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  • Electronic Resource  (3,296)
  • 2000-2004  (179)
  • 1935-1939  (1,958)
  • 1920-1924  (1,159)
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  • kinetics  (79)
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  • Electronic Resource  (3,296)
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  • 101
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cyanazine ; DSC ; kinetics ; thermal stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cyanazine was taken as an example for investigations under the influence of different conditions on thermal decomposition of triazine herbicides. DSC measurements were carried out under atmospheric pressure and hermetically closed, under pressure 1.3 kPa. The influence of the pressure on the constant reaction rate of decomposition of cyanazine was discussed. It was also proved that the predicted reaction constant rates from isothermal and non-isothermal measurements are consistent.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 247-255 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: desulfuration ; gas atmosphere ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition ; titanium dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The studies were devoted to determination of the effect of gas atmosphere and its pressure on the second step of decomposition of hydrated titanium dioxide (HTD) promoted by sulfate groups. It has been found that thermal decomposition of HTD at temperatures above 300°C consists of a number of processes such as dehydroxylation, desulfuration, recrystallization and sintering of solid grains, photochemical processes (if the decomposition proceeds in the presence of light) and adsorption of gas phase components (in the presence of air or SO2). Kinetic parameters characterizing this step of decomposition have been determined for processes carried out in vacuum and in argon or air atmospheres (at a pressure of 13.33hPa). The kinetic curves of decomposition carried out in the presence of gases capable of being adsorbed on the surface of partly dehydrated HTD are featured by local extrema due to simultaneous processes of decomposition and adsorption of gas components.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: coordination compounds ; kinetics ; thermal dissociation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Physicalo-chemical importance of the quantitative study of kineticliability of coordination compounds in thermal dissociation processes is considered. Muchattention is given to the proof of the physicalo-chemical meaning and validity of kineticparameters calculated from thermoanalytical data. Experimental data (thermal dissociation ofcoordination compounds and clathrates with such a matrix) are discussed.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cross-linking ; isothermal crystallization ; kinetics ; modification ; polypropylene ; silica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of addition of silica on the parameters of isothermal crystallization of polypropylene has been investigated. It was found that the covering of the silica surface by a layer of low-density polyethylene leads to a deactivation of the filler regarding the positive effect on the polypropylene crystallization rate parameters. Cross-linking of the surface polyethylene layer results in a stronger attachment of the modifying polymer to the filler surface and the deactivation effect of the silica surface modification is more pronounced.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 541-547 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Cr(II) ; chromium trioxide ; kinetics ; reduction ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal behaviour of CrO3 on heating up to 600°C in dynamic atmospheres of air, N2 and H2 was examined by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), IR spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The results revealed three major thermal events, depending to different extents on the surrounding atmosphere: (i) melting of CrO3 near 215°C (independent of the atmosphere), (ii) decomposition into Cr2(CrO4)3 at 340–360°C (insignificantly dependent), and (iii) decomposition of the chromate into Cr2O3 at 415–490°C (significantly dependent). The decomposition CrO3 → Cr2(CrO4)3 is largely thermal and involves exothermic deoxygenation and polymerization reactions, whereas the decomposition Cr2(CrO4)3 → Cr2O3 involves endothermic reductive deoxygenation reactions in air (or N2) which are greatly accelerated and rendered exothermic in the presence of H2. TG measurements as a function of heating rate (2–50°C min−1) demonstrated the acceleratory role of H2, which extended to the formation of Cr(II) species. This could sustain a mechanism whereby H2 molecules are considered to chemisorb dissociatively, and then spillover to induce the reduction. DTA measurements as a function of the heating rate (2–50°C min−1) helped in the derivation of non-isothermal kinetic parameters strongly supportive of the mechanism envisaged.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 667-674 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: accommodation function ; crystal growth ; glass-ceramics ; kinetics ; number of nuclei ; thermal history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic modeling of the crystal growth from pre-existing nuclei was reexamined to obtain a fundamental information about the controlled crystallization of glasses during formation of advanced inorganic glass-ceramics. Methods of kinetic analysis were reviewed by taking account of thermal history of the sample within the temperature range of nucleation. An accommodation function depending on the thermal history was introduced in the kinetic equation. The role of the accommodation function was reinvestigated when determining the activation energy from a series of kinetic curves. The kinetic description of the crystal growth in the samples with different thermal history was generalized by extrapolating the rate behavior to infinite temperature.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: base line ; DSC ; kinetics ; modeling ; thermodynamics ; TMDSC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of non-linear heating program to a heat-flux DSC apparatus has attracted much attention. From thermodynamics viewpoint, it is shown that the variation of enthalpy of a sample changing with temperature change is due, to both the true heat capacity of the sample and the enthalpy of some transformations occurring in the sample, characterized by its degree of advance. Using the simple assumption that the rate of the transformation is proportional to the distance from the thermodynamic equilibrium, an electrical model of the thermal event is given. Using the coupled cell model of the DSC apparatus, we show how to obtain the rate of transformation of the sample and heat capacity, which is directly related to the base line of the experiment.
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 759-778 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition temperature ; error sources ; gas-flow and vapor control ; kinetics ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The well-known divergence between the present ‘state of the art’ of thermogravimetry and industrial requirements is discussed. Sources of errors are analyzed and the optimization of measuring conditions is discussed regarding the problems associated with static and dynamic (flow) atmospheres, and interactions between materials and gases or vapors. Recommendations for gas-flow control systems and vapor sources are given. Thermal stability and the kinetics of gas-evolving, reversible, thermal decompositions of solids are discussed. The scope of TG-derived kinetics for practical use is examined. Some new characteristic points of TG curves are proposed and defined, e.g. ‘procedure-independent decomposition temperature’ and ‘augmented decomposition temperature’ (obtained at pseudo-equilibrium conditions).
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 879-886 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: driving force ; kinetics ; rate equation ; reversible reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines the different ways of taking the distance from thermodynamic equilibrium into account in kinetic studies based on thermoanalytical experiments. The three main approaches are: (i) avoiding or neglecting the effect of the reverse reaction, (ii) describing the influence of distance from equilibrium on apparent kinetic parameters, and (iii) incorporating a driving force factor in the rate equation. Finally, the contradiction of the microscopic nature of the processes and the macroscopic character of the usual rate equation are briefly discussed.
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 943-954 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: CRTA ; kinetics ; self-generated atmospheric conditions ; synthetic malachite ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic behavior of the thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite was investigated by means of CRTA under different conditions of reduced pressure, flowing gases and quasi-isobaric atmospheres. The thermal decomposition was found to proceed at lower temperatures under the influence of the self-generated gases, CO2 and H2O. From a viewpoint of chemical equilibrium, the normal and opposite effects on the overall kinetics were observed for the self-generated CO2 and H2O, respectively. The complexity of the present reaction is also reflected by the variations of the apparent kinetic parameters which depend on the applied and self-generated atmospheric conditions. The practical usefulness of CRTA when applied to a complicated thermal decomposition is discussed as exemplified by the kinetic approaches to the present reaction.
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: complexes ; kinetics ; TG-DTA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal behaviour of a few lanthanide complexes of the type ML3(I) [M=Eu,Gd; HL=4,4,4-trifluoro- 1-(2-napthyl)-1,3-butanedione and EuL30.5dmm dmm=2,6-dimethylmorpholine(II)], has been investigated. From thermogravimetric(TG) curves, the decomposition pattern of the compounds has been analysed on the basis of mass loss data. The order and activation energy of the thermal decomposition reactions have been elucidated. From differential thermal analysis (DTA) studies, the heat of reaction and rate of thermal decomposition reaction have been enumerated.
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 239-242 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; Mannich compounds ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The authors present data concerning the evaluation of kinetic parameters of the decomposition of a Mannich compound by using the classical method of constant heating rate thermal analysis and the new one of controlled rate thermal analysis (CRTA). The data processed using the CRTA method allow to obtain more reliable kinetic parameters according to the proposed reaction mechanism.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 437-450 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: crystallization ; EPDM ; kinetics ; morphology ; PP ; rubber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the incorporation of an amorphous immiscible polymer (ethylene-propylene-diene- terpolymer) on the PP crystallization kinetics and thermodynamics is investigated by thermal analysis. The results of the investigation have shown that EPDM acts as a nucleant agent. A marked decrease of the half time of PP crystallization, τ1/2 , as well as a sensible increase of the overall crystallization rate, K n , has been observed in the presence of EPDM. Moreover, at any crystallization temperature, a minimum of τ1/2 , is obtained at 25% EPDM content in the blend. The Avrami model has been successfully applied to describe the crystallization kinetics of the blend. The kinetic curves obtained under non-isothermal conditions confirm the results obtained under isothermal conditions and demonstrate the nucleant action of the EPDM phase on the PP crystallization.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 62 (2000), S. 721-727 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; metal exchange ; thermaldehydration ; zeolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zeolite-4A is a hydrated aluminosilicate which becomes more hydrated when exchanged with transition metals. In this work, the dehydration kinetics of cobalt, nickel and copper(II)-exchanged zeolite-4A were studied by means of TG and DTA over the temperature range from 20 to 500°C, and the numbers of water molecules in the metal-exchanged zeolite samples were calculated. It was observed that, as the ionic radius of the hydrated metal increased, the number of water molecules also increased. The loss of water from the zeolite samples generally occurred in the temperature range 100–300°C and was manifested in the DTA graphs by an extended endothermic effect. The DTA curves demonstrated that the peak position shifted towards lower temperatures as the metal concentration increased or, in other words, the water of hydration increased. The kinetic parameters (order of reaction and activation energy) were calculated via the Coats and Redfern method. The process of dehydration was found to follow first-order kinetics.
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  • 115
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 63 (2000), S. 359-374 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: KEKAM equation ; kinetics ; thermal dissociation of solids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Relationships have been established between the average conversion degree and the dissociation time for polydisperse granular material, taking its grain size distribution into account. It has been checked in which cases the kinetic curves obtained by a numerical solution can be described in terms of KEKAM equation.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: isoconversional methods ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is presented of the consequences of the use of a one term equation containing apparent activation parameters, instead of the true rate equation to describe two successive decomposition reactions undergone by a solid compound. It is demonstrated that the apparent activation energy, obtained by means of isoconversional differential and integral methods, varies with the conversion degree for a relatively narrow temperature range and with temperature at a given value of the conversion degree. The activation energy values obtained with the isoconversional differential method are higher than the corresponding values obtained with the isoconversional integral method.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 869-875 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; plumbo-jarosite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of plumbo-jarosite. The kinetic models of dissociation of the compounds in the ore were identified. The results of the kinetic studies and the mechanism of the process are discussed. The thermal decomposition of plumbo-jarosite occurs in three stages: the first up to 763, the second up to 1023 and the third up to 1223 K, the corresponding activation energy values being 62.2, 60.3 and 98.0 kJ mol–1 , respectively.
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  • 118
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 805-818 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: aluminium ; ARC ; DSC ; kinetics ; nanometric size ; SDT ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal properties of Alex, a nanosized Al powder, were determined using various techniques, including DSC, TG, simultaneous TG-DTA (SDT) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). The results demonstrate that the specific heat capacities of nano and micron size Al powders are similar between 30 and 400°C. Dynamic and isothermal methods were used to determine the kinetic parameters for the oxidation reaction of Alex, which was detected at an onset temperature of 481°C. The results obtained were in good agreement with each other. From the ARC experiments, exotherms were detected near 340 and 260°C for experiments started at ambient pressure and at 0.72 MPa, respectively.
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  • 119
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 861-871 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DAGN ; kinetics ; mechanism and IR spectroscopy ; TAGN ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diaminoguanidine nitrate (DAGN) and triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN),potential energetic materials in emerging propulsion technology with high mass impetus at low isochoric flame temperature have been studied as regards kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition using thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA),infrared spectroscopy (IR) and hot stage microscopy. Kinetics of thermolysis has been followed by isothermal TG and IR. For the initial stage of thermolysis of DAGN the best linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9976 was obtained for the Avrami-Erofe'evequation, n=2, by isothermal TG. The activation energy was found to be 130 kJ mol–1 and logA=11.4. The initial stage of thermolysis of TAGN also obeyed the Avrami-Erofe'ev equation, n=2, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975by isothermal TG and the kinetic parameters are E=160.0 kJ mol–1 and logA=16.0. High temperature IR spectra showed exquisite preferential loss in intensity of the NH2, NH, N–N stretching and CNN bending. Spectroscopic and other results favour deamination reaction involving the rupture of the N–N bond as the primary step in the thermal decomposition.
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  • 120
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 61 (2000), S. 979-984 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; nucleation-growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The author presents some applications of the fractal geometry in the kinetics of heterogeneous decomposition of solids.
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  • 121
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    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 935-942 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: CoSO46H2O ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used in the study of the kinetics of decomposition of cobalt sulphate hexahydrate under an air atmosphere. The kinetics of the particular stages of CoSO4 6H2 O decomposition were evaluated from the dynamic mass loss data. The values of the kinetic parameters for each stage of the thermal decomposition were calculated from the α(T) data by using the integral method, applying the Coats-Redfern approximation.
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  • 122
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 62 (2000), S. 681-685 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: coal-burning additive ; combustion ; graphite ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The catalytic and accelerating effects of three coal-burning additives (CBA) on the burning of graphite were studied with the help of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The kinetic study on the catalytic oxidation of the graphite doped with CBA was carried out and the results were presented. The results show that the CBA can change the carbon oxidation/combustion course by catalytic action and change the activation energy, thus improving the combustion efficiency.
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  • 123
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 63 (2000), S. 457-463 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: isoconversional methods ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that, if the activation energy depends on the degree of conversion, its values obtained by isoconversional differential and integral methods are different.
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  • 124
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    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 8 (2000), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: TiO2 ; phase transformations ; mechanical alloying ; kinetics ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A high-pressure and high-temperature phase of TiO2 : TiO2 II is formed transiently during room-temperature high-energy ball milling of anatase TiO2 : TiO2 anatase → TiO2 II → TiO2 rutile. Rutile is the only phase present after prolonged ball milling. The present paper focuses on the influences of physical and chemical processing conditions on the transformation kinetics. The effects of two milling parameters on the kinetics of phase transformation of anatase TiO2 were investigated: the nature of milling tools and the powder-to-ball weight ratio R. Granulometric characterizations and TEM observations have demonstrated that the transformation of TiO2 anatase into TiO2 II occurs without fracturing of particles and that TiO2 II nanograins form at the surface of anatase particles. The parameter R affects only the transformation rate. For a given R, the transformation rate is the largest with alumina grinding tools, intermediate with zirconia tools, and the smallest with steel tools. The parameters involved in current models of the mechanical alloying process do not suffice to explain the differences in transformation rates observed here. A parameter, which takes into account the influence of the mechanical properties of grinding materials, is considered.
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  • 125
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    Journal of materials synthesis and processing 8 (2000), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1573-4870
    Keywords: Comminution ; kinetics ; mechanical alloying ; phase transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that structural evolution occurring in powder mixtures subjected to mechanical treatment by milling follow well-defined conversion trends as a function of milling time. Sigmoidal curves were observed in the case of the mechanical alloying of transition metal mixtures, whereas a simpler kinetic course with a progressively decreasing transformation rate was found to characterize the disordering process of intermetallic equilibrium compounds by mechanical milling. Under the stipulation that collisions are the dominant energy transfer events, a kinetic model is developed to relate the observed macrokinetic features to the discrete powder fractions, which transform at each impact. Because of its intrinsic qualities, the milling process was regarded as discrete processing. A statistical approach was followed to work out a set of differential equations, solutions of which provide a sound description of the transformation kinetics in terms of conventional rate expressions. The model allows one to reproduce the different kinetic behaviors by means of a single, unifying mathematical formalism. Furthermore, quantifying the structural evolution rate by suitable kinetic constants permits the exploration of the reactive behavior of a system treated under different milling regimes or to compare, on an absolute basis, different systems processed under similar conditions.
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  • 126
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    Oxidation of metals 53 (2000), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Co-base superalloy ; high-temperature oxidation ; kinetics ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of the Co-base superalloy DZ40M was studied in air at900–1100°C for times of up to 2000 hr. The results indicated thatthis alloy can grow a protective oxide scale at 900 and 1000°C duringisothermal oxidation, but not at 1100°C because of serious cracking andspalling of the oxide scales. Moreover, an internal-precipitate zone formedin the subsurface region of the alloy at all temperatures and times. Theprecipitates were rich in Cr in the vicinity of the alloy–scaleinterface and rich in Al deep in the alloy. The internal-precipitatemorphology changed from a granular to needlelike shape with increasingoxidation temperature.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Aluminum ; yeast hexokinase ; preferential interactions ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aluminum and yeast hexokinase interaction was studied. Structural changes were correlated with variations in protein functionality. Results show two different behaviors: At low metal concentrations preferential adsorption of metal (and water exclusion) induces aggregate formation. No significant changes in the protein structure occur, but there is a continuous loss of activity (from the first concentration). At large salt concentrations a monomerization process and a conformational change in the secondary structure as well as in the three-dimensional structure take place. This change reduces the percentage of α-helix conformation, gives thermal stability to the protein, and allows the exposure of some tryptophan residue and hydrophobic regions. The protein inhibition increases. Conformational change and monomerization may allow access of the metal to the substrate site, mainly the ATP site. The inhibition in any case is of mixed type with a competitive component.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Creatine kinase ; human ; expression ; brain ; muscle ; purification ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report the expression of the human muscle (CK-MM) and brain (CK-BB) creatine kinases in Escherichia coli. The proteins have been purified to apparent homogeneity and several of their physical and kinetic properties investigated. In the process, we have conclusively verified the correct DNA sequence of the genes encoding the respective isozymes, and determined the correct primary structure and mass of the gene products. Alignment of the primary sequences of these two enzymes shows 81% sequence identity with each other, and no obvious gross structural differences. However, Western blot analyses demonstrated the general lack of antigenic cross-reactivity between these isozymes. Preliminary kinetic analyses show the K m and k cat values for the creatine and MgATP substrates are similar to values reported for other isozymes from various tissues and organisms. The human muscle and brain CKs do not, however, exhibit the synergism of substrate binding that is observed, for example, in rabbit muscle creatine kinase.
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  • 129
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    Russian chemical bulletin 49 (2000), S. 1974-1976 
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: ammonium dinitramide ; thermal decomposition ; kinetics ; stabilization ; isotope composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of accumulation of the main products of thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide in the melt was investigated. The isotope composition of nitrogen-containing gases evolved by the decomposition of 15NH4N(NO2)2 and NH4 15N(NO2)2 was found. Easily oxidized salts, amines, amides, iodides, and other compounds soluble in the melt interfere with the liquid-phase decomposition of ammonium dinitramide.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: 2-alkylthiopropenals ; Diels–Alder reaction ; kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; 2,5-dialkylthio-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-carbaldehyde ; IR spectroscopy ; ab initio calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of 2-alkylthiopropenals cyclodimerization was studied in the temperature range from -7 to +42 °C in heptane and at 20 °C in various solvents. The rate constants for cyclodimerization of 2-alkylthiopropenals are four orders of magnitude higher than those for dimerization of the oxygen-containing analogs, 2-alkoxypropenals, and are independent of the solvent polarity and substituent steric constant. The activation parameters for 2-butylthiopropenal cyclodimerization were estimated. The distribution of electron density in the 2-methoxy- and 2-methylthiopropenals molecules was calculated by the ab initio method. From comparison of the HOMO and LUMO energies for these aldehydes it was concluded that the ratio between the cyclodimerization rates for 2-alkylthio-, 2-ethoxypropenals, and propenal is determined by the HOMO–LUMO gap.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1608-3245
    Keywords: DNA ; kinetics ; oligonucleotide derivatives ; photomodification ; sensitization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative characteristics of thermodynamic and kinetic cooperativity arising in the process of photomodification of a single-stranded DNA fragment with binary systems of oligonucleotide conjugates forming an active site on the target were studied. Oligonucleotides of the binary system were complementary to adjacent segments of the DNA target, and contained arylazide (X) and perylene (S) residues covalently attached to their terminal phosphates. Upon irradiation at the perylene absorption wavelength, the target was modified by the arylazide residue, which was activated owing to the contiguity with the sensitizing perylene group in the tandem complex. Basing on the kinetic data, the constants of association of both derivatives of oligonucleotides with the target were determined: K x = 1.13 · 106 M–1, K s = 1.49 · 104 M–1. It was determined that association of both oligonucleotides with the target proceeded with a positive cooperativity characterized by parameter α = 45. The kinetic cooperativity parameter β was found to be approximately equal to 200; this characterized the acceleration of target modification in complex with the binary reagent versus that in the absence of sensitizer.
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  • 132
    ISSN: 1608-3407
    Keywords: Dunaliella salina ; lactate dehydrogenase ; kinetics ; glycerol synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the catalytic properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) from a halophilic alga Dunaliella salina, a glycophilic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and from porcine muscle on glycerol concentration, medium pH, and temperature was investigated. Several chemical properties of the enzyme from D. salina differentiated it from the LDH preparation obtained from C. reinhardtii and any homologous enzymes of plant, animal, and bacterial origin. (1) V max of pyruvate reduction manifested low sensitivity to the major intracellular osmolyte, glycerol. (2) The affinity of LDH for its coenzyme NADH dropped in the physiological pH region of 6–8. Above pH 8, NADH virtually did not bind to LDH, while the enzyme affinity for pyruvate did not change considerably. (3) The enzyme thermostability was extremely low: LDH was completely inactivated at room temperature within 30 min. The optimum temperature for pyruvate reduction (32°C) was considerably lower than with the enzyme preparations from C. reinhardtii (52°C) and porcine muscle (61°C). (4) NADH greatly stabilized LDH: the ratio of LDH inactivation constants in the absence of the coenzyme and after NADH addition at the optimum temperature in the preparation from D. salina exceeded the corresponding indices of LDH preparations from C. reinhardtii twelve times and from porcine muscle eight times. The authors believe that these LDH properties match the specific metabolism of D. salina which is set at rapid glycerol synthesis under hyperosmotic stress conditions. The increase of cytoplasmic pH value produced in D. salina by the hyperosmotic shock can switch off the terminal reaction of the glycolytic pathway and thus provide for the most efficient utilization of NADH in the cycle of glycerol synthesis. As LDH is destabilized in the absence of NADH, this reaction is also switched off. In the course of alga adaptation to the hyperosmotic shock, glycerol accumulation and the neutralization of intracellular pH stabilize LDH, thus creating the conditions for restoring the complete glycolytic cycle.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Key words: Cardiomyopathy ; Doxorubicin ; Iodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Protein gene product 9.5
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Doxorubicin is one of the most useful anticancer agents, but its repeated administration can induce irreversible cardiomyopathy as a major complication. The purpose of this study was to investigate doxorubicin toxicity on cardiac sympathetic neurons using iodine-131-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunohistochemistry, which is a marker of cardiac innervation. Wistar rats were treated with doxorubicin (2 mg/kg, i.v.) once a week for 4 (n=5), 6 (n=6) or 8 (n=7) weeks consecutively. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), calculated by M-mode echocardiography, was used as an indicator of cardiac function. Plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentration was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 131I-MIBG uptake of the left ventricular wall (24 ROIs) was measured by autoradiography. 131I-MIBG uptake pattern was compared with histopathological results, the neuronal population on PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry and the degree of myocyte damage assessed using a visual scoring system on haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. LVEF was significantly decreased in the 8-week group (P〈0.05). The serum NA level also showed no statistical difference until 4 weeks and was significantly increased in the 8-week group (P〈0.05). MIBG uptake was decreased in the 6- and 8-week groups (P〈0.05), and was closely correlated with the reduction in the number of nerve fibres on PGP 9.5 stain. Myocyte damage was seen only in the 8-week group. Neuronal population and the 131I-MIBG uptake ratio of subepicardium to subendocardium were significantly increased (P〈0.05) in the 8-week group as compared with the control group. It may be concluded that radioiodinated MIBG is a reliable marker for the detection of cardiac adrenergic neuronal damage in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy; it detects such damage earlier than do other clinical parameters and in this study showed a good correlation with the reduction in the neuronal population on PGP 9.5 stain. The subendocardial layer appeared to be more vulnerable to doxorubicin than the subepicardium.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: β-glycosidase ; temperature dependence ; kinetics ; glucose ; transglycosylation ; (Thermus thermophilus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A β-glycosidase of a thermophile, Thermus thermophilus, belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 1, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme (Ttβgly) has a broad substrate specificity towards β-D-glucoside, β-D-galactoside and β-D-fucoside derivatives. The thermostability of Ttβgly was exploited to study its kinetic properties within the range 25–80[emsp4 ]°C. Whatever the temperature, except around 60[emsp4 ]°C, the enzyme displayed non-Michaelian kinetic behavior. Ttβgly was inhibited by high concentrations of substrate below 60[emsp4 ]°C and was activated by high concentrations of substrate above 60[emsp4 ]°C. The apparent kinetic parameters (k cat and K m ) were calculated at different temperatures. Both k cat and K m increased with an increase in temperature, but up to 75[emsp4 ]°C the values of k cat increased much more rapidly than the values of K m . The observed kinetics might be due to a combination of factors including inhibition by excess substrate and stimulation due to transglycosylation reactions. Our results show that the substrate could act not only as a glycosyl donor but also as a glycosyl acceptor. In addition, when the glucose was added to reaction mixtures, inhibition or activation was observed depending on both substrate concentration and temperature. A reaction model is proposed to explain the kinetic behavior of Ttβgly. The scheme integrates the inhibition observed at high concentrations of substrate and the activation due to transglycosylation reactions implicating the existence of a transfer subsite.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 1573-7365
    Keywords: Ethanol ; GLUT1 ; GLUT3 ; Glucose ; Cerebral Metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the normal adult brain, glucose provides 90% of the energy requirements as well as substrate for nucleic acid and lipid synthesis. In the present study, effects of ethanol on glucose transporters (GLUT) and glucose utilization were examined in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300 gms were given either ethanol 3 gm/kg BW or saline IP 4 hrs prior to the animal sacrifice and removal of the cerebral cortical tissue. The cortical plasma membranes analyzed by cytochalasin B binding assay showed a decrease in GLUT number but not in GLUT affinity in the ethanol treated rats as compared to the control rats. The estimated Ro values were 70 ± 8.9 Vs 91 ± 8.9 pmoles/mg protein (p 〈 0.05 N=4) and the estimated Kd values were 0.37 ± 0.03 and 0.28 ± 0.05 μM (p: NS) in ethanol and control experiments respectively. Immunoblots of purified cerebral plasma membranes and low density microsomal fraction showed 17% and 71% decrease for GLUT1 and 54% and 21% (p〈0.05 or less; n=6) for GLUT3 respectively in ethanol treated rats than in control animals. Immunofluoresence studies also showed reduction of GLUT1 immunoreactively in choroid plexus and cortical microvessels of ethanol treated rats as compared to control rats. The effect of ethanol on regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (CMRGle) was studied using [6-14C] glucose and showed statistically insignificant decrease in brain glucose utilization. These data suggest that ethanol invivo decrease GLUT number and protein content in rat cerebral cortex
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  • 136
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    Journal of applied spectroscopy 67 (2000), S. 981-989 
    ISSN: 1573-8647
    Keywords: nonlinear regime of stimulated Raman scattering ; fluctuation ; Stokes radiation ; kinetics ; spectrum ; distribution function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Statistical properties of the Raman scattering of an intense step pulse are investigated by numerical solution of the equations of a semi-classical theory with assignment of a random Gaussian distribution of the initial polarization over the sample. The probability density functions of the intensity, energy, delay time, and width of a Stokes pulse and also of the position, height, and width of the spectral peaks of the first incidental Stokes component with the preservation of the phase memory of scattering centers are calculated. The influence of collisional dephasing on the fluctuation of these characteristics is considered.
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  • 137
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    Powder metallurgy and metal ceramics 39 (2000), S. 540-544 
    ISSN: 1573-9066
    Keywords: compaction ; facing ; cumulative charge ; powder ; composite ; heterogeneous structure ; particle ; kinetics ; surface ; die ; model ; xeroradiogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental and numerical (finite element method) study is carried out for the effect of forming scheme on property distribution for cumulative charge facings made from composite heterogeneous powder material. An experimental procedure is developed for studying powder particle flow kinetics. It is shown that use of composite punches and partition of the moulded material into a number of sub-divisions with their successive compaction achieves a more uniform density distribution for an article. It is demonstrated how the direction of the force of friction on the die walls during compaction affects the compaction of articles with faces that are not perpendicular to the direction of the pressing. The results obtained make it possible to select the optimum compaction regime taking account of production features connected with powder material composition as well as service characteristics.
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  • 138
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    Pharmaceutical research 17 (2000), S. 701-706 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: vapor sorption ; molar heat of adsorption ; kinetics ; isothermal microcalorimetry ; recrystallization ; hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. In this study, instrumentation for measuring vapor sorptionenthalpies and sorption uptakes simultaneously with an isothermalmicrocalorimeter is introduced. Various pharmaceutical modelsubstances undergoing phase transitions when exposed to humid conditions(25°C), were employed to evaluate the usefulness and sensitivity ofthe constructed experimental method. Methods. The sample is placed in the sample vessel of a RH cell andthe moisture content of the air flow is controlled. From the RH cellthe air flow is conducted into a subsequent perfusion cell in which asaturated salt solution has been loaded. The RH cell and perfusioncells are positioned in the sample sides of two twin calorimetric units.Depending on the moisture content in the outlet flow leaving thepreceding RH cell, the heat flow signal from the subsequent perfusioncell will vary. By means of blank measurement with identical settings,the rate of water sorption can be calculated and, by integration, theamount of sorbed water is obtained. Results. Amorphous lactose and cefadroxil undergo recrystallizationwhen the moisture level in the surroundings exceeds the thresholdvalues specific to each compound. During the sorption phase, heat isevolved fairly linearly as a function of consumed moisture, and alsoafter the recrystallization, the heats indicate linear behavior. The heatvalues for the desorption phase of amorphous lactose and the adsorptionof crystalline lactose coincide. With the different anhydrous forms oftheophylline, the hydration takes place more rapidly in the metastableform I, and generally, the process is more energetic in form I. In allcases, the gravimetric results agree with the water sorption uptakescalculated from the calorimetric data. Conclusions. The technique introduced offers a rapid and sensitivemethod to gain new insights into the transitions in which vapors areinvolved. In addition, different kinds of surfaces with various energeticscan now be studied more closely.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) ; Myocarditis ; Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) ; Nitric oxide (NO) ; Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ; In-situ-hybridization ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schlüsselwörter Coxsackie-Virus B3 (CVB3) ; Myokarditis ; Induzierbare Stickoxidsynthase (iNOS) ; Stickoxid (NO) ; Reverse Transkriptions-Polymerasekettenreaktion (RT-PCR) ; In-situ-Hybridisierung ; Immunhistochemie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stickoxid (NO) ist ein wichtiges bioaktives Molekül mit regulatorischen, zytotoxischen oder zytoprotektiven Eigenschaften. Bei der viralen Myokarditis vermittelt NO einerseits Wirtsabwehr gegen die virale Infektion, andererseits jedoch kardiale Dysfunktion. Stickoxid wird synthetisiert aus L-Arginin durch das Enzym Stickoxidsynthase (NOS). Die Expression der induzierbaren Stickoxidsynthase (iNOS) wird durch Zytokine reguliert, die in die komplexe Immunantwort des Myokards auf Enterovirusinfektionen involviert sind. Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen charakterisieren die Rolle von iNOS und NO in einem murinen Modell der viralen Myokarditis, induziert durch Coxsackie-Virus B3. Wir untersuchten den zeitlichen Verlauf der iNOS-Induktion in Korrelation zur Zytokin-mRNA-Expression von TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ und TGF-β im Myokard von NMRI-Mäusen nach CVB3-Infektion mittels RT-PCR. Virale RNA konnte in der akuten und chronischen Phase der Erkrankung mit der seminested PCR nachgewiesen werden, was die Persistenz des viralen Genoms belegt. Wir fanden eine deutliche Expression von iNOS zu allen untersuchten Zeitpunkten (ein, zwei, drei, vier, sieben, 14, 28, 56, 98 Tage post infectionem [p. i.]). Basierend auf einer densitometrischen Auswertung waren erhöhte iNOS-Spiegel am siebten, 14. Und 28. Nach Infektion nachweisbar im Vergleich zu den Tagen 56 und 98 p. i. Die mRNA-Expression der inflammatorischen Zytokine TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ war am ersten, vierten bzw. siebten Tag p. i. nachweisbar, erreichten am siebten Tag p. i. ihr Maximum und persistierte bis zum 98. Tag p. i. Ähnlich wie die iNOS-mRNA-Expressionsmuster waren die von TGF-β. Mittels In-situ-Hybridisierung und Immunhistochemie konnte iNOS in Infiltraten, Gefäßendothel- und glatten Muskelzellen, in Myozyten und im Interstitium des Myokards lokalisiert werden. Erhöhte Werte von NO, bestimmt als Gesamtnitrat/-nitritkonzentration, wurden an den Tagen 7, 14 und 28 p. i. gemessen.
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an important bioactive molecule with regulatory, cytotoxic or cytoprotective properties. In virus-induced myocarditis, NO mediates host defense mechanisms against the infection or causes cardiac dysfunctions. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The expression of the inducible form of the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is regulated by cytokines, involved in the complex myocardial immune response to enterovirus infections. The present study was undertaken to characterize the role of iNOS and NO in the murine model of viral myocarditis induces by coxsackievirus Be (CVB3). In response to CVB3 infection we investigated the time course of iNOS induction in correlation with cytokine mRNA expression (TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ, TGF-β) in the heart of NMRI mice by RT-PCR. Positive PCR signals for viral RNA were found in the acute and chronic stage of disease by seminested PCR, indicating the persistence of viral genome. We found distinct expression of iNOS at all time points (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 28, 56, 98 days post infection [p. i.]. Higher iNOS mRNA levels were identified between days 4 until 28 p. i. in comparison to day 56 and 98 p. i. using densitometric values. The mRNA of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1α, IFN-γ appeared at days 1, 4, and 7 p. i., peaked at day 7 p. i. and persisted until day 98 p. i. Similar like the iNOS mRNA pattern was the expression profile of TGF-β. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry iNOS was localized in infiltrates, vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, myocytes and throughout the interstitial spaces between myocardial fibers in the heart sections of NMRI mice. Increased levels of NO were measured as total nitrate/nitrite concentration in the sera of mice from day 7 until day 28 p. i.
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  • 140
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    Herz 25 (2000), S. 724-728 
    ISSN: 1615-6692
    Keywords: Key Words: Pericarditis ; Myocarditis ; Inflammation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Schlüsselwörter: Perikarditis ; Myokarditis ; Entzündung ; Immunhistologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Obwohl Perikarderkrankungen lange Zeit nicht im Vordergrund des Interesses der Pathologen standen, ermöglichen neue Techniken zur Entnahme von Perikardgewebe die Anwendung neuer diagnostischer Methoden der Immunhistochemie und Molekularpathologie, die sich in der Myokarditisdiagnostik bereits bewährt haben. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich die Frage, ob die Diagnose einer Entzündung nur auf der Grundlage von morphologischen Veränderungen gestellt werden kann. Eine endgültige Diagnose einer Perikarditis oder Myokarditis erscheint aber ohne morphologische Kriterien kaum möglich.
    Notes: Abstract In medicine, and thus in pathology, there are areas/topics of fashion and they shift from time to time. Pericardial diseases are not fashionable. Myocarditis is, and has been for a long time. Due to new ways of retrieving tissue samples from the pericardium the modern diagnostic tools such as immunohistochemistry and molecular pathology can be applied in this context as they have been in myocarditis for a long period. The diagnosis of inflammation rests on many other findings than morphological alterations and it is indeed questionable if inflammation is solely a morphological diagnosis. The methodologies of pathology can be improved and used in a better and more purposeful way even under routine conditions. It is concluded that morphology is still mandatory to make a final diagnosis of peri- and myocarditis.
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  • 141
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: gaseous ; kinetics ; mercury ; methods ; speciation ; waters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mercury evasion from water is commonly modeled using measurements of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM). We developed a method using a recently available automated field-ready mercury vapor analyzer to rapidly measure the concentrations of DGM in surface waters. We summarize here results of laboratory tests of the method, field intercomparisons with a manual method, and selected data from recent sampling campaigns in Florida and Michigan. The method uses the 1.5 lpm flow of a Tekran® Model 2537A mercury analyzer to purge and analyze discrete water samples, generating near real time (5-min) data on DGM in samples and blanks. Application of the Tekran allowed for detailed analysis of DGM removal kinetics and short-term diel studies characterizing the influence of sunlight and precipitation on DGM production in surface waters. Gas removal kinetics for dozens of samples indicates a first-order rate constant, and supports a 20-min. purge time for surface water samples from Florida (40-min for Michigan samples). Blanks are measured during a second such purge. Our results indicate that DGMs determined by both automated and manual methods are generally comparable, and that DGM in Florida samples is unstable during storage (loss rate constant ∼0.1--0.2 h-1), probably due to oxidation. This suggests that rapid in-field analysis is preferred to storage with delayed analysis. Our data indicate that DGM at the Florida site is influenced by inputs of reactive Hg in rainwater, and by production of surface DGM during photoreduction of oxidized Hg in the water column.
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  • 142
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    Neurochemical research 25 (2000), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Marginal division ; neostriatum ; monkey brain ; Immunohistochemistry ; NADPH-d
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new subdivision, the “marginal division” (MrD), was discovered at the caudal border of the striatum and surrounds the rostral edge of the globus pallidus in the rat brain in our previous studies. The neuronal somata of the MrD are mostly fusiform in shape with their long axes lining dorsoventrally. The MrD is more densely filled with substance P (SP)-, Leucine-enkephalin (L-Enk)-, dynorphin B-, neurotensin-, somatostatin- and cholecystokinin (CCK)-immunoreactive fibers and terminal-like structures than the rest of the striatum. The MrD was confirmed in the cat neostriatum as well. The present study intended to explore whether the MrD exists in the monkey neostriatum (putamen) with Nissl, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. A band of fusiform neurons were obviously identified at the caudomedial edge of the putamen. These neurons lie outside the lateral medullary lamina and indirectly surround the rostrolateral border of the globus pallidus. The abundance of SP-, L-Enk-, neuropeptide Y-, CCK-, dopamine- and serotonin-positive fibers and terminal-like structures with a few positive fusiform neurons accumulating at the caudomedial border of the putamen obviously distinguishes this zone from the rest of neostriatum and globus pallidus. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) containing fusiform neurons are distinctly visualized in the same zone. The morphological figure and the location of these neurons, and the histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of this area coincide well with those of the MrD in the rat and cat striatum. This study thus convincingly identifies the existence of the MrD in the monkey neostriatum. It is fairly asserted that the MrD is a universal structure in the mammalian brain.
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  • 143
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    Genetica 108 (2000), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: autoregulation ; dimerization ; kinetics ; post-transcriptional regulation ; transposable elements (TEs)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic modeling of the self-regulatory mechanisms of transposable elements (TEs) involving interactions of one or a few gene products makes predictions that are often at odds with observed results. In particular, explanations of TE autorepression at high copy number that invoke a decrease in number of active monomers through dimerization, amyloidization, and protein-mRNA binding to create an inactive state are not supported by analysis of the corresponding kinetic models. This is also true for similar mRNA–mRNA binding models. Self-repression in marineras well as other TEs can, however, be explained by a host-independent model in which inactive dimers compete with monomers for TE binding sites at the ends of the element. This model would also allow heterodimer poisoning to down-regulate transposition in the presence of divergent nonautonomous elements, since nondivergent monomers would be required at both TE ends for transposition.
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  • 144
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Permeability transition ; ADP/ATP translocase ; kinetics ; adenosine diphosphate ; carboxya tractyloside ; bongkekic acid ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low levels of ADP binding at the ADP/ATP translocase caused inhibition of the Ca2+-inducedpermeability transition of the mitochondrial inner membrane, when measured using the shrinkage assay on mitochondria, which have already undergone a transition. Inhibition was preventedby carboxyatractyloside, but potentiated by bongkrekic acid, which increased the affinity forinhibition by ADP. This suggests that inhibition was related to the conformation of thetranslocase. Ca2+ addition was calculated to remove most of the free ADP. Ca2+ added after ADPinduced a slow decay of the inhibition, which probably reflected the dissociation of ADP fromthe translocator. We conclude that the probability of forming a permeability transition pore(PTP) is much greater when the translocase is in the CAT conformation than in the BKAconformation, and, in the absence of CAT and BKA, the translocator is shifted between theBKA and CAT conformations by ADP binding and removal, even in deenergized mitochondria with no nucleotide gradients.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1439-7609
    Keywords: Key words Rheumatoid synovitis ; Targeted biopsy ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 68-year-old woman with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was admitted to the hospital because of tender and swollen knee joints. We performed a targeted synovial biopsy under arthroscopy to examine the histopathological characteristics 1 month after clinical onset. The synovia showed the typical histopathology of RA. Although the inflammatory changes were predominantly limited to the surface area of the synovia, associated with neovascularization and cell infiltrates composed mainly of T cells, plasma cells, and macrophages, lesions with fibrin deposition, mesenchymoid transformation and/or immature lymphoid follicles were also observed in part, indicating that this case was in the progression phase of RA. What we regularly call "early" might be "too late" even if it is within 1 month of clinical onset.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Neuromuscular relaxants ; rocuronium ; kinetics ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective.To determine the relationship between the rate ofrocuronium injection and the onset time of neuromuscular block. Methods.After intravenous induction, 60 female patients (ASA I–II) wereassigned randomly into 3 groups for rocuronium administration within1–15, 15–30 or 30–60 seconds. Acceleromyography of the thumbwas performed using train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. Times to 50% and 90%twitch depression of the first twitch of the TOF stimulation (T1) wererecorded. Results.Injection time significantly influences time to 50%relaxation, but not time to 90% relaxation. Body mass index is negativelycorrelated with time to 50% and 90% relaxation. Conclusions.Weconclude that rate of injection influences only the initial phase ofdevelopment of the block and that slower injection times do not significantlyaffect time to 90% relaxation at the adductor pollicis muscle.
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  • 147
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 16 (2000), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; oxygen ; kinetics ; non-steady state ; cardiac output ; PEEP ; pulmonary embolism ; pulmonary gas exchange monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Traditionally, the study of CO2 and O2 kinetics in the body has been mostly confined to equilibrium conditions. However, the peri-anesthesia period and the critical care arena often involve conditions of non-steady state. The detection and explanation of CO2 kinetics during non-steady state pathophysiology have required the development of new methodologies, including the CO2 expirogram, average alveolar expired PCO2, and CO2 volume exhaled per breath. Several clinically relevant examples of non-steady state CO2 kinetics perturbations are examined, including abrupt decrease in cardiac output, application of positive end-expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation, and occurrence of pulmonary embolism. The lesser known area of non-steady state O2 kinetics is introduced, including the measurement of pulmonary O2 uptake per breath. Future directions include the study of the respiratory quotient per breath, where the anaerobic threshold during anesthesia is identified by increasing respiratory quotient.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Prostatic adenocarcinoma ; S-100 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Specimens from 30 cases of benign prostatichyperplasia and 75 cases of prostatic carcinomaobtained during suprapubic prostatectomy, transurethalresection of the prostate and radical prostatectomy,were stained immunohistochemically for S-100 protein,prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostatic specificantigen (PSA), neuron specific enolase (NSE) andpolyclonal keratin. S-100 protein was positive in9.3% of prostatic carcinomas and negative in allcases of prostatic hyperplasia. PAP and PSA werepositive in all cases, while NSE was positive in 16%of the carcinoma cases. Polyclonal keratin waspositive in both cell layers of the double layeredhyperplastic prostatic epithelium with a more intensestaining pattern in the outer cell layer. The authorsbelieve that the S-100 protein immunoreactivityobserved in some prostatic carcinomas, reflecting thechange in the functional status of the neoplasticcells, might be of prognostic significance. They alsoemphasize the non-myoepithelial nature of the outercell layer of the double layered prostaticepithelium.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 1573-2584
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Ki67 ; Prostate carcinoma ; Retinoic acid receptor-α
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The use of retinoids as differentiation therapy is a novel approach to prostate cancer. Retinoids act via their own nuclear receptors, RARs and RXRs, modulating gene activity, cell growth and differentiation. This study provides new data on the content and cellular distribution of RARα protein in prostate cancer specimens, in correlation to tumor grade and proliferative activity. Material and methods: A total of 84 cases of primary prostate carcinoma, divided into 3 subgroups according to tumor grade, were immunohistochemically evaluated for retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) and Ki67 using the streptavidin/peroxidase method on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. Results: RARα positivity was detected in all cases of prostatic carcinoma, with a more profound expression in well differentiated cancers. A statistically significant correlation between RARα staining and tumor grade was found (ANOVA, p 〈 0.031). Ki67 immunoreactivity was present in 35.7% of cases, but no correlation with tumor grade was found. When RARα staining was correlated with Ki67 positivity, a statistically significant correlation was present (unpaired t-test, p 〈 0.003). Conclusions: These findings indicate that RARα expression is correlated to some extent with tumor grade and its presence is more profound in highly proliferative tumors. Further studies are needed to establish the possible clinical value of the immunohistochemical evaluation of RARα content in tumor specimens.
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  • 150
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    Digestive diseases and sciences 45 (2000), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: functional liver blood flow ; splanchnic hemodynamics ; intrahepatic shunts ; kinetics ; kinetic models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sorbitol and indocyanine green (ICG) have high hepatic extraction fractions (E sorb and E ICG) in normal subjects. A curved relationship has been observed between E sorb and E ICG in liver disease. According to one interpretation, the decrease of E sorb is a result of intrahepatic shunting and 1 − E sorb is the fraction of shunted flow (the shunt hypothesis). Under the further assumption that capillarization of functioning sinusoids prevents hepatic uptake of plasma protein-bound ICG and allows uptake of water-soluble sorbitol, the difference Esorb − EICG has been suggested as a measure of capillarization. We propose an alternative hypothesis: that the sinusoidal permeability–surface area products for sorbitol and ICG are reduced in proportion by liver disease (proportional reduction hypothesis). Based on the sinusoidal perfusion model, predictions were produced from both hypotheses for the relation between E sorb and E ICG and the additional effects of capillarization were described. By use of liver vein catheterization, E sorb and E ICG were simultaneously measured during continuous infusions in 53 human subjects with varying degrees of liver disease. The data were in better agreement with the predictions of the proportional reduction hypothesis than with the shunt hypothesis. Even though both intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and sinusoidal capillarization are known to occur in cirrhosis and also may have influenced our data, they appeared to be of minor importance from a kinetic point of view. These findings favor the proportional reduction hypothesis and do not support the use of systemic nonrenal clearance of sorbitol as a measure of “functional liver blood flow.”
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  • 151
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    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 417-434 
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: adsorption ; feldspar ; industrial effluent ; pollution control ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Feldspar, among many natural substances such as termitemount-clay, saw-dust, kaolinite and dolomite, offers asignificant removal ability for sulfate, phosphate, and coloredsubstances. Optimization of experimental parameters such assolution pH and flow rate reveals, that the maximum efficiency forremoval of phosphate, sulfate, and colored substances is about42, 52, and 73% respectively. X-ray diffraction, adsorptionisotherm and recovery studies suggest, that the removal processof anions occurs via ion exchange in conjunction with surfaceadsorption. Furthermore, reaction rate studies indicate thatthe removal of the selected pollutants by feldspar follows first-order kinetics. Although the percent removal, under the optimized conditions, is higher for laboratory prepared solutions, efficiency is a little less for industrial effluentsdue to interferent effects.
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  • 152
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 257 (2000), S. 459-461 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Key words Oral cyst ; Heterotopic gastrintestinal ¶epithelium ; Morphology ; Histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Clinico-pathological correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cystic lesions of the oral cavity are quite common. Mostly their morphology is that of simple cystic lesions lined by squamous epithelium. Rarely the epithelium may be of another type, e.g. that of gastrointestinal tract. In the English literature in English about 30 cases of oral cysts with gastrointestinal epithelium lining have been reported. This developmental lesion is very rare and is found more frequently in young males. The majority of lesions were reported to occur in the ventral surface of the anterior tongue and extend to the floor of the mouth. Heterotopic gastrointestinal epithelium has been more commonly described in the duodenum, gallbladder, jejunum, Meckel’s diverticulum, ileum, appendix, colon and rectum. We report an oral heterotopic gastrointestinal cyst in a child. A healthy 2-month-old boy had an asymptomatic swelling in the sublingual area that had been present since birth. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent conservative excision of the cyst. Gross examination of the excised tissue showed a monolocular cystic lesion in the bottom of the oral cavity. Microscopically, the cystic lining mostly resembled intestinal mucosa; in some places, stratified squamous and columnar epithelium was also present. The pathogenesis of this lesion remains uncertain. Several theories have been postulated; the most commonly held suggests that these cysts may be derived from misplacement of embryonic rests.
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  • 153
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 62 (2000), S. 353-363 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: controlled environment ; high-T c superconductors ; kinetics ; microgravimetric investigations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Many properties of oxide superconductors depend on the oxygen concentration and its distribution in the samples. The microgravimetric method is very useful to study of oxide superconductors, as it allows investigations in vacuum and controlled environments in classical applications: thermogravimetric analysis for the study of solid-state reactions, determinations of oxygen contents in redox reactions and the combined measurement of mass and additional parameters, e.g. evolved gas analysis etc. Single-phase samples of high-temperature superconductors were synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of high-purity oxides and carbonates. Appropriate amounts of the precursor powders were homogenized manually or by a mechanical ball mill and subsequently calcined at temperatures in the 800 to 950°C range with intermediate grinding to ensure homogenous reaction. The lattice parameters of all preparations were controlled, in both initial and final experiments, by the X-ray powder method (CuKα radiation), using a Stadi P (Stoe) diffractometer with a position-sensitive detector. It is well known that temperature and mass can be measured with an accuracy higher by orders of magnitude than it is still possible for the thermoanalyst to determine the transformation temperatures or the mass changes due to overlapping partial reactions. Applications of Cahn microbalance to study of high-temperature superconductors are presented.
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  • 154
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 62 (2000), S. 747-755 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: benzoic acid ; europium complex ; kinetics ; non-isothermal ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition of Eu2(BA)6(bipy)2 (BA=C2H5N– 2, benzoate; bipy=C10H8N2, 2,2'-bipyridine)and its kinetics were studied under the non-isothermal condition by TG-DTG, IR and SEM methods. The kinetic parameters were obtained from analysis of the TG-DTG curves by the Achar method, the Madhusudanan-Krishnan-Ninan (MKN) method, the Ozawa method and the Kissinger method. The most probable mechanism function was suggested by comparing the kinetic parameters. The kinetic equation for the first stage can be expressed as: dα/dt=Aexp(–E/RT)3(1–α)2/3.
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  • 155
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 63 (2000), S. 397-413 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Cu–5 at%Zn ; DSC ; F.C.C. (Face Centered Cubic) ; kinetics ; short-range-order ; solute-vacancy complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A modified first order kinetic law, which describes the roles of bound and unbound vacancies, is proposed in order to predict defect decay and short-range-order kinetics of quenched binary alloys during linear heating experiments. The model has been applied to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of Cu–5 at%Zn quenched from different temperatures. Activation energy for migration of solute-vacancy complexes was also assessed from the kinetics of short-range-order using DSC traces. A value of 89.5±0.32 kJ mol–1 was obtained. The relative contribution of bound and unbound vacancies to the ordering process as influenced by quenching temperature was determined. In conjunction, a parametric study of the initial total defect concentration and effective energy for defect migration was performed in order to envisage their influence on the calculated DSC profiles.
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  • 156
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition ; 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An autocatalytic model involving the limited solubility of volatile catalytic products was applied to the thermal decomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. The critical supersaturation of the thermal decomposition products with the catalytic properties was higher at a low heating rate. Decrease of the sample mass led to an increased critical supersaturation of the decomposition products. This is probably a result of the greater contribution of products adsorption on the aluminium pan surface. It is presumed that the differences observed in the rate constant are connected with the uncontrolled critical supersaturation of the volatile thermal decomposition products.
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  • 157
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    Structural chemistry 11 (2000), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Positronium chemistry ; kinetics ; spin-exchange reactions ; high- and low-spin 3d complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Continuing in our work on the correlations between the rate constants, k CR, of the ortho into para-positronium conversion reactions, CR, promoted by complexes of various 3d ions and the metal electron delocalization β caused by the ligands, the relationship between the parameters of the correlation lines pertinent to highand low-spin complexes of CrII, MnII, and CoII ions was ascertained. Moreover, it was experimentally verified, for the first time, that the statistical probability of the CR promoted by paramagnetic compounds with S = 1/2 is three times larger than that of the CR caused by compounds with S 〉 1/2.
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  • 158
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    Hyperfine interactions 128 (2000), S. 481-493 
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon catalyzed fusion ; triple mixture ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we solve numerically kinetic equations for the chain reactions of μCF in triple H/D/T mixture. Regarding the computational results, we show that μCF efficiency decreases by adding hydrogen H to D/T mixture. This is in contradiction to the usual belief which expects the increase of μCF efficiency in H/D/T mixture. Our results are confirmed by the first and recent experiment on μdt cycling rate in the triple mixture.
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  • 159
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    Brain tumor pathology 17 (2000), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Chordoid meningioma ; Castleman syndrome ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Magnetic resonance image
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chordoid meningioma is a relatively rare variant that is often associated with peritumoral lymphoplasmacellular infiltration causing Castleman syndrome (CS). We present a 44-year-old woman with chordoid meningioma not associated with CS. The patient presented with epilepsy and right hemiparesis (Todd's palsy) on admission. The radiological findings revealed an extraaxial mass lesion in the premotor cortex. They were compatible with a preoperative diagnosis of meningioma. No physical abnormalities related to CS were detected. A left frontal craniotomy was performed. The tumor surface was gelatinous, and it was totally resected with the attached dura mater (Simpson grade I). The patient had an uneventful recovery, and her seizures subsided. The pathological findings of the specimens revealed nests and cords of spindle and epithelioid cells with abundant myxoid matrix, mimicking the features of chordoma. On the basis of radiological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings, chordoid meningioma was verified, and a review of the literature was performed.
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  • 160
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 69 (2000), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Al3+-exchanged pillared clay catalyst ; 2-methoxyethanol ; esterification ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pillared clay catalyst, which was obtained by exposing activated clay powder to sulfuric acid and aluminium salts and calcining in air at 373 – 673 K, was found to be highly active for the title reaction. The activity is mainly attributed to the Lewis acid sites and also to a small number of Brönsted acid sites, whose number and strength increases with the extent of pillaring. The kinetic equation of surface esterification is y = 2.57x - 1.47.
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  • 161
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 70 (2000), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Tenoxicam ; photodegradation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Photodegradation of tenoxicam was investigated under different reaction conditions. After 60 min of exposure to UV light, the photodegradation was extensive, and the maximum and minimum in the UV-visible spectrum were shifted to shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively. Ethanol exerted a photostabilizing effect on tenoxicam. Tenoxicam is more stable in acidic and basic media than in neutral solution. Increasing light intensity or temperature causes an increase in the rate of photodegradation. The photodegradation of tenoxicam was found to follow first-order kinetics under all these conditions.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Ferrites ; aniline alkylation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic parameters such as the activation energy (Ea) and Arrhenius frequency factor (A) for the N-methylation of aniline using methanol over Zn-Co ferrites have been calculated. The Ea value is found to be lower than the existing best alkylating systems such as γ-alumina and magnesium oxide.
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  • 163
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 71 (2000), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Deoximination ; chromium (VI) ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxidative deoximination of aldoximes and ketoximes by pyridium fluorochromate proceeds by nucleophilic attack of the chromate oxygen on the oxime carbon to give a cyclic intermediate in the rate-determining step.
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  • 164
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 70 (2000), S. 147-151 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Oxo-functionalization ; [RuIII(amp)(pic)(H2O)] ; t-BuOOH ; kinetics ; cyclohexane cyclohexene ; toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A novel mixed-ligand [RuIII(amp)(pic)(H2O)] complex (1) (H2amp = N-(hydroxyphenyl)salicyldimine; pic = picolinate) has been synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical methods. Complex 1has been found to be an effective catalyst in oxo-functionalization of C-H bond of organic substrates by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) as a terminal oxidant. Formation of a high valent Ru(V)-oxo species as catalytic intermediate is proposed to be the source of oxygen atom in the oxidised product.
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  • 165
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Fe(CN)5(4-tbupy)3- ; kinetics ; electrolytes ; substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ligand substitution reaction [Fe(CN)5(4-tbupy)]3- + pyrazine (4-tbupy=4-tertbutylpyridine) was studied in aqueous concentrated electrolyte solutions at 298 K. Plots of ln(k/kw) against (γ-γw), where the subscript w refers to pure water and γ is the surface tension of the appropriate salt solution, gave a common straight line for all the electrolytes studied and permits to estimate the activation volume.
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  • 166
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 69 (2000), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Coke formation ; kinetics ; USHY zeolites ; ethene ; propene ; 1-butene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A simplified three-parameter model for the interpretation of the kinetic data of coke formation during transformation of light olefins is presented. This model has been applied to the transformation of ethene, propene and 1-butene over fresh and regenerated zeolite USHY at 623 K. The proposed model covers both the coverage of the acid sites and the autocatalytic growth of coke.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Dichlorocyclopropanation ; 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene ; phase transfer catalysis ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of regioselective dichlorocyclopropanation of 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene has been studied under controlled phase transfer catalysis conditions, using aqueous sodium hydroxide as the base and 2-benzylidine-N,N,N,N′,N′,N′-hexaethylpropane-1,3-diammonium dibromide (Dq-Br) as a new phase transfer reagent. The reaction was carried out at 40 °C under pseudo-first order conditions by employing aqueous sodium hydroxide and chloroform in excess and was monitored by gas chromatography. The effect of various experimental parameters on the rate of the reaction has been studied and based on the experimental results, a suitable mechanism is proposed.
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  • 168
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 69 (2000), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Phosphorous acid ; oxidation ; kinetics ; mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of lower phosphorus oxyacids by benzyltrimethylammonium chlorobromate (BTMACB) proceeds by a mechanism involving a hydride-ion transfer from oxyacids to the oxidant in the rate-determining step.
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  • 169
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 70 (2000), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Oxidation of sulfides ; kinetics ; Ni-oxide system ; reaction mechanism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Catalytic oxidation of sulfide ions in aqueous solutions by air oxygen has been investigated using a Ni-oxide system as a catalyst. The kinetics and the selectivity of the oxidation process were studied by varying the pH, catalyst amount and reaction temperature. A reduction/oxidation mechanism of the reaction has been supposed comprising interaction between the surface active oxygen of the catalyst and HS− and reoxidizing of the reduced catalyst by the dissolved oxygen. The results obtained show that the Ni-oxide system is a promising catalyst for practical application.
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  • 170
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 70 (2000), S. 235-241 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Methanol ; isobutanol ; ethers ; γ-Al2O3 ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic of methanol (MeOH) and isobutanol (iBuOH) coupling to ethers has been studied. Catalytic tests were carried out in the gas phase in a fixed-bed flow microreactor, in the temperature range of 463-533 K, under atmospheric pressure, using γ-Al2O3 as the catalyst. The quasi-homogeneous model for the process was assumed. The reaction rates were described by simple kinetics.
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  • 171
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 70 (2000), S. 319-324 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; kinetics ; OH-radical ; CH2F2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The rate constant value of k 1 = (6.05 ± 0.20)×109 cm3 mol−1 s−1 (with ± 1σ error) has been determined for the reaction OH + CH2F2 (1) by applying the discharge-flow/resonance-fluorescence method at 298 K.
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  • 172
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 71 (2000), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Alkylbenzenes ; hydrogenation ; nickel ; kinetics ; stereochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental data on gas-phase hydrogenation of several alkylbenzenes (toluene, ethlylbenzene, o-, m-, p-xylenes, mesitylene) over nickel catalyst are summarized. Rate dependence as a function of the chemical nature of substituent and position in the aromatic ring is discussed. The stereochemical distribution for dialkylbenzene and trialkylbenzene is addressed.
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  • 173
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    Reaction kinetics and catalysis letters 71 (2000), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 1588-2837
    Keywords: Sintering ; kinetics ; Pt/Al2O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The variation of dispersion of Pt on Al2O3 support with sintering time is measured and the value of equilibrium dispersion of Pt is obtained directly. It is found that a General Power Law Expression can fit the experimental data well.
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  • 174
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 601-605 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Growth phases identification ; kinetics ; Rhizopus oryzae ; solid-state fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A general equation correlating the variation rate of the fermenting medium weight (dry matter) and the cell biomass growth rate in solid-state fermentation tests is proposed with the main purpose of identifying the microbial growth phases.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: 8-hydroxyquinaldine ; electropolymerization ; adsorption ; glassy carbon ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and thermodynamics of the electropolymerization of the chelating agent 8-hydroxyquinaldine on GCE's (Glassy Carbon Electrodes') surface from aqueous phosphate buffers are reported. Thermodynamic functions related to the adsorption of the monomer on the GCE's surfaces were determinated. No contribution from GCE surface's functional group to the electropolymerization reactions was reported. The effects of monomer concentration, pH, and temperature on the electrochemical growth of poly 8-hydroxyquinaldine were investigated. The results suggest that the propagation of the electropolymerization process takes place via a free radical chain reactions. Furthermore, the results indicate that the electrochemical growth of the polymeric films is dictated by pre-polymerization adsorption on the electrode surface.
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    Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds 36 (2000), S. 857-861 
    ISSN: 1573-8353
    Keywords: salts of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole ; alkylation ; kinetics ; electronic absorption spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A kinetic investigation has been carried out, using electronic absorption spectra, of the alkylation with benzyl chloride of the dihydrazine, monohydrazine, and the disodium salts of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, and also of the hydrazine and sodium salts of 5-benzylthio-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole. The rates orders and constants were established for the benzylation reaction and it was noted that the reaction rate depends on the cation of these salts and the degree of substitution of the 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
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  • 177
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Blood-brain barrier ; Brain tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neovasculature tight junction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify whether the neovasculature of brain tumors preserves blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions, we studied the expression of a tight junction—related protein, Zo-1, using immunohistochemistry. Twenty-six astrocytic tumors were examined using an anti-Zo-1 Mab, and Zo-1 expression was compared with the expression of vasicular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) (flt-1), and antiproliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). A positive reaction for Zo-1 was seen in the endothelial cells in micro-blood vessels in all astrocytic tumors. The reactions for Zo-1 in the endothelial cells forming glomeruloid proliferations in newly formed micro-blood vessels in high-grade tumors were weaker than those in the endothelial cells of normal cerebral capillaries. Although there is a negative correlation between positive immunoreactions for BBB-related proteins and the expression of VEGF of the endothelial cells in micro-blood vessels, the proliferative activity of tumor cells, and histological grades, the present findings suggest that the endothelial cells of the neovasculature of high-grade tumors preserve partial BBB function at the cellular level. Because of the ease of immunohistochemical procedures compared with electron microscopic examination, the immunohistochemical detection of Zo-1 should provide a useful marker for tight junctions.
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  • 178
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Hemangioblastoma ; Supratentorial tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rarely seen, especially in children and adolescents. We report the case of a 17-year-old male with supratentorial hemangioblastoma. Neuroimaging demonstrated a cystic lesion within the right parietal lobe. Systemic examination revealed no abnormality. The lesion was not attached to the dura and was not associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. It was very difficult to confirm the final diagnosis of this case, in spite of extensive examination by light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopy.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Keywords: Intractable epilepsy ; Cerebral malformation ; Pathology ; Hypervascularity ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histopathological features, particularly hypervascularity, were examined in specimens resected from 21 patients, 15 with intractable epilepsy accompanying cortical dysplasia or dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), and 6 with benign brain tumors, such as ganglioglioma and low-grade glioma. Hypervascularity was found in resected specimens from 15 of the 21 patients (71.4%) and in 10 of the 12 patients (83.3%) who had double pathology. Counting of numbers of vessels by CD31 immunohistochemistry revealed that hypervascularity was prominent, especially in cases of vascular malformation or cortical dysplasia. However, almost all cases were negative for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) staining, except for some cases of benign brain tumors. Moreover, all cases showed low or no proliferative potential in MIB-1 immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that the etiology of hypervascularity in the dysplastic lesions is one of a variety of cerebral malformations, as is the case with abnormal maturation and differentiation in neuroglial elements.
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  • 180
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 661-665 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 181
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 666-672 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 182
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 741-753 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 753-754 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 184
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 755-757 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 185
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 22 (1939), S. 758-766 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 186
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 187
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 188
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 27-44 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 189
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 190
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 49-98 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 153 (1939), S. 300-312 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 192
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 99-113 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 193
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 114-125 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 194
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 126-144 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 195
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 145-156 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 196
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 157-176 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 177-189 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 190-204 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 199
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 200
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 152 (1939), S. 219-236 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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