF1-binding sequence lowers the transcription of these genes three- to more than ten-fold.We have isolated the S33 genes of two related yeast species. Kluyveromyces lactis and Kluveromyces marxianus. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of these S33 genes with their counterpart form S. Cerevisiae shows a strong sequence similarity covering the whole of the coding regions. In contrast, little or no sequence similarly is found in the 5′-flanking regions of the three genes. Also the trailer regions differ considerably in both length and sequence from one species to another.An ABF1-binding site is present in the upstream region of the S33 gene of K. marxianus. Retardation analyses showed that this sequences is able to bind a protein present in Kluyveromyces cells with a molecular mass somewhat lower than that of S. cerevisiae ABF1. Functional analyses, using a β-glucuronidase reporter system, showed that the ABF1-binding site is indeed involved in transcription activation of the K. marxianus S33 gene in Kluyveromyces DNA and Northern blots did not show a signal.These results indicate that S. cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces contain functionally related but structurally dissimilar ABF1-type proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081105
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    Effect of sterol alterations on conjugation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1015-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mating ; conjugation ; sterols ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sterol auxotrophic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were grown and allowed to conjugate on media supplemented with various sterols.The mating efficiency of the auxotrophs is perturbed by the relacement of the normal yeast sterol, ergsterol, with other sterols. After 4 h of mating, cells grown on ergosterol a 30-fold higher productive mating efficiency than those cells grown in stigmasterol. Aberrant budding by the conjugants was enhanced following incubation on stigmasterol and other non-ergosterol sterols. Using light and electron microscopy, we demonstrated that there is a reduced ability for stigmasterol-grown cells to undergo cytoplasmic fusion during conjugation. Many of the mated pairs remained adherent but Prezygotic even after 12 h of incubation. The addition of ergosterol to cells previously grown on stigmasterol rescued the organisms, allowing for zygote formation and normal budding.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081204
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  • 92
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    Fluorocytosine causes uncoupled dissipation of the proton gradient and behaves as an imperfect substrate of the yeast cytosine permease (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1053-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fluorocytosine ; energy dissipation ; cytosine permease ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: At-pH 5-6 ATP-depleted washed cell preparations of strain NC233-10b[pII4-9], in which the cytosine permease was overexpressed, absorbed cytosine, hypoxanthine or fluorocytosine stoichiometrically with, respectively, about 1, 1·4 and 5 proton equivalents. The cellular pH fell proportionately. The membrane depolarization caused by each compound was assayed in the presence of glucose with a voltage-sensitive dye and increased in the same order. Fluorocytosine significantly lowered the growth yield that a ‘petite’ strain of the yeast formed at limiting glucose concentrations. At pH 5·6 with extracellular [K+] below 1 mM, each of the three substrates was accumulated about 200-fold from a dilute solution at the expense of the proton gradient. This concentration ratio corresponds to a solute gradient (Δμs) of 13 kJ mol-1. Raising [K+]0 systematically lowered the substrate accumulation ratio and ΔμH. The mean ratio Δμs/ΔμH was 0·82 all three substrates. It was concluded that whereas the behaviour of cytosine approximated to that expected for a symport of unit proton stoichiometry, the absorption of protons with fluorocytosine and, to a lesser extent, hypoxanthine, was only partly conserved as useful work. A possible mechanism of this novel phenomenon is outlined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081208
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Of yeasts and elephants…. The molecular and cellular biology of the yeast saccharomyces: Genome dynamics, protein synthesis and energetics. Eds J. R. Broach, J. R. Pringle and E. W. Jones. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1991 ($97, cloth; $55, paper) (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 1105-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081213
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  • 94
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    Regulation of gene expression II (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081405
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of gene expression I (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081404
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination, repair (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081408
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
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    Organelles (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081412
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein import, secretion (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. S449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081413
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081101
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameters affecting the frequencies of transformation and co-transfromation with synthetic oligonucleotides in yeast (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 935-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transformation ; oligonucleotides ; site-directed mutagenesis ; co-transformation ; cytochrome c ; RAD genes ; CYC1 mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Factors influencing the direct transformation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with synthetic oligonucleotides were investigated by selecting for cyc1 transformants that contained at least partially fuctional iso-1-cytochrome c. Aproximately 3 × 104 transformanrs, constituting 0·1% of the cells, were obtained by using 1 mg of oligonucleotide in the reaction mixture. Carrier, such as heterogenous oligonucleotides, enhanced transformation frequencies. Transformation frequencies were dramatically reduced if the oligonucleotides had a large number of mismatches or had terminally located mismatches. Transformation with oligonucleotides, but not with linearized double-strand plasmid, was efficient in a rad52- strain, ssuggesting that the pathway for transformation with oligonucleotides is different from that with linearized double-strand plasmid. We describe a procedure of co-transformation with two oligonucleotides, one correcting the cyc1 defect of the target allele in the host strain, and the other producing a desired amono acid alteration elsewhere in the iso-1-cytochrome c molecule; approximately 20% of the transformants obtained by co-transformation contained these desired second alterations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081104
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