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  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1965-1969  (677)
  • 1910-1914  (255)
  • 1999  (9)
  • 1966  (677)
  • 1911  (255)
  • Organic Chemistry  (869)
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  • Purkinje cells
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  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • 1965-1969  (677)
  • 1910-1914  (255)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-7799
    Keywords: Key words Peritoneal dialysis ; Peritonitis ; Cat ; Pasteurella multocida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 49-year-old man had three episodes of bacterial peritonitis in the 8 months after he started nocturnal intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) at home, using an automated cycler device. When peritonitis was first diagnosed, Enterobacter agglomerance was cultured in his peritoneal fluid. In the second and third episodes, Pasteurella multocida and alpha-Streptococcus were isolated, respectively. These bacteria are unusual pathogens in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. Detailed questioning revealed that a domestic cat had bitten the dialysis tube before the patient experienced the second episode of peritonitis. Pasteurella multocida is part of the normal oral flora in cats and dogs. We isolated Pasteurella multocida from the teeth of the patient's cat. Enterobacter agglomerance is part of the common bacterial flora in animal's alimentary tract, and alpha-Streptococcus is commonly found in animal's respiratory tracts. Since the patient removed the cat from his bedroom, he has had no peritonitis. NIPD is a very convenient sysytem for patients in the final stage of renal failure; however, patients must be aware of the risks associated with keeping pets in their homes. This case is the first report of cat-associated peritonitis in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 128 (1999), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis ; Reticulospinal neuron ; Neck motoneuron ; Single-neuron EPSP ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Functional connections of single reticulospinal neurons (RSNs) in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRG) with ipsilateral dorsal neck motoneurons were examined with the spike-triggered averaging technique. Extracellular spikes of single NRG-RSNs activated antidromically from the C6, but not from the L1 segment (C-RSNs) were used as the trigger. These neurons were monosynaptically activated from the superior colliculus and the cerebral peduncle. Single-RSN PSPs were recorded in 43 dorsal neck motoneurons [biventer cervicis and complexus (BCC) and splenius (SPL)] for 21 NRG-RSNs and 135 motoneurons tested. All synaptic potentials were EPSPs, and most of their latencies, measured from the triggering spikes, were 0.8–1.5 ms, which is in a monosynaptic range. The amplitudes of single-RSN EPSPs were 10–360 µV. Spike-triggered averaging revealed single-RSN EPSPs in multiple motoneurons of the same species (SPL or BCC), their locations extending up to nearly 1 mm rostrocaudally. Synaptic connections of single RSNs with both SPL and BCC motoneurons were also found with some predominance for one of them. The results provide direct evidence that NRG-RSNs make monosynaptic excitatory connections with SPL and BCC motoneurons. It appears that some NRG-RSNs connect predominantly with SPL motoneurons and others with BCC motoneurons.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Abdominal muscles ; Back muscles ; Motoneurons ; Cutaneous afferent ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked in motoneurons innervating the back and abdominal muscles in the lumbar part of the body by stimulating hindlimb cutaneous afferents were investigated in unanesthetized decerebate and spinal cats. Various types of PSP: pure excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), pure inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), and mixed PSP (i.e., EPSP followed by IPSP, EPSP/IPSP; and IPSP followed by EPSP, IPSP/EPSP) were observed. The weak stimulation at 2 times threshold (2T) produced predominantly the EPSP, while at 5T the incidence of IPSP or EPSP followed by IPSP was increased. In about 20–50% of the various groups of motoneurons, PSPs evoked by ipsi- and contralateral nerves were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. For the other motoneurons, PSPs evoked by ipsi- and contralateral nerves were markedly different with respect to magnitude and/or polarity. These findings suggest that, within each motoneuron pool, some neurons act to increase stiffness of the trunk or to move vertically in response to an increased activity of cutaneous afferents, while the other motoneurons act to produce lateral bending of the trunk.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Retinal ganglion cells ; Axonal regeneration ; Single-unit activity ; Receptive field ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Receptive-field properties of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that had regenerated their axons were studied by recording single-unit activity from strands teased from peripheral nerve (PN) grafts apposed to the cut optic nerve in adult cats. Of the 286 visually responsive units recorded from PN grafts in 20 cats, 49.7% were classified, according to their receptive-field properties, as Y-cells, 39.5% as X-cells, 6.6% as W-cells, and 4.2% were unclassified. The predominant representation of Y-cells is consistent with a corresponding morphological study (Watanabe et al. 1993a), which identified α-cells as the RGC type with the largest proportion of regenerating axons. Among the X-cells, we only found ON-center types, whereas both ON-center and OFF-center Y-cells were found. As in intact retinas, the receptive-field center sizes of Y-cells and W-cells were larger than those of X-cells at corresponding displacements from the area centralis. Within the 10° surrounding the area centralis, the receptive fields of X-cells with regenerated axons were larger than those in intact retinas, suggesting that some rearrangement of retinal circuitry occurred as a consequence of degeneration and regeneration. Receptive-field center responses of Y-, X-, and W-type units with regenerated axons were similar to those found in intact retinas, but the level of spontaneous activity of Y- and X-type units was, in general, less than that of intact RGCs. Receptive-field surrounds were weak or not detected in more than half of the visually responsive RGCs with regenerated axons.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 125 (1999), S. 184-199 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Corticospinal tract ; Motor cortex ; Activity-dependent development ; Spinal cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Corticospinal (CS) axon terminations in several species are widespread early in development but are subsequently refined into a spatially more restricted distribution. We studied the role of neural activity in sensorimotor cortex in shaping postnatal development of CS terminations in cats. We continuously infused muscimol unilaterally into sensorimotor cortex to silence neurons during the postnatal CS refinement period (weeks 3–7). Using anterograde transport of WGA-HRP, we examined the laterality of terminations from the muscimol-infused (i.e., silenced) and active sides in the spinal cord, as well as in the cuneate nucleus and red nucleus. We found that CS terminations from the muscimol-infused cortex were very sparse and limited to the contralateral side, while those from the active cortex maintained an immature bilateral topography. Controls (saline infusion, noninfusion) had dense, predominantly contralateral, CS terminations. There was a substantial decrease in the spinal gray matter area occupied by terminations from the side receiving the blockade and a concomitant increase in the area occupied by ipsilateral terminations from the active cortex. Optical density measurements of HRP reaction product from the active cortex in muscimol-infused animals showed substantial increases over controls in the ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral CS terminations for all laminae examined (IV–V, VI, VII). Our findings suggest that ipsilateral dorsal horn terminations reflect new axon growth during the refinement period because they are not present there earlier in development. Those in the ventral horn are present earlier in development and thus could reflect maintenance of transient terminations. Increased ipsilateral terminations from active cortex were due to recrossing of CS axons in lamina X and not to an increase in labeled CS axons in the ipsilateral white matter. Examination of brain stem terminations suggested that, between postnatal weeks 3 and 7, development of corticocuneate terminations also is activity-dependent but that development of corticorubral terminations is not. Activity-dependent CS development is a plausible mechanism by which early motor experiences could shape the anatomical and functional organization of the motor systems during a critical postnatal period.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Omnipause neurons ; OPN ; Saccade ; Gaze shift ; Tracking ; Perisaccadic drifts ; Moving target ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pontine omnipause neurons (OPNs) have so far been considered as forming a homogeneous group of neurons whose tonic firing stops during the duration of saccades, when the head is immobilized. In cats, they pause for the total duration of gaze shifts, when the head is free to move. In the present study, carried out on alert cats with fixed heads, we present observations made during self-initiated saccades and during tracking of a moving target which show that the OPN population is not homogeneous. Of the 76 OPNs we identified, 39 were found to have characteristics similar to those of previously described neurons, ”saccade” (S-) OPNs: (1) the durations of their pauses were significantly correlated with the durations of saccades; (2) the discharge ceased shortly before saccade onset and resumed before saccade end; (3) visual responses to target motion were excitatory; and (4) during tracking, S-OPNs interrupted the discharge for the duration of saccades and resumed firing during perisaccadic ”drifts”. However, the characteristics of 37 neurons (”complex” (C-) OPNs) were different: (1) the pause duration was not correlated with the duration of self-initiated saccades; (2) time lead of pause onsets relative to saccades was, on average, longer than in the group of S-OPNs, and firing resumed after the saccade end; (3) visual target motion suppressed tonic discharges; and (4) during tracking, firing was interrupted for the total duration of gaze shifts, including not only saccades but also perisaccadic ”drifts”. We conclude that cat OPNs can be subdivided into two main groups. The first comprises neurons whose firing patterns are compatible with gating individual saccades (”saccade” OPNs). The second group consists of ”complex” OPNs whose firing characteristics are appropriate to gate total gaze displacements rather than individual saccades. The function of these neurons may be to disinhibit pontobulbar circuits participating in the generation of saccade sequences and associated perisaccadic drifts.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 126 (1999), S. 410-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibulocollic reflex ; Saccular nerve ; Utricular nerve ; Sternocleidomastoid motoneuron ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Connections from the otolithic organs to sternocleidomastoid (SCM) motoneurons were studied in 20 decerebrate cats. The electrical stimulation was selective for the saccular or the utricular nerves. Postsynaptic potentials were recorded from antidromically identified SCM motoneurons; these muscles participate mainly in neck rotation and flexion. Partial transections of the brainstem at the level of the obex were performed to identify the possible pathway from the otolithic organs to the SCM motoneurons. Saccular or utricular nerve stimulation mainly evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in the ipsilateral SCM motoneurons. Some of the sacculus-induced IPSPs were preceded by small-amplitude excitatory PSPs (EPSPs). The latencies of the PSPs ranged from 1.8 to 3.1 ms after saccular nerve stimulation and from 1.7 to 2.8 ms after utricular nerve stimulation, indicating that most of the ipsilateral connections were disynaptic. In the contralateral SCM motoneurons, saccular nerve stimulation had no or faint effects, whereas utricular nerve stimulation evoked EPSPs in about two-thirds of neurons, and no visible PSPs in about one-third of neurons. The latencies of the EPSPs ranged from 1.5 to 2.0 ms, indicating the disynaptic connection. Thus, the results suggest a difference between the two otolithic innervating patterns of SCM motoneurons. After transection of the medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST), saccular nerve stimulation did not evoke IPSPs at all in ipsilateral SCM motoneurons, but some (11/40) neurons showed small-amplitude EPSPs. Most (24/33) of the utricular-activated IPSPs disappeared after transection, whereas the other 9 neurons still indicated IPSPs. In the contralateral SCM motoneurons, no utricular-activated EPSPs were recorded after transection. These MVST transection results suggest that most of the otolith-SCM pathways are located in the MVST at the obex level. However, the results also suggest the possibility that other otolith-SCM pathways exist at the obex level.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibulo-ocular reflex ; Vertigo ; Labyrinthectomy ; Compensation ; Motor learning ; Oculomotor ; Plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Accurate performance by the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is necessary to stabilize visual fixation during head movements. VOR performance is severely affected by peripheral vestibular damage; after one horizontal semicircular canal is plugged, the horizontal VOR is asymmetric and its amplitude is reduced. The VOR recovers partially. We investigated the limits of recovery by measuring the VOR’s response to ipsilesional and contralesional rotation after unilateral peripheral damage in cats. We found that the VOR’s response to rotation at high frequencies remained asymmetric after recovery was complete. When the stimulus was a pulse of head velocity comprising a dynamic overshoot followed by a plateau, gain was partially restored and symmetry completely restored within 30 days after the plug, but only for the plateau response. The overshoot in eye velocity remained asymmetric. The asymmetry was independent of stimulus velocity throughout the known linear velocity range of primary vestibular afferents. Sinusoidal rotation at 0.05–8 Hz revealed that, within this range, the persistent asymmetry was significant only at frequencies above 2 Hz. Asymmetry was independent of the peak head acceleration over the range of 50–500°/s2. When both horizontal canals were plugged, a small residual VOR was observed, suggesting residual signal transduction by plugged semicircular canals. However, transduction by plugged canals could not explain the enhancement of the VOR gain, at high frequencies, for rotation away from the plugged side compared with rotation toward the plug. Also, the high-frequency asymmetry was present after recovery from a unilateral labyrinthectomy. These results suggest that high-frequency asymmetry after unilateral damage is not due to residual function in the plugged canal. The findings are discussed in the context of a bilateral model of the VOR that includes central filtering.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 129 (1999), S. 483-493 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Vestibulocollic reflex ; Short-latency pathways ; Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this review is to assess the role of short-latency pathways in the vestibulocollic reflex (VCR). First the current knowledge about the disynaptic and trisynaptic pathways linking semicircular canal and otolith afferents with cat neck motoneurons is summarized. We then discuss whether these pathways are sufficient or necessary to produce the responses observed in neck muscles by natural vestibular stimulation and conclude that they are neither. Finally, alternate pathways are considered, most likely involving reticulospinal fibers, which are an important part of the neural substrate of the VCR.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 18-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Parallel fibres ; Basket cells ; Purkinje cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimulation through concentric electrodes on the surface of a wide cerebellar folium was employed to set up a parallel fibre volley or beam. Serial recording of the field potential was made over a range of depths along microelectrode tracks arranged in a transverse plane across the folium in order to discover the action on Purkinje cells, both those that were on-beam for the parallel fibre volley and those at various distances off-beam. A juxta-fastigial electrode was carefully placed so that an applied stimulus could excite the axons of Purkinje cells distributed across the folium under investigation, the antidromic propagation of impulses thus obtained being utilized to test the effect of parallel fibre volleys upon Purkinje cells. 2. The observations were in accord with the two actions that a parallel fibre volley would be expected to exert on Purkinje cells: a direct excitatory action by the synapses made by parallel fibres with the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites; an inhibitory action mediated by the stellate and basket cells that themselves are directly excited by the parallel fibre volley. 3. The excitatory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were restricted to the narrow zone and superficial location of the parallel fibre volley: active sinks formed by this excitatory synaptic action on the superficial dendrites of Purkinje cells would account for the observed depth profile of extra-cellular slow potentials, a superficial negative wave reversing to a deeper positive wave formed by passive sources on deeper dendrites; superficial synaptic excitation would also account for the facilitation of the propagation of antidromic impulses into the superficial dendrites. 4. The inhibitory synaptic action would result in the two types of responses that were widely dispersed transversely and in depth, far beyond the traject of the parallel fibre volley: a slow positive potential wave with a maximum at a depth usually of 300–400 μ; an inhibitory action on the antidromic invasion of Purkinje cells. The transverse profiles of these two presumed indices of inhibitory action on Purkinje cells apparently revealed that a basket cell may give inhibitory synapses up to 1000 μ laterally from the location of its soma and dendrites. 5. A description is given of the variants in the transverse profiles of the deeper positive waves and of inhibitory actions of a parallel fibre volley that presumably are mediated by basket cells and also by the superficial stellate cells. These physiological findings are correlated with the histologically determined distribution of synapses from a basket cell onto Purkinje cells.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 247-260 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synaptic excitation ; Hippocampus ; Pyramidal cells ; Dendritic activation ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following selective activation of four afferent paths that terminate exclusively on dendrites, only a small proportion of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal fields CA1 and CA3 discharged impulses. Following a single afferent volley, an EPSP was never observed even in cells synaptically excited. On tetanic stimulation (about 10/sec), a large EPSP developed, but this was not a prerequisite for an action potential. Studies of the extracellular field potentials corresponding to the EPSP and the population spike potential, indicated that the EPSP was generated across the dendritic membrane and that the spike was initiated in the neighbouring part of the dendritic tree, propagating from there along the thicker dendrites towards the soma. This conduction had an average velocity of 0.4m/sec, and, presumably, a relatively low safety factor. In certain cases, the intrasomatic electrode recorded small all-or-nothing spikes which presumably were generated in the dendritic tree. These small spikes (D-spikes) invaded the soma only if assisted by some additional depolarization, for example by frequency potentiation of excitatory synapses. The results indicate two functional types of pyramidal dendrites, the conducting and the synaptic type.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inhibitory interneurones ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Extracellular microelectrode recording has been employed to study the responses of three types of interneurones in the cat cerebellar cortex: basket cells, superficial stellate cells and Golgi cells. The large unitary spike potentials of single cells were sharply localized and presumably were generated by impulse discharges from the cell somata. The characteristics of their responses described below sharply distinguished them from Purkinje cells. 2. The parallel fibre volleys generated by surface stimulation of a folium evoked brief repetitive discharges that were graded in respect of frequency and number. Maximum responses had as many as 10 impulses at an initial frequency of 500/sec. 3. At brief test intervals there was facilitation of the response to a second parallel fibre volley; at about 50 msec it passed over to depression for over 500 msec. 4. Stimulation deep in the cerebellum in the region of the fastigial nucleus (juxta-fastigial, J.F.) evoked by synaptic action a single or double discharge, presumably by the mossy fibre-granule cell-parallel fibre path, but climbing fibre stimulation from the inferior olive also usually had a weak excitatory action evoking never more than one impulse. 5. J.F. stimulation also had an inhibitory action on the repetitive discharge evoked by a parallel fibre volley. Possibly this is due to the inhibitory action of impulses in Purkinje cell axon collaterals. 6. There was a slow (7–30/sec) and rather irregular background discharge from all interneurones. The inhibitory actions of parallel fibre and J.F. stimulation silenced this discharge for some hundreds of milliseconds, probably by Golgi cell inhibition of a background mossy fibre input into granule cells. 7. All these various features were displayed by cells at depths from 180 to 500 μ; hence it was concluded that superficial stellate, basket and Golgi cells have similar properties, discrimination being possible only by depth, the respective depth ranges being superficial to 250μ, 250μ to 400μ, and deeper than 400μ.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 17-39 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parallel fibres ; Purkinje cells ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. When electrical stimuli were applied to the surface of a cerebellar folium by a local electrode (LOC), there was a propagated potential wave along the folium with a triphasic (positive-negative-positive) configuration. 2. Investigations by microelectrode recording established that this wave is produced by impulses propagating for at least 3 mm and at about 0.3 m/sec along a narrow superficial band or “beam” of parallel fibres. As expected from this interpretation, there was an absolutely refractory period of less than 1 msec and impulse annihilation by collision. 3. Complications occurred from the potential wave forms resulting from the excitation of mossy fibres by spreading of the applied LOC stimulus. These complications have been eliminated by chronically deafferenting the cerebellum. 4. When recording within the beam of excited parallel fibres there was a slow negative wave of about 20 msec duration, and deep and lateral thereto, there was a slow positive wave of approximately the same time course. 5. These potential fields were expressed in serial profile plots and in potential contour diagrams and shown to be explicable by the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action on Purkinje cells: excitatory depolarizing synapses of parallel fibre impulses on the dendrites; and hyperpolarizing inhibitory synapses of stellate and basket cells respectively on the dendrites and somata. The active excitatory synapses would be strictly on the parallel fibre beam and the inhibitory concentrated deep and lateral thereto, which is in conformity with the axonal distributions of those basket and stellate cells that would be excited by the parallel fibre beam. 6. Complex problems were involved in interpretation of slow potentials produced by a second LOC stimulus at brief stimulus intervals and up to 50 msec: there was a potentiation of the slow negative wave, and often depression of the positive wave deep and lateral to the excited beam of parallel fibres. 7. Often the LOC stimulus evoked impulse discharge from the Purkinje cells, these discharges being inhibited by a preceding LOC stimulus.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 48-64 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs, IPSPs) ; Motor cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im motorischen Cortex von ausgewachsenen Katzen (mittlere Nembutalnarkose) wurden spontane postsynaptische Potentiale (PSP) mit intrazellulären Mikroelektroden untersucht. Die spontanen EPSP wurden mit ausgelösten EPSP nach schwachen Reizen in spezifischen (VL) und unspezifischen (CM) Thalamuskernen verglichen. 2. Spontane EPSP treten entweder einzeln oder gruppiert auf. spontane IPSP sind seltener und machen nur 3–10% aller spontanen PSP aus. Die kleinsten EPSP haben eine Amplitude von 150–200 μV, daneben kommen kleinere, flache Schwankungen des Membranpotentials vor. Die mittlere Amplitude von spontanen EPSP liegt bei 0.7 mV. Amplitudenhistogramme spontaner EPSP unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich von solchen, die durch schwache CM- oder VL-Reize ausgelöst sind. 3. Die Anstiegssteilheit von spontanen EPSP liegt zwischen 2 und 15 msec. Es besteht keine konstante Beziehung zwischen Amplitude und Anstiegssteilheit. Der Potentialabfall ist annähernd exponentiell, die Zeitkonstante liegt zwischen 8 und 12 msec und ist damit etwas länger als die passive Neuronzeitkonstante (8.5±2.2 msec nach Creutzfeldt u. Mitarb., 1964b). Es bestehen keine konstanten Unterschiede der Zeitverläufe von spontanen, durch VL- oder CM-Reiz ausgelösten EPSP-Einheiten. 4. Die Intervallhistogramme von spontanen EPSP sind verschieden je nach dem, ob alle Intervalle oder nur Perioden mit sporadischer, nicht-gruppierter Aktivität ausgezählt werden. Nicht gruppierte EPSP haben längere mittlere Intervalle (70–80 msec). 5. Nach überschwelligen Thalamusreizserien ist sowohl die spontane als auch die reizinduzierte PSP-aktivität vermindert. Es kann jedoch nicht entschieden werden, inwieweit corticale und inwieweit thalamische Mechanismen für diese post-tetanische Depression verantwortlich sind. 6. Während reversibler Deafferentierung des Cortex durch K+-depolarisation afferenter Fasern und im chronisch isolierten Cortex finden sich keine spontanen PSP mehr, obwohl EPSP und IPSP am isolierten Cortex durch epicorticale Reize noch ausgelöst werden können. 7. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die beobachteten PSP durch afferente und collaterale Faseraktivität ausgelöst sind. Für echte „Miniaturpotentiale” entsprechend Beobachtungen an Muskelendplatten findet sich kein Anhalt. Insofern repräsentiert das „synaptische Rauschen” corticaler Zellen die konvergierende Afferenz dieser Zellen und kann nicht als echtes „spontanes Rauschen” angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Spontaneous post-synaptic potentials (PSP's) of neurones of the motor cortex are analysed (intracellular recording, Nembutal anesthesia, cats). Distinct EPSP's either appear grouped or more sporadically distributed. Spontaneous EPSP's only represent about 3–10% of all spontaneous PSP's. The mean amplitude of EPSP's is about 0.7 mV. The smallest EPSP's have an amplitude of 150–200 μV, smaller slow fluctuations of the membrane potential (MP) are seen occasionally. Amplitude histograms of spontaneous EPSP's are similar to those of evoked EPSP units following weak thalamic stimulation. — The rising time of spontaneous EPSP's varies between 2 and 15 msec. and is not correlated with the peak amplitude. The decay is almost exponential, the time constant is between 8 and 12msec., thus being slightly higher than the neurone time constant of cortical pyramidal cells (8.5±2.2 msec. Creutzfeldt et al., 1964b). No consistant differences in time course and amplitude of “EPSP units” after VL and CM thalamic stimulation and of spontaneous EPSP's was found. Cortical and thalamic components of post-tetanic depression of spontaneous and evoked PSP activity cannot be distinguished. Interval histograms are different whether all EPSP's during sporadic and grouped activity or whether only sporadically appearing EPSP's are counted. Non-grouped EPSP's show longer mean intervals (between 70 and 80 msec.). — During reversible deafferentation with K+-depolarization of afferent fibers and in the chronically isolated cortex no spontaneous EPSP's or IPSP's are found eventhough membrane fluctuations of cells in the latter preparation may sometimes be difficult to distinguish from real EPSP's. In the chronically isolated cortex, EPSP's and IPSP's can still be elicited by epicortical stimulation. — From these findings it is concluded that the observed spontaneous PSP's represent “unit” EPSP's and IPSP's due to afferent and collateral fiber activity and that no true miniature potentials due to spontaneous liberation of transmitter substance can be recorded. Thus, the “synaptic noise” of cortical neurones represents convergent activity on these cells and consequently cannot be considered as true “spontaneous noise”.
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Experimental brain research 1 (1966), S. 161-183 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Intracellular recording ; Postsynaptic potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Intracellular recording from Purkinje cells has been employed in investigating the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action that is exerted on these cells by the mossy fibre input into the cerebellum. 2. These synaptic actions are evoked not directly by the mossy fibres, but probably always through granule cells and their axons, the parallel fibres. The intracellular records conform with the anatomical evidence that the parallel fibres directly exert a powerful synaptic excitatory action on Purkinje cells, and that the inhibitory pathway occurs via an inhibitory interneurone — a basket cell or a stellate cell. Direct stimulation of parallel fibres gives intracellular potentials closely resembling those produced by deep stimulation of mossy fibres. 3. As would be expected, direct stimulation of parallel fibres produces an EPSP with a latency 1 to 2 msec briefer than the IPSP. The IPSP has a duration usually in excess of 100 msec. The EPSP appears to be briefer, though its superposition on the IPSP greatly reduces its apparent duration. Neutralization of the IPSP by appropriate membrane polarization or by intracellular chloride injection reveals an EPSP duration of up to 50 msec. 4. The IPSP is typically affected by polarizing currents; reduced and even inverted by hyperpolarizing currents, and increased by depolarizing currents. The IPSP is converted to a depolarizing response by excess of intracellular chloride. It must therefore be generated by an increased ionic permeability of the inhibitory subsynaptic membrane, chloride ions being importantly concerned. 5. Often small irregular IPSPs can be observed occurring spontaneously, and they react to polarizing currents and to chloride injections in a manner identical to the evoked IPSPs. It is concluded that they are generated by the spontaneous discharges of basket cells. 6. A brief account is given of various spontaneous rhythmic responses of impaled Purkinje cells, and of the effect of synaptic inhibitory action upon them. 7. There is a general discussion of these findings in relation to the various neural pathways and neural mechanisms that have been postulated in the light of the preceding investigations.
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  • 16
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    Experimental brain research 2 (1966), S. 330-349 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; IPSP ; Monosynaptic ; Purkinje cells ; Inhibitory neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary During stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum, postsynaptic potentials were recorded intracellularly from ipsilateral Deiters neurones of the cat. In the majority of examined cells, the inhibitory postsynapic potentials were induced with short latency; 1.06 msec on the average from lobule III or IV. The latency was longer (1.23 msec) when the lobule V was stimulated, while it was shorter (0.86 msec) from the juxtafastigial region. It follows that the IPSP was produced via a monosynaptic pathway at a conduction velocity of 15 to 20 m/sec. Recording of the extracellular field potentials and focal stimulation within and around Deiters' nucleus further indicated that the inhibitory impulses propagated out of the cerebellum along a remarkable bundle of fibres which terminated within Deiters' nucleus. These results are all explicable by assuming that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in nature and so produce IPSPs monosynaptically in Deiters neurones via the long corticofugal fibres. Monosynaptic EPSPs were also detected in some Deiters neurones. They are considered to be mediated by the other pathways formed of axon collaterals of the cerebellar afferents.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 371-378 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous studies indicated that when cells grown in a NaCl-free glucose medium were subjected to a high salt concentration, cellular constituents were released which were metabolized by the cells in preference to glucose. In the present study, cells grown on glucose in high salt medium were subjected to a shock loading of salt-free medium. In this case, the resulting lysate was not used in preference to glucose; the lysate was metabolized only after an acclimation period following glucose utilization. It was shown by injecting chloramphenicol into the reaction liquor during glucose metabolism that new protein synthesis was required in order to metabolize the lysate. This response represents an additional way in which a rapid change in salt concentration can adversely affect biological treatment of waste waters, and a new type of situation in which sequential removal of substrates occurs.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 337-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen uptake of Penicillium chrysogenum hyphae growing in automatically aerated deep cultures was the subject of local and periodical change. The change depended on the concentration of carbon dioxide which accumulated in the gas phase of system during the evolution of foam bubbles, and which was suddenly liberated when the foam was destroyed. The actual concentration of sunflower oil added as an antifoaming agent also influenced the oxygen uptake of culture.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 405-431 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 456-460 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 465-471 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The addition of as little as 2 ppb of manganese to ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses during citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger NRC A-1-233 caused a 10% reduction in acid yield and undesirable change in the morphology of the organism from the normal pelletlike form to the filamentous from. Still smaller additions (0.4-2ppb) caused undesirable pellet clumping, while greater additions (2-100 ppb) gave further decreases in yield. The yield obtained at 100 ppb was less than 25% of that obtained at 1 ppb or less. None of the other metals tested (Al3+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+) visibly changed pellet morphology, and only Al3+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ at relatively higher concentrations (5-25ppm) reduced acid yield. The adverse effect of manganese on growth and acid production was not affected by addition of the other metals.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oxygen Utilization as a scale-up parameter is evaluated in two antibiotic-producing fermentations. This method of scale-up was used in tank-to-tank and in flash-to-flash scale-up studies. Antibiotic yields and cell weight trends were generally duplicated in the replicate runs, with some discrepancy noted in chlortetracycline yields at high aeration levels. The apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption rates and for automatically controlling oxygen utilization, according to a predetermined pattern, is described.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 581-593 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biological systems can be used in three types of fuel cell: depolarization (or concentration) cell, product cell, and redox cell. The possibilities and theoretical limitations of each type of cell have been considered in terms of the metabolic activities of microorganisms and the coupling of these to electrochemical systems. The use of cell extracts and enzymes, particularly in an insoluble form, has been discussed.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 195-215 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In three series of experiments, 3-l., 20-l., and 150-l. bacterial cultures were grown in stirred, deep culture vessels to average bacterial cell densities of 71 × 108, 63 × 108, and 43 × 108 viable organisms per milliliter, respectively, and then infected with phage. The average yield of progeny phage in each case was ca. 3000 mpfu (minimum plaque-forming units) per cell. Thus, the average mass of phage obtained in the 3-l. experiments was not less than 124 mg./l., calculated from the plaque counts, assuming a particle size of 3.6 × 106 Daltons for the μ2 phage. This is about twentyfold higher than is obtainable by conventional methods in aerated, shaken culture flasks. The actual phage yields are probably much higher than the minimum values calculated from plaque counts. For example, in the case of one of our culture lysates which was purified at King's College, the efficiency of plating was shown to be only 19%. The carbon dioxide evolution rate of cultures was measured and used as a guide to the time at which phage should be added. In this way, greater control of cultural conditions was obtained than is possible in shaken flasks. For the best yield of phage per milliliter of culture, the optimum time for phage infection was such that bacterial lysis just prevented the carbon dioxide evolution rate from reaching its potential maximum. The major factor influencing the phage yield per milliliter of culture was the aeration capacity of the culture vessel used. All had maximum aeration capacities much higher than those obtainable in shaken culture flasks. Cultures grown and infected in 3-l. Vessel operated under conditions of low aeration gave poor yields of phage. The reason for this are discussed.
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 453-455 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 461-463 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 25-42 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects on mass-transfer and overall mixing rates of varying impeller geometry and operating speed have been studied for flat-bladed turbines in laboratory fermentors, in aerated aqueous solutions, and in unaerated and aerated suspensions (1.6% w/v) of paper pulp. In the absence of suspended solid, oxygen absorption rates could be correlated directly with power input. In the pulp suspension, oxygen absorption at a given power input was influenced by impeller geometry and operating speed. The data for the three-phase system can be correlated by a dimensionless equation relating oxygen-transfer rates and mixing times to the geometrical and operating parameters of the impellers.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previously, the degree of mixing was not felt to be an important consideration in fermentor design. In this study on the continuous propagation of Baker's yeast, it was found that at low dilution rates, i.e., 0.02hr-1, the degree of mixing achieved does effect the cell yield. At low dilution rates, appreciable quantities of sugar can be utilized for endogenous respiration in comparison to that utilized for making cell mass. Poor distribution of the sugar aggravates the balance of sugar utilized for each process. Yields at these low dilution rates can be improved to a limited extent by using a multiple feed-distribution system and better mixing.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Probabilistic models for the killing of microorganisms are formulated and described. The utility of the models is illustrated by applying them to the optimization of an idealized fermentation process.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 217-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A brief review of the development of our knowledge about hydrogen bacteria is presented, with emphasis on the characteristics and physiological differences of various Hydrogenomonas species. One species, Hydrogenomonas eutropha, is discussed in greater detail. Nutritional requirements, physical factors affecting growth, and equipment used for culturing 100-ml. shake cultures and 15-1.mass cultures of H. eutropha are described. Cell-free extracts of H. eutropha carry out the oxyhydrogen reaction as demonstrated by the alternate reduction and oxidation of endogenous flavins and cytochromes by molecular hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. Spectra of cell-free extracts of this organism show the presence of cytochromes of the c and b1 types. A cytochrome of the o type was also found, but none of the a cytochromes were detected. The sum of a series of enzymatic reactions shown to be catalyzed by these extracts can account for the oxidation of hydrogen by oxygen.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 275-286 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Our program on the mass cultivation of basidiomycetes was designed to determine whether these organisms, being more highly differentiated than bacteria, molds, and yeasts, would in turn carry out markedly different reactions on natural products. A discussion of our methods of isolating and characterizing a representative collection of basidiomycetes and of our difficulties in obtaining pure cultures which grew well is presented. Some information we obtained on the growth and types of products that these organisms produced in a synthetic medium is discussed. Our techniques for examining fermentation beers for transformation products from indole compounds and from progesterone are explained, and the types of products we obtained are described.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 318-320 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of the ciliate, Colpoda steinii, was studied in shake flasks, 30-l., stirred jars, and a conventional 50-gal. stainless-steel fermentor. This organism was growth with either washed or unwashed Escherichia coli cells as the sole food source. Generation times of 3-4 hr. were obtained at 30°C. With average yields of 78% (0.78 g. of protozoa/g. of bacteria). In a 100-l. fermentation, a dry weight concentration of 12.5 g./l. (1.04 × 107 protozoa/ml.) was reached by means of periodic addition of E. coli paste. The influence of bacterial concentration on the growth rate of the protozoa was also investigated. It was found that this relationship could be represented by a Michaelis-Menten equation with a maximum specific growth rate of 0.23 hr. -1 (3-hr. generation time) and a bacterial concentration for half-maximum growth rate of 6.0 mg. (dry wt.)/l.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 315-317 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the foam separation of E. coli from distilled water suspension using a cationic surface-active agent, ethylhexadecyldimethyl-ammonium bromide (EHDA-Br) is presented. Results are evaluated in terms of total cell count, using a membrane filtration technique. Cell concentrations in the initial suspensions are varied from 5.0 × 105 to 1.0 × 108 cells/ml. Surfactant concentrations in the initial cell suspensions are varied from 0.015 to 0.040 mg./ml., and foaming times are varied from 2 to 20 min. The residual quantity of cells decreases exponentially with foaming time to about 0.02% of the initial quantity after 20 min. The cell enrichment ratio, varying from 10 to 1,000,000, is an inverse power function of the initial surfactant concentration and an exponential function of foaming time. Foaminess decreases with increasing initial cell concentrations, and for an initial surfactant concentration of 0.030 mg./ml., the residual cell concentration is a linear function of the initial cell concentration.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Presented is a mathematical model for the continuous-flow steady-state bacterial culture which permits the experimental determination of carbon transfer rates within the system by use of radioactive tracer techniques. The transfer rates are specific for hydraulic loading rates, feed concentrations, type of organism, and substrate, and were incorporated within the existing theoretical description of the growth kinetics in order to elucidate the yield relationships. The carbon transfer rate of cells to soluble organic substrate was observed to exhibit a minimum value at or near dilution rate D = 0.5 hr.-1. A maximum effective yield coefficient, Y, was observed at the same value of D. At dilution rates greater and less than D = 0.5 hr.-1, the cell-substrate transfer rate increased, and effective yield coefficient was observed to decrease. The former showed increases of 50-200%, and the latter exhibited decreases of the order of 10%. The magnitude of these variations would seem to be significant in industrial fermentation processes which utilize continuous microbiological cultures. In light of these findings, the results of other researchers were shown to exhibit maximum effective yield at similar dilution rates or process loadings.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 473-488 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An improved system is presented for measurement of interactions between a number of individual bacterial species. In the procedure, steady-state populations are fed into a common-mixed-culture vessel. Generation times of each species are determined under these conditions and contrasted with generation time in an identical situation in pure culture. Populations for generation time are determined with the aid of differential media. The mechanical system includes three types of peristaltic pumps for media feed and a unit for measurement, recording, and/or control of pH. A new type of anaerobic continuous-culture vessel which can be inoculated, sampled, and fed continuously is also described. A functional test of a three-part system including Streptococcus salivarius, Veilloncella alcalescens, and Staphylococcus aureus is presented. An unusual feature was the finding that, under certain conditions, the generation time of S. Salivarius was less than 10 min.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The requirements of the continuous analysis of effluent gas streams from aerated flash and tank fermentors are described, as are instrumental devices for measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of fermentor gases. The use of a specially designed sequential gas sample for monitoring four fermentations simultaneously and a system for precise control of low air flow and pressure is explained. Equations for calculating carbon dioxide production or oxygen consumption rates and respiratory quotients are given. A discussion of the operating characteristics of a device for automatic translation of aeration data between fermentors is presented.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 595-619 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Power requirements in the agitation of non-Newtonian fermentation broths with and without aeration were measured by a strain gage-type dynamometer. Broth from the production of gluc-amylase by Endomyces species and carboxymethyl cellulose solutions were used as non-Newtonian fluids. In gas-liquid agitation systems, the correlation between Pg and P02 ND3/Q0.56 observed by Michel and Miller was found to be applicable to non-Newtonian fluids in laminar and transition regions. This was particularly true for fluids with apparent viscosities larger than 300 cp. The impeller diameter and impeller blade width had considerable effects on power consumption in a nongassed system. It was suggested, therefore, that Pg/P0 should be correlated by a dimensionless term involving some impeller-size factors.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 97-108 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dissolved oxygen measurements were made in pilot (20 and 250 l.) and production scale (15,000 l.) novobiocin fermentations. Bulk mixing was found to be incomplete in pilot tanks with turbine impellers of D/T = 0.40 (where D is impeller diameter, and T is tank diameter) but appeared homogeneous with impellers of D/T = 0.69. In the former case, the respiration rate was presumably limited by insufficient oxygen supply in areas of poor bulk mixing, whereas, in the latter case, the major resistance was between the bulk of the liquid and the cell (intraclump resistance). Higher agitator speeds decreased the gas-liquid resistance proportionally more than they reduced the liquid-cell resistance. In production fermentors, dissolved oxygen measurements indicated that bulk mixing was complete with each of the three impeller sizes tested (D/T = 0.28, 0.33, and 0.43), but that the respiration rate was again limited, mainly by a resistance between the bulk of the liquid and the cell.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 117-134 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A system of automatic control of substrate inflow into an aerated culture of microorganisms which depend on oxygen-absorption rate (OAR) has been devised and tested. As the control variable, dissolved oxygen concentration (DOC), which shows the equilibrium between OAR and oxygen-uptake rate in the microbial culture, was chosen. If the equilibrium is disturbed by changes in OAR, then the oxygen-uptake rate is changed by substrate limitation. The DOC is measured by means of a Clark-type polarographic electrode, and the signal is used to actuate the substrate inflow valve or pump. The oxygen-uptake rate changes of microorganisms, after the addition or exhaustion of substrate in the medium, are so rapid that they can be used for this type of control.Fundamental equations were derived and graphical solutions for the control system parameters were suggested for the steady-state relations between DOC, oxygen-uptake rate, specific growth rate, substrate concentration, KLa, and concentration of microorganisms. The system is stable in the entire range of the uptake rates up to nearly the maximum attainable in unlimited substrate conditions, and can be operated in batch feed or continuous flow modifications. It was experimentally tested with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The complete utilization of aeration-system capacity of the fermentor was achieved with high yeast yield and no alcohol formation. The quality of the product was excellent.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 135-151 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Foam separation of microorganisms has been investigated with varying success by many workers, usually at high rates of gas flow. Microflotation was developed to overcome some of the disadvantages inherent in these high gas-flow-rate processes and is introduced in this paper as a new technique for the foam separation of microorganisms at low gas-flow rates. With microflotation, a stable surface phase is produced by adding an insoluble collector such as a long-chain fatty acid or amine. The formation of an insoluble surface phase eliminates the need for high foaming. Low rates of gas flow are used resulting in a more efficient separation and a less voluminous and drier surface phase upon which to collect the microorganisms. The efficiency of this technique is also improved by using flotation aids such as frothers and flocculents. Frothers are used to improve the collector properties of the surfactant and to refine further the small bubbles produced by a very fine sparger. Small concentrations of flocculents, such as alum, are used to partially agglomerate the organisms and provide sites for adsorption of collector. The work described in this paper is preliminary in nature, designed to illustrate that a low flow-rate process may be used to separate microorganisms and to stimulate further research. The applications discussed are removal of the bacterium, Escherichia coli, and alum, and two species of algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella ellipsoidea, using stearylamine without alum. The frother used was ethanol.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 189-191 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 297-313 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Observations on quantitative relationships between oxygen diffusion rate and product formation were made with penicillin, bacitracin, and gluconic acid. For penicillin and gluconic acid formation, no toxic oxygen concentration could be achieved in the broth, whereas concentration above approximately 7 mg. O2/l. suppressed the bacitracin yield to an ever increasing extent. The intensity of mixing was measured by means of distributing a dye. With penicillin formation as an example, it was shown that the antibiotic yield is not only dependent on maintenance of a certain oxygen diffusion rate, but also on ensuring a necessary minimal mixing.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 353-369 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 464-464 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polysaccharide gum was made by fermentation with Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 in a medium of glucose, minerals, and distillers' solubles. The effect of distillers' solubles on growth rate can be described by the familiar saturation equation. Although a quasistoichiometric relationship was observed between nitrogen utilization and growth, total nitrogen supply was not growth limiting, nor was polymer formation growth associated. Cell growth primarily took place in the early part of the fermentation; polysaccharide biosynthesis occurred throughout the fermentation. Glucose was converted to polysaccharide at a fairly constant yield, which was 70-80% of glucose consumed, under optimum conditions. The kinetic patterns observed indicate that multistage continuous fermentation will be suitable for polysaccharide production.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 549-565 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A stable mixed yeast culture designated as Culture 4, consisting of Candida intermedia and Candida lipolytica was investigated. The culture was judged stable based on uniformity of fermentation results and the nearly constant ratio of the two organisms at the completion of fermentations. However, the ratio of the two organisms at different times during the fermentation was not determined. The mixed culture grew more rapidly on n-alkanes than did C. intermedia; C. lipolytica did not grow on unsupplemented mineral salt-n-alkane medium. Solid n-alkanes were dissolved in 2,6,0,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane) for investigation as carbon sources. With Culture 4, on n-alkanes ranging from pentadecane (C15) through octacosane (C28), cell yields were 74.2-89.5%; generation times were 3.0-8.0 hr. during the exponential growth phase. The fastest growth rates and highest cell yields were obtained with docosane (C22) as substrate. The cells obtained contained 6.75-8.81% nitrogen and 1.9-13.4% lipid. Crude protein yields were 34.4-47.6%. The oxidation of n-alkanes by C. intermedia was studied manometrically with resting whole cells. The alkaneoxidizing system of this organism appears to be constitutive and nonspecific for alkane substrates.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Meta-Stat gas monitor, a component instrument which automatically monitors and controls the pH and gas content of the liquid phase in suspension cell-culture systems, has been developed to provide continuous pH control within ± 0.015 units, as well as continuous oxygen control within 0.5% of the preset level in the range of 0-40% O2.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 567-580 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mixed yeast culture (Culture 4) was grown on representative gas oil samples as well as paraffin wax. Culture 4 was found to utilize n-paraffinic hydrocarbons almost quantitatively from most gas oil fractions; significant alteration of other hydrocarbon components was not detected. Generation times of 4.0-9.0hr. were typical during the exponential growth phase in fermentations with various gas oil fractions. Cell yields were 70-90% based on n-paraffin utilization. The culture appeared to exhibit maximum efficiency of n-alkane removal in the C19 to C24 range. The cells recovered from the fermentations contained 8.8-9.3% nitrogen. Paraffin wax also served as a suitable carbon source when dissolved in 2,6,10,14-tertramethylpentadecane (pristane). However, substrate utilization appeared to be incomplete.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Scale-up of a mixing process in fermentation involves breaking the process down into individual but interrelated steps. The effect of mixing on gas-liquid absorption, fluid shear rates, blending, and heat transfer allows each to be considered separately. A method of estimating the mixer size required in a full-scale system from pilot studies illustrates the application of a particular technique.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 71-84 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model system, utilizing shear-sensitive protozoa, has been developed for characterizing the disruptive forces in agitated systems. The model system gives a measure of the maximum shear stresses in the apparatus being tested, and is particularly useful when tissue fragility is a factor in fermentor design. The time dependency of protozoan disruption is shown and discussed. Breakdown data in conventional stirred vessels and a laminar shear device are presented and discussed.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operation of a permanently-piped plant for sterilizing 10-200 l. of tissue-culture media is described. The plant is sterilized in situ by steam injection, the filtration rate is 2-3 l./min., and the turn-around time for volumes of 100 l. is about 3 hr.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extremely halophilic bacteria, which are able to grow in, and require, saturated or near-saturated salt solutions are both of historical interest and of practical importance as food spoilage organisms. In addition, because of the environment in which they live, their membranes, enzymes, and ribosomes have unusual or unique properties that make them especially worthy of physiological study. A simple method for growing large quantities of extreme halophiles is described, and various growth media, both complex and synthetic are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 259-273 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A chemically defined medium for Micromonospora purpurea has been devised, consisting of glucose, a nitrogen source, calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, dibasic potassium phosphate, and the required trace quantities of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. Using washed cell inocula, dry mycelial weights of more than 16 mg./ml. were obtained in 7-day shaken-flask fermentations. Nutrient requirements for M. purpurea are discussed and growth data presented. Sucrose, maltose, starches and dextrins could be substituted for glucose, and resulted in good growth of the organism. A number of amino acids and inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds were capable of utilization as sole nitrogen sources. Weekly serial transfers of the culture in defined medium have shown no diminution in mycelial weights over a four-month period.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 321-321 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By means of gas-absorption experiments in a stirred vessel, with various depths of liquid above a properly positioned single-opening pipe-type gas sparger, conclusions are reached about relative contributions to the overall absorption rate by localized actions near the sparger tip, in the impeller region, and from bubbles distributed in the bulk volume of the fluid. Results are discussed for difficulty soluble gases (oxygen in water and chlorine in water) and a substantially soluble gas (chlorine in benzene). In all cases, dissolution rates in the vicinity of the sparger and impeller were significantly large compared with those near free bubbles.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of a multiple-rod mixing impeller was compared to that of conventional turbine impellers in viscous novobiocin beers. The advantages of the multiple-rod impeller were found to be: (1) the power requirement was independent of changes in apparent viscosity of the fermentation beer; and (2) it gave the same novobiocin yield and oxygen-availability rate at about one-half of the power required by turbines.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A versatile and simple continuous-culture apparatus is described. With this apparatus, independent control of limiting growth factors and other nutrilites is possible and the conditions of each experiment are reproducible. In view of the synchronized speed of the feeder syringes, flow variation troubles are not encountered. The device allows the performance of growth experiments at different dilution rates simultaneously in a single run which makes the comparison of the results more reliable. The operation of the device has been tested successfully with a study of adenine deaminase induction in yeast.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The insect pathogen Bacillus popilliae Dutky causes a fatal milky disease of Japanese beetle larvae. Spores of the bacterium offer a biological means of controlling this insect. While satisfactory sporulation in vitro has not yet been accomplished, conditions have been developed for the proliferation of vegetative cells in shaken flasks and aerated fermentors. Vegetative cultures are maintained by frequent transfer or by lyophilization. Media based on yeast extract are used routinely, but corn steep liquor and casein hydrolyzates afford comparable yields of 5 × 108 cells/ml. in 16-24 hr. Nutritional requirements have been established for growth in a synthetic medium. Oxygen availability affects the pathway of carbohydrate catabolism and is necessary for optimal growth. In rapidly growing cultures, a short period of maximum viability is characteristically followed by rapid death of the cells. When inoculum size and transfer time are suitably manipulated, viable cell yields reach 1-2 × 109/ml. Alternative methods of propagation, including the addition of particulate carbon, and procedures designed either to neutralize acids or to remove metabolic products by dialysis, do not markedly enhance the yield of cells per volume of medium, although viability may be prolonged.
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 621-624 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A multiphase project has been planned to develop a new biological process capable of economically treating high BOD wastes. Herein is presented the results of the first phase of the program, in which the feasibility of growing concentrated microbial cultures was investigated and the oxygen and power requirements for maintaining such cultures were determined. An example is given of the scale-up of power requirements for oxygen transfer in a prototype system.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 8 (1966), S. 625-629 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 7-13 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Wie an γ-Hydroxy-crotonsäuremethylester (III) und α-Hydroxy-vinylessigsäure-methylester (IV) gezeigt wird, führt die Peroxygenierung α,β-ungesättigter Hydroxy-Verbindungen zu Wasserstoffperoxyd und den entsprechenden α,β-ungesättigten Carbonyl-Verbindungen.Der aktivierende Einfluß der olefinischen Doppelbindung auf die Peroxygenierbarkeit von Hydroxy-Verbindungen wird an der Reihe Diäthylcarbinol, Äthyl-vinylcarbinol und Divinylcarbinol nachgewiesen. Auch α-ständige veresterte Carboxylgruppen wirken im geringen Maße aktivierend.
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  • 74
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung des Natriumsalzes der 8-Chinolylmercaptomethansulfonsäure aus Natrium-8-mercaptochinolinat und Natriumchlormethansulfonat in Dimethylformamid sowie über die Gewinnung der freien Säure berichtet.
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  • 75
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 190-197 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Fortführung von Arbeiten über Hydrazin und Hydrazinderivate(1-5) wurden die Reaktionen von Harnstoff H2N · CO · NH2, Semicarbazid H2N · CO · NH · NH2 und Carbohydrazid H2N · HN · CO · NH · NH2 mit Natriumhyprochlorit in neutralem und alkalischem Medium präparativ und UV-spektroskopisch untersucht.Die bekannte Reaktion zur Bildung von Hydrazin aus Harnstoff und Natriumhypochlorit in alkalischer Lösung wurde insbesondere hinsichtlich der bestehenden Annahme, daß sie nach dem HOFMANNschen Abbau verläuft, erneut diskutiert. Das als Beweis für die Bildung von N-Chlorharnstoff als ersten Reaktionsschritt nach dem HOFMANNschen Abbau angesehene Absorptionsmaximum bei 2450 Å, das durch Oxydation von Harnstoff mit tert.-Butylhypochlorit entsteht, konnte bei der Oxydation mit Natriumhypochlorit ebenfalls beobachtet werden, jedoch nur in neutralem Medium.Bei entsprechenden Oxydationsreaktionen von Semicarbazid und Carbohydrazid mit Natriumhypochlorit traten im Bereich von 2000-3000 Å keine Absorptionen auf, die auf entstandene N--Cl-Bindungen hindeuten könnten. Ein möglicher Reaktionsverlauf bei der Oxydation dieser beiden Verbindungen in alkalischem Medium über intermediär gebildetes Triazan und Tetrazan wird angegeben.Nach einer bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Methode konnten Hydrazindicarbonsäurediamid H2N · CO · HN · NH · CO · NH2 und das primäre Natriumsalz der Cyanursäure NaC3H2N3O3 · H2O durch Oxydation von Semicarbazid bzw. Harnstoff in neutraler Lösung mit Natriumhypochlorit dargestellt werden.
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  • 76
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 230-234 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Möglichkeit des Einsatzes von Dimethylsulfoxid als Lösungsmittel für kryoskopische Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen nach BECKMANN unter Berücksichtigung eigener Erfahrungen beschrieben und die molare Gefrierpunktserniedrigung von Dimethylsulfoxid experimentell zu 4,4° ermittelt.
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  • 77
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 283-290 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit von Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Kobaltchelaten des Bis-(2-aminobenzyliden)-äthylendiamintyps wird in Abhängigkeit von der C-Zahl (n = 2-6) der Diaminkomponente untersucht. Nur die Verbindung mit n = 2 ist katalytisch wirksam. Die Dissoziationskonstanten der Kupferchelate werden potentiometrisch bestimmt. Die Chelatbildung der Innerkomplexe verläuft stufenweise.
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  • 78
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 188-198 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Gegenwart tertiärer Phosphine reagieren höhere Alkylhalogenide bei 140-180°C mit Methyl- oder Äthylestern von Phosphor-, Phosphon- und Phosphinsäuren (I) leicht unter Freisetzung von Methyl- oder Äthylhalogeniden. Dabei entstehen im Sinne einer schrittweisen Umalkylierung die höheren Alkylester der Phosphor-Säuren. Die katalytische Wirkung der tertiären Phosphine beruht auf der primären Bildung quartärer Phosphoniumhalogenide, die sich chne Beeinträchtigung der Esterausbeute auch durch Lithiumchlorid ersetzen lassen.
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  • 79
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 34 (1966), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Reaktion von Monazit mit Kohlenstoff und Quarz wurde bei Temperaturen zwischen 1400°C und 1700°C untersucht. Es bilden sich neben elementarem Phosphor die Silikate der Seltenen Erden und des Thoriums. Diese lassen sich mit Salzsäure extrahieren.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 173-174 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch DOEBNER-MILLER-Reaktion kann man aus 8-Aminochinolin-5-sulfonsäure das Natriumsalz der 2-Methyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-6-sulfonsäure darstellen, welches leicht in die Säure überführbar ist.
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  • 81
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 204-210 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Umsetzung von Salzen der Aminosäure-p-nitrobenzyl- und -p-nitrophenylester mit Phosgen erhält man gut kristallisierende N-Carbonyl-aminosäureester, deren Verwendung bei Peptidsynthesen prinzipiell gezeigt wird.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 82
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 211-216 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die für Cyclopenta(b)pyridin (Azalen) und seine benzkondensierten Derivate nach der MO-LCAO-Methode in HÜCKELscher Näherung erhaltenen Aussagen über Elektronenverteilung, Reaktivität und Lichtabsorption beweisen das azulenähnliche Verhalten dieser Substanzklasse. Die berechneten Eigenschaften der Azalene stimmen mit vorliegenden experimentellen Daten überein. Die Elektronenverteilung in den Pseudoazulenen hängt von der Elektronegativität des Heteroatoms ab.
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  • 83
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus 2-Alkyl-2-brom-acylbromiden und Harnstoffen erfolgt die Darstellung von 2-Alkyl-2-brom-acylharnstoffen, aus denen durch Abspaltung von Bromwasserstoff mit Silberoxid 1-(2-Alkyl-cis-Δ2-acyl)-harnstoffe und mit Pyridin 1-(2-Alkyl-trans-Δ2-acyl)-harnstoffe erhalten werden.
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  • 84
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ausgehend vom 4-Nitro- und 4-Chlor-4′-methoxy-desylbromid werden durch Umsetzung mit Methyl- und Dimethylamin die entsprechenden Hydrochloride der N-substituierten Desylamine erhalten.
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  • 85
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 32 (1966), S. 311-316 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: α-Halogenacylamide setzen sich mit Pyridin und Derivaten, wie Pyridin-carbonsäureamiden zu quaternären Pyridinderivaten, zu Pyridinium-Verbindungen um, bei Gegenwart von Natrium-amid bilden sich aus Pyridin-carbonsäureamiden, N-Acylamino-pyridin-carbonsäureamide.
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  • 86
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 3,7-Dibromtropolon wird durch Umsetzung mit Formaldehyd und Piperidin und anschließende Oxydation der MANNICH-Base mit KMnO4 in die 5-Formylverbindung umgewandelt.
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  • 87
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 34 (1966), S. 262-271 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ω-Diazofettsäureester werden durch wäßrige Halogenwasserstoffsäuren zu den entsprechenden ω-Halogenfettsäureestern zersetzt, mit verd. H2SO4 entstehen hauptsächlich ω-Hydroxyfettsäureester. Die durch Einwirkung von Benzoylchlorid in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin leicht erhältlichen ω-Benzoyl-diazofettsäureester ermöglichen die Synthese einiger auf anderen Wegen schwierig oder nicht herstellbarer Verbindungen und sind außerdem der Wolffschen Umlagerung zugänglich.
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  • 88
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 34 (1966), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird eine neue Synthese von Diphenylisopropylaminderivaten aus Phenylisopropanolaminen und Benzolkohlenwasserstoffen bei Gegenwart einer Lewis-Säure, wie Aluminiumchlorid, beschrieben.
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  • 89
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sol-gel transformation of mixed gels of silica, alumina and ferric oxide has been studied by determining the variations in pH with time of dialysis. For silica-alumina mixtures a pH of 2.9 is invariably reached irrespective of the alumina content of the mixtures. The amount of alumina present in the mixture influences the time of setting of the gel to a very great extent and it decreases with increase of the alumina content of the mixtures. These results have been explained in light of chemical interaction between the two gels to give aluminosilicates as well as in terms of controlled coagulation phenomenon with alumina behaving as a foreign electrolyte for bringing about the gelation of silicic acid.The results of silicic acid, ferric oxide gel forming mixtures are altogether different. In this case the time of gelation increases with the increase in the amount of ferric oxide in the gelation mixture, while a pH of 4.2 is reached irrespective of the amount of ferric oxide present. No evidence for the formation of ferric-silicate is obtained nor the gelation of these mixed sols can be explained in terms of controlled coagulation.The colloidal silica appears to act as protective colloid for the highly acedic ferric oxide sol. Viscometric and pH metric studies on the addition of alumina sol to mixtures of ferric oxide and silica sols indicate that alumina competes with ferric oxide in the formation of mixed gels. Here, too a pH of 2.9 is invariably reached irrespective of the alumina content in the mixed gels.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 206-212 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Synthese von Di-2-äthylhexylphosphat aus 2-Äthylhexanol und POCl3 ergab sich eine Abhängigkeit der Zusammensetzung des aus Di-2-äthylhexylphosphat und dem Nebenprodukt Mono-2-äthylhexylphosphat bestehenden Endproduktes von der Dauer der gegenseitigen Einwirkung bei erhöhter Temperatur. Während die Gesamtausbeute an Ester durch ein Maximum läuft, schwankt das Verhältnis Mono- zu Di-2-äthylhexylphosphat periodisch.
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  • 91
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Im folgenden werden die Darstellungsbedingungen für langkettige Zinkdialkyle untersucht. Präparative Schwierigkeiten bei der Gewinnung reiner Verbindungen, die je nach Darstellungsmethode bei wachsender Kettenlänge der Zinkdialkyle zunehmen, werden erörtert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 33 (1966), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden die Synthesen von 2 homologen Reihen des 3-Hydroxy-2,5-diphenyl-pyrazins und 2-Benzoyl-4(5)-phenyl-imidazols beschrieben. p-n-Alkyl- und p-n-Alkoxyphenylglyoxal-hydrate kondensieren unter ammoniakalischen Bedingungen bevorzugt zu den entsprechenden Imidazolylketonen und nur in geringen Ausbeuten zu Hydroxypyrazinen. Die Alkylhomologen des Pyrazins schmelzen ab Äthylderivat zu kristallin-flüssigen Phasen auf, die dem smektischen Typ angehören. Mit wachsenden Flügelgruppen treten Umwandlungspunkte in diesen Phasen auf. Die beiden ersten Glieder der Ätherreihe haben zusätzlich einen nematischen Bereich. Allen Imidazolylketonen fehlen diese Eigenschaften. Der Einfluß der α-ständigen Hydroxygruppe am heterocyclischen Mittelstück der gestreckten Molekeln wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 34 (1966), S. 190-200 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ester des β-Hydroxy-äthylamins und des Bis-(β-hydroxy-äthyl)-amins bilden mit Kupfer(II)-halogeniden kristalline 1,2-Komplexe, während sich ihre Hydrochloride mit CuCl2 zu Tetrachlorocupraten(II) umsetzen. Aus Lösungen, die Tris-(β-phenyl-carboxy-äthyl)-amin (TPÄ) und Kupfer(II)-halogenide enthalten, kristallisieren Tri-bzw. Tetrahalogenocuprate(II). Die erforderlichen Protonen werden in einer Nebenreaktion von Redoxcharakter geliefert. Partielle Veresterungsprodukte des Tris-(β-hydroxy-äthyl)-amins setzen sich mit Kupfer(II)-salzen zu Koordinationsverbindungen von z. T. innerkomplexem Charakter um. Die Strukturen der dargestellten Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
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  • 94
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 14-19 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird die Synthese einer Reihe neuer basischer Amide von α-Alkoxydiphenylessig-säuren beschrieben, deren Alkoxygruppe einerseits verzweigte Alkylgruppen, Alkylaryl-gruppen sowie Alkoxyäthergruppen trägt.
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  • 95
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Determination of conductance, pH, Spectrophotometry, and Refractive-Index measurements of a series of mixed solutions of uranyl nitrate and thorium nitrate, indicate the existence of one definite complex-compound in the solution namely \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Th(NO}_{\rm 3} {\rm)}_{\rm 4} - {\rm UO}_{\rm 2} ({\rm NO}_{\rm 3})_2 $$\end{document} Monovariation method of NNYAR and PANDE (1), has been followed in the preparation of the solution and in the investigation of properties. Aqueous solution of the uranyl nitrate and thorium nitrate were prepared in such a way that the concentration of uranyl nitrate was kept constant, while that of thorium nitrate was varied systematically, and the physico-chemical properties recorded. When the values are plotted against the concentration of thorium nitrate curves are obtained with the specific breaks. The kink occurs at exact stoichiometric ratio of the concentrations corresponding to the compound noted above.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Experiments with the system Uranyl nitrate-Lanthanum nitrate-water viz., Conductance, pH, and spectrophotometry revealed the existence of the following compounds in solution. \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm (1)\,\, La(NO}_{\rm 3} {\rm)}_{\rm 3} - {\rm UO}_{\rm 2} ({\rm NO}_{\rm 3} )_2 {\rm \quad\quad(2)\,\,2La(NO}_{\rm 3} {\rm)}_{\rm 3} - {\rm UO}_{\rm 2} ({\rm NO}_{\rm 3})_2 $$\end{document} A set of 22 mixed solutions was prepared by following Nayar and Pande's monovariation method1. In all the solutions the concentration of uranyl nitrate was kept constant (i. e. M/200), while that of lanthanum nitrate varied systematically from 0.0M to 0.021M. The physico-chemical properties, namely conductivity, pH, and spectrophotometry were used for the investigation of complex-compounds in the above system. When these values are plotted against the varying concentration of Lanthanum nitrate two breaks were obtained in the regular curves at concentrations corresponding to the compounds having the above formulae. The results obtained by all these physico-chemical properties are in excellent agreement leading to the same conclusions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 68-75 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Composition and stability of palladium-Nitroso R Salt chelate, lanthanum, thorium, uranium and palladium chelates of Thoron, lanthanum-Chromotrope 2 B chelate and palladium-Chrome Azurol S chelate have been reported. The range of stability of the chelates with pH have also been determined. The use of Chrome Azurol S, Chromotrope 2 B, Murexide, Thoron, Quinizarin sulphonic acid, and gallocyanine in the complexometric determination of thorium against EDTA has also been reported.
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  • 98
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung einer Reihe Schiffscher Basen des Chinolin-2-aldehyds, des Chinolin-8-aldehyds, des 8-Hydroxychinolin-2-aldehyds und des 3-Hydroxychinolin-2-aldehyds wird beschrieben. Eine Übersicht über das katalatorische 2 Verhalten der Metallchelate wird mitgeteilt.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkyliden- bzw. Aralkylidenmalonitrile und -cyanessigester reagieren bei Raumtemperatur mit Schwefelkohlenstoff zu substituierten 6-Amino-2 H-thiopyranthionen-(2), die sich unter Einwirkung von Natronlauge in 6-Mercaptopyridone-(2) und bei der Behandlung mit Mineralsäuren in Gegenwart von Alkohol in 6-Alkylmercapto-thiopyranone-(2) umwandeln.
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  • 100
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    Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 31 (1966), S. 262-268 
    ISSN: 0021-8383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetyl-malonsäureäthylesterthioanilide cyclisieren mit Brom zu Benzthiazoly-(2)-acetessigsäureäthylestern. Es wurden Versuche unternommen, auch andere Verbindungen mit Thion-Thiol-Tautomerie in der HUGERSHOFF-Reaktion umzusetzen.
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