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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (566)
  • 1975-1979  (566)
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  • 1975  (566)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (533)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (566)
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  • 1975-1979  (566)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 365 (1975), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Crohn's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Granuloma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelioid cells forming the granulomata of Crohn's disease show striking vacuolation from the coalescing of pinocytotic vesicles with double membrane-bound bodies and their subsequent fusion with lysosomal dense bodies. The fine detail of the granulomata in each individual is uniform but varies from case to case in such a way as to suggest an episodic stimulation of pinocytosis and vacuole formation. The production of such granulomata with these cyclical appearances is consistent with an intermittent stimulus by exogenous antigen or antigen antibody complexes arriving in the diet.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 7 (1975), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: Positron annihilation ; Polymers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The decay time τl ofo-Ps by the electron pickoff process has been measured in polystyrene as a function of molecular weight. For samples below their glass transition temperature τl is essentially independent of $$\bar M_n $$ . In the low molecular weight region, $$\bar M_n〈 850$$ , τl increased with decreasing $$\bar M_n $$ in line with earlier theoretical predictions. The overall behaviour reflects closely the dependence of free volume on $$\bar M_n $$ . The effects of molecular motion on τl are examined and it is concluded that the decay time is insensitive to such motions in polystyrene below the melting point, in contrast to what is observed in polytetrafluoroethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 93-112 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Spermatids ; Spermatozoa ; Spermatogenesis ; Malformed Germ Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fehlgebildete Spermatiden und Spermatozoen in den Hoden, Nebenhoden und Ejaculaten von 29 gesunden Männern und von 171 Patienten mit verschiedenen andrologischen Erkrankungen wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die folgenden Mißbildungstypen lassen sich beschreiben: 1. Akrosomfehlbildungen in Kontakt zum Spermatidenkern: bläschenförmige Einschlüsse in der Akrosomblase, asymmetrische Verdickungen der Akrosomkappe, Einfaltungen der akrosomalen Lamina in den Spermatidenkern, teilweise Abhebung des Akrosoms vom Kern, apikale knopfartige Verdickungen des Akrosoms. 2. Akrosomfehlbildungen unabhängig vom Spermatidenkern: das akrosomale Material ist enthalten in kleinen Bläschen, ringförmigen Strukturen, in rundlichen oder schalenartigen Formen. Der Kern solcher Spermatiden hat kein Akrosom. 3. Fehlbildungen des Kerns: Einschlüsse von Bläschen oder Membranen, ausgedehnte Membranbildungen, sehr große Kernvacuolen, fehlende Kondensation des Karyoplasma. 4. Mehrkernige Spermatiden: zwei oder mehr Kerne in einem Perikaryon sind durch ein Akrosom verbunden. 5. Doppelte Akrosomanlagen. 6. Fehlbildungen des Schwanzes: Zerstörung des Axonema, Unterdrückung oder Überzahl von Tubuli und Fasern, doppelte axiale Filamentenbündel, Destruktion der Halsregion, Fehlen der Mitochondrienscheide, Auftreibung der Faserscheide. Mißgebildete Keimzellen treten in unterschiedlichen Prozentsätzen sowohl bei gesunden Männern als auch bei infertilen Patienten auf. Damit ist das Vorkommen fehlgebildeter Keimzellen nicht unbedingt ein Hinweis auf eine bestehende Infertilität. Nur bei bestimmten Mißbildungstypen, wie den rundköpfigen Spermatozoen, ist — wenn alle Spermatozoen im Ejaculat den gleichen Defekt aufweisen — mit Infertilität zu rechnen.
    Notes: Summary Malformed spermatids and spermatozoa in the testes, epididymes, and ejaculates of 29 apparently healthy men and in 171 patients suffering from different andrological diseases were investigated with the electron microscope. The following types of malformations are described: 1) Malformations of the acrosome in contact with the nucleus of the spermatid: Vesicular inclusions in the acrosome vesicle, asymmetric thickenings of the acrosome cap, enfolding of the acrosomal lamina into the spermatid's nucleus, partial separation of the acrosome from the nucleus, apical knob-like thickenings of the acrosome. 2) Malformations of the acrosome independent from the spermatid's nucleus: the acrosomal material is contained in small vesicles, large vacuoles, in ring-like structures, in globular or shell-like laminar structures. The nucleus of such spermatids lacks an acrosome. 3) Malformations of the nucleus: inclusions of vesicles or membranes, excessive packages of membranes, gigantic nuclear vacuoles, lack of condensation of the caryoplasm. 4) Multinucleate spermatids: two or more nuclei within the pericaryon of one spermatid are joined by an acrosome. 5) Duplicate acrosome anlagen. 6) Malformations of the tail: disorganization of the axonema, a lack or excessive numbers of tubules and fibres, doublets of the axial filaments, destruction of the neck region, a lack of the mitochondrial sheath, and enlargement of the fibrous sheath. Malformed germ cells were observed to occur in varying amounts both in apparently healthy men and in those who were apparently infertile. This indicates that germ cell malformations are no absolute indicator of male infertility. However, certain distinct types of malformations (such as round-headed spermatozoa) are definitely associated with infertility, but only if all spermatozoa in the ejaculate of a patient have the same defect.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 366 (1975), S. 353-356 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Sturge-Weber Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of calcareous deposits in a case of Sturge-Weber disease is described. Concrements were found mainly extracellularly, outside of blood vessels, but there were some also within the vessel walls. The laminated concrements are built up of fine filaments, similar to those seen in the Fahr's disease. Needle-like cristals (calcium apatit) were observed within the concrements. Increased permeability of the altered vessel walls may be responsible for these alterations.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 181-194 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Malignant Hyperthermia ; Latent Myopathy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die maligne Hyperthermie ist charakterisiert durch einen rapiden Anstieg der Körpertemperatur, Muskelkontraktionen und zunehmende Hypoxie. Sie ist eine moderne Narkosekomplikation mit einem sehr hohen Letalitätsrisiko von über 60%. Da über die morphologischen Veränderungen bei maligner Hyperthermie sehr wenig bekannt ist, wurden an Muskelbiopsien von 3 Patienten mit maligner Hyperthermie und einem sog. Risikopatienten histologische, histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Histologisch zeigten sich akute Muskelfasernekrosen, außerdem wurden Hinweise für eine latente Myopathie erhoben. Histochemisch ergab sich, daß beide Muskelfasertypen I und II befallen waren. Mit der Phosphorylase-Reaktion konnten auch bei Fasern, die bei üblicher histologischer Bearbeitung unauffällig waren, pathologische Veränderungen nachgewiesen werden. Elektronenmikroskopisch konnten neben einer akuten Rhabdomyolyse eine Erweiterung der Zisternen des sarkoplasmatischen Beticulums und eine eigentümliche Einrollung bzw. Wucherung des Sarkolemms beobachtet werden. Die Befunde unterstützen die pathogenetische Vorstellung anderer Autoren, daß dieses Syndrom, das durch Inhalationsnarcotica und Muskelrelaxantien (Halothan bzw. Succinylcholin) ausgelöst wird, auf der Grundlage eines Defektes caloiumspeichernder Membranen des sarkoplasmatischen Reticulums beruht. Wegen des familiären Auftretens dieser Komplikation sollte angestrebt werden, klinische, laborchemische und morphologische Untersuchungen auch bei den Verwandten solcher Patienten zum Ausschluß einer derartigen latenten Myopathie durchzuführen.
    Notes: Summary Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but severe complication of modern anesthesia, induced by halothane and succinylcholine. The syndrome is characterized by a rapid sustained and extreme rise in body temperature associated with muscular rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnoea and cyanosis. The lethality is about 60%. The present paper describes the histological, histochemical and electron microscopical findings performed on muscle biopsies of 3 patients with malignant hyperthermia (1 patient died) and a so called risk patient. In all patients morphological findings consistent with a pre-existent myopathy were found. Histologioally there were acute necrotic muscular fibers as well as in types I and II, variations in the fiber diameter and centralization of the nuclei. In two cases even fibers that had a normal aspect in HE slides, showed a pathologic pattern after phosphorylase reaction. In addition to acute rhabdomyolysis, electron-microscopic investigations revealed cystic expansion of the cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with a peculiar proliferation of the sarcolemma. In a degenerating mitochondrium, a crystalline inclusion was identified. These findings support the pathogenetic concept of Britt and coworkers of a functional defect in the calcium release or binding mechanism of sareoplasmic reticulum. Since it is known that malignant hyperthermia has a familial predilection, it seems very important that clinical, biochemical, and morphological investigations be performed such as CPK estimations and muscular biopsies not only of the patients but also of the relatives in order to rule out this type of latent myopathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 32 (1975), S. 199-207 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Marchi Reaction ; Secondary Demyelination ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A secondary demyelination process was brought about in the optic tract by unilateral enucleation of 10 adult rats which were sacrificed at 8, 15, 20, 30 and 45 days respectively, after the intervention. The Marchi reaction, which is identifiable by the presence of granular bodies, is positive at all stages, but tends to lessen towards the 45th day. The granular bodies are inside the disintegrating myelin sheath, and gradually fill the space made available by the degenerate axoplasm. The granular bodies are at first bulky and compact before breaking up and disappearing. The remains of the myelin sheath are then resorbed. Satellite cells occur from the 15th day onwards. The interest of the Marchi reaction for the tracing of nervous pathways is confirmed by these findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Congenital Myopathy ; Reducing Body Myopathy ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A muscle biopsy of a boy of 14 years presenting clinically a benign congenital myopathy showed granular intrasarcoplasmic bodies exhibiting reducing activity. They resemble the bodies described by Brooke and Neville in muscle of two children with severe congenital myopathy which they referred to as “reducing body myopathy”. If the reducing bodies are the characteristic morphological feature peculiar to this newly recognized congenital myopathy, the case reported here would be therefore a benign form of reducing body myopathy. The origin and nature of the granular material forming the bodies is doubtful. The close relationship between this material and the myofilaments may suggest that the granules arise from some myofibrillary component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Intracisternal Virus ; Helper Virus ; Virus Persistence ; Electron Microscopy ; Tubuloreticular Structures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A previously healthy middle aged man died following a 6 month illness which presented with middle ear symptoms, apparently resolved, and then 2 months later manifested as encephalitis. The illness was characterized initially by depression and intellectual deterioration. No family member or working associate was affected. The clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis was confirmed by brain biopsy but no virus was isolated in the laboratory. Numerous intracisternal toroidal virus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the perikarya and dendrites but not in glia. The particles resemble, but are not identical to, the oncornaviruses associated with spontaneous and induced murine neoplasms. The resemblance of these structures to the intracisternal toroidal type “A” virus of murine leukemia is noted and other possible causes for this atypical meningoencephalitis are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 129-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Cerebellar Hemangioblastoma ; Cytoplasmic Tubular Inclusions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study reports unusual, long, tubular, rod-shaped cytoplasmic inclusions found in the stromal cells of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma, associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. These inclusions have two layers of circular, laminated filaments, and longitudinally arranged filaments; and appear similar to the so-called “Hirano bodies”, which have been previously found in normal and various pathologic conditions of the brain tissue, skeletal muscle cells in myopathy, and interstitial cells of the testis. A review of previous ultrastructural studies of cerebellar hemangioblastoma shows several different types of cytoplasmic inclusions, but none are found to be identical to the present report.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 229-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Capillary ; Maturation ; Human ; Cerebral Development ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of the cerebellum and olfactory bulb capillaries were studied in 12 human specimen measuring 25–200 mm. Type I capillaries, whose lumina were wider than 8 μ contained no pores or fenestrations. The basement membrane was sometimes discontinuous. In that case, junctions without quintuple-layered zones could be observed. Such capillaries may correspond to primary vessels in which the sinusoid character has disappeared. Elsewhere, the basement membrane was continuous and the interendothelial junctions always contained quintuple-layered zones. Type II capillaries, whose lumina measured between 2 and 8 μ had basement membranes that were either discontinuous or continuous. They were identical to the immature capillaries described previously in numerous species including man. Type III capillaries, rarely observed, were characterized by the presence of several endothelial cells with abundant cytoplasm, which limited the lumina from 0.5–3 μ in diameters. They had continuous basement membranes. Type IV and V capillaries has small or non-patent lumina. The basement membrane was absent or rudimentary. These capillaries appeared to correspond to simple and complex endothelial sprouts. In Types II, III, V and most Type IV capillaries, the interendothelial junctions contained quintuple-layered zones. No mature capillaries were observed. The hypothetical pathways of development of cerebral capillaries and the degree of permeability of immature interendothelial junctions are discussed. The long duration of maturation in man probably accounts for the diversity of capillary formations observed as compared with animals. The co-existence over a long period of time of several capillary types with probably varying permeability may play a significant role in the maturation of the blood-brain barrier.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 31 (1975), S. 305-313 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Fahr's Disease ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a woman, aged 52, who had impaired phosphate excretion and low serum calcium levels, abundant calcium deposits (Pseudokalk) were found between the basement membranes of blood vessels in the regions of corpus striatum and nucleus dentatus as well as in the subcortical white matter and centrum semiovale. Calcium deposits were found also outside blood vessels but always in teh vicinity of the basement membrane. These can be phagocytozed by makrophages or astrocytes. Calcium deposits have a characteristic ultrastructure. They are built up of 140–400 Å electron lucent filaments (acid mucopolysaccharids?) within which electron dark segments built up of 40–80 Å units (calcium deposits?) are found. The concentric rings of calcified deposits are of reflection of differing density of aggregation of dark filaments. The growth of the deposits takes place by additional precipitation. In the development of calcification of the cerebral blood vessels in Fahr's disease, the role of high serum phosphate levels, the increased permeability and dysfunction of mesenchymal cells of the vessel walls are discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: d-Tubocurarine ; Subcellular Distribution ; Lysosomes ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After i.v. injection in the rat, d-tubocurarine is taken up and concentrated by the liver. A method is developed for the visualisation of d-tubocurarine inside the liver cell by electron microscopy. Glutaraldehyde fixed liver blocks were immersed in an ammonium molybdate solution; d-tubocurarine was precipitated at sites of high concentration by molybdate, to form an insoluble d-tubocurarine-molybdate complex. This precipitate was found predominantly at the surface of lysosome-like particles, but also inside these organelles. In subcellular fractionation experiments, d-tubocurarine was found with a high relative specific “activity” in the lysosomal fraction, lending support to a lysosomal localisation of d-tubocurarine.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 43 (1975), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychomotor Disorder ; Nystagmus ; Psychopharmacology ; Alcohol ; Drag Therapy ; Drug Abuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present work deals with the effects of psychotropic drug therapy on the operation of psychomotor functions used in a clinical examination of suspected drunken drivers. 100 psychiatric mental, but otherwise healthy, patients were examined; the type of medication and the number of drugs used varied greatly. In 71 cases the mean degree of error in the clinical examination was higher, and, in several of these, markedly higher than the reference values obtained earlier on suspected drunken drivers when the blood contained very small amounts of alcohol or none at all. In 18 cases coarsely-divided nystagmus was registered in patients on psychotropes. This is an obvious sign of a marked side-effect of medication but was present more infrequently than in subjects with after ingestion of alcohol. The present results indicate that application of the clinical examination method, which was originally developed for and related to the examination of alcohol cases, to subjects on psychotropes is adequate, and it is possible with clinical examination to obtain valuable medicolegal information on the impairment of physiological functions. The present review of suspected dragged drivers examined in Helsinki in 1969–1972 also supports this view.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Psychopharmacology ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Benztropine ; Drug Interactions ; Anticholinergic Effects ; Neuroleptic Potency ; “Sedative” Neuroleptic ; “Activating” Neuroleptic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a double-blind, cross-over study, the comparative therapeutic effects of 6-week courses of two prototypic neuroleptics — haloperidol and chlorpromazine — and the reversal of those effects with benztropine were investigated in a group of 18 schizophrenics. Periodic measurements were made for 32 dimensions of psychopathology, social participation, span of attention, sleeplessness, pulse rate and neurological side effects. The results showed that haloperidol was generally a more effective drug over the period studied. This was particularly apparent in terms of social and emotional responsiveness, communicativeness and cognitive processes. The only superiority of chlorpromazine seemed to be that patients felt less dysphoric on it than they did on haloperidol. Haloperidol also proved to be more rapid in its action. The data failed to support the clinical validity of the distinction often made between “sedative” and “activating” neuroleptics. Consistent with previous reports, benztropine had the effect of diminishing therapeutic response to both neuroleptics. However, haloperidol again proved less susceptible to this effect. The slowness and lesser therapeutic efficiency of chlorpromazine and its greater susceptibility to benztropine reversal were all considered to be due to its built-in anticholinergic properties acting in opposition to its antipsychotic activity. The low potency of chlorpromazine-like drugs was attributed to their inherent anticholinergic characteristics. It was suggested that one of the factors determining potency differences among neuroleptics may be the degree of built-in anticholinergic activity.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Psychopharmacology ; Haloperidol ; Chlorpromazine ; Anti-Parkinsonism Drugs ; Trihexyphenidyl ; Drug Interactions ; Anticholinergic Effects ; Neuroleptic Potency ; “Sedative” Neuroleptics ; “Activating” Neuroleptics ; Mode of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The treatment process with two prototypic neuroleptics — haloperidol and chlorpromazine— and the nontherapeutic effects of trihexyphenidyl on this process were studied in carefully matched groups of ten schizophrenics each, using a “double-blind”, repeated-measure, longitudinal research design. Measurements of various aspects of psychopathology, social participation and clinical indices of arousal were made periodically and objective tests of cognition and attention were given. The two treatment groups were highly comparable in epidemiological and clinical terms and differed significantly during the baseline period in only one of the 39 parameters. Longitudinal nonparametric analyses showed that significant therapeutic changes tended to occur more quickly and involved a wider spectrum of schizophrenic phenomena with haloperidol than with chlorpromazine. Parametric analyses also indicated that at the completion of the study, haloperidol-treated patients had significant improvement in many more dimensions than the chlorpromazine-treated patients and that the changes with haloperidol were generally of greater magnitude. At the same time, chlorpromazine treatment seemed to be more susceptible to the antagonistic effects of trihexyphenidyl. No differential patterns of responses were noted for the two neuroleptics to provide any clinical validity to the distinction often made between “sedative” and “activating” neuroleptics. These data were in agreement with those from a previous comparative study which had a very different research design and a somewhat different type of schizophrenic population. The clinical and potency differences between the two neuroleptics were again explained on the basis of the fact that chlorpromazine has much stronger built-in anticholinergic properties, which may be acting in opposition to the antipsychotic activity. It was suggested that the degree of inherent anticholinergic activity may be an important determinant of potency differences among presently known neuroleptics. The possible role of cholinergic mechanisms in schizophrenia was discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Sleep ; Insomnia ; Flunitrazepam ; Benzodiazepine ; Skin Potential ; Heart Rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The actions of flunitrazepam (Rohypnol®) were assessed on the sleep cycle, heart and respiratory rates and skin potential fluctuations of normal volunteers and neurotic patients with insomnia by means of all night recordings. The most conspicuous effect of flunitrazepam (2 mg p.o.) in the healthy subject's sleep cycle was an increase of the latency for the appearance of the first REM period. In the insomniacs the compound was effective in inducing and maintaining sleep. Flunitrazepam diminished heart rates during the REM phases and significantly decreased the variability indices, this effect being more prominent in the normal subjects. Skin potential fluctuations during stages 2 and REM sleep were also decreased although tolerance developed rapidly in this connection.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett Layers ; Instability ; Crystallization ; Electron Microscopy ; Infrared Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of an investigation of the stability of n-layers of barium stearate, cadmium arachidate and tripalmitin by means of electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy are reported. Odd and even numbered barium stearate n-layers with n=1,2,3.4,5 are found to rearrange spontaneously from a regular film into ultrastructures of irregular, flat islands of varying thickness. The kinetics of the phase transformation of the first layer depends on the substrate, that of n-layers appears to be dependent on n, the temperature, and the surrounding medium. The kinetic behaviour of odd and even numbered layers is distinctly different. Similar studies on cadmium arachidate layers reveal much slower kinetics of the rearrangement process. In the case of tripalmitin n-layers it is shown that electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy yield valuable complementary information about ultrastructure and molecular structure of the layers in correlation with the rearrangement process, which also occurs with this system. Consequences of the results of this paper for work published in various fields are briefly discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Bacteriophage ; Electron Microscopy ; Fine Structure ; Optical Diffraction ; DNA ; “Sticky Ends” ; Partial Denaturation ; AT-GC-Map ; Computer Application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bacteriophage 16-6-12 of Rhizobium lupini has a long, non-contractile tail and a head which is hexagonal in outline. The tail is 140 nm in length, 11 nm in diameter, and carries a short terminal fiber. Analysis of the tail structure by optical diffraction indicates that it is of the helical “stacked disc” type. After phenol-extraction from purified particles, the DNA of phage 16-6-12 can circularize in vitro. No significant difference in contour length was observed between the linear (14.34±0.28 μm) and circular (14.44±0.24 μm) forms of molecules. After partial denaturation with alkali an AT-GC-map was constructed, which shows an asymmetric distribution of AT- and GC-rich regions. It is concluded that this phage DNA can circularize due to the presence of cohesive ends and that it is not circularly permuted.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 105 (1975), S. 329-333 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Piptocephalis ; Electron Microscopy ; Sporangiospore ; Mucorales ; Freeze-Etching ; Merosporangium ; Plasmalemma ; Wall Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sporangiospore structure in Piptocephalis unispora Benjamin was studied using light microscopy, freeze-etching, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and compared with that of other members of the Mucorales. A merosporangial wall, plasmalemmal invaginations, and wall protuberances were demonstrated in sections and their possible significance discussed.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 75-83 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fine-Structure ; Acinetobacter sp. ; Hydrocarbon Inclusions ; Electron Microscopy ; X-Ray Diffraction ; Transport of Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The fine-structure analysis of the hydrocarbon oxidizing microorganism, Acinetobacter sp., demonstrated a cytoplasmic modification resulting from growth on paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons. 2. Intracytoplasmic hydrocarbon inclusions were documented by electron microscopy with chemical identifications obtained by gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction. 3. These results demonstrate the ability of a micro-organism to accumulate hydrocarbon substrates intracellularly which, in turn, indicates transport across the cell membrane.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Membrane Proteins ; Electron Microscopy ; Rhodospirillum rubrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracytoplasmic membranes isolated from Rhodospirillum rubrum, mutant strain VI, were extracted with the detergent lauryl dimethyl amine oxide. Subsequently two fractions were isolated, one of which contained reaction centers and the other contained light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll of the photosynthetic apparatus. The two fractions are compared with unextracted membranes on the basis of protein patterns obtained by different methods of polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. Electron micrographs of the light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll fraction reveal the presence of vesicular membrane structures. The only difference between such membranes and unextracted membranes is identified after freeze etching. While unextracted membrane surfaces are studded with particles extracted membranes exhibit a smooth surface.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida tropicalis ; Catalase Activity ; Development of Microbodies ; Electron Microscopy ; Utilization of n-Alkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of microbodies in Candida tropicalis pK 233 was studied mainly by electron microscopical observation. The yeast cells, precultured on malt extract, scarcely contained microbodies and showed very low catalase activity. When the precultured cells were transferred to a n-alkane medium and incubated with shaking, the number of microbodies increased and concomitantly the activity of catalase was enhanced. That is, both the area ratio of microbodies in the cell and the ratio of microbodies to cytoplasm in area increased significantly during the utilization of n-alkanes for 8 hrs. Localization of catalase in the microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine, but other organella in the cell, except for vacuoles appearing in the early growth phase and mitochondria, were not stained with this reagent. Microbodies seemed to grow by division. Biogenesis of microbodies in the yeast cells is also discussed.
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  • 23
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    Archives of microbiology 103 (1975), S. 91-112 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phytophthora ; Electron Microscopy ; Oogonium ; Oosphere ; Antheridium ; Oospore ; Wall Morphogenesis ; Amphigyny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gametangial development and oospore formation were studied, with emphasis on cell wall morphogenesis, on mated cultures (A1xA2) of Phytophthora capsici. In this species, the oogonial and antheridial hyphae interact to produce a typical amphigynous antheridium. The following developmental steps were recognized: 1) contact between oogonial and antheridial initials; 2) penetration of the antheridial initial by the oogonial initial; 3) reemergence of the oogonial initial; 4) oogonial expansion; 5) gametangial delimitation and oogonial wall thickening; 6) penetration of the oogonium by the antheridial fertilization tube; 7) oosphere formation; 8) periplasm degeneration and outer oospore wall formation; and 9) inner oospore wall formation. Electron micrographs were obtained of steps 3–9. Steps 1 and 2 were reconstructed from subsequent events. Steps 3–6 are stages of active wall formation with clear indication of intensive dictyosome activity leading to the formation of numerous wall-destined vesicles of two different sizes and electron densities. No vesicles were seen associated with the development of the inner oospore wall; however, by this stage of development the oosphere cytoplasm exhibited an overall intense electron density that obscured fine detail. Cytoplasmic appearance changed enormously during differentiation, from a developing oogonium rich in mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and their vesicles, through an oosphere filled with large “finger-print” vacuoles and lipid-like bodies, to a mature oospore with a large central vacuole (ooplast) surrounded by a cortex of numerous lipid-like bodies; other organelles are confined to the interstitial space between these storage bodies.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Archives of microbiology 104 (1975), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mesosome ; Tubular Membranes ; Fine Structure ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während einer 10tägigen Inkubation als Oberflächenkultur bei 30°C durchliefen Zellen des gramnegativen Bodenbakteriums Pseudomonas rhodos drei Wachstumsphasen, die sich physiologisch und morphologisch voneinander unterschieden. Elektronemikroskopische Untersuchungen an jungen Zellen zeigten Mesosomen in typisch eingerollter Form. In alternden Zellen konnten stattdessen lose gerollte oder langgestreckte, abgeplattet-tubuläre Membransysteme gefunden werden, die als degenerierende Mesosomen gedeutet wurden. Durch Lysozym- oder Ultraschall-behandlung dieser Zellen konnten tubuläre Strukturen isoliert und durch differentielle Zentrifugation angereichert werden. Elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen solcher Anreicherungen zeigten lange, abgeplattete Röhren, die gelegentlich an einem Ende geschlossen erschienen. Ihr Durchmesser betrug 34±5 nm. Sie waren mit einer Substanz ausgekleidet, die durch Trypsin abgebaut werden konnte, wobei eine elektronentransparente Matrix freigelegt wurde. Isolierte Tubuli zeigten in einigen Fällen einen periodischen Feinbau aus ellipsoiden Untereinheiten. Die lichtoptische Diffraktions-analyse ergab ein Gitter von Untereinheiten, die in Schrauben mit einer 27°-Steigung angeordnet sind; die Dimensionen der Elementarzelle betragen 112×56 Å. Die Proteinnatur der Gitterkomponenten wurde aus ihrer Trypsinempfindlichkeit gefolgert. Es wird postuliert, daß diese Proteinkomponenten auf einer tubulären Membranmatrix aufgelagert sind. Form und Feinstrukturparameter unterscheiden die Tubuli deutlich von einer periodisch aufgebauten Schicht der P. rhodos-Zellwand mit tetragonalem Gitter sowie von den “polyheads” und “polysheaths” defekter Bakteriophagen. Ihre mögliche Entstehung aus intakten Mesosomen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract During a 10 day-incubation on agar surfaces at 30°C, cells of the gram-negative soil bacterium Pseudomonas rhodos pass through three phases distinguishable by physiological and morphological criteria. When viewed by electron microscopy, typically “rolled” mesosomes could frequently be observed in young cells. In aged cells instead, loosely rolled or stretched-out, flattened tubules could be discerned, presumed to be degenerate mesosomes. Tubular flattened structures have been isolated from these cells by lysozyme treatment or sonication and were concentrated by differential centrifugation. Electron micrographs of these preparations showed long, straight tubules which sometimes appeared sealed at one end. Their width was 34±5 nm. They contained a lining of material, which could be digested by trypsin leaving behind an electron-transparent matrix. In rare cases, isolated tubules showed a periodic fine structure composed of ellipsoidal subunits. Optical diffraction analysis yielded a lattice consisting of subunits arranged in helices of pitch-angle 27°; the unit cell dimensions were shown to be 112×56 Å. Owing to their sensitivity to trypsin, components of the regular lattice are supposed to consist of protein. It is postulated that these protein components are layered onto a tubular membrane. These tubules are clearly distinguishable by their shape and fine structure from the periodic structure of a P. rhodos cell wall layer, which exhibits a tetragonal pattern, and also from polyheads and polysheaths of defective bacteriophages. Their possible origin from intact mesosomes is discussed.
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  • 25
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 220 (1975), S. 281-288 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Methodology ; Psychopharmacology ; Therapeutic trials ; Methodologie ; Psychopharmakologie ; Effizienzprüfung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die allgemein methodologischen Aspekte der therapeutischen Versuche in der Psychopharmakologie nach 3 Heuptpunkten: Definition der Krankheitsbegriffe, Behandlung und Heilung. Der Autor geht bei jedem Punkt auf die Hauptschwierigkeiten ein und gibt konkrete Beispiele. Zusammenfassend wird auf die Komplexität der methodologischen Probleme hingewiesen, der Autor ist jedoch der Ansicht, daß die Sicherheit für stastistische Schlußfolgerungen die Kosten eines einwandfreien experimentellen Designs mehr als ausgleicht.
    Notes: Summary The paper discusses the general methodologic aspects of therapeutic trials in psychopharmacology under three main headings: definition of the concepts of disease, treatment, and healing. In each case, the author discusses the main difficulties, and gives concrete examples. In conclusions, the complexity of the methodologie problems is stressed, but the author considers that the cost of using correct experimental designs is more than balanced by the safety of the statistical conclusions.
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  • 26
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    Virchows Archiv 366 (1975), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Pituitary Gland ; Prolactin ; Pituitary Adenoma ; Electron Microscopy ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies of pituitary neoplasms removed by surgery from 36 human patients revealed 8 chromophobe adenomas which differed clearly from the remaining tumors. The cytoplasm of the adenoma cells failed to stain with PAS, aniline blue, aldehyde fuchsin, aldehyde thionin, orange G or light green, but positively stained granules were found by using erythrosine or carmoisine. Immunoperoxidase technique disclosed the presence of prolactin in the cytoplasm of some adenoma cells. The adenoma cells exhibited distinct ultrastructural features such as well developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with Nebenkern formation, prominence of Golgi apparatus, presence of misplaced exocytosis as well as pleomorphism of secretory granules with a considerable variation of size ranging from 130 to 500 nm in diameter. Thus, by electron microscopy the adenoma cells showed a close resemblance to prolactin cells of the non-tumorous pituitary glands except for the reduced size and number of secretory granules. These chromophobe adenomas are regarded as representing a distinct pathological entity clearly distinguishable from other forms of pituitary neoplasms. In view of the morphologic findings and the elevation of blood prolactin level (measured in 3 patients) the term, “sparsely granulated prolactin producing pituitary adenoma”, appears to be the most appropriate one to designate these tumors.
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  • 27
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    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Noradrenaline ; Catecholamine ; Rat Heart ; Myocardial Necroses ; Optical Microscopy ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Wistarratten von ca. 200 g Körpergewicht zeigen nach subcutaner Gabe von 1-Noradrenalin (2,5 mg/kg Körpergewicht) regelmäßig Herzmuskelfasernekrosen. Nach intraperitonealer k-Strophanthin-Prämedikation in therapeutischer Dosierung (2 × 10−5 g/kg Körpergewicht) nehmen Zahl und Ausdehnung der Nekrosen statistisch signifikant zu. Diese Befunde sprechen gegen einen präventiven Schutzeffekt des k-Strophanthins und erklären sieh aus dem biochemischen Wirkungsmechanismus der Katecholamine und Glykoside, indem beide Substanzen gleichsinnig eine Erhöhung des mobilisierbaren intracellulären Calcium der Herzmuskelfaser bewirken. Eine Strophanthin-Prämedikation bewirkt bei den durch Arterenol induzierten Myokardfasernekrosen weder im Verteilungsmuster der Nekrosen noch im elektronenmikroskopischen Befund eine Änderung.
    Notes: Summary Female rats with a body weight of approximately 200 g regular show necroses of myocardial fibers after subcutaneous injection of 1-Noradrenaline (2.5 mg/kg body weight). After intraperitoneal premedication with Strophanthin k in a therapeutical dosage (2 × 10−5 g/kg body weight), the increase in number and extent of the necroses is statistically significant. These findings argue against a preventive effect of Strophanthin k and can be explained by the mode of action of catecholamines and glycosides, as both substances, in a like manner, cause an increase in the mobilizable intracellular calcium of the myocardial fiber. Premedication with Strophanthin causes no alteration in the distribution pattern of necroses, nor in the electron-microscope findings in the case of myocardial necroses produced by Noradrenaline.
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  • 28
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    Virchows Archiv 367 (1975), S. 113-130 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ulcerative Colitis ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen zur Ultrastrukturpathologie der Colitis ulcerosa wurden an einem Kollektiv von 37 Kolitis-Patienten durchgeführt. Unter den epithelialen Veränderungen fallen vor allem Alterationen der Mikrovilli und der Glykokalyx der oberflächlichen Zylinderzellen auf. Möglicherweise könnten diese als morphologisches Substrat eines zumindest partiell gestörten „Mucosablockes” im Bereich der Oberflächenepithelien (IgA- und “secretory piece”-Mangel) gewertet werden. Hypothetisch wird dieser partiell gestörte „Mucosablock” als wesentliches pathogenetisches Moment bei der Colitis ulcerosa angenommen. Das Entzündungsinfiltrat des Stratum proprium mucosae ist vor allem durch zahlreiche Lymphocyten, Plasmazellen und Makrophagen ausgezeichnet. Aus der hierbei gefundenen engen topographischen Zuordnung dieser Zellen zueinander läßt sich eine funktionelle Kooperation bei dem Autoimmunprozeß vermuten, wie er bei der Colitis ulcerosa diskutiert wird.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural pathology of ulcerative colitis was investigated on a group of 37 colitis patients. Among the epithelial changes, the alterations of the microvilli and of the glycocalyx of the surface epithelium are quite evident. These alterations may possibly be understood as a morphological substrate of a partly impaired “mucosa block” of the surface epithelium (IgA- and “secretory piece” deficiency). Hypothetically, this partly impaired “mucosa block” is considered to be an essential pathogenetic moment of ulcerative colitis. The inflammatory infiltrate of the stratum proprium mucosae is characterized in particular by numerous lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. The close topographical interrelation of these cells observed here seems to indicate a functional cooperation in the auto-immunological process, as it is discussed here in connection with ulcerative colitis.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islands of Langerhans ; Mitochondria ; Enzymes ; Tissue Culture ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated islets of Langerhans from mice were maintained in tissue culture for one week at either a high (28 mM) or a low (3.3 mM) extracellular glucose concentration. Electron microscopic morphometry by means of stereological methods revealed a much greater volume of mitochondria in islet cells cultured at low glucose than in those cultured at high glucose. The former islets also showed a higher activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.35). These results indicate a true mitochondrial hypertrophy at the low glucose concentration. Although it is known from previous studies that the islet cell metabolism is diminished after low-glucose culture, the present observations of an increased mitochondrial volume probably do not reflect a degenerative process, but rather adaptive changes towards oxidation of energy yielding substrates other than glucose.
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 165 (1975), S. 89-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermiogenesis (teleost) ; Microtubules ; Centriolar complex ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary During nuclear elongation in spermatids of Gambusia affinis, a deep fossa is formed at the base of the nucleus in which the centriolar complex and proximal portion of the flagellum reside. To stabilize the positional relationship between the nucleus and centriolar complex, while nuclear morphogenesis is taking place, a series of microtubules develop which emanate from the centriolar complex and extend to the nuclear envelope lining the fossa. Buttressing microtubules also develop within the nuclear fossa which both originate and insert along the nuclear envelope. These appear to stabilize nuclear shape prior to the time when chromatin condensation has proceeded to the stage where it could lend structural stability to nuclear form. Microtubules develop only after specific nuclear morphogenic events have taken place. It is therefore concluded that the spermatid nucleus is capable of “self-assembly” involving microtubules in a supportive role in addition to stabilizing the nuclear-flagellar relationship in G. affinis. The pattern of nuclear fossa-associated microtubules in G. affinis is significantly different from that observed in other poeciliid teleosts indicating a degree of species specificity with regard to both the timing of appearance and total number of microtubules.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 156 (1975), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Sense organs ; Reptilia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Olfactory epithelium in Tiliqua scincoides scincoides is of a loosely packed pseudostratified type. It receives secretion from the supporting cells and the underlying glands of Bowman. Its surface bears microvilli and cilia from sensory cells and microvilli from supporting cells. The vomeronasal epithelium is also pseudostratified but higher and more closely packed. Its surface carries microvilli from sensory and supporting cells but lacks cilia. Vascular connective tissue penetrates it almost to the epithelial surface but is always outlined by basal cell processes and a basal lamina. There are no secretory cells in or under the sensory epithelium but some cells in the epithelium of the mushroom body contain secretion granules. Sensory cells of both epithelia are bipolar neurons. The perikarya of the vomeronasal cells are more neuronal in character. Axonic processes are similar in both, dendrites are distinctive. Olfactory dendrites end in rounded rods bearing microvilli and cilia of an unusual type. Microvilli with filamentous cores occur on vomeronasal dendrites. There are no cilia, but 2–6 centrioles appear below the cell surface. Basal cells are structurally similar in both epithelia, but axonic processes of olfactory cells are surrounded by supporting cell processes, while vomeronasal axonic processes are surrounded by basal cells before they leave the epithelium. The presence of cilia and microvilli on the surface of the sensory cells is discussed in relation to the physical conditions surrounding them.
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  • 32
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 209 (1975), S. 247-262 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Acoustic Trauma ; Cochlear Nucleus ; Degeneration ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Meerschweinchen wurden dem Impulsgeräusch von 40 Schüssen einer Startpistole ausgesetzt. Veränderungen in den akustischen Kernen wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 5–55 Tage nach Schallexposition wurde Phagocytose an degenerierenden N. acusticus Endigungen und von Neuronen zweiter Ordnung beobachtet. Es werden verschiedene Hypothesen diskutiert, eine hinreichend überzeugende Erklärung für diese Veränderungen konnte jedoch nicht gefunden werden.
    Notes: Summary Guinea pigs were exposed to the noise of 40 shots of an alarm pistol held at a distance of about 60 cm. The ventral cochlear nuclei were studied in phase contrast and electron microscopy after both short survival periods and longer periods of up to 55 days survival. Marked degeneration of primary cochlear nerve endings and of synapting secondary neurons of the posterior caudal part of the ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the octopus cell area (OCA) of the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) was found most distinctly after 5–55 days. As criteria of degeneration of the second neuron of the afferent auditory pathway we used: 1. The loss of the synapting nerve endings, mainly “shrinking”. 2. The formation of huge mitochondria in the second order neurons and their dendrites. 3. The phagocytosis by glial cells of nerve endings, of the second order neurons and of their dendrites. After 5 days survival time no distinct changes were found in the granular cell area of PVCN, where as all stages of degeneration could be found in OCA at this time. In the discussion of these findings it is concluded that additional studies of the morphology of the cochlear nuclei seem necessary, as these may lead to a better understanding of the pathology of hearing following heavy noise exposure.
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  • 33
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 327-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The swimbladder system of the plainfin midshipman consists of a gas-filled bladder and two intrinsic sonic muscles which are attached to the bladder at opposite sides. An experimental and analytical study was conducted to define the physical characteristics of this dynamic system, and to relate these characteristics to radiated acoustical pressure pulses. Results indicate that the system has two degrees of freedom, being comprised of two inertial, stiffness and damping components; the first and second mode components of a 23.1-centimeter midshipman are 0.002 and 0.019 kg (inertial) 2130 and 106,000 newtons per meter (stiffness) and 0.25 and 0.10 (damping) respectively. This system is excited by the sonic muscle forcing function which equals \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 0.00236{\rm}\sin \frac{{2\pi {\rm t}}}{{0.0045{\rm}\sec}}{\rm newtons}. $\end{document}Two system frequency response peaks were observed; the first was 110 hertz, at the flat section next to the sonic muscle, and was very near the repetition frequency of the sonic muscle pulses; the second was 350 hertz, at the hemispherical section, which was the frequency of the acoustical pressure pulse. These phenomena describe a dynamical system closely “tuned” to its forcing function, and a system which is highly responsive to acoustical pressure pulses radiated by neighboring midshipmen. The acoustical pressure pulse coincides in wave form with the hemispherical bladder wall acceleration.
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  • 34
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Freshwater sponges, Corvomeyenia carolinensis Harrison, were placed into tap water to induce degenerative reduction body formation. Reduction bodies were examined using light and electron microscopy in order to define their histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The reduction body of freshwater sponges is an extremely simple developmental system consisting primarily of an archeocyte reserve delimited by a simple squamous pinacoderm. The freshwater sponge reduction body displays many similarities to overwintering phases of marine sponges. The system presents an unusually straightforward vehicle for investigations of degeneration and regeneration as processes in developmental biology and may represent a reasonable vehicle in which to examine the process of the genesis of lysosomes.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The aquiferous systems of three common, coastal, marine Demospongiae, Halichondria panicea (Pallas), Haliclona permollis (Bowerbank) and Microciona Prolifera (Ellis and Solander), are analyzed by measurements of cross-sectional areas of conducting elements. The patterns in demosponges of extremely different organizational morphologies are found to be quantitatively similar. The porocyte nature of the ostia is established for all three species. Choanocyte chamber densities range from 1 to 1.8 × 107 chambers ml-1 with 57 to 95 choanocytes per chamber (means). Cross-sectional area of the intervillar space of the choanocyte collars is calculated to be 12 to 56 times the lateral surface area of the specimen. Velocities of water movement through specific elements of the aquiferous system are calculated from cross-sectional area data and measured oscular flow of Haliclona permollis. The calculated Reynolds numbers lie below the critical value and fluid flow is thus considered laminar throughout the aquiferous systems of these sponges.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Serial histological sections of kangaroo rats of postnatal ages 0-, 3-, 7-, 10-, and 14-days were prepared and studied. At birth the middle ear is mostly filled with mesenchyme and small in size, having only a small hypotympanum and a very small epitympanic recess. During the first postnatal two weeks, much of the hypertrophy found in the adult middle ear develops. Because an entotympanic element is never formed, the previously called entotympanic chamber is here renamed the hypotympanum. The epitympanic recess greatly expands to form what has been called the dorsal (or anterior) mastoid sinus. Since this chamber has no relation to the mastoid, it is here renamed the epitympanum. Posteriorly, the previously called posterior mastoid sinus develops from the growth of the hypotympanum into and beyond the region of the posterior and horizontal semicircular canals. In development and adult position it is comparable to the primate antrum and so is here renamed the antrum.At birth the organ of Corti is very immature but its major cell types can be identified. During the first two weeks of development the following events occur: (1) the vas spirale disappears, (2) the inner spiral sulcus cells atrophy, (3) the hair cells and supporting cells mature, (4) the cells of Hensen differentiate with their apical processes elevating the reticular lamina, (5) the innermost cell of Claudius migrates under and supports the Hensen's cells, and (6) the hyaline mass of the zona pectinata of the basilar membrane loses its connective tissue cells and expands in size. The developmental events support the previous description and identification of Hensen's and Claudius' cells.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 61-88 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A consideration of head development in two species of Esox, lucius and americanus (ssp. vermiculatus) representing the two subgenera Esox and Kenozoa respectively, focused on the significance of the variations of the latero-sensory canal system, its associated bones, and other skeletal elements. In living forms only aspects of “regression” or specialization can be studied. Canals tend to be reduced to pit lines first at their termini but can be broken in their course. Pit lines range from nearly canals to surface structures, or even fail to develop. The number of neuromasts varies. Canal bones develop from two centers: neuromast related and deeper membranous centers which may have no relationship to neuromasts. Tooth-bearing and non-canal-related dermal bones have only membranous (original) centers. The number of neuromasts associated with a bone usually does not affect its development or form. In the case of the circumorbital bones, the extrascapulars, and the nasal, a one to one relationship has developed by regression - towards the development of the latero-sensory component only. The idea that reductions in bone number are commonly traceable to fusion is rejected although examples of fusion are known. Most bones that disappear are simply lost (no blastema or other evidence of their presence seen in development). The relationship between dermal bone and chondral bone is examined and there is evidence of the former giving rise to the latter. The ontogenic order of appearances shows a feeding (functional) correlation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 89-107 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleus rotundus of 21 species of teleosts was studied by a modified Bodian and the Golgi method to clarify the histological organization, with special reference to the cell lamination and the glomerular formation.The common components of the nucleus in all species are as follows: a thick fiber bundle which comes from the commissura horizontalis and enters the nucleus from the dorsal surface, many small cells, large cells, glomeruli, and a surrounding fibrous capsule. The nuclei of all species studied are classified into three types mainly on the distribution of the small cells, and to a lesser degree on the location of the large cells and the glomeruli.The first type of nucleus has small cells. large cells and glomeruli throughout its extent. In the second type of nucleus, many small cells form a peripheral cell layer, while the large cells and glomeruli are found all over the nucleus.The third type of nucleus is clearly laminated. It is composed of four layers arranged concentrically around a central fiber net in the following order: a glomerular layer, a fibrous layer, a small-cell layer, and a peripheral fibrous capsule. In some species, the large cells are located in the fibrous capsule, and all glomeruli contain a star-like structure, which corresponds to the tips of the large cell dendrites.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 439-457 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The accessory muscle of the walking leg of the horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas, was examined electron microscopically. The muscle fibers vary in size but are small in diameter, when compared with other arthropod skeletal muscles. They are striated with A, I, Z and poorly defined H bands. The sarcomere length ranges from 3-10 μm with most sarcomeres in the range of about 6 μm. The myofilaments are arranged in lamellae in larger fibers and less well organized in the smaller ones. Each thick filament is surrounded by 9-12 thin filaments which overlap. The SR is sparse but well organized to form a fenestrated collar around the fibrils. Individual SR tubules are also seen among the myofibrils. Long transverse tubules extend inward from the sarcolemma to form dyads or triads with the SR at the A-I junction. Both dyads and triads coexist in a single muscle fiber, a feature believed to have evolutionary significance. The neuromuscular relationship is unique. In the region of synaptic contact, the sarcolemma is usually elevated to form a large club-shaped structure containing no myofilaments and few other organelles. The axons or axon terminals and glial elements penetrate deep into the club-shaped sarcoplasm and form synapses with the fiber. As many as 13 terminals have been observed within a single section. Synaptic vesicles of two types are found in the axon terminals.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 337-353 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structural changes in mitochondrial morphology pertaining to size, number and growth were examined in flight muscles of normal and experimentally dewinged male Drosphila melanogaster ranging up to 26 days of age. In the normal winged flies, the number of mitochondria decreases during the first week of adult life whereas the size of individual mitochondrial profile increases significantly. Changes in mitochondrial size and number are due to the fusion of mitochondria. Fused mitochondria are extremely large in size and irregular in shape. In 26-day old normal flies, the number of mitochondria increases while the mitochondrial size is reduced indicating mitochondrial division. In comparison to the normal flies, dewinged flies exhibit a similar degree of mitochondrial fusion and growth during the first week of life. However, the extent of mitochondrial fission in 26-day old dewinged flies is greater than in the normal flies of this age. Structural mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission are described. The objective of this study was to examine the relative effects of age and flight activity on the mitochondria.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 355-370 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the abdominal defensive glands and associated structures of 115 species of tenebrionid beetles was studied on KOH cleared material. The glands and reservoirs of all Tenebrionidae are homologous and evolved as a pair of sacs from the intersegmental membrane between sternites VII and VIII. On the basis of reservoir morphology and secretory cell tubule termination, seven provisional gland types were established. Several of the types include species from several tribes, and several tribes contain several gland types, indicating possible incongruencies between the taxonomy and phylogeny of the family. Morphological trends in the evolution of the glands include: increase of reservoir capacity, constriction of the proximal portion of the sacs into distinct exit ducts, release of secretion by exuding or spraying rather than everting, and concentration of the secretory cell tubule terminations into restricted fields, collecting ducts or ampullae. The morphology of the glands of 58 species is illustrated and the results are discussed in light of the current taxonomy of the Tenebrionidae.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 371-385 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fine structure of the ion transporting epithelium of the neck organ in the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplius is described. The neck organ is a dome-like gland situated atop the cephalothorax of the larva and is composed of 50 to 60 cuboidal epithelial cells. These cells possess many of the characteristics of salt-secretory cells from other tissues. They contain many mitochondria and exhibit a high degree of plasma membrane elaboration. This membrane amplification takes two forms; the apical plasmalemma is infolded into irregular loops, while the basal and lateral membranes penetrate the cytoplasm in the form of branching sinusoids. The labyrinth of tubular reticulum thus formed fills most of the cell volume. Mitochondria in the labyrinth are often in intimate contact with these tubular membranes and regular arrays of parallel mitochondria with constricted intervening sinusoids are often observed. Other organelles including Golgi complexes, multivesicular bodies, and rough endoplasmic reticulum are also numerous, particularly in the narrow rim of cytoplasm which lies between the apical infolds and the labyrinth. Yolk platelets and glycogen fields are conspicuous in the basal perinuclear regions of the cells.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 μ in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparisons of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences.Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5-1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This finding lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 229-249 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the testis of Poecilia latipinna is described with particular reference to Sertoli cell-germ cell relationships during development and maturation of the germinal cyst. The cyst develops when primary spermatocytes become surrounded by a single layer of Sertoli cells at the testis periphery. As spermatogenesis and then spermiogenesis proceed, the cyst moves centrally in the testis toward the ducts comprising the vasa efferentia. In addition to being a structural part of the germinal cyst, the Sertoli cells phagocytize residual bodies cast off by developing spermatids and form an association with mature sperm, which resembles that observed in mammals, before the sperm are released into the vasa efferentia as a spermatozeugmata.The results of this investigation are discussed in view of what is known concerning testis structure in other teleosts and similarities between cell functions in teleosts and mammals. It is concluded that teleost Sertoli cells, teleost lobule boundary cells and mammalian Sertoli cells are homologous.
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  • 47
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 215-227 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dendritic patterns of cells in the optic tectum of the tegu lizard, Tupinambis nigropunctatus, were analyzed with the Ramon-Moliner modification of the Golgi-Cox technique. Cell types were compared with those described by other authors in the tectum of other reptiles; particular comparisons of our results were made with the description of cell types in the chameleon (Ramón, 1896), as the latter is the most complete analysis in the literature. The periventricular gray layers 3 and 5 consist primarily of two cell types  -  piriform or pyramidal shaped cells and horizontal cells. Cells in the medial portion of the tectum, in an area coextensive with the bilateral spinal projection zone, possess dendrites that extend across the midline. The latter cells have either fusiform or pyramidal shaped somas. The central white zone, layer 6, contains fibers, large fusiform or pyramidal shaped cells, fusiform cells, and small horizontal cells. The central gray zone, layer 7, is composed predominantly of fusiform cells which have dendrites extending to the superficial optic layers, large polygonal cells, and horizontal cells. The superficial gray and white layers, layers 8-13, contain polygonal, fusiform, stellate, and horizontal elements. Layer 14 is composed solely of afferent optic tract fibers.Several differences in the occurrence and distribution of cell types between the tegu and the other reptiles studied are noted. Additionally, the laminar distribution of retinal, tectotectal, telencephalic, and spinal projections in the tegutectum can be related to the distribution of cell types, and those cells which may be postsynaptic to specific inputs can be identified. The highly differentiated laminar structure of the reptilian optic tectum, both in regard to cell type and to afferent and efferent connections, may serve as a model for studying some functional properties of lamination common to cortical structures.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 49
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The antennae and their sense organs in nymphs and adult roaches of Gromphadorhina brunneri, were investigated and described. The number of segments and sensillae of the nymphal antennae depend on the developmental stage. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Males have longer antennae than females as well as an abundance of especially long sensory hairs (long wavy hairs), which are probably responsible for the perception of female sex pheromones. They also have more thin-walled sensory hairs, for instance, sensilla trichodea. On a morphological basis the sensillae of Gromphadorhina brunneri, were named and classified. Long wavy hairs and large sensory hairs appear to be present also in a related species, G. portentosa, but are lacking in others. Their distribution on the antennae varies greatly from that in G. portentosa but their structure varies only slightly. These two types of sense organs are considered to be specialized forms of sensilla chaetica. They are contact chemoreceptors, as are two other types of sensilla chaetica. Furthermore, thin-walled chemoreceptors are present, such as sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica and a typical mechanoreceptor, the sensillum campaniformium.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 265-306 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the different regions of the Malpighian tubules and the associated structures (ampulla, midgut, ileum) in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. There are about 150 tubules in each insect. Each tubule consists of at least three parts. The short distal region is thinner than the other parts and is highly contractile. The middle region comprises most of the tubule length and is composed of primary and stellate cells. Primary cells contain numerous refractile mineral concretions, while stellate cells have smaller nuclei, fewer organelles, simpler brush border, and numerous multivesicular bodies. Symbiont protozoa are sometimes present within the lumen of the middle region near where it opens into the proximal region of the tubule. The latter is a short region that drains the tubular fluid into one of the six ampullae. These are contractile diverticula of the intestine located at the midgut-hindgut junction. The ampulla is highly contractile, and consists of a layer of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity that opens into the gut via a narrow slit lined by cells of unusual morphology. The proximal region of the tubule and the ampulla resemble the midgut in that they have similar microvilli, basal infolds, and distribution of mitochondria. This suggests an endodermal origin and reabsorptive function for the proximal region of the tubule and for the ampulla. A number of inclusions found within the tubule cells are described, including peroxisomes and modified mitochondria. Current theories of fluid transport are evaluated with regard to physiological and morphological characteristics of Malpighian tubules. The possible role of long narrow channels such as those between microvilli and within basal folds is considered, as is the mechanism by which these structures are formed and maintained. Also discussed is the role of peroxisomes and symbionts in the excretory process.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 307-323 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the intersegmental glands of the sixth abdominal sternum in 1-week old females of Nomia melanderi is presented. The plasma membrane of the secretory cell is unfolded in many places and is covered by a basement membrane. The microvillous surface is invaginated to form a rather long sinuous cavity. The endoplasm is almost entirely filled by secretory granules. Many secretory granules are located close to the inner surface of the invaginated plasma membrane. The invagination contains a porous ductule, apparently of cuticulin origin, that is connected directly with the inner layer of the transport duct of the duct-forming cell. This type of arrangement allows the direct flow of the secretory substance to the outside in a continuous way. The cylindrical duct-forming cell, besides having typical cell organelles, contains a cuticular transport duct. This duct is composed of a thin cuticulin layer surrounded by a rather thick epicuticular one. The results suggest that the secretory cell has two secretory cycles. The first occurs while the gland is differentiating (at the pupal stage) and is involved in secretion of the cuticulin that forms the porous ductule. The second cycle, which starts by the beginning of nesting, is involved in the secretion of a substance that is carried to the outside via the transport duct of the duct-forming cell.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Volumetric and histological changes of the central nervous system were studied during post embryonic development of a spider, Argiope aurantia.The neural mass of Argiope grows allometrically with respect to volume of the cephalothorax and body weight. In the first instar 46% of the cephalothoracic volume constitutes the neural mass and this is reduced to 4% in the female (9th stage) and 12% in the male (7th stage) spider.Growth curves for the cephalic ganglion, measured at all stages, represent a straight line. The neural mass of females is two and a half times larger than that of the males. The ganglion increased 24 fold in female and 10 fold in male spiders. Addition of neural mass occurs in all stages.The brain volume is greater than that of the subesophageal ganglion in the first two instars. In subsequent stadia, the subesophageal ganglion grows faster, and in females it is finally three times and in males two times larger than the brain.Growth of cortex and neuropile depict exponential curves. Comparison of growth patterns of these shows an inverse relationship during development. While the volume of the cortex is higher in the first two or three stages, the volume of the neuropile is higher in the remaining stadia. The causes for this growth pattern are discussed.Counts of cell numbers show that there is a constant population of neurons throughout the post-embryonic development. The number of nerve cells in females is higher than in males, 11% in the subesophageal ganglion and 58% in the brain.The growth of the cortex is partly accomplished by an increase in cell volume. In male and female spiders the increase in Type-B cells is 20 and 50 fold, while that of large motor neurons is 200 and 600 fold respectively. The motor neurons of 20 μ and above number 63 in male and 916 in female adult spiders.The growth of neuropile occurs through an increase of dendritic arborization and axonal branching. The largest axons measure 1 μ in the first and 16 μ in adult stages. An increase of incoming sensory fibers is also noticed during development.Invasion of neural lamella into cortex and neuropile increases during development. Neural lamella which are 1-2 μ in the first stage grow to 40-100 μ thickness in adult female spiders, near the origin of the main nerves. One type of astral cells, counted in neuropile, increases 10 fold.The appearance of a central body and the beginning of web construction coincide during the second instar. The relationship between these two is discussed.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 479-493 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Thirty-six harbor porpoises, Phocaena phocaena, were caught off the coast of Southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of a study of the biology and ecology of these animals. The formalin-preserved heart was examined first in situ, then measured and studied in detail. If the weight of the thick layer of blubber is discounted, the heart is heavy relative to the total body weight as may be expected in an animal capable of fast swimming, great agility and frequent emergence from the water to breathe. The shape of the heart, the relative size of atria and atrial appendages, the morphology of the ventricular septum, the thickness of the walls of the sinus and conus of the right ventricle and the anatomy of the pulmonary veins were found to be constant for this animal and unlike that of non-cetaceans. It is suggested that the absence of respiratory movements during diving may lead to these modifications of cardiac structure in an animal that is particularly well adapted to a totally aquatic existence.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 146 (1975), S. 533-542 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbits are unique among mammals in that their ears can regenerate tissues from the margins of full thickness holes which grow in and completely fill the opening in about two months. The circular blastema that forms around the edges of the hole differentiates a new sheet of cartilage as it regenerates in a centripetal direction. Similar holes in other mammals fail to regenerate and form scar tissue instead of a blastema. Histological studies of the healing around the edges of rabbit ear holes reveal that during the second week, when the epidermis is completing its migration across the wound from the opposite sides of the ear, conspicuous tongues of epidermal cells grow down into the underlying tissues at the edges of the wound. These epidermal downgrowths are situated between the original intact dermis of the skin and the more central tissues which give rise to the blastema. Such downgrowths are of a transient nature, and are no longer found once the blastema rounds up toward the end of the second week. Since they are not found in the healing of similar wounds in rabbit ears prevented from regenerating by prior removal of their cartilaginous sheets, nor in the naturally nonregenerating ears of sheep and dogs, it is considered that these downgrowths of healing epidermis may play a role in the unusual regenerative response of ear tissues in the rabbit.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The abdominal escutcheon, and certain aspects of pre-anal organ morphology, have been studied in Sphaerodactylus spp. and Gekko vittatus respectively. These epidermal modifications are male characteristics. The sphaerodactyline escutcheon becomes larger by the peripheral addition of specialized scales with increasing size of the individuals: this relationship is much more clearcut in S. cinereus than in the notatus species group (sensu Shreves, '68), and the possible reasons for this are discussed. The number of pre-anal organs varies between populations of G. vittatus, but within populations remains constant throughout life. Individual organs increase steadily in size throughout life. These data are discussed with reference to current interpretations of gekkonid gland evolution, and of factors controlling epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 9-21 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In vivo and in vitro experiments on the endocrine relationships of epidermal glands in the tokay Gekko gecko, and the common house gecko Hemidactylus bowringii are reported. The results show that certain aspects of ß-gland differentiation involve a synergistic action between androgens and those hormones responsible for controlling the normal shedding cycle, while other aspects are solely under androgenic control. Pre-anal organ activity appears to be solely under androgenic control.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 23-39 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross and microscopic anatomy of epidermal glands has been studied in laboratory maintained tokays (Gekko gecko), and house geckos (Hemidactylus bowringii) captured from the wild throughout the year. Annual testicular activity in the house gecko has also been studied. While no significant differences in glandular development at various times have been observed in G. gecko, there are clear-cut annual cycle in H. bowringii. The evolution of epidermal glands in gekkonid lizards is reviewed; the cellular dynamics of β-glands are compared with those of unspecialized epidermis; the possibility that gekkonine epidermal glands respond to quantitative variation in circulating testosterone titers is discussed.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 41-59 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell suspensions obtained by the dissociation of unincubated chick embryo blastoderms were allowed to reaggregate on a gyratory shaker for 24-48 hours. The reaggregates which form during this period consist of an inner phase of tightly packed cohesive cells surrounded by an external phase of loosely packed cells. This sorted out arrangement achieves its definitive form between 24 and 48 hours of rotation culture. It was determined that the external phase consists of primitive ectoderm and that the internal phase consists of primitive endoderm. Both 24- and 48-hour reaggregates were examined in the electron microscope and observations were directed to areas of close membrane apposition between cells. In 48-hour reaggregates, primitive ectoderm cells were joined by predominantly unspecialized junctions while primitive endoderm cells were joined by many specialized junctions (desmosomes). The formation of desmosomes in reaggregates of dissociated unincubated chick embryo cells was correlated with the sorting out process.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 60
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In Tilapia mossambica organized lymphoid tissues are present in the thymus, head-kidney and spleen, whereas they are lacking in pericardial tissue, liver, mesonephros, intestine and rectum. No lymphoid tissue was observed in the chondrocranium and cartilaginous viscerocranium of young adults.The thymus in Tilapia is encapsulated by thin strands of collagen fibers and consists of outer, middle and inner zones. While middle and inner zones are comparable to the thymic cortex and medulla of higher vertebrates, the homology of the outer zone is not clear. At the anterior end of the thymus, a loose aggregation of lymphocytes without a definite boundary has been observed.The head-kidney is characterized by the presence of lymphoid follicles, a subcapsular sinus, a hilus-like area and lymphatic vessels. The spleen is grossly divisible into white pulp and red pulp; the white pulp contains only a reticular area without definite lymphoid centers and the latter contains predominantly erythrocytes. Morphological changes in the lymphoid organs associated with immune response have been discussed.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 123-135 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The complex and conspicuous basket-like structure attached to the third segment of each maxillary palp of Melittomma sericeum males is densely covered with tactile hairs on its outer or convex surface and with thinwalled chemoreceptors on its inner or concave surface. In a living male the structure is highly mobile and is extended laterally and ventrally. It evidently serves to detect odors produced by the female.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study of the postnatal development (from 1 to 60 days) of smooth muscle elements in the rat testicular capsule has demonstrated that while such elements are identifiable by light microscopy at 30 days, myocytes are present at birth as seen by electron microscopy. The differentiation of smooth muscle from birth to 30 days has been described, by which time it is of adult morphology and content. Perhaps significantly, it is at 30 days that the testis achieves a scrotal position, although sexual maturity does not occur until about 60 days. Presumably, at 30 days the testicular capsule of the rat is capable of the spontaneous contractions which are known to occur in the adult and which are assumed to aid the transport of non-motile spermatozoa from the testis to the epididymis.The presence of occasional striated muscle fibers in the rat testicular capsule as reported previously has not been confirmed by this investigation, although their possible origin is discussed.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chromatolysis study, 14 to 21 days following denervation, showed the spinal cord representation of the nerve to the posterior latissimus dorsi muscle to be in the ventrolateral cell column between cervical ganglia 14 and 15. To characterize cervical neurons not undergoing chromatolysis, histochemical studies were done on the cords of additional nondenervated animals. Staining reactions for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cholinesterase did not reveal any quantitative differences between motor neurons in cervical segments 14 and 15 of normal and dystrophic birds. Motor neurons are positive for beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, but the surrounding neuropil is positive for the latter only. No pseudochlinesterase activity is found in the ventral horn cells, but true cholinesterase is present in most of the neurons. With the periodic acid-Schiff reaction the dystrophic cords exhibit many neurons with large amounts of glycogen in them. Normal cords examined show either no glycogen positive cells or an occasional ventral horn cell with much glycogen in it. Normal muscles contain less succinic dehydrogenase and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase positive fibers than dystrophic muscle. More periodic acid-Schiff positive fibers are present in normal muscles than in dystrophic muscle. The motor endplates in normal muscle contain only true cholinesterase. Both true and pseudocholinesterase activity is present in the motor endplates of dystrophic muscle.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 137-153 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: High speed cinematography was used to record the feeding activities of terrestrial Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum. A description of these activities based on films of more than 50 feeding sequences is presented, and the mechanical units involved are defined, described, and functionally analyzed. Evolutionary implications of the feeding system are discussed.In a typical feeding sequence, A. t. melanostictum stations and maintains its lower jaw 3-5 mm from the prey. The mouth is then opened to form a gape of ∼60° by raising the anterior end of the flexed skull and by elevating and advancing the trunk while the mental symphysis of the lower jaw remains stationary. As the mouth opens the bulging tongue is recontoured so that the posterior glandular region becomes the tip of the fully protruded tongue, which may extend 3 to 7 mm beyond the symphysis. Dorsally the protruded tongue has a deep central depression and pronounced anterolateral rims. The anterior rim collapses on contact, thereby engulfing the prey in a sticky trough that retains it during tongue withdrawal. The cervical region is then flexed and the skull snaps downward. If the prey resists the tongue and is captured by marginal teeth, A. t. melanostictum relies on repeated tongue protraction and retraction, in some cases accompanied by inertial feeding. Swallowing involves gular expansion and contraction, and is accompanied by eye depression. When the mouth is opened during ingestive activities, the lower jaw remains in place.Apparently, A. t. melanostictum uses the dorsal trunk, the cucullaris major and the robust heads of the depressor mandibulae muscles to open the mouth. During skull elevation the lower jaw is partially immobilized by the geniohyoideus, and rectus cervicis superficialis muscles. The subarcualis rectus I muscles are prime movers in tongue projection. Hebosteoypsiloideus muscles assist in tongue protrusion by slackening the rectus cervicis profundus muscles that would otherwise restrict anterior displacement of the otoglossal cartilage and copula. Tongue contouring is performed by the complex genioglossus musculature. Sublingual and anterolingual sinuses facilitate protrusion and contouring by providing space and lubrication. Rectus cervicis muscles (profundus and superficialis) are responsible for tongue withdrawal. Closure of the mouth is accomplished by the four levator mandibulae muscles, and again the lower jaw is immobilized, mostly by ventral longitudinal muscles.Skull-trunk elevation during prey capture and ingestion was also observed and filmed in several other species of Ambystoma, in Dicamptodon ensatus, and in two salamandrid species. Apparently raising and straightening the craniovertebral axis, while the mental symphysis retains contact with the substratum, is a common feature of urodele feeding systems, and does not require peculiar morphological adaptations.
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  • 65
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The functional anatomy of the head of Flabelliderma commensalis is described and compared to other flabelligerid polychaetes. Prostomial parts include the dorsal lip, the palps, two pairs of nuchal organs, four eyes and the prostomial lobe and ridge. The eyes are inverse pigment cup types with the medial portions of the sensory cells expanded to form a clear lens-like body. Peristomial parts include the median and ventral lips, the branchial membrane and the branchiae. The derivation of the nephridiopore is unknown. The spiraled branchiae of Coppingeria and the gill books of Diplocirrus are newly described variations in branchial structure. The head is retractable in some species and the anterior setigers are modified to form a protective setal cage. Two methods are employed for feeding: one for host fecal pellets and the other for detrital materials. Chemoreception, respiration, feeding and cleaning rely on a complex pattern of ciliary currents.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 209-228 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After dissecting a variety of vertebrate hearts and extensively reviewing the literature, I have drawn some conclusions concerning the phylogeny of the tetrapod heart that differ from commonly expressed viewpoints in the literature. It is probable that the absence of an interventricular septum in amphibians is a primitive feature (rather than representing a loss). The complete interventricular septum of crocodilians and birds probably evolved primarily from the major horizontal septum of the typical (noncrocodilian) reptilian heart, with a smaller part representing a new development. The interventricular septum of mammals probably also evolved primarily from the reptilian horizontal septum. There is no reason to assume that the mammalian heart and aortic arches evolved directly from a pre-reptilian stage, as is often assumed. The evidence upon which these conclusions are based is given.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 68
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 229-250 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the hyoid, laryngeal and pharyngeal regions of the following rodent genera was studied: Cryptomys, Bathyergus, Georychus, Heliophobius, Heterocephalus, Ctenomys, Petromus, Thryonomys, Geomys, Cannomys, and Tachyoryctes. A number of morphological conditions unique to bathyergids, and associated with the use of the head and lower incisors in burrowing are described. The conditions include the formation of functional complexes of MM. sterno-geniohyoideus and omo-mylohyoideus, the presence of a unique deep oblique part of M. transversus mandibulae and a strong separate slip of M. platysma myoides pars mentalis. The hyoid skeleton is modified to allow the muscle complexes to act independently of the basihyal bone, and to allow the unusually protrusible tongue to be withdrawn. The nerves of the jugular foramen do not form a true pharyngeal plexus, and their configuration is influenced by the absence of a well developed internal carotid artery in hystricognaths. The morphology of the regions studied indicates a natural grouping of bathyergids, but one in which Heterocephalus is somewhat separate from the remaining bathyergid genera. The grouping of bathyergids and New and Old World hystricognath rodents into a suborder Hystricognatha is supported.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 275-291 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey of 69 of the 74 currently recognized chelonian genera revealed that 21 genera in three families (Emydidae, Platysternidae and Testudinidae) possess paired integumentary glands or gland vestiges in the anterior throat skin. These glands are here termed mental glands; they are holocrine and may be classified morphologically as follows: Class I mental glands are large, complex, multilobed, have specialized ducts, and are found only in the genus Gopherus: Class II mental glands are small, simple sacklike invaginations containing secretory cells or keratinizing cells. The structure of Class II glands varies from distinctive and saccular to shallow keratinized invaginations having no glandular tissue; they are found only in the families Platysternidae and Emydidae.Mental glands occur in 17 of the 22 genera in the subfamily Batagurinae (sensu McDowell, 64); only 2 of 9 genera in the subfamily Emydinae have these glands. The taxonomic occurrence of mental glands suggests that they are primitive structures. The loss of mental glands in most emydines is interpreted as a subfamilial trend toward integumentary simplification.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fragments of Necturus maculosus liver, spleen and kidney were cultured at 25°C in 50% Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) or 50% Leibovitz L-15 Medium (L-15) for up to 49 days. The integrity of tissue structure was evaluated, hepatocyte cell and nuclear volumes were measured, the respiration rates of freshly-isolated and cultured liver fragments were determined, and the mitotic incidences in cultured liver, spleen and kidney were estimated. The addition of adrenalin caused a reduction in the glycogen content of liver cultures, and the subsequent addition of insulin resulted in a net increase in glycogen synthesis. Glycogen levels fell in fragments cultured in L-15, but rose in cultures in MEM. Arginase and ornithine transcarbamylase levels fell gradually throughout a 49-day culture period in L-15. Evidence presented supports the position that the survival of tissues in vitro is related to cell size and respiration rate. These experiments show that N. maculosus is a suitable donor of tissues for long-term organ culture studies on the maintenance and control of tissue-type specific structure and function.
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  • 71
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histological observations using specialized techniques reveal neurosecretory cells in 18 centers throughout the rind (cortex) of the central nerve mass or synganglion of Dermacentor variabilis. Many cells contribute to complicated networks of neurosecretory pathways and tracts in pre- and post-esophageal portions of the synganglion. The four types of neurohemal-neuroendocrine associations found in Dermacentor resemble structures found in soft ticks (Argasidae) and in other Arachnida, but are more diverse than those described from any other single species. Neurosecretory terminals are distributed diffusely and in two concentrated associations within the perineurium of the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Terminals are also distributed in the perineurial layers of lateral segmental organs which lie in the general hemocoel at the level of the pedal nerves. A retrocerebral organ complex surrounds the esophagus at its junction with the midgut. The complex includes dorsal and ventro-lateral lobes (containing neurosecretory terminals and intrinsic secretory cells) and the proventricular (neurohemal) plexus. This plexus seems to be a modified (concentrated) cardioglial association. Cardioglial associations are also formed by the neurosecretory innervation of vascular walls of the dorsal aorta and circulatory sinuses which envelope the synganglion and major peripheral nerves. Inferential considerations of neurosecretory and endocrine interactions in the Acari are based on these anatomical and histological data which also provide the basis for evolutionary considerations of anatomical relationships and specializations in the neurosecretory systems of other Arachnida.
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three distinct groups of monoamine (MA)-containing nerve cell bodies have been visualized in the hypothalamus and preoptic area of the cat by means of the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique. First, numerous small-sized catecholamine (CA) type neurons were disclosed within the ventral half of the periventricular area in the supraoptic and middle hypothalamic regions. The round to oval neurons of this medio-ventral group were more especially abundant around the base of the third ventricle, within the arcuate and supraopticus diffusus nuclei. Numerous medium-sized CA perikarya identified as the dorsal group, were also mapped out in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. Finally, a small population of both CA and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-containing neurons was disclosed within the lateral area of the middle and mammillary hypothalamic regions. These multipolar or elongated neurons which compose the lateral group were lying either along the ventrolateral surface of the hypothalamus or around the ventrolateral aspect of the fornix. In addition to these three MA cell groups, a few cells displaying a fluorescence of the CA type were also visualized in the so-called “dorsal chiasmatic nucleus” after α-methyl-dopa treatment. High density of CA axon terminals were found, on the other hand, in the external layer of the median eminence, in the dorsomedial, paraventricular, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, and also within nucleus interstitialis of stria terminalis. In the present study, however, it was not possible to identify with certainty any concentration of 5-HT axon terminals in the cat hypothalamus. Therefore, except for the lateral cell group which could be peculiar to the cat, the topographical distribution of MA nerve cell bodies and axon terminals in the hypothalamus of the cat appears similar to the morphological organization of the MA neuronal elements in the hypothalamus of the rat.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 145 (1975), S. 441-481 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The posterior half of the channel catfish intestine has a similar histological organization to that of other teleost fishes. This region is organized into a muscosa, a submucosa, a double layered muscularis and a serosa. A “stratum compactum” of dense connective tissue was confirmed for the submucosa. In its histology and cytology, the midgut resembles the hindgut, except that in the hindgut the muscularis is thicker, the microvilli are shorter, there are fewer absorptive inclusions in the columnar cells and there are more goblet cells. With the exception of the serosa, the tissue layers of the intestine of the 6 cm juvenile catfish are fully developed. The most notable difference between the intestines of the juvenile and adult catfish occurs in the columnar epithelial cells. The mucosal cells of the juvenile catfish contain an abundance of large clear vacuoles while the mucosal cells of the mature catfish contain smaller dense granules. With few exceptions, the ultrastructural details of the cells in the catfish intestine are identical to those of the same cell types of the mammalian intestine.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 293-298 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The surface of the gar respiratory epithelium was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Nonciliated and ciliated cells constitute the epithelium. Puffs appear to be an unusual feature of the ciliated cells as well as nonciliated cells. There appears to be a transition from nonciliated to puff ciliated cells through a puff stage. The role of the cell types as related to oxygen available in the air bladder is discussed.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The formation and cytochemical characterization of cortical granules in the ovarian oocytes of the golden hamster have been investigated by use of light and electron microscopical techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the changing population of organelles associated with cortical granule formation. Our observations indicate that cortical granules are produced by the participation of both the Golgi complex and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructural cytochemistry reveals that the cortical granules are composed of glycoprotein. The cortical granules are released at fertilization by a merocrine-type of secretory process.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphologists have long been aware that differential size relationships of variables can be of great value when studying shape. Allometric patterns have been the basis of many interpretations of adaptations, biomechanisms, and taxonomies. It is of importance that the parameters of the allometric equation be as accurate estimates as possible since they are so commonly used in such interpretations.Since the error term may come into the allometric relation either exponentially or additively, there are at least two methods of estimating the parameters of the allometric equation. That most commonly used assumes exponentiality of the error term, and operates by forming a linear function by a logarithmic transformation and then solving by the method of ordinary least squares. On the other hand, if the error term comes into the equation in an additive way, a nonlinear method may be used, searching the parameter space for those parameters which minimize the sum of squared residuals. Study of data on body weight and metabolism in birds explores the issues involved in discriminating between the two models by working through a specific example and shows that these two methods of estimation can yield highly different results. Not only minimizing the sum of squared residuals, but also the distribution and randomness of the residuals must be considered in determining which model more precisely estimates the parameters.In general there is no a priori way to tell which model will be best. Given the importance often attached to the parameter estimates, it may be well worth considerable effort to find which method of solution is appropriate for a given set of data.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 78
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryos of the marine cheilo-ctenostome bryozoan Bugula neritina undergo a marked increase in volume (about 500-fold) during embryogenesis while being retained in a brood chamber. Previous morphological studies indicate that shortly after transfer of the zygote to the brood chamber, the epithelium of the maternally-derived portion of the brood chamber, the ooecial vesicle, differentiates in regions adjacent to the embryonary space from a squamous to a columnar form suggesting that the parent is involved as a source of extraembryonic nutrients required for the extensive growth of the embryo.Results of the present ultrastructural study indicate that hypertrophy of the epithelial cells occurs only in that region of the ooecial vesicle which opposes the embryo, that differentiation (and subsequent regression) of the lining are predictable events correlated with the onset (and termination) of embryonic growth, and that hypertrophied cells are well equipped for the synthesis and transport of macromolecular materials across the vesicle wall to the developing embryo. Further, that portion of the embryo's ectoderm (the presumptive metasomal sac) in contact with this hypertrophied epithelium is morphologically specialized for the uptake of nutrients. Finally, shortly before release of the larva, this intimate association of the metasomal sac tissue and the hypertrophied ooecial vesicle lining epithelium is terminated by invagination of the sac and atrophy of the lining.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Morphology 147 (1975), S. 309-335 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four species of Phocidae, or true seals, inhabit the waters surrounding the Antarctic continent. These animals are thought to have different diving capabilities. The Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, is known to be capable of attaining depths up to 600 meters.The respiratory system of the Weddell seal shows the usual adaptations to an aquatic environment characteristic of other marine mammals. These include lungs that undergo compression collapse at depths greater than 70 meters; hyaline cartilage in the tracheo-bronchial tree as far as the terminal bronchioles; and large amounts of smooth muscle surrounding the distal-most bronchioles. The collapsible lungs provide a mechanism by which air is forced from the alveoli adjacent to the pulmonary capillary beds thereby preventing the absorption of nitrogen gas into the bloodstream. The presence of hyaline cartilage throughout most of the tracheo-bronchial tree increases the effective dead air space that accommodates most of the air forced from the collapsed lungs. The smooth muscle surrounding the respiratory bronchioles prevents their collapse while under the pressures of a deep dive. Collapse of the respiratory bronchioles not supported by cartilage would trap air in the lung alveoli during a dive.In addition, large-sac-like “diverticulae” are found in the submucosa throughout the tracheo-bronchial tree. These diverticulae, which open directly into the lumen of the tree, appear to be modified glands whose cells, in most cases, do not appear to be specialized for secretory function. They are most numerous in the more distal bronchi and terminal bronchioles where they are situated on both the luminal and adventitial sides of the hyaline cartilage supporting the walls of the air passages. Diverticulae are not found in the respiratory bronchioles or in the respiratory portion of the lungs.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An analysis of the microanatomy of the molar dentition of Microtus utilizing histological, histochemical and autoradiographic techniques reveals a complex architecture with distinctive morphogenic mechanisms which respond to the functional requirements of the organism. These mechanisms include; the maintenance of continued growth and eruption of the molars to compensate for continued hard tissue loss from wear at the occlusal surface of the crown throughout the entire lifespan of the organism and a positive feedback repair mechanism to protect the growth systems from the potential destruction this normal occlusal wear could initiate. An awareness and understanding of these phenomena is of significant value for interpreting palentological specimens and formulating a theoretical model for interpreting the evolution of Microtine molar dentitions.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate content of four regenerate stages in the forelimb of the newt, Triturus viridescens, was assayed using the Gilman method and compared to the content in the normal, unamputated, forelimb. The concentration was found to be highest in the earliest stages of regeneration, followed by a sharp drop and then a rise to a plateau approximately that of the unamputated limb. The possibility that cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger for nervous and hormonal influences on regeneration is discussed.
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  • 82
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Repair of a fractured membrane bone, the quadratojugal (QJ), has been studied in the newly hatched chick. Complete open fractures never united by bony fusion, even in birds maintained for six months post-fracture. Extraperiosteal connective tissue invaded the fracture gap and formed thick fibrous bundles which stabilised the fracture. Cartilage of two types formed on these bones. One was derived from periosteal cells and the other from osteoblasts or osteocytes. Considerably more cartilage formed in bones partially fractured than in those completely fractured. The “periosteal” cartilage did not form if the periosteum was removed at the time the bone was fractured. This was because, although the fibrous layer of the periosteum regenerated, the cambial layer did not. Metaplastic cartilage did form in the absence of the periosteum.Isolating fractured bones within polyethylene or glass tubes prevented accumulation of a blastema between the bony fragments. Cartilage did not form in side the tubes but did form where the ends of the tubes abutted onto the bones.Large defects in the bones (4 mm gaps, 4 mm of bone in the place of the QJ) healed via fibrous union with minimal osteogenesis and no chondrogenesis.Severing M. depressor mandibulae at the time the bone was fractured inhibited chondrogenesis, favoured osteogenesis and resulted in development of a pseudarthrosis.The potential for differentiation of the cells of the QJ and the role of adjacent tissues as they related to repair of the fracture was discussed, and the ability of cells from membrane bones to become chondrogenic emphasized.
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  • 83
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of 24 and 48 hours' cold stress on the hamsters' adrenomedullary follicles and on the medullary ATPase activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. Only norepinephrine cells were depleted after this stress, and exocytosis seemed to be the mechanism involved in the release of catecholamine. Follicles containing these cells expanded and their lumina became narrow. A few other cellular and follicular changes also occurred and are described.ATPase activity was apparent in control organs along the endothelial linings, in neural elements and macrophages, and in approximately 40% of the linings of follicular lumina. Cold stress did not alter this pattern.These results have been compared with previous findings and the possible functions of the follicular lumina are discussed. It is concluded that they are unlikely sites for catecholamine storage or release.
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  • 84
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 149-169 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The previously described ability of reserpine and parachlorophenylalanine to induce the accumulation of lipid droplets in ventricular cardiac muscle cells of the bat was investigated. Lipid droplet accumulation was assessed qualitatively by light microscopy and quantitatively by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. An hypothesis that the action of the drugs was an indirect one, mediated by the cardiac adrenergic innervation, was framed and tested. Lipid droplet accumulation occurred during a time of intense sympathetic activity, that of arousal from hibernation. The ability of the two drugs to produce the effect was antagonized by prior sympathectomy with 6-dopamine. The effect was mimicked by administration of exogenous norepinephrine together with inhibitors of its catabolic enzymes, monoamine oxidase and catechol-omethyl transferase. These observations are all consistent with the initial hypothesis and raise the possibility that endogenous norepinephrine in the cardiac sympathetic innervation might be, at least potentially, auto-toxic.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rat anterior pituitaries were cytologically studied following cultivation in organ culture, with and without the addition of hypothalamic and cortical extracts. Although five distinct cell types could be identified with classical stains in the uncultivated glands, the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique (using antibodies against STH, LTH, FSH, LH and TSH) showed that not all of the immune-specific cell types were being identified with the classical stains. This discrepancy was magnified following culture as chromophilic cells seen with classic stains decreased in number with an increase in culture time. The peroxidase technique, however, revealed that all cells remained constant in type and number regardless of time in culture. While the addition of either hypothalamic or cortical extract to the culture medium produced cytological alterations demonstrated by the classical dyes, the antibody technique showed no such alterations. Such a comparison of staining techniques emphasizes the hazards of relying solely on histological procedures to reveal the hormonal activity of the pituitary gland.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 86
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intestinal mucosa of the platypus takes the form of numerous transverse surface folds. These folds are made up of a lamina propria covered by pseudostratified epithelium which lies on a thick modified basement membrane. The cells of the intestinal epithelium consist of columnar cells which generally resemble typical intestinal epithelium and cuboidal cells, which are undifferentiated in appearance, show few organelles and possess an electron lucent cytoplasm. Numerous desmosomes are found between the adjacent cell membranes of both cell types. Villi are absent and appear to be represented by the large surface folds.Intestinal glands are composed of columnar epithelium similar to that found in the intestinal glands of other mammalian species. Groups of these glands drain into common tubular ducts which follow a tortuous course and empty into the intestinal lumen between the surface folds.The peculiar morphological features of the platypus intestinal mucosa raise questions concerning traditional concepts of intestinal gland formation as well as the origin and migration of intestinal epithelium with regard to this particular species.
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  • 87
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Granular cell indices (GCI; Dunihue and Robertson, '57) in kidneys of fetal and newborn rats were determined by examining sections stained with Bowie's technique. Some fetuses were delivered prematurely by Caesarean section a day earlier than the expected delivery, and were then nursed by a foster mother. Similarly, postmature Caesarean newborn rats were obtained; retention one day beyond the normal gestation was induced by maternal progesterone injections.The GCI was strikingly increased within a day after birth, followed by an immediate decrease thereafter. This was also observed in both premature and postmature newborn rats. It seems that this temporary increase of the GCI is not attributable solely to the age of rat, but follows only the separation from the maternal environment.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
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    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 635-640 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The change in the localization of glucose 6-phosphatase activity within the liver lobule of the mouse was studied during development. From one day before birth to three days after birth, a uniform localization of the activity was observed throughout the lobule. This uniform localization of the activity gradually changed to that of the adult type, characterized by a relatively higher activity in periportal areas, between three to ten days of age. This indicates that the postnatal growth of the liver is accompanied by a change in the pattern of the localization of this enzyme activity within the liver lobule. Further, the biochemical results showed that the elevated activity after birth was reduced to the level seen in adult at ten days of age. Thus, the reduction in the level of the enzyme activity during ten days after birth corresponds to a redistribution of the enzyme activity within the liver lobule.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 90
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 685-687 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 705-710 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the upper strata of mammalian epidermis are flattened and aligned to form regular columnar units. It has been suggested that the position of the smaller underlying basal cells is related to the overlying cell columns. Examination of the position of metaphase figures in sheets of mouse epidermis indicated that mitosis occurs principally in cells lying just within the periphery of the cell columns but that there is no alignment of interphase basal cells within the columnar peripheries which could account for this position of mitosis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Palatal processes from 14-day fetal C57BL mice were cultured under varying conditions for 48 hours and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border occurred when single palatal processes were explanted onto Millipore filters, plasma clots, or lens paper in subjacent contact with nutrient medium. Paired processes under the same culture conditions demonstrated typical midline epithelial disruption and mesenchymal fusion. Regions of mesenchymal necrosis occurred in processes growth on nutrient agar in a dish or submerged in nutrient medium. In similar cultures medial epithelial disruption did not occur in single processes and mesenchymal fusion of paired processes was either delayed or did not occur. Disruption of the epithelium along the medial border in single palatal processes, and mesenchymal fusion in paired palatal processes, occurred when palates weregrown on nutrient agar supported above but in contact with nutrient medium. The results indicated that responses of palatal epithelium and mesenchyme may be altered by different in vitro procedures. These observations emphasize that many factors must be considered in interpreting developmental changes in palatal processes grown in vitro.
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  • 93
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mitochondrial population of sustentacular cells in the testis of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis, has been examined by electron microscopy. Three distinct types of mitochondria have been observed. The first and most common mitochondrial type is a “typical” organelle with a rod-like profile containing tubular to plate-like cristae. The second mitochondrial form is characterized externally by irregular bulbous protrusions and internally by increased numbers of tubular cristae. The third mitochondrial type, which is usually ovoid in profile, has the most unusual internal membrane configuration, consisting of pleated folds pierced by regular rows of fenestrations. Mitochondrial type one is found in all sustentacular stages, mitochondrial type two first appears in sustentacular cells surrounding early spermatids, and mitochondrial type three is observed only in sustentacular cells surrounding spermatozoa. These observations indicate that discrete subclasses of mitochondria are present in sustentacular cells of Xenopus.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Frog retinae, fixed only in buffered glutaraldehyde, were embedded for sectioning in glutaraldehyde polymerized with urea. In suitably thin sections globular substructures were seen in negative contrast after ionic staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, or after staining with neutralized phosphotungstic acid. Efforts to extract at least some of the lipid from sections before ionic staining enhanced the visualization of the “globules.” Exposure to KMnO4 solution, used as an oxidative section stain, also outlined globular substructure in negative contrast, but with the additional feature that positively stained surface “leaflets” associated with the aqueous compartment were well defined. Staining sections with OsO4 vapor resulted in positively stained membranes, but without any evident substructure. However, when sections which previously had been exposed to OsO4 vapor were secondarily stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate, positively stained globular substructures then were revealed.The globular substructures always were centered in the hydrophobic core region of the disc membranes, and symmetrically spanned the full thickness of this layer. The diameter of individual particles approximated 50-55 Å. Reasons are presented for the supposition that the evident globules incorporate at least hydrophobic components of rhodopsin molecules. Findings are discussed in relation to various models of disc membrane organization that have been proposed in recent years.
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  • 95
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 91-101 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the myoneural junctions in the body wall muscles has been studied in Branchiobdella pentodonta Whit. A single junctional type has been found. Within the terminal axon there are two types of vesicles, which differ in number, size and electron opacity. The junctional gap contains the basement membrane. The post-junctional membrane displays concave patches on which slender projections arising from the outer lamina of the sarcolemma extend into the junctional gap. These concave patches overlie a cytoplasmic lamina made up of electron dense material.
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  • 96
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pellets of progesterone plus 1 % 16α-hydroxy-progesterone (16α-OH), testosterone plus 1 % 16α-OH, and estradiol-17β plus 1 % 16α-OH were implanted in the right uterine fat mass in ovariectomized (O) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) mice. Three weeks later they were killed and the diameters of the ovarian, uterine, and femoral veins and the inferior vena cava were measured and averaged. The averages were compared with averages for O and OH mice bearing pellets of glass and of progesterone, testosterone, and estradiol-17β without 16α-OH. It is concluded that in castrate mice the size of ovarian and uterine veins is influenced not by the presence or absence of the uterus but by sex steroids, that progesterone usually causes decreases while testosterone and estradiol-17β cause increases in vein diameter, and that both the presence of the uterus and the administration of 1 % 16α-OH are associated with partial inhibition of increases in vein size induced by steroids. Uterine hypertrophy and urinary bladder distention resulting from the administration of testosterone and estradiol-17β were not prevented by the addition of 1 % 16α-OH.
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  • 97
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    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 71-89 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic observations are reported on the intestine of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus. The lungfish has a spiral valve rather than a true stomach. Segments of mucosa from this area reveal, by transmission microscopy, that most cells have distinct striated borders with parallel microvilli. Fibrils within the core of the microvilli extend deeply into the cytoplasm. Microvilli on the surface of goblet cells are less regularly arranged than those of absorptive cells. Interspersed among the cells with striated borders are cells, similar in cytologic appearance except that they are covered with tufts of kinetocilia. By transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia having one complete complement of microtubules plus incomplete sets from other cilia which share some of the peripheral doublets of the complete cilium are enclosed by a single membrane. Cilia are usual in the intestine of many lower forms but ordinarily absent in higher vertebrates. Their functional significance in this primitive fish is unknown.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the hepatocyte of the fetal stumptail monkey was examined with the aim of defining a possible model for studies of fetal drug metabolism. Hepatocytes from fetuses of 80 and 160 days gestation, as well as from one animal one week of postnatal age, were examined and compared to human fetal hepatocytes at 12 and 16 weeks gestation. Marked variation was observed in the amount of lipid and the distribution of organelles within the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte in the monkey population. These differences were attributed to genetic variation. Two changes were seen which correlated with developmental age. The amount of hemopoietic tissue decreased and the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum increased as the animal matured. The problems of genetic variation and the relative number of hepatocytes at different stages of development were discussed relative to the use of this animal as a model for fetal durg metabolism studies. Attention to both of these problems is considered necessary for the interpretation of biochemical data in future studies.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The oocytes of types 2, 3, 4 and 5 follicles from the normal spiny mouse were examined with the electron microscope. Multiple juxtanuclear Golgi bodies, mitochondria associated with flattened granular endoplasmic reticulum, and large nucleus are the main features of the type 2 follicle oocyte. The numbers of mitochondria and Golgi apparati increase significantly at later stages. Small mitochondrial aggregates lacking “intermitochondrial cement” are seen in the ooplasm of types 3, 4 and 5 follicles. “Lamellar complexes” comprising two to six elongate flattened rough ER cisternae and intercisternal filaments begin to appear in the oocyte of the type 3 follicle. The intercisternal filaments may be observed as punctate-, dashed-, and solid-lines in cross sections. In tangential sections the filaments display a paracrystalline structure. In the type 4 follicle oocytes, the “lamellar complex” becomes more extensive; polysomes and ribosomal fibrils are juxtaposed to the “lamellar complexes.” Bundles of ribosomal fibrils are abundant in the ooplasm of the type 5 follicle. The origin of ribosomal filaments and the functional significance of “lamellar complexes” are discussed.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 182 (1975), S. 215-235 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A culture system utilizing single skeletal muscle fibers from adult rats was developed to study the origin and behavior of mononucleated myoblasts during muscle regeneration. The single fibers are removed manually from the leg and thigh muscles of 300-400 gm rats and maintained in vitro embedded in a fibrin clot overlain with culture medium. Regenerative events were monitored by continuous observation of the cultured fibers. During the first few hours in vitro the fibers undergo degenerative changes including the formation of myofibrillar contraction clots and pyknosis of myonuclei. The endomysial tube (basement lamina) remains intact along the entire length of the fiber and forms transparent chambers bridging the contraction clots. Single fibers are free of endomysial cells and display no cellular outgrowth in culture, except at the cut ends. In contrast, a rich outgrowth of endomysial connective tissue cells is found with bundles consisting of two or more fibers. Isolated mononucleated cells, presumed to be muscle satellite cells, are present within the endomysial tube of single fibers at the onset of the culture period. There is no evidence that myonuclei contribute to the formation of mononucleated cells. The satellite cells enlarge and begin to proliferate during the second day in vitro to form clones of presumptive myoblasts within the endomysial tube. The early clones have a cell doubling time of about 22 hours and exhibit mitotic synchrony. After 5-7 days in vitro the satellite cell progeny begin to fuse to from multinucleated myotubes within the endomysial tube of the original fiber. The myotubes display spontaneous contractile activity and may extend throughout the length of the endomysial tube.
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