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  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (388)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1965  (388)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (388)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (388)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1965-1969  (388)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histochemical study of the hamster ovary (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hamster ovary has been studied histochemically for various lipids. The granulosa cells of normal follicles contain lipid bodies of various sizes composed mainly of phospholipids. Some lipid bodies also contain triglycerides, cholesterol and its esters. The theca cells contain lipid granules consisting of phospholipids. At the onset of atresia, the granulosa stores lipids abundantly which consist of triglycerides, cholesterol and its esters and a slight amount of phospholipids. The theca of atretic follicles, also stores lipids consisting of phospholipids first, and then in sequence phospholipids and triglycerides and finally phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and its esters. The theca hypertrophies and persists to form the interstitial gland whereas the granulosa cells, with their lipid droplets, regress and disappear. The interstitial gland in the hamster ovary occurs as patches of various sizes and these are derived from the theca of atretic preantral and antral follicles. Most of the lipid droplets of the interstitial gland, are mobilized within the preovulatory ovary. The replenishment of lipid droplets begins on day 1 of the cycle (metestrus). On day 2, the interstitial gland is again filled with lipid droplets which are rich in cholesterol and its esters, triglycerides and phospholipids.In ovaries treated with pregnant mare's serum (PMS) on each of the days of the estrous cycle, numerous large preantral follicles having 4-7 layered granulosa, are stimulated to ovulate. Normally such follicles become atretic, indicating that a lack of sufficient endogenous pituitary gonadotrophins prevents these follicles from maturing. Neutral lipids, especially cholesterol and its esters, could not be demonstrated in the normal granulosa in the PMS-treated ovaries. The follicles, which were atretic at the time of injections, were not affected by exogenous hormones. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) did not conspicuously affect the growth of follicles. Both PMS and HCG caused mobilization of lipid droplets from the interstitial gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160113
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  • 202
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    Coronary arteries of gallus domesticus (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 301-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of the coronary arteries of the domestic fowl is described. In the fowl heart the longitudinal sulci do not contain descending rami of the coronary arteries. The largest coronary vessels are the right and left deep coronary arteries, which early in their course come to lie on the ventral face of the I-V septum immediately below the endocardium. The circumflex arteries which occupy the corresponding coronary sulci are minor trunks. Differences in the relative distribution of me right and left deep coronary arteries allow recognition of three heart types: Heart Type Two, i.e., right coronary artery dominance, is found to be the commonest; Heart Type Three (left coronary artery dominance), and Heart Type One (balanced coronary circulation) are less common. Some details of the origin and course of the atrial, infundibular, conal and valvular arteries are given. The presence of homo-coronary and intercoronary anastomoses is noted.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160115
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  • 203
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    Viability and differentiation of human trophoblast in organ culture (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 315-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Organ culture of 15 immature human placentas  -  obtained at therapeutic abortion of 5-22 week gestations  -  was carried out in a medium consisting of: horse serum, 20%; NCTC 109, 15%; and balanced salt solution, 65% to which was added 100 I.U. of penicillin per ml of culture medium. Minced placental fragments were placed on filter paper laid across glass beads within a Petri dish; the medium barely covering the beads. Moist incubation was carried out at 35-36°C in a mixture of 5% CO2 and 95% O2 for 4-6 weeks; the medium being changed every 2-3 days. Radioautographic techniques using 1-2 μc of methyl H3-thymidine per ml of medium as well as routine histological techniques were employed. These showed that Langhans epithelium or cell masses  -  cytotrophoblast  -  differentiated or metamorphosed into a “new” syncytiotrophoblast. Only cytotrophoblastic nuclei took up the radioactive thymidine which appeared later in the new syncytiotrophoblast. Ordinary histologic preparations showed that the “new” syncytiotrophoblast resembled the original syncytiotrophoblast by virtue of its position (between original cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast) together with its loss of cell boundaries and its acquisition of intracellular vacuoles and cytoplasmic chromophilia. The cytotrophoblast remained viable for three weeks and then gradually decreased in amount with a corresponding increase in the amount of “new” syncytiotrophoblast. The latter was the predominant though necrotic tissue seen at six weeks. These techniques are tools for investigating the many aspects of growth, differentiation and endocrine function of human trophoblast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160116
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  • 204
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160201
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  • 205
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    Further evidence for the presence of nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurons in the rat (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the help of the highly specific and sensitive histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp for the cellular demonstration of monoamines the catecholamine-containing cell-bodies within the brain stem have been studied after unilateral removal of a large part of the neostriatum 1 to 28 days after the operation.Most of the catecholamine-containing cell-bodies within the substantia nigra  -  but no other monoamine-containing cell-bodies  -  appeared to be distinctly increased in fluorescence intensity and somewhat swollen 2 to 4 days after operation while after 3 to 4 weeks they showed a marked to very marked decrease in fluorescence intensity together with marked degenerative changes. Parallel with the changes in the cell-bodies there occurred a rapid and marked accumulation of catecholamines within very abundant swollen nerve fibers in the internal capsule. These nerve fibers were traced caudally via the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule down to the crus cerebri. These results together with those in a previous paper (Andén, Carlsson, Dahlström, Fuxe, Hillarp and Larsson, 1964) seem to provide conclusive evidence for the presence of nigro-neostriatal dopamine neurons.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160117
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  • 206
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    A kinetic study of the myenteric neurones. Size variations in the neurovegetative periphery with body weight and organ size (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 335-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between organ size, body weight and the size variations in myenteric neurones of the ileum and cecum has been studied in white Fisher rats. Three groups of conventional as well as germfree rats of varying body weight were utilized.Myenteric neurones in the cecum and ileum “grow” with increasing body weight. Cecal neurones have a steeper growth curve than ileal neurones. The average diameter of Auerbach's ganglion cells in the cecum is 13.6 μ in 90 gm rats, 20.0 in 300 gm rats. In medium sized rats (150 gm) the myenteric neurones of the germfree cecum are 2-3 times as large as those in the cecum of conventional animals. This increase is proportional to the enlarged cecal circumference in germfree rodents. When small (90 gm) germfree rats are conventionalized the myenteric neurones return to normal size as the cecum “shrinks” to normal size. In the intramural parasympathetic nervous system of the gut organ size as well as body weight are determinants of ganglion cell size.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160118
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  • 207
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    Immunohistological and histochemical localization of relaxin in the metrial gland of the pregnant ratThis work has been supported by the aid of United States Public Health Service grant GM-10210. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 433-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The presence of relaxin in uteri, placentae, and ovaries of pregnant rats was studied immunohistologically with fluorescein labeled anti-relaxin serum and confirmed by histological and histochemical techniques.In sections of uteri from day 12 of pregnancy stained with these antisera, the cytoplasm of the granular cells of the mesometrial decidua gave off a yellow-green fluorescence indicating antirelaxin binding. On day 15, 17 and 19, the granular cells of the metrial gland and occasional lakes in near-by vascular lumina fluoresced. No other specific fluorescence was evident in the uteri or placentae. The fluorescent regions of these cells corresponded exactly with the cytoplasmic aggregates of granules in the metrial gland and mesometrial decidua. Histochemical studies of these granules which bound with antirelaxin, revealed a chemical composition congruent with that known for relaxin, and with that of the relaxin-containing granules of human decidual and placental cells. The dissolution of connective tissue fibers, believed to be a main function of relaxin, was observed in the last days of pregnancy within the metrial gland, especially where it borders the mesometrial decidua. These results correlate well with Schaub's discovery of a collagen-degrading substance in the metrial gland. Other actions of relaxin may be explained as secondary to the primary effect of dissolution of collagen. The relaxin-containing cells in the human and in the rat differ only in their localization in the tissue which depends on their phylogenetic adaptation to different placentational needs. The metrial gland cells of the pregnant rat correspond in their function to the basal trophoblastic cells of the human term placenta. The non-menstruating rat has no counterpart for the endometrial granulocytes, but the granular cells in the mesometrial decidua adjacent to the site of implantation correspond to the endometrial granular cells surrounding the implantation site in the human; it is suggested their collagen dissolving action facilitates implantation.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170308
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  • 208
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    A study of salivary glands of rats injected with actinomycin DBased in part on a thesis for the degree of the Doctor of Medical Sciences in Anatomy, Yunsei University, Seoul.Supported by a grant from U.S.P.H.S. (D-1620-3). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 631-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of the salivary glands of the rat following an injection of a sublethal dose of actinomycin D. Body weights and weights of the parotid and submandibular glands showed significant decreases during the first 7 to 14 days. The loss in weight was the greatest in the parotid gland.Histological and cytological observations indicated that the changes in secretory cells occurred in the following order: (1) beginning of nuclear pyknosis with a rapid decrease in number and size of nuclei by 24 hours after the injection; (2) advanced stages of nuclear pyknosis with concomitant decrease in cytoplasmic basophilia and granules by day 3; (3) apparent vacuolization and rarification of cytoplasm by day 7; (4) beginning of nucleolar and nuclear recovery by day 10; and (5) complete cytoplasmic recovery by the end of experiment as evidenced by the return of basophilia and disappearance of vacuoles.Paralleling the weight changes, cytological damages were greater in the parotid than in the submandibular acini. This was thought to be related to differences in nature of secretory products by the two organs. A decrease in number and pronounced irregularity in size of the granules in salivary ducts of the submandibular gland were observed but at a later time than the above mentioned changes in the acini. The significance of these changes has been discussed in light of the recently gained knowledge on the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins as related to the chemical mechanism of actinomycin D in the inhibition of m-RNA synthesis.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160308
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  • 209
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    The transverse tubular system in mammalian myocardial cells (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of ox myocardial cells, as seen in transverse sections, is described. The presence of an extensive system of transverse tubules at Z region levels has been confirmed, the walls of the tubules being continuous with the sarcolemma.Preliminary observations in smaller animals indicate that similar tubules are readily seen in guinea-pig myocardial cells and are present, but are more difficult to find, in the rat; communication between the tubules and the exterior is readily demonstrated in the guinea-pig but less readily in the rat.Contact between the transverse tubules and the Z regions was not particularly close, and a thin delicate “circumferential Z tubule” was noted to lie round the myofibrils at most Z regions.The Z regions, on cross section, shows a tightly packed square array of filaments, double in number compared with the thin filaments seen elsewhere in the sarcomere; the appearances probably confirm for heart muscle the Z region structure which has been described for skeletal muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170102
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  • 210
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    A fluorescence and electronmicroscopic study on certain brain regions rich in monoamine terminals (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the use of both the sensitive fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp for the histochemical demonstration of monoamines at the cellular level and electron microscopy the synaptic terminals were studied in nucleus caudatus putamen, nucleus tractus solitarii and the substantia grisea periventricularis of the fourth ventricle. In all these regions numerous boutons of a size similar to the varicosities of the monoamine terminal exist. They form mostly synapses with dendrites. The boutons are more or less filled with either small (about 300-350 Å), medium sized (about 450 Å) or  -  but less commonly  -  large (about 550-600 Å) agranular vesicles. Larger (about 800-1,000 Å) granular vesicles are found in all three regions studied. In comparison to the agranular vesicles, however, they are practically always few.In animals treated with a large dose of reserpine or nialamide none of the different types of vesicles showed any obvious changes. It is concluded that the monoamine storage granules are not identical with the large granular vesicles, but that they, with the method used, appear as small, agranular vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170104
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  • 211
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    Patterns of origin and distribution of the major bronchial arteries in manSupported by a grant from the NIH, USPHS (HE-07277). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 19-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In 50 lungs prepared as casts, the most common pattern of arrangement of the bronchial arteries, occurring in 30% of all lungs, was that of two posterior bronchial trunks to each side; next in frequency was the pattern of two trunks to the left and one to the right lung. In more than three-fourths of all cases there were not more than two bronchial arteries on each side. In two-thirds of the specimens various bronchial arteries arose both directly from the aorta and indirectly from an intercosto-bronchial trunk. At least one intercosto-bronchial trunk was present in 37 of the 50 specimens. All such trunks, even those supplying the left lung, took origin from the right side of the aorta, almost always from the first or second posterior segmental aortic branches, i.e., at the level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebra. Almost all intercosto-bronchial trunks yielded a right bronchial artery. Approximately 84% of the left bronchial arteries sprang directly from the aorta. In 22% a single trunk was the source of all bronchial arteries to both lungs, and in 14% this trunk arose directly from the aorta. In 84% also there was at least one bronchial artery that supplied bronchi of both lungs.Arteries arising high on the anterior or right lateral surface of the aorta were found in more than one-half of the casts, more than three times as frequently as in previously reported dissections.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170103
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  • 212
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    Secretory epithelium of the large axillary sweat glands. A cytochemical and electron microscopic studyThis investigation was supported by research grants from the Upjohn Company, from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (Argentina) and from the American Cancer Society (Institutional Research Grant ACS IN/27F). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 47-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The secretory cells of large axillary sweat glands from 12 normal adults were studied at the light and electron microscope levels, using techniques for localization of enzyme reaction product. The morphological and cytochemical characteristics of the plasma membrane and cell organelles (Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules) were observed. An interpretation of the secretory process was attempted. Most of the evidence spoke against the existence of an apocrine mechanism. Possibly some of the methods employed also could be used for the demonstration of hormone action on the LASG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170105
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  • 213
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    Appendix I. Theory concerning the transfer of cells out of the basal layer of the epithelium of the esophagus (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 87-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170107
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  • 214
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    Mitosis and differentiation in the stratified squamous epithelium of the rat esophagus (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fate of the cells of the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus was investigated radioautographically in young adult rats at various time intervals after a single injection of thymidine-H3.Soon after injection, labeled cells appeared in the basal layer of the epithelium (stratum basale). During the following 12 hours, the labeled cells completed DNA synthesis and mitosis, and mostly remained in the basal layer. After 12 hours, however, the labeled cells arising from the mitoses were transferred to the spinous layer (stratum spinosum) at the rate of 1.2% per hour.The respective fates of the two daughter cells of a mitosis were then examined using two-dimensional maps showing the location of the labeled nuclei at 24 and 48 hours after injection. It was assumed that any two nuclei located side by side and overlaid by a similar number of grains are the two daughter cells of a mitosis. Such pairs of labeled daughter cells fell into three categories: (1) Basal pairs, composed of two basal cells; (2) Outgoing pairs, composed of two spinous (or granular) cells; and (3) Mixed pairs, composed of one basal and one spinous (or granular) cell. Since three possibilities were encountered at the two time intervals, the mitoses could not be differential (in which case the pairs of daughter cells would consist of a cell remaining in the basal layer and another migrating to the spinous layer, that is, all pairs would be “mixed”). Instead, the frequency of the three types of pairs was such as to indicate that the transfer of a basal cell to the spinous layer is a chance event which can affect any basal cell (except those undergoing DNA synthesis or mitosis). Accordingly, the transfer of either or both daughter cells of a mitosis would also be due to chance.The transfer of a cell out of the basal layer is a critical step in the life of the cell, since it precludes further division and appears to trigger differentiation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170106
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  • 215
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170201
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  • 216
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    Electron microscopic observations on the postnatal differentiation of the seminal vesicle epithelium of the laboratory mouseThis investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Research Grants NB-02145 and NB-05219 from the National Institutes of Health. A preliminary report was presented at the Third European Regional Conference on Electron Microscopy (Deane, '64). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 91-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytological changes occurring in the epithelium of the mouse seminal vesicle between 5 and 49 days of postnatal life have been traced by electron microscopy.Initially the epithelium was composed of typical immature columnar cells. During the second week of life, the principal changes were: rapid cell proliferation, followed by increases in the amounts of organized ergastoplasm and Golgi material. During the third week, dense secretory material appeared in Golgi cisternae and then in the lumen of the gland.The parallelism between these changes and those found in maturing pancreatic acinar tissue has been assessed. Comment is made on the attachment of ribosomes to endoplasmic reticulum in the initiation of protein-secretory activity, and the importance of the subsequent proliferation of ergastoplasmic and Golgi membranes. The evidence for relating these cytological and secretory alterations in the seminal vesicle to a rising titer of androgen during the prepuberal period has been cited.Other observations included: (a) Evidence for a considerable amount of cellular sloughing and resorption during the first two postnatal weeks; (b) an association of mitochondria with developing desmosomes, and (c) the appearance of basal cells first during the second week of postnatal life, thus suggesting that they arise by dedifferentiation of columnar cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170108
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  • 217
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    Connective tissue responses to altered collagen and bone implantsThis project was supported by USPHS Research Grant D-1592 from the National Institute of Dental Research. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 151-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ∊-amino groups of reconstituted collagen were treated in a variety of ways and the collagen implanted subcutaneously in rats. After two weeks the implants were removed and examined histologically. A giant cell response was seen around the collagens treated with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzoylchloride or carbobenzoxychloride, but not with the other reagents. Parallel experiments with autogenous bone, treated with the same methods, were carried out. A mild giant cell response was found in the untreated bone, but was enchanced only in bone treated with the same three reagents. It would appear that the giant cell response was greatly increased when the attached benzene ring had nitro groups in the para position, and also when there was an ester linkage in the attached radicle. It is unlikely that this reaction was immunological in character. The giant cells have many of the properties of osteoclasts. It is suggested that it is the nature of the organic matrix of bone that determines if osteoclasis shall occur.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170110
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  • 218
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    Osmium impregnation of the Golgi apparatusResearch supported by the U.S.P.H.S. Naticnal Institute of General Medical Sciences grant GM 10182-09. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 135-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Golgi complex consists of a heterogeneous assemblage of small vesicles, larger vacuoles and characteristic packets of flattened cisternae morphologically distinct from other membranous organelles of the cytoplasm. It is polarized with respect to its position in the cell and also shows recognizable polarity in the arrangement of structural components within the complex. This polarity holds for cells in which the Golgi complex seems to have quite different functions, such as in the epithelial cells of mouse epididymis and of Brunner's gland, and plasma cells in the lamina propria of the intestine examined in this study. The present investigation employs a classical method for impregnation of the Golgi apparatus with the objective of more accurately localizing with the electron microscope the sites of osmium reduction within this heterogeneous organelle and of comparing the distribution of these sites with morphological indications of polarization within the Golgi lamellar systems. The osmium impregnation procedure generally used in this study consisted of fixing the tissues in 1.3% osmium tetroxide buffered with s-collidine followed by osmication in 2% aqueous osmium tetroxide for 40 hours at 40°C. After osmication the three cell types studied consistently exhibited a selective localization of osmium in the cisternae and vesicles on one side of the Golgi complex. The observations that only the outer vesicles and cisternae contain osmium while other cytologically similar elements under the same conditions do not, emphasizes the heterogeneous, bipolar nature of the Golgi apparatus. The substances responsible for osmium reduction are quite dependent on the local environment provided are apparently formed during the prolonged phase of the exposure of the tissue to osmium and are most likely localized at the inner face of the membrane of the outer cisternae and vesicles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170109
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160101
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    Stereotaxic localization of supraoptic, ventromedial and mamillary nuclei in the hypothalamus of weanling to mature ratsThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research Grant no. HE-06975, from the National Heart Institute. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Bilateral symmetrical electrolytic lesions were placed in the supraoptic, ventromedial and mamillary areas in groups of albino rats weighing 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 gm.The localization of the lesions was correlated with the coordinate setting used with the stereotaxic instrument.The diagrams presented contain the data for the antero-posterior, lateral and dorso-ventral coordinates plotted against the body weight of the respective groups and allow the extrapolation of coordinates for other hypothalamic structures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160104
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    The blood supply of the bovine hypophysisThis study was supported in part by a Research Fellowship from the American Veterinary Medical Association. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 91-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rete mirabile cerebri and the hypophysial vascularization were studied by various injection and staining techniques. The rostral hypophysial arteries arose bilaterally from the arterial circle of the cerebrum, while the caudal hypophysial arteries arose from the rete miabile on the dosal and caudal surfaces of the gland. The ramifications of the rostral hypophysial arteries supplied the vascular structures in the hypophysial stalk, which were classified on the basis of their structure into three groups; arborization forms, spike forms, and capillary loops. These structures drained into large portal vessels leading to the pars distalis. The pars distalis received a second smaller group of portal vessels from the capillary bed of the lower infundibular stem. The small group of portal vessels was limited in its extent by a well-developed hypophysial cleft. No direct arterial supply to the pars distalis could be demonstrated. The findings of this study support the view that the blood in the hypophysial portal system flows distally from the hypophysial stalk to the pars distalis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160106
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    Ultrastructure of developing muscle cells in the chick embryoThis investigation was supported by USPHS Training Grant STI GM-281 and USPHS Research Grant AM-04806. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 115-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sectioned as well as negatively stained preparations of developing myotomal cells from the chick embryo were studied with the electron microscope. The application of these two techniques to similar material made it possible to observe developing muscle cells in successive stages of differentiation and at the same time visualize some of the isolated components making up these cells.The thick and thin filaments observed in the embryonic muscle were morphologically indistinguishable from those observed in adult muscle. The thin filaments, found randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm of the early cells, were present in large concentrations before the first appearance of thick filaments. The first observed thick filaments had lengths of 1.5 μ, equal to that of adult thick filaments. The appearance of large polyribosomes was correlated with the first appearance of the thick filaments. Single and small groups of ribosomes were always present. Early formed thick and thin filament aggregates were found in the same hexagonal array that is typical to the organization of myofilaments in adult myofibrils. Non-striated myofibrils, associated with a periodic transverse tubular system, were found before striated myofibrils could be observed. Some preliminary observations were made concerning the appearance of glycogen particles.
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    The arterial system of the head and neck of the rhesus monkey with emphasis on the external carotid systemThis investigation was supported (in part) by USPHS research grant DE-00895 from the National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 149-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The arterial plan of the head and neck of 64 immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied using four techniques  -  dissection, corrosion preparations, cleared specimens, and angiographs. In general, the arterial plan of this area in the monkey is similar to that of man. However, certain outstanding differences were noted. The origin, course, and distribution of all arteries is described as well as the vascular relations to pertinent structures.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160108
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    Spinal cord segments. B. Gross structure in the adult monkey (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 205-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Dorsal and ventral roots were dissected bilaterally on spinal cords of adult monkeys: six rhesus, six irus and three baboons. Measurements made were: the distance between the uppermost cord attachments of successive nerve roots (segment length); the distance between the uppermost and lowermost fila within each root (root attachment length); and the distance beween the lowermost fila of one root and the uppermost fila of the subjacent root (interroot length). Segment lengths, dorsally and ventrally, are essentially alike within each species. In rhesus the average at various levels ranges from 4½ mm in cervical and sacral to 12½ mm in lower thoracic; in irus, from 4 mm in cervical and sacral to 10 mm in lower thoracic; in the baboon, from 5½ mm in cervical and sacral to 19 mm in lower thoracic. Within each species the dorsal and ventral root attachment lengths are similar, as are the interroot lengths, except in the lower thoracic levels. There dorsal interroot lengths range up to 3 mm longer than ventral. Cross sectional areas of the various levels were planimetrically determined. Within each species the largest areas are at lower cervical and lower lumbar levels. Individual segment volumes were calculated. In rhesus and irus these vary only about 60 mm3 from the largest to the smallest segment, excluding sacrocaudal levels. In baboon this difference is as much as 260 mm3.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160110
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    Structural orientation and density in cetacean humeriSupported by National Science Foundation, Grant no. G-13348. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 171-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cetacean humerus is a short, robust bone without an open medullary cavity. It lies in the base of the resilient, streamlined pectoral limb (flipper) between the only free articulation (the glenohumeral) and approximately the body contour. The humerus is acted upon by muscles of the shoulder complex and receives loadings from the flattened distal portion of the limb as this hydroplane acts against body inertia and water resistance in control of body attitude.This study is an analysis of development and structure of the humerus in terms of the unique functional role of the flipper of finback, beluga and pilot whales. Gross external and internal architecture are depictued by photographs and by whole bone and frontal section radiographs. Structural density (bone/unit volume of humerus, with mineral content known to be constant) is analyzed indirectly by photodensitometry of standardized radiographs of sawed sections. Results are shown in graphic reconstructions of sections and of the whole bone. By comparison of radiodensity with the actual weight/volume of excised samples, sections are also reconstructed in terms of absolute density distribution.It is found that the spongy cetacean humerus, from its origin, is without central resorption and that its definitive structure is produced primarily by differential concentration of bone along endoectad gradients of porosity. Thus, the greatest concentration of bone is on medial and lateral sides while bone only half as dense fills the anterior and posterior sides and underlies the most dense regions. The core region is extremely porous. Within the biological context, this is a most reasonable approximation of the engineered box-beam as employed in some aircraft wings. Whole bone and frontal section radiographs show that, within this overall density pattern, the distribution of bone trabeculae resembles the classic illustrations of trajectories in the loaded beam.The ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors with possible bearing on this type of bone development and structure are discussed.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160109
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    Electron microscopic observations on primary decidua formation in the ratThis investigation was supported by a Research Grant from the National Institutes of Health (HD 005690-03) and by the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 217-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cytological changes in uterine stromal cells of the rat during induced primary decidua formation have been examined electron microscopically. Decidua forming stroma was examined at daily intervals for the five days during which the reaction reaches maximal hypertrophy and hyperplasia and was compared with pseudopregnant, non-decidual (control) endometrium. Stromal cells of control uteri resemble embryonic fibroblasts. They appear to be of two types, depending on whether they contain rough - or smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. As the decidual reaction progresses, the cells enlarge and become binucleate; cells which contain exclusively rough surface endoplasmic reticulum no longer are evident. Glycogen and fat become abundant, the former in association with smooth-surfaced membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria become more numerous, smaller, and show evidence of a rearrangement in internal organization. There is a pronounced increase in a fine intracytoplasmic fibrillar component; and a spectrum of “microbodies” and lysosomes appears. At the height of the reaction, the stroma appears epithelioid. The possible functional significance of these changes is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160111
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    Effects of gonadectomy, androgen administration and thyroidectomy on the cytology of the pituitary gland of the five-striped palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughton) (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 353-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Changes in the cytology of the pituitary gland of the palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughton), following gonadectomy, androgen administration and propylthiouracil treatment are described.Increase in gonadotroph cell number and granulation reaches its maximum by one week after gonad ablation and is maintained at this level during the next three weeks, following which there is a gradual decline. Female squirrels show hypertrophied cells with prominent Golgi apparatus at 16 weeks after gonadectomy whereas males show similar changes four weeks after castration, changes which are still clearly noticeable at the end of 48 weeks. Castration cells or “signet-ring cells,” so characteristically seen in rats, do not occur in gonadectomized squirrels. Thyrotrophs are not affected by gonadectomy. Acidophils quickly decrease in number following gonadectomy, and are maintained at this level throughout the post-castration period.Administration of testosterone propionate to one week castrates causes degranulation in some gonadotrophs while others are coarsely granulated and deeply stained. The degranulated cells are interspersed with the other deeply stained gonadotrophs in the lateral halves of the pars anterior. Testosterone propionate administration to 12-week castrates produces no marked changes in the granule content of the gonadotrophs.Propylthiouracil treatment causes degranulation of cells located in the anteromedian zone of the pars anterior. Degranulation is partial in animals treated for 15 days but is compete after 30 days of treatment. Acidophils are partially degranulated after 30 days of propylthiouracil treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170304
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    Morphologic heterogeneity of mouse Paneth cell granules before and after secretory stimulationThis investigation was supported in part by grant AM-08379 from the National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland and by a General Research Support Grant to the University of Wisconsin Medical School from the National Institutes of Health, Division of Research Facilities and Resources, Bethesda, Maryland. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 365-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Paneth cells from fasted, fed and pilocarpine stimulated mice were studied with the light and electron microscopes. While human and rat Paneth cells contain structurally homogeneous granules, most mouse Paneth cell granules were found to be structurally heterogeneous both by light and electron microscopy. These structurally heterogeneous granules consisted of an outer rim or halo which surrounded the central core of the granule. These halos varied strikingly in electron density ranging from much paler to much darker than the granule core. Electron density of the halos correlated well with their affinity for toluidine blue in light microscopic preparations. The granule halo could be stained with both alcian blue and with PAS indicating that it contained acid mucopolysaccharide while the central core of the granule could be stained only with PAS and not with alcian blue.While actively secreting Paneth cells were seen in preparations from fasting mice, the secretory activity was increased after feeding and after stimulation with pilocarpine. The actively secreting mouse Paneth cells discharged their granules into the crypt lumen by merocrine secretion. The fine structure of mouse Paneth cell granules was the same in resting and in actively secreting cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170305
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    A histochemical study of testosterone-induced changes in the submandibular and sublingual gland of miceThis investigation was supported by U.S.P.H. research grant DE-01863 from the National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 417-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Prior studies have established a definite interrelationship between the salivary glands and the endocrine system. This study was designed to histochemically characterize testosterone-induced changes in the submandibular and the sublingual glands of male and female Ajax strain mice. In addition to morphologic stains, histochemical procedures included the demonstration of tryptophan, tyrosine, and sulfhydryl groups. Alcian blue, PAS, and toluidine blue staining was also employed. The Gomori and azo dye coupling procedures were both utilized for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170307
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    Antigen (ferritin) and antibody distribution in the rat lymph node after primary and secondary responses and after prolonged stimulationThis investigation was supported by USPHS grant A-4806 and in part by the American Chemical Society Institutional Grant. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 385-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With electron microscopy it was observed that ferritin antigen was taken up in pinocytotic vesicles by the reticular cells. No antigen was observed in lymphocytes, in immature or mature plasma cells after primary and secondary stimulation, or after hyperstimulation. In hyperstimulated tissue a larger number of more complex vesicles containing ferritin were visible, more ferritin was found free in the cytoplasm and a larger number of multiple-membraned figures were present.Hyperstimulation led to the appearance of activated fixed reticular cells which were characterized by cytoplasm containing a rich endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae and ferritin both free and in vesicles. The activated fixed reticular cells therefore contain antigenic ferritin and have the characteristics of cells engaged in protein synthesis.Using fluorescent antibody staining no antigenic material was detectable in the antibody producing plasma cell; therefore if antigen fragments not identifiable in electron microscopy are present they are in a form not available for antibody staining. Gamma-globulin was not detectable in the activated reticular cell. It may be necessary for the intact antigen to be completely modified and for the cell to lose its fixed position before γ-globulin synthesis can begin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170306
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    Some efferent connections of the nucleus medialis dorsalis. An experimental study in the catThis study was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service, Grants 5T1 NB 5249 and MH 00675. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 341-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Single unilateral electrolytic lesions were placed stereotaxically at different loci in the nucleus medialis dorsalis of the cat. The modified Nauta-Laidlaw silver method for the study of degenerating axons was used. Five animals with satisfactory lesions and staining qualities form the basis of this report. The nucleus medialis dorsalis in the cat sends efferent fibers to gyrus proreus, orbitalis, sigmoides anterior and genualis; also to the globus pallidus and putamen and to other thalamic nuclei. The findings indicated wider areas of projection of the nucleus medialis dorsalis to the frontal cortex than has been previously reported for this species. We were unable to confirm efferent connections from the nucleus medialis dorsalis to the caudate and hypothalamus as reported by others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160202
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    The pattern of the microcirculatory bed in the ventricular myocardium of domestic mammals (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 355-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Observations, as determined by injections of India ink through the coronary arteries of isolated and perfused beating hearts, were presented. Tissue blocks were removed from the right and left ventricular walls and the interventricular septum, sectioned and cleared for microscopic examination and photomicrography. The term microcirculatory bed was defined as those vessels 100 μ and smaller in diameter. The descriptions were based on 76 normal adult hearts of both sexes of six domestic species.The arterioles divided by dichotomous branching until the final division resulted in two daughter capillaries. At no time was a capillary observed leaving an arteriole larger than 15 μ in diameter. The arterioles had a modified type of end artery pattern. Arterial anastomoses were uncommon in the areas and species examined. A specific area of a cardiac muscle fascicle was supplied by several arterioles whose capillaries intermeshed. The implications of this concept in relation to micro-embolism were explored.Capillary anastomoses were frequent but the connecting vessel was only about 20 μ in length. Three types of capillary anastomoses were identified. Capillaries did not cross the muscle fascicles of the myocardium.Collecting venules were often distinctive in their morphological pattern. “Turnip root” patterns were observed in all species and represented the local venous collection of a muscle fascicle. A venule's capillary components were usually from several arteriolar sources.Supported in part by research grant HE 04217-05 from the National Heart Institute, U. S. Public Health Service.
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    A comparative-anatomical study of the craniocervical venous systems in mammals, with special reference to the dog: Relationship of anatomy to measurements of cerebral blood flow (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 375-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pathways of the venous drainage from brain have been studied in various mammals to locate sites for cerebral venous blood sampling with least potential admixture of blood of extracerebral origin.Man, rhesus monkey, pig and cat have internal jugular veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the jugular foramina (foramen lacerum). The bulb of the internal jugular vein may be used for withdrawal of cerebral venous blood in this group of species possessing the embryonal type of cerebral venous system.Dog, horse, rabbit, sheep and ox have (superior) dorsal cerebral veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the temporal foramina as the major cerebral venous outflow. The internal jugular vein in this group arises from the pharyngeal, thyroid and esophageal veins and has infrequent and very small or no drainage of cerebral blood from cerebral venous sinuses. On a dog and even more on other mammals of this group in horizontal and supine position, cerebral venous blood rarely can be obtained without significant contamination with extracerebral blood if the sampling takes place centrally from the temporal foramen.On a prone positioned dog the posterior third of the (superior) dorsal longitudinal sinus is the site to obtain cerebral venous blood specimens with minimal admixture of extracerebral blood.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160204
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    Osteolathyrism in mice and inhibition of the endosteal bone reaction in estrogen-treated mice by aminoacetonitrilWork performed under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was partially supported by Research Fellowship DPD-12, 985, United States Public Health Service Grant A-4225 Met., and the Atomic Energy Commission (At(11-1)-787) awarded to Dr. Franklin C. McLean, Physiology Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 387-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of aminoacetonitrile (AAN) on the skeletons of young mice injected with estrogen was studied histologically and microradiographically. AAN (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg) was administered daily during the first week of treatment alone or in combination with a single injection of 1 mg estradiol valerate on the first day. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of seven days for a period of four weeks. The bone reaction leading to ossification of the marrow cavities as a consequence of estrogen-treatment was diminished by 5-20 mg AAN, and the effect was roughly proportional to the dose of the nitrile. The metaphyseal trabeculae (distal femur) of the AAN-treated mice developed a mosaic appearance. While administration of the nitrile alone induced the formation of periosteal hyperostotic and osteo-cartilaginous hyperostotic fiber bone tissue over the femoral shafts late in the post-treatment recovery period, combined treatment with estrogen potentiated these changes during the treatment period itself. The cortical bone tissue was also demineralized by combined treatment, and fused osteocyte lacunae regularly appeared as an apparent sequela of both cell enlargement and degradation of perilacunar matrix. Conversely, estrogen completely protected the epiphyseal cartilages against degenerative changes (abnormal vascular invasion, rents etc.) after low doses of AAN (0.5-2.5 mg) during the treatment period, but the hormone was only partially effective after higher doses of AAN. It was suggested that aminoacetonitrile disrupts both the formation of new bone collagen and the integrity of collagenous structures deposited prior to treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160205
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    The terminal air sacs and their blood supply in a 37-day infant lungSupported by Research Grant HD-00656, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 413-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Wax models of a terminal spray of peripheral air passages from the middle lobe of a 37-day infant lung are presented in three views. Superimposed on drawings of the models are reconstructions of the arteries and veins. The spray begins with a pre-terminal bronchiole and ends in a trifurcation of alveolar ducts, each giving rise to two clusters of saccules. The third duct and its clusters are markedly under-developed. So far there is no evidence that new acini are being formed and the possibility of this seems less and less likely.Terminal arteries do not follow the rigid pattern of Miller (1937), namely, that an artery accompanying an alveolar duct breaks up into as many branches as there are “atria” and each of these into as many branches as there are sacculi. Instead, the six clusters are partially supplied by two rami which branch irregularly and also supply adjacent clusters. Parts of a cluster may be supplied by arteries from distant and alien sources. A long arterial ramus frequently takes a short cut through saccules of other clusters. Conspicuous are numerous small adventitious branches arising from the main artery. Often a peripheral vein is continuous with a pleural vein.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Duration of spermatogenesis and spermatozoan transport in the rabbit based on cytological changes, DNA synthesis and labeling with tritiated thymidine (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 401-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The duration of spermatogenesis in the rabbit was determined by injecting in a single dose 1 millicurie of thymidine-methyl-H3 per kg into the marginal ear vein of each of 14 Dutch-belted bucks. At different intervals, biopsies and unilateral castrations were performed on nine of the 14 bucks to time the stages of spermatozoan formation in the testis and transport through the epididymis. The remaining five animals were ejaculated for 63 days to determine the interval between the thymidine-H3 injection and the appearance of the isotope in the ejaculated semen.Histological sections, 8 μ thick, were stained with the Feulgen technique and coated with NTB 3 nuclear emulsion. The autoradiographs showed that the leptotene primary spermatocytes were the most advanced spermatogenic cells that incorporated the label. This agreed with microspectrophotometric determinations of DNA which showed this to be the last stage at which DNA was synthesized in spermatogenesis. Therefore there appears to be no DNA exchanged during spermiogenesis. Uptake of tritiated thymidine by spermatogonia also was in accordance with measurements of DNA synthesis and content of these cells.Thirty-one days post-injection the label had progressed from leptotene primary spermatocytes to spermatozoa leaving the testis. At this time a few labeled spermatozoa also were present in semen smears taken from the caput epididymis. Epididymal transport time was eight days for one rabbit and ten days for four rabbits. The duration of one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium based on 55 estimates was 10.9 ± 0.1 days. The lifespan of type A spermatogonia, type 1 intermediate spermatogonia, type 2 intermediate spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa was estimated to be 3.4, 0.6, 2.8, 1.1, 16.5, 0.8, 10.0 and 15.6 days respectively.The estimated total duration of spermatogenesis in the rabbit depends on the point chosen as the onset of spermatogenesis. If spermatogenesis is considered to begin with the first of the series of spermatogonial divisions leading to the production of primary spermatocytes then about four cycles of the seminiferous epithelium or 4 × 10.9 = 43.6 days are required. However, if one assumes that spermatogenesis starts with the formation of spermatogonial stem cells and that the lifespan of these stem cells is one cycle of the seminiferous epithelium then spermatogenesis extends over about 4.75 cycles, or 51.8 days.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160301
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    Oxidative enzymes of intermediary metabolism in healing bone fractures. A histochemical studyThis study was supported by Research Grant B 04155-02 of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 429-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fibulae of young adult rats were cut at the mid-diaphysis with scissors and examined at various stages of repair. The distribution of enzymes participating in glycolysis, in the citric acid cycle, and in the hexose monophosphate shunt was studied histochemically in healing bone fractures.Three days after the fracture there was marked proliferation and an increased enzyme activity in the osteoprogenitor cells in the inner layer of the periosteum along the entire diaphysis. Remarkable enzyme activity was also observed in the newly formed osteocytes. No qualitative differences were noticed among osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Necrotic muscle fibers, periosteum, and bone cells failed to react.Seven days after the fracture, a bulky cartilaginous callus developed. The proliferating osteoprogenitor cells of the periosteum and of the callus had a similar enzyme pattern. As the fibroblast-like osteoprogenitor cells of the callus developed into chondrocytes, enzyme activity increased. This was especially striking for isocitric dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. When the chondrocytes became hypertrophic, they gradually lost enzyme activity. Mononuclear and multinuclear osteoclasts, macrophages and foreign body giant cells showed marked activity of most demonstrated enzymes. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was marked in foreign body giant cells, but appeared weak in osteoclasts.At 14 days the enzyme pattern of the callus was essentially the same as at seven days.At 30 days bone union was well established, but there was still considerable osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity.The histochemical findings have been described in detail and discussed in correlation with pertinent morphological and biochemical data. Histochemically, bone regeneration proved to be essentially a recapitulation of normal bone growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160208
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    The lymphatic system of Didelphys azarae and Didelphys marsupialisThe research was aided by a grant from the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche of the Republic of Italy. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 449-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The lymphatic system of 45 Didelphys azarae and 15 Didelphys marsupialis, both species found in Brazil, were studied after injection of Prussian blue suspension and neoprene latex (the latter followed by partial corrosion). The data concern the lymph nodes, the lymphatic networks, vessels and principal trunks. The lymph nodal system in Didelphys is less developed (several nodes are missing) than that of the rodents of the same size. In Didelphys, the posterior cranial mediastinal lymph nodes are well developed: the right node receives the lymph from the stomach and diaphragm through vessels draining the para-esophageal, anterior mediastinal and caudal bronchial nodes, a fact not yet observed in other mammals. Each organ or area has its own lymph nodal station. The posterior para-aortic lymph nodes are almost always absent in the males, while in females only the right one is found. The common iliac lymph nodes are missing and it seems that they are replaced by lymphatic dilatations. Only one lymph node is found for the small intestine and two for the large intestine. The lymphatic networks are simple  -  4-5 patches are found in the small intestine and one is constant in the terminal ileum. Other features are the separate drainage of each vaginal cornu and the partial duplication of the thoracic duct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160302
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  • 240
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    The ultrastructure of unilaminar follicles of the hamster ovary (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 493-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Unilaminar follicles consisting of primary oocytes surrounded by a single granulosal layer, composed either of flattened, cuboidal or columnar cells, have been studied with the electron microscope in normal prepubertal hamsters. The most striking feature of the oocyte cytoplasm is the occurrence of the mitochondria in small groups with a dense intermitochondrial substance lying between the individual mitochondria. This substance is composed mainly of very small vesicles with a dense profile and a light center. Some of the mitochondria do not appear to have a limiting membrane, their matrices being seemingly continuous with, and similar in structure to, the intermitochondrial substance. In the younger oocytes the Golgi complex is diffuse and has numerous small vesicles. The nucleoli of the young oocytes are large and complex. They consist of a lighter area, predominantly of small particulate elements, and of darker regions, mainly with fine fibrillar components. The initial steps in the formation of the zona pellucida take place in follicles with a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. By the time the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of columnar granulosa cells a continuous zona pellucida within which lies oocyte microvilli and granulosa cell processes is present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160304
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    The fine structure of the supramedullary neurons of the puffer with special reference to endocellular and pericellular capillariesSupported in part by research grants NB-02314 and NB-03448 of the National Institutes of Health, and a grant from the Life Insurance Medical Research Fund and by grant AFOSR-550. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 471-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Many capillaries are embedded in the cytoplasm of large supramedullary neurons (about 200 to 300 μ in diameter). Fewer such capillaries are seen in the smaller neurons (about 80 to 100 μ in diameter). The neuron clusters remain unstained after vital staining with trypan blue indicating presence of the blood-brain barrier. Electron microscopic studies show that the capillary lumen is lined by nonfenestrated endothelial cells, pericytes, and a continuous basement membrane. Glial cell processes consisting mostly of astrocytes abut onto the capillary basement membrane separating the capillary from the neuron. The continuous glial investment around blood vessels may play a role in maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. The nucleus in supramedullary cells is roughly circular and contains one large and several small nucleoli. The perikaryon contains neurofilaments, diffusely distributed elements of endoplasmic reticulum, clusters of RNP granules, Golgi complex, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, and inclusion bodies; but is devoid of elementary neurosecretory granules. The cell body of the neuron is entirely covered by glial cells, often with processes which deeply indent the soma surface. Neither synapses nor arborizing dendrites are found on the cell body.
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    An electron microscope study of the development of the somatic muscle of the chick embryoThis work was supported by N.I.H. Grant 5TI-GM-793, and U.S.P.H.S. Grant H2490 and Career development award 5-K3-GM-15-281-05. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 523-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Somites 16 through 18 were obtained from chick embryos from 36 hours to 15 days incubation, and prepared for both light and electron microscopy. It was found that the myoblasts in the early stages increase in size and become elongated. Myofilaments of two types are first discernible in the peripheral cytoplasm in the 32 somite stage. Those of one type are about 100 Å in diameter and are probably myosin, while the others are approximately 70 Å and are believed to be actin. These filaments are organized into bundles (myofibrils) which are from the first striated. Throughout later development recognizable myofibrils are present; alongside are found numerous myofilament bundles in all stages of development indicating continuous myofibril formation. Smooth-surfaced vesicles and tubules become the main constituent of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes numerous at first, take up positions around the developing filament bundles and decrease in number as the myofilaments are formed. At the time of appearance of the first myofilaments, glycogen granules become visible in the sarcoplasm and increase rapidly in number. The mitochondria become arranged between the developing myofibrils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160305
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  • 243
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170101
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    Studies on the thymus of the mammal. XIV. Histology and histochemistry of embryonic and early postnatal thymuses of C57Bl/6 and AKR strain miceThis investigation was supported by research grant CA-01558 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 611-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymuses of mice of the C57B1/6 and AKR strains from ten-day-old embryos through one day after birth were studied histologically and histochemically. New evidence is presented of the penetration of the endodermal epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch of ten-day-old embryos by basophilic lymphoblasts.Both alkaline and acid phosphatases showed different distributions in the thymuses of the two strains at 12 and 13 days. By 15 and 16 days, alkaline phosphatase activity in thymuses of the C57B1/6 strain was peripheral; in thymuses of AKR mice, it was present throughout the lobes. In the C57B1/6 lobes, little acid phosphatase activity was observed; however, in the AKR thymuses, activity was strong and was located especially in the cortex. The characteristic patterns of enzymatic activities of the postnatal thymuses were well established at 17-18 days. Prenatally the medullae of the thymuses of both strains contained esterase-rich inclusion cells and epithelial reticular cells which occurred singly or as nests of cells. The inclusion cells also possessed alkaline phosphatase activity. It is suggested that these cells may contain the precursors of the humoral factor(s) of the thymus. The thymuses were also studied after treatment with the periodic acid-Schiff technique for glycogen and the procedure for showing sites of adenosine triphosphatase activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160307
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    The fine structure of bat spermatozoaResearch supported by grant RG 6729 from the National Institute of Health, United States Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 116 (1965), S. 567-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of epididymal spermatozoa of Myotis lucifugus and Eptesicus fuscus is described. Caudal to the acrosomal cap in both species, a thin intermediate layer is described as uniting the plasmalemma to the outer leaf of the nuclear envelope. Although this layer does not form a separate cap-like structure, it evidently corresponds to the “post nuclear cap” of light microscopists. A redundant portion of the nuclear envelope turns away from the condensed chromatin and continues caudad into the neck region where it forms a pair of concentric membrane systems on either side of the connecting piece. Two flattened mitochondria are closely applied to the dorsal and ventral aspects of the connecting piece.The sperm tails in the two species are generally similar except for the shape and distribution of mitochondria in the middle-piece and the thickness of the fibrous sheath of the principal piece. A unique arrangement of the mitochondria in Myotis makes it possible to determine the orientation of the plane of the central pair of flagellar fibrils in relation to the transverse axis of the flattened head and hence to deduce the probable plane of bending movments of the tail. Cortical and medullary zones are distinguished in the outer dense fibers of the flagellum and fibers 9, 1, 5, and 6 are consistently larger than the others. A set of slender satellite fibers are closely related to the inner aspect of the nine large outer fibers. Additional structural details of the axial filament complex are described, especially the cross-sectional configuration of the subfibrils in the doublets and their mode of termination in the end-piece. No “secondary fibers” or “mid fiber” were found.Since the axial filament complex of mammalian sperm tails is not continuous with a basal body, as in other flagella, it is suggested that the connecting piece is a centriolar derivative and may be the functional equivalent of a basal body for both the axial complex and the outer dense fibers.Comparisons are made of bat sperm tails and those of other mammalian species and the ultrastructure and arrangements of tail components are discussed in relation to the current concepts of sperm locomotion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001160306
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    A comparison of the incisor teeth of intact, hypophysectomized and thyropara-thyroidectomized rats (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three types of macroscopic incisor abnormality were observed in Wistar rats examined post mortem. Most common was an altered relationship of the incisors to one another due to either fracture, elongation, rotation, malposition, or a combination of these factors affecting one or more incisors. Enamel hypoplasia was evident as opaque whitish blotches, bands or fine transverse striations. Other incisors showed an overall uniform pallor of the enamel. These abnormalities frequently affected the same animal or the same incisor. The associations between them were significant (P〈 0.01). All the incisors of the intact group were normal and the incidence of abnormalities in hypophysectomized rats was not significantly higher (P 〉 0.05). However, of the thyroparathyroidectomized animals 56.8% had an abnormal incisor relationship, 28.4% showed discrete enamel defects and 23% showed enamel pallor. The incidence of all types of abnormality was higher in surgically thyroparathyroidectomized rats (P〈 0.05) than in other groups. No significant differences were found between completely and incompletely thyroidectomized rats or between subgroups which received different drug treatments. These findings are discussed in relation to similar reports and hypotheses are advanced to explain the abnormalities. Parathyroid deficiency rather than thyroid deficiency appears the most important etiological factor.
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    The fine structure of the aglomerular nephron of the toadfish, Opsanus tau (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 171-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Kidney cell fine structure in the aglomerular fish, Opsanus tau, varies profoundly with different fixation procedures. An extensive system of cisternae, tubules and irregular-shaped elements of smooth-surfaced membranes are seen in the basal cytoplasm after fixation with 2% OsO4 buffered with s-collidine. Permanganate fixation demonstrates these membranes as extensions of the basal plasmalemma. Mitochondria and homogeneous bodies surrounded by a single dense membrane lie in close association with the basal membranes. The apical cytoplasm contains an abundance of smooth-surfaced elements whose morphology varies with the fixation procedure used. The fine structure of these cells is discussed with respect to that of other ion transporting tissues and with respect to the concept that basal infoldings are related to “water reabsorption”.
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    Growth of the rat epiphyseal cartilage plate following partial amputationThis work was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 221-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Following hemi-resection of the rat distal femoral epiphysis with its growing epiphyseal cartilage, the cut surface of the cartilage is sealed-off by trabecular bone and the cells fail to undergo further growth and maturation at that site. However, since the peripheral rows of cartilage cells survive and continue to proliferate, the cellular activity gradient causes the epiphyseal remnant to rotate about the fixed cut surface of the cartilage toward the amputated side. In these experiments, the degree of epiphyseal rotation following partial amputation was compared to the longitudinal growth of the contralateral intact femurs in normal and estrogen-treated rats. While estrogen treatment retarded both the growth of intact femurs and epiphyseal rotation, the ratios of these growth measurements calculated at different time intervals following osteotomy (0-4, 4-7, 7-9 weeks) were identical to those of the control series. It was concluded that partial amputation per se had no demonstrable effect on the vitality of the surviving chondrocytes of epiphyseal cartilages; moreover, these cells were entirely responsive to the growth depressing action of estrogen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The distribution within the brain of ferritin injected into cerebrospinal fluid compartments. II. Parenchymal distributionA report (Brightman, '65b) of this work was presented before the American Association of Neuropathologists, June 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 193-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The electron lucent channels, about 200 Å-wide, between the plasma-lemmas of adjacent cell processes within the brain are true pericellular spaces along which ferritin molecules can move. The micelles, visualized electronmicroscopically, move through the spaces until they encounter an interglial fusion or its myelin counterpart. The interspace between glial processes is abruptly sealed by these inter-membranous fusions or occasionally distended by a dense filler capable of trapping ferritin. The cerebral interspace is thus highly variable in width and content.Molecules initially enter the interspace by passing across the basement membrane of the glial border fronting the subarachnoid space whence they are pinocytosed by the underlying glial processes and, at the subarachnoid border of the anterior medullary velum, by also passing directly between adjacent ependymal extensions. Once having entered the parenchymal interspace, micelles can be pinocytosed by neuronal somata and processes and, to a greater degree, by glial fibers. Pinocytosis by the thicker rather than the attenuated portions of glial fibers suggests that the plasmalemmas on the opposite sides of a process must be separated by a critical distance before pinocytotic indentations can be formed. The thinner portions thus offer greater barriers to the movement of micelles than do thicker regions.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170204
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    Phase microscopic observations of rat incisor enamelThis investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Support grants 1 SO1 FR-05348-01 and 1 SO1 FR-05348-04 from the Division of Research Facilities and Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 233-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thin ground sections (4-10 μ) of rat incisor enamel were prepared in appropriate planes using a modified hand grinding technique. Phase microscopic observations of these sections confirmed the previously defined rod arrangement in the inner layer of enamel, and also demonstrated a high degree of structural orientation in the outer layer of enamel. The initial layer of enamel formed was found to present a morphologic picture which has not been previously defined: a series of inter-connected pillars of enamel on an elevated base which has a “fish net” appearance in tangential section.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 251
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    Masthead (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170301
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    Electron microscopic observations of neurosecretory granules, nerve and glial fibers, and blood vessels in the median eminence of the rabbitThis work was in part supported by U. S. Public Health Service grants 5R01-HD-00964-02, 5-T1-NB-5062-10 and Health Research Council, City of New York grant U-1075. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 251-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The median eminence of the rabbit has been studied electron microscopically and the neurosecretory granules in the nerve terminals of the external layer were shown to be smaller and have a denser central core than the granules composing Herring bodies which are generally larger and have a paler core which is finely granular or vesicular. It was proposed that the small dense granules, which may represent neurosecretory substances destined to reach the pars distalis via portal veins, reach the nerve terminals in the external layer via certain dilated fibers described in this paper which contain identical granules. Some may also arise from the small dense granules occasionally seen in Herring bodies.The demonstration of neurotubules within Herring bodies and the continuity of nerve fibers into Herring bodies, as well as the demonstration of myelin around some aggregates of large pale granules such as those seen in Herring bodies are further evidence that Herring bodies are dilated axons. Wide perivascular connective tissue spaces and interfibrillary spaces were generally seen in the external but not the internal layers. The absence of neurosecretory granules from the perivascular connective tissue spaces suggests that neurosecretory granules go into solution before entering the connective tissue space. Some fibers containing neurosecretory granules, however, penetrated through the basement membrane into the perivascular spaces and certain unidentified electron dense granules were seen beneath the basement membrane of blood vessels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170207
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    The study of calcification of mammalian cartilage in norm and pathology by stain historadiographyThe work on stain historadiography of calcified tissues is supported by a research grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 287-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The combined technique of histology and radiography  -  stain historadiography (Bohatirchuk, '57a)  -  was used for studies of cartilage calcification. The main advantages of the technique are: a. X-ray specificity in the detection of calcium; b. the possibility of a morphological visualization of calcium in biological tissues at a microlevel. Three patterns of cartilage calcification were observed: 1. columnar; 2. expansive; 3. ubiquitous. Stain historadiographs suggest that the cartilage cell rather actively participates in the calcification: a. calcium deposits are often found within the cytoplasm and cell membrane; b. some cartilage cells are frequently entombed in intraosseous lacunae. The latter phenomenon is especially often observed in the ubiquitous type of calcification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170208
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    On the cytology and cytochemistry of the opossum's bronchial glandsSupported by a Research Career Development Award and Research Grant, GM-10949-02 to the author from the United States Public Health Service. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 311-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The numerous compound acinar, mixed, bronchial glands of the opossum's lungs collectively provide a large surface for secretion. The secretory materials are made by two types of cells located in the acini and smaller ducts. Mucus is produced by mucous cells that are similar to those found elsewhere. A fluid of unknown composition appears to be secreted by hydrotic cells. The acini are encircled by myoepithelium and the larger ducts are lined by morphologically unspecialized cells. The hydrotic cell, a type of “special serous cell,” is cytologically the most interesting of the elements present. It is not appreciably basophilic and lacks secretion granules, but it is rich in glycogen and contains many mitochondria with high succinoxidase activity. The basal surface is divided into irregular compartments by grooves, some of which are occupied by processes from stellate myoepithelial cells. The apical surface is villous and extends far down the sides of the cell as intercellular canaliculi. This surface has adenosine triphosphatase activity and is contacted by the agranular reticulum and numerous small vesicles in the subjacent cytoplasm. The bronchial glands are classified in the discussion, and special features of the hydrotic cells are compared with those possessed by other types of cells that engage in ion-segregation or ion-secretion. The glands are thought to assist in temperature regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170302
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  • 255
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    Cytology and histochemistry of the pituitary gland of the five-striped palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughton) (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 117 (1965), S. 339-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytology and cytochemistry of the pitiutary gland of the palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti during different phases of reproductive activity are described. Two types each of basophils and acidophils are recognized. The basophils include gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs and acidophils include orangeopils and carminophils. The gonadotrophs which are ovoid, coarsely granulated and mainly located on the sinusoidal borders of the lateral halves of the pars anterior are more numerous in males than in females. They are PAS-positive and AF-negative. They cannot be distinguished tinctorially into FSH and LH secreting cells as in the pituitary of the rat. The thyrotrophs which are large, rounded or polyhedral, finely granulated cells are confined to the antero-median zone of the pars anterior. They are PAS and AF-positive. The basophils can be tinctorially differentiated by the performic acid-alcian blue-PAS-orange G staining in which the gonadotrophs are stained purple and the thyrotrophs are red. The acidophils are differentiated tinctorially into two types. The orangeophils or STH secreting cells are small, rounded, and coarsely granulated. Carminophils or LTH secreting cells which appear in the pituitaries of females in early pregnancy and increase in number during later pregnancy and lactation, are large and coarsely granulated. The acidophils are specifically stained with mercury-bromphenol blue.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001170303
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  • 256
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    Separation of rabbit red cells by density methods and characteristics of separated layersSupported in part by AEC Grant AT(30-1)1829 and NIH Grants CA-02728-08, A-210, AM-06367-01, and A-5581.A preliminary report of this work was presented before the American Society of Biological Chemists, Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 16-20, 1963. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Red cells from rabbits (reticulocyte count 1-2%) injected 4-6 days previously with Fe59 were centrifuged in isotonic hypodense media (plasma, buffer, saline) for 30 minutes at 1,600 G and layers were removed to achieve density fractionation. An important criterion of separation was the fractionation ratio (specific activity of hemoglobin in any layer/specific activity of hemoglobin in unfractionated blood) which indicated whether a layer contained mainly “new” or “old” red cells. The most important factor in enhancing the fractionation ratio was the centrifugal force, but time also had an effect. All isotonic media were essentially equivalent, but hypertonic media (sucrose) were quite poor. Dextran and PVP were also not good in promoting density separation. The exact degree of separation achieved by various combinations of conditions is documented, but no system achieves a true equilibrium, as shown by the fact that refractionation can split any fraction into subfractions of higher and lower hemoglobin specific activity. Upper layers were characterized by greater cell size, more reticulocytes, more free cholesterol, phospholipid, and ATP, and a faster rate of glycolysis. The distribution of Fe59 in the fractionated blood was followed serially for up to ten weeks, the most homogeneous distribution being seen only in the first week or two. After that the Fe59 was not sharply restricted to any density fraction. This suggested that the most significant density change takes place as the reticulocyte matures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650114
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    Calcium uptake in glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscle fibers II. Electron microscopic localization of uptake sites (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An effort has been made to ascertain the site of calcium uptake in rabbit psoas muscle by electron microscopy. Following a brief glycerol extraction, small groups of fibers were exposed in a suitable electrolyte environment to calcium and ATP. Conditions were such that calcium was accumulated as an insoluble oxalate salt. Conventional preparatory procedures for electron microscopy were modified so that the calcium oxalate deposits were retained in situ in ultrathin sections. These were found localized in the longitudinal component of the sarcoplasmic reticulum including the terminal dilatations which form the outer elements of the triads. The possible participation of the intermediate element of the triad in the uptake of calcium could not be determined. The results are regarded as direct evidence that the sarcoplasmic reticulum is intimately concerned with the uptake and release of calcium associated with the contraction-relaxation cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650203
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  • 258
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    Puff development and DNA synthesis in Sciara salivary gland chromosomes in tissue culture (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 163-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A method for the tissue culture of salivary glands of Sciara coprophila in a chemically defined medium is presented. When the chromosomes of the posterior lobe of the gland have puffs and the chromosomes of the anterior lobe do not have puffs prior to culture, puffs will develop in the anterior lobe chromosomes within a 24 hour culture period. When these chromosome II puffs are at their largest, fully extended state and a bulb on chromosome III is in a larva nearing pupation, the puffs and bulb become condensed in culture more rapidly than in normal development. This condensed state of the chromatin is thought to be heterochromatin. The uptake of tritiated thymidine was compared in homologous glands of 20 larvae in six different stages of development and all glands were labeled before and after culture, indicating that the culture method does not interfere with DNA synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650205
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  • 259
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    A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response: I. The effect of membrane potential and resistance (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 195-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The transmembrane electrical properties of the crustacean axon have been examined by a new technique which allows for quantitative evaluation of the electrical and excitable characteristics across a microscopic area, “patch,” of fiber membrane using external electrodes. Data from repetitive firing and from non-repetitive firing fibers compare as follows: (1) Membrane potential, resting, 82 mv repetitive; 67 mv non-repetitive; 70-75 mv transition level repetitive to non-repetitive. (2) Membrane potential, active, 132 mv, 50 mv overshoot repetitive; 100-120 mv, 30-50 overshoot, non-repetitive. (3) Membrane resistance, 7.6 × 106 ohms or 2300 ohms cm2 repetitive; 2.8 × 106 ohms or 880 ohms cm2 non-repetitive. (4) Membrane time constant, 2.5 ms repetitive; 1.5ms non-repetitive. (5) Membrane capacity 1.0μf repetitive; 1.7 μf non-repetitive. (6) Repetitive firing property may be restored to non-repetitive axons by increasing the Vm value with a polarizing inward current. This increases Rm also. (7) Non-repetitive fibers show considerable inactivation, give rise to “more or less” spikes particularly during refractory period following a spike, and respond to anode-break stimulation. Repetitive firing axons do not. (8) The action potential has two active components, one to depolarize (sodium) one to repolarize (potassium), both of which drive the membrane potential. toward predetermined levels. (9) The repetitive firing axons show little or nc inactivation with weak prolonged depolarization producing trains of spikes. There is a slow rise in critical firing level which ultimately causes the spike train termination. There is a slow increase in the undershoot (diphasic repolarization) amplitude.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650207
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    A study of the crustacean axon repetitive response: II. The effect of cations, sodium, calcium (magnesium), potassium and hydrogen (pH) in the external mediumThis research program supported by National Science Foundation Grant NSF-G-24013. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 211-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effects of sodium, calcium, potassium (magnesium), potassium, and hydrogen (pH) ion concentration in the external medium on the repetitive response and the transmembrane electrical parameters of the crustacean axon have been investigated. (1) The action potential is reduced with decrease in sodium ion concentration, the relationship is linear if the spike voltage is plotted against the log (Na0). The action potential amplitude does not increase significantly, above 135 mv, attained at Na0 = 452 mM, if Na0 is increased. (2) The repetitive response and oscillatory activity in general disappears as the sodium concentration is reduced to less than 150 mM. (3) The critical firing level increases with decrease in sodium, the relationship linear with respect to log (Nao). (4) The positive after potential amplitude is not affected by the sodium concentration. (5) The membrane resistance is not affected by sodium concentration. (6) Calcium lack results in decreased critical firing level and spontaneous firing, followed by a total and irreversible loss of excitability. The membrane resistance is markedly decreased. Polarizing current, if applied early after the onset of the calcium lack effect, may restore, at least partially, the excitability phenomenon. (7) Calcium excess increases membrane resistance, depresses excitability. Calcium concentration of 150 mM abolishes the repetitive response. (8) There is a 3.3+: 1 ratio Na:Ca for threshold level of repetitive response. Lower ratio figures, by reducing Na or increasing Ca or both, eliminates repetition. Increasing the ratio figure by increasing sodium or decreasing calcium or both augments oscillatory activity. This ratio is constant between the limits 400 mM Na:125, Ca to 90 mM Na:25 mM Ca. (9) Magnesium may substitute for calcium, the Na:Mg ratio for repetitive response threshold is 3.3:2. (10) Repetitive firing may be elicited over a wide range of pH values 4.2-10.5; membrane potential and resistance values decline invariably at pH values above 9.5 and below 4.5. (11) Repetitive firing is enhanced by increasing pH values, depressed by reducing pH values. (12) Effect of excess potassium produces depolarization, reduced membrane resistance, inactivation and abolition of repetitive firing, may be relieved by applied hyperpolarization. (13) Potassium lack results in membrane potential and resistance irreversible decline, permanent inactivation, total loss of excitability. Partial restoration by strong hyperpolarization if applied before effect is complete. Potassium replacement in solution only slows or temporarily arrests the overall membrane deterioration. (14) Conclusions - sodium controls spike, potassium controls after potential, calcium (magnesium) controls membrane permeability, pH controls amount of available ionized calcium. Repetitive firing requires proper ratio 3.3/1 of (Nao)/(Ca0), pH above 7.6 and potassium at 15 mM in solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650208
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  • 261
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    Absorption of fat in the alimentary canal of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) (Teleostei) (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 249-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies on the absorption of fat in Tilapia mossambica point out the existence of a differential absorptive behavior in the different limbs of intestine. It appears that the relative increase in fat absorption in the anterior limb of the intestine is dependent on its functional status. It has also been pointed out that the sudanophilic lipid in its particulate form is transferred from the lumen of the intestine to the absorptive cell through the spindle shaped canals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650212
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  • 262
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    Discontinuous decay of the action potential of the rat gastrocnemius as recorded from an intracellular locationThis work was aided by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and the George Harrington Fund of Boston. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Fractionation of intracellular action potential has been observed, with (1) an initial graded decline of amplitude and appearance of a notch; (2) a progressive delay and eventual disappearance of a component, with a stepwise decrease in area, and (3) the occasional sequential disappearance of as many as three components of the same order of magnitude in area and amplitude.The possibilities of block, movement, or extracellularly recorded responses as cause for these physiological “quanta” have been reviewed. One possible hypothesis is the existence of “patches” of membrane with independent characteristics of excitability and responsivity, which become manifest as a result of damage inflected by the electrode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650213
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    Possible carriers in erythrocytesAcknowledgment is made to the Rockefeller Foundation and to the donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, for the support of this work. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using a densimeter technique, the effect of tannic acid and n-butanol on the permeability to non-electrolytes of erythrocytes of various species was studied. If both tannic acid and butanol decrease the permeability it is suggested that a carrier mechanism is involved. If tannic acid has little or no effect and butanol increases the permeability it is suggested that the penetration of such a molecule depends only on diffusion. According to this theory carriers are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  mouse, sheep, pig, ox and man; Ethylene glycol  -  man and possibly mouse; Glycerol  -  man, mouse, rabbit; Erythritol  -  mouse and possibly man; Ribose  -  mouse, man; Mannose, glucose, sorbose  -  man. No carriors are involved in the following systems: Urea  -  chicken; Ethylene glycol  -  pig, chicken, ox, sheep; Thiourea  -  rabbit, chicken, sheep, man, pig, ox; Glycerol  -  chicken, pig, sheep, ox; Erythritol  -  rabbit; Ribose  -  rabbit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650303
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    The relation between the torpor cycle and heat exchange in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 405-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The changes in body temperature (TB) associated with the torpor cycle of P. californicus are described by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{{\rm dT}_{\rm B} }}{{{\rm dt}}} = \frac{{{\rm heat production - heat loss}}}{{\rm K}} $\end{document} where t is time, and K is the heat capacity of body tissue. This equation can be solved after substituting appropriate expressions for maximum and minimum aerobic heat production and heat loss to give theoretical maximum rates of entry into and arousal from torpor.The measured time course of body temperature and oxygen consumption during entry into torpor compare favorably with theoretical curves calculated under conditions of minimum heat production and maximum heat loss. Thus P. californicus appears able to “switch off its thermostat” so that oxygen consumption during entry into torpor falls almost to the minimum level for a given body temperature. Heat loss during entry into torpor appears to be facilitated by an increase in thermal conductance.During arousal from torpor, body temperature increases faster than can be accounted for assuming maximum heat production and minimum heat loss. This could be explained by anaerobic heat production and by a decreased thermal conductance resulting from the posterior vasoconstriction typical of arousing hibernators.Torpor periods of short duration are feasible for P. californicus, for it can enter torpor and arouse immediately thereafter at an ambient temperature of 15° with an expenditure of energy only 55% of that required to maintain a high body temperature over the same period of time. Arousal from torpor at an ambient temperature of 15° requires about 75% of the total energy expended during a ten hour torpor cycle; entry into torpor and torpor itself account for only 9 and 16% of the total energy expenditure, respectively.The quantitative relations between heat production and heat loss presented in this paper suggest further investigations of the effects of body size on heat production and loss, and of physiological phenomena which alter heat exchange.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650314
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660101
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    The effect of bile salts on tissue ATP levels of everted sacs of rat and hamster ileumThis investigation was supported by a grant (AM-07998) from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 449-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The results of this investigation indicate that with a progressive increase in the initial bile salt concentration within the mucosal and serosal compartments of everted sacs of rat and hamster ileum, a decrease in tissue ATP levels is observed.
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    The action of bile salts on fluid and glucose movement by rat and hamster jejunum, in VitroThis investigation was supported by a grant (AM-07998) from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, United States Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 435-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Everted sacs of rat and hamster jejunum were used to measure, simultaneously, fluid and glucose movement in the presence of various concentrations of bile salts. Low concentrations of sodium taurocholate or glycocholate did not affect the rates of fluid absorption or transport by either rat or hamster jejunum. Under these conditions, in some cases, while glucose absorption was unaffected, glucose transport was inhibited. High concentrations of bile salts reduced fluid and glucose absorption and transport by both rat and hamster jejunum. Although the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient is completely inhibited at low concentrations of bile salts with rat jejunum, it still occurs with hamster jejunum even in the presence of high bile salt concentrations. In the absence of glucose in the incubation medium, the rates of fluid absorption by rat and hamster jejunum were greatly reduced. Under these conditions, fluid transport by rat jejunum was completely abolished, whereas fluid transport by hamster jejunum was greatly reduced, but not completely inhibited. However, addition of bile salts to the glucosefree incubation medium did produce a complete inhibition of fluid absorption and transport by both rat and hamster jejunum. Bile salts, within the concentration range used in this investigation, have no effect upon glucose utilization and lactic acid production by either rat or hamster jejunum. Sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, at the low concentration of 1 mM, reduced the ATP levels in both rat and hamster jejunal sacs. This reduction of ATP levels in whole sacs was also observed to occur in the mucosal layer in the presence of low concentrations of bile salts. A greater reduction in tissue ATP levels was observed when the bile salt concentration was increased. The amount of ATP in unincubated rat and hamster jejunum was reduced by approximately 40% when incubated in bicarbonate saline containing glucose. Tissue ATP levels were also reduced when sacs were incubated in a glucose-free medium, a greater reduction being observed in rat jejunum. In the absence of glucose, bile salts were capable of decreasing ATP levels in hamster, but not in rat jejunum. The effects of bile salts on fluid and glucose movement by rat and hamster jejunum were discussed in relation to tissue energy sources for these processes. Also, the possible role played by bile salts in regulating the transference of various substances across the intestinal wall was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650318
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    The influence of rat and frog liver enzymes on the hydrolysis of ortho and pyrophosphoric esters of thiamineThis paper is part of a Ph.D. thesis submitted by Mrs. Rina Singer to the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homogenates of rat and frog liver were incubated with ThDP and ThMP at different pHs.The products of hydrolysis were identified by paper chromatography.In experiments carried out at pH 9 with ThDP as substrate in the presence of rat liver, the spot corresponding to Th did not appear on the chromatogram. This was in contrast with parallel experiments with frog liver. ThMP from commercial source behaved differently toward enzymatic decomposition than ThMP originating from hydrolysis of ThDP. Attempts have been made to explain these differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660111
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    The attachment of glycolytic enzymes to muscle ultrastructureThis work was supported by research grant AM-02492 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The glycolytic enzymes, lactic dehydrogenase and aldolase, usually thought to be freely dissolved in the sarcoplasmic matrix, are in good part attached to the muscle ultrastructure. This attachment becomes manifest when the enzyme activities and specific activities of the press juices of whole skeletal muscles (rabbit) are compared with those of minced muscles, all obtained by ultracentrifugation of the tissues at 40,000 xpm for 16 to 20 hours. Mincing causes a great increase in the activities, associated with a rise in the volume and protein concentration of the press juices. We interpret these increases to be due to the solution in the matrix of enzymes previously attached to the ultrastructure.The same conclusion is reached by a different method, which we call “washing the ultrastructure.” It consists in multiple centrifugations of whole skeletal muscles, and removal of press juices, alternating with periods of imbibition of a buffer (0.1 M phosphate at pH 7.5) too dilute to dissolve out the fibrous proteins. During the imbibitions enzymes diffuse out into the buffer not imbibed, which becomes an extract. After four centrifugation-imbibition sequences in as many days nearly all of the fluid matrix has been replaced by buffer. Enzyme activities fall steeply in press juices and extracts until nearly all freely dissolved enzymes have been washed away. Homogenates of the pressed muscles then show activities which are about half of those found in the homogenates of unpressed control muscles. We conclude that the enzymes found in the homogenates of the pressed muscles have previously been attached to the ultrastructure.Similar experiments with heart muscle indicate that nearly all of these enzymes are normally attached to the ultrastructure. Press juices contain only traces of activity, even after the heart has been minced. A fraction of the enzymes is slowly detached during the centrifugation-imbibition sequences, appearing mainly in the extracts.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660108
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660201
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    Electrotonic spread of current in cultured chick heart cellsSupported by grants from the Cleveland Area Heart Society and from the U.S. Public Health Service (H-5087). Dr. Sperelakis is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 119-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following trypsin dispersion, isolated single cells reassembled into monolayer communities categorized as strands and sheets. Two microelectrodes were mounted in bridge circuits so that current pulses could be passed through one electrode while simultaneously recording membrane potentials at both electrodes. The electrotonic spread of current was measured as a change in membrane potential (usually at electrode 2) at various distances from the site of current injection (usually at electrode 1). Most cells were driven by transmission of excitation from contiguous cells. Criteria which helped to determine when both electrodes impaled the same cell included: (a) a sharp diminution of the resting potential recorded by the first electrode to a common intermediate level following insertion of the second electrode and (b) simultaneous and congruous subthreshold changes in membrane potential. The voltage/current relationship measured at electrode 1 was linear and had a mean slope of about 7 MΩ that for electrode 2 was also linear and, in some cases at short distances, had a slope as large as that for 1, i.e., the degree of electrotonic interaction was nearly 100%. However, in other impalements at short distances, interaction was nearly zero. Therefore, the degree of electrotonic spread was not dependent upon interelectrode distance per se, but appeared to depend on whether both electrodes impaled the same cell.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660113
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    Combined effects of chronic audio-visual stress and thiouracil administration on the cholesterol-fed ratThis research was supported by the South Dakota Heart Association and USPHS Institutional grant 1-SO1-FR-05421-01. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats fed a standard laboratory diet containing 2% cholesterol and 1% sodium cholate, when exposed to audio-visual stress for a three-week period, were found to have significantly heavier thyroids, lighter livers, higher serum cholesterol and increased adrenal ascorbic acid levels than similarly treated control animals. The addition of thiouracil to the ration (0.25% and 0.50%) produced the expected increases in liver and thyroid weight and serum cholesterol. Thiouracil administration also caused a marked depression in adrenal weight and adrenal ascorbic acid levels. A significant stress X diet interaction was noted on thyroid weight, suggesting that stress and diet were not independent of each other in their influence on the thyroid. The combined effects of chronic audio-visual stress and thiouracil administration had essentially no effect on total hepatic or adrenal cholesterol levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660203
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    Growth, survival and biochemical alteration of Euglena gracilis in medium limited in sulfur (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sulfur requirement for growth and survival of Euglena gracilis is satisfied by sulfate or by certain organic sources, especially methionine. When deprived of sulfur, cultures remain fully viable for about 1.5 days. By 15 days of sulfur deprivation, viability is reduced to 25%. Sulfur is found in significant quantity in all the major cellular fractions of Euglena including the hot-TCA-soluble fraction. During external sulfur deprivation, sulfur is redistributed within the cell in order to maintain “structural protein.” Cells which survive apparently are able to regulate the utilization and redistribution of their depleted sulfur reserves.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660210
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    The initiation of cell division in a contact-inhibited mammalian cell line (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 325-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of an established mouse fibroblast line, 3T3, have a high plating efficiency and grow rapidly in sparse culture, but stop growing at a very low saturation density in comparison with other lines, because 3T3 is extremely sensitive to contact inhibition of cell division. After each medium change, however, there occurs in a small fraction of the cells in a saturation density culture a series of changes that results in a single rather synchronized division 30 hours later. This is due to a macromolecular substance in the serum which appears to act by reducing the sensitivity of the cells to contact inhibition. The first recognizable event following the addition of serum to a stationary phase culture is a ten fold increase in the rate of RNA synthesis, occurring within 30 minutes. An increase in the rate of protein synthesis follows several hours later. DNA synthesis does not begin before 12 hours, but by two hours after medium change an appreciable fraction of the cells become committed to eventual DNA synthesis and cell division. The sequence of event suggests that regulation of RNA synthesis is the means by which contact inhibition controls cell division.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660310
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    The effect of volume expansion on the electrophoretic mobility of cellsThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant CA 6582.02 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determinations of electrophoretic mobility were made on Landschütz ascites carcinoma cells and mouse leucocytes suspended in a series of solutions of differing hypotonicity. The curves relating volume to the reciprocal of tonicity indicated that both types of cells conform fairly well to the Van't Hoff-Mariotte Law from a relative tonicity of about two down to 0.325. Beyond this point, leucocyte volumes tended to taper off to a plateau whereas ascites cell volumes first showed an increase in slope and then leveled off. Reversal of hypotonically swollen cells to isotonicity brought about a shrinking of the cells back to their original volume. These expanded and contracted cells were shown to retain other of their normal properties such as impermeability to vital dyes and for ascites, the ability to proliferate upon transplantation. It was concluded from these observations, that throughout their extensive expansion in hypotonic media, the cells remained essentially viable and intact. The possible effects of increase in cell volume on surface area changes were discussed. There was no change in the electrophoretic mobility of the cells in the entire range of hypotonic solutions tested. Enlargement of cell volume without change in mobility may have been produced by an expansion or unfolding of the ultramicroscopic crenations of the membrane and a corresponding exposure of similar surface to the electrokinetic plane of shear.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660312
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    Masthead (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660401
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    Effect of hormones and environmental factors on lactic dehydrogenases (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are two types (M and H) of lactic dehydrogenase that are found in most animals. The M-type is found largely in the more anaerobic tissues, such as voluntary skeletal muscles; the H-type is found in aerobic tissues, such as cardiac muscle. In the immature uterus, the level of M units is considerably less than that found in the mature uterus. Injection of estradiol leads to a marked increase in M units in the immature uterus, but there is no significant change in the concentration of the H form. Testosterone and progesterone, in contrast, promote a proportional increase in the two lactic dehydrogenases in the immature uterus. Testosterone, however, induces a selective synthesis of M units in the seminal vessels of the immature rat. Hypophysectomy leads to a decrease in M units of skeletal muscle. The effects of various hormones on the composition of lactic dehydrogenase of the rat and chicken will be summarized.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660403
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    Gibberellic acid-controlled synthesis of α-amylase in barley endosperm (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Addition of gibberellic acid to barley endosperm evokes the formation of α-amylase and of other hydrolases. Protein synthesis inhibitors-notably cycloheximide-inhibit the production of the hydrolases and the incorporation of labeled amino acids into proteins. Isolation, purification, and “fingerprinting” of the gibberellic acid-induced α-amylase indicate that it is formed by de novo synthesis. RNA synthesis inhibitors-notably actinomycin D-also inhibit the production of α - amylase and of the other hydrolases. Gibberellic acid enhances the incorporation of labeled RNA precursors into RNA. These data are consistent with the idea that gibberellic acid controls the level of α-amylase and of other enzymes by controlling the synthesis of specific RNA's which in turn control the synthesis of specific enzymes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660407
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    Androgenic control of nucleic acid and protein synthesis in male accessory genital organs (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 111-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A survey is given of experimental studies on the influence of treatment with androgenic hormones in vivo on various intermediary reactions involved in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis in the prostate gland and seminal vesicle, with particular reference to the control of the growth and functional differentiation of these organs by testosterone and related steroids. Studies on the influence of androgens on RNA metabolism and protein biosynthesis in mouse kidney, certain muscles, and some other extragenital tissues are also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660411
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  • 280
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    Discussion sodium influx and non-electrolyte penetration in stimulated squid axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 155-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660523
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    An approach to the molecular basis of nerve activityThis work was supported in part by U.S.P.H.S. grant NB 03695. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Mrs. Platthy-Lang and Mr. H. R. Munson, Jr. with the experimental aspects of this work. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660524
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  • 282
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    The electrical equivalent circuit of heart muscle (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660510
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    Ionic selectivity in perfused giant axons (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 65-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660513
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  • 284
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    Voltage clamp experiments on axons with potassium as the only internal and external cation (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660514
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  • 285
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    SV40-induced transformation of human diploid cells: Crisis and recoveryThis work was supported by USPHS Research Grant CA-04534 and Contract no. PH-43-62-157 from the National Cancer Institute. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 69-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nineteen cultures of human embryonic or adult-tissue cells were exposed to SV40 as primary cultures or developed cell strains in Phase II of cultural life; 12 cultures were exposed to virus in Phase III, at the end of in vitro life. After the expected proliferative response, infected cultures exhibited morphological change, accelerated growth, and prolongation of propagability. After an average of 22.6 weeks for cultures infected as primary explants or in Phase II, the proliferative stage of transformation ended in a stage of “crisis.” Crisis was characterized by progressive decline in vigor of culture proliferation, increasingly abnormal cell division, and limitation in propagability of cells eventually resulting in diminution in cell number. Cytological features of crisis included detachment of cells and appearance of multinucleated and giant cells. Temporally and cytologically, crisis was similar for transformed cells whether of adult or embryonic origin, whether derived from skin, buccal mucosa or lung, whether in Phase II or III of culture life at the time of infection (the “older” cultures entering crisis sooner than the “younger”), and whether propagated continuously or with intervening periods of growth arrest or proliferation in vivo. After a variable time “recovery” of cultures from crisis occurred by repopulation from small groups of surviving but seemingly dormant cells. The new populations, always obtained with care of cultures in crisis, formed continuously propagable cell lines. Control uninfected cultures have always exhibited the finite life terminating in Phase III which is characteristic of human diploid cell strains. Passage of transformed cultures through crisis and recovery was accompanied by loss of capacity to release infectious SV40 and enhancement of production of SV40-induced complement-fixing antigen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650110
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  • 286
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    Osmoregulation in the amphibian egg the influence of calcium (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Determinations of the permeability coefficient for water show that the osmotic behavior of amphibian eggs (ovarian and coelomic eggs from Rana temporaria) cannot be accounted for by this factor alone. Comparison of the cortical stiffness of coelomic eggs with vitelline membrane in iso- and hypotonic solutions indicate that a mechanical tension develops under hypotonic conditions, strong enough to resist osmotic swelling.In Ca++-free media preservation of this tension is interfered with, but the effect is observed only after exposure for some hours.Ca++ does not change the diffusion coefficient for water in the egg cytoplasm, nor the permeability coefficient for water through the cell membrane. Neither is the Young's modulus for the vitelline membrane influenced. A slight effect of Ca++ on the cortical stiffness of naked coelomic eggs was observed. In hypotonic Ca++-free media no resistance to swelling develops in these eggs, and they disintegrate after a rather short time.To determine the permeability to water the rate of D2O  -  H2O exchange was measured with the Cartesian diver balance. The stiffness was determined with a cell elastimeter described by Mitchison and Swann, and the osmotic swelling was determined by measuring the egg diameter with an eyepiece screw micrometer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650113
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  • 287
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    Effect of ethanol on electrolyte transport and electrogenesis in animal tissuesThis work was supported by the Alcoholism and Drug Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario, Toronto, Canada. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ethanol 0.087 M (400 mg/100 ml) did not affect the initial loss of K+ from guinea-pig brain cortex slices at the start of incubation, but significantly inhibited the subsequent reaccumulation of K+. Ethanol 0.098 M (450 mg/100 ml) also significantly inhibited the active reaccumulation of K+ by pre-cooled rabbit kidney cortex slices.In vivo experiments with an electric eel indicated that ethanol in concentrations of 100 to 700 mg/100 ml (22 to 152 mM) significantly diminished the frequency of spontaneous low-voltage electrogenesis.These findings, together with others in the literature, suggest that ethanol inhibits the active transport of cations by many types of cell, at concentrations relevant to non-lethal intoxication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650115
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  • 288
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    Calcium uptake in glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas muscle fibers. I. Biochemical properties and conditions for uptake (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rabbit psoas muscle fibers, extracted in 50% (w/v) glycerol for 20 hours, concentrate up to 300 μmol calcium per gm protein when placed in a suitable electrolyte environment at pH 6.5 containing ATP and 47Ca in the form of a Ca/EGTA metal buffer system. This property is retained at [Ca++] down to 2 × 10-8 M, the lowest studied. The kinetics of Ca pickup are consistent with a mathematical model based on diffusion of Ca as the rate-limiting factor. The pickup is dependent upon ATP and is increased by inclusion of CP or PEP. It is promoted by oxalate, fluoride, phosphate and pyrophosphate, which share the property of forming relatively insoluble calcium salts. Ability to concentrate calcium disappears on prolonged extraction in glycerol and after preincubation with desoxycholate.These properties are similar to those previously described for a granular fraction of muscle homogenates, and it is concluded that both are probably attributable to functional remnants of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650202
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    Amphibian acoustico-lateralis efferentsThis work was supported by Career Development Award NB-K3-9513 and Grant NB-1330-07 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and Grant G23837 from the National Science Foundation. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Efferent spikes were recorded from the nerves supplying the papilla amphibiorum, ampullae, and lateral-line neuromasts of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus). Increased efferent activity was associated with rotatory, vibratory, and tactile stimulation and gill movements. In a single experiment it was possible to record efferents from the nerve to the papilla basilaris of a leopard frog (Rana pipiens). The function of acoustico-lateralis efferents is not restricted to or closely associated with a single habit, habitat, phylogenetic group, or acoustico lateralis receptor. It seems likely that all acoustico-lateralis receptors in all vertebrates receive efferent input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650204
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    The band forming rhythm of Neurospora mutants (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth rhythm in several strains of “clock” mutants of Neurospora crassa has been observed to have several unusual non-circadian characteristics. The period may range between 18 and 110 hours, depending upon strain and environmental condition. The phase of the rhythm, even when its period is 24 hours, is not related to a specific time of day, nor is it “set” or phased by light-dark cycles. Instead, the phase can be set by transfer to fresh medium; moreover, its specific chemical composition influences the length of the period. The period is significantly influenced by temperature; the growth rate is a different function of temperature. All the strains show striking similarities in the functional dependence of period and growth rate on temperature, even though the absolute magnitudes differ widely.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650206
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    The pathogenicity to mice of three variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virusThese investigations were supported by research grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (E-4728), the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-1191), and the United States Atomic Energy Commission (contract AT(30-1)2967). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of infectious virus particles in various tissues of the mouse was determined following the intraperitoneal injection of three plaque variants of Mengo encephalomyelitis virus. When lethal doses were administered, virus appeared first in the spleen and lymph nodes (suggesting that these are the primary target organs for the agents), followed by its appearance in spinal cord and brain, in which tissues the infectious titers increased progressively until the death of the animals. Low levels of virus were sometimes found in lung, heart and kidney at 24-48 hours post-challenge, but disappeared from these tissues at later times. Virus was never detected in blood or liver, suggesting that the virus moves throughout the animal by way of the lymphatic system. When sub-lethal doses of virus were injected, it was detectable only in spleen and lymph nodes, and disappeared from these tissues by 8-9 days post-challenge.The LD50's for the three variants when injected by both the intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes were determined. The I.P.-LD50's for the L (large plaque former), M (medium plaque former) and S (minute plaque former) variants in 14-16 gm mice were found to be 1, 1-5 × 104 and 2-10 × 104 p.f.u.'s, respectively. The I.C.-LD50's were essentially the same (1-5 p.f.u.'s) for all three variants. The possibility that the differences in the I.P.-LD50's may be due to differences in the abilities of the variants to stimulate interferon production or in their sensitivities to its antiviral action is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650209
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    The activity of selected soluble enzymes in the avian nasal salt glandThis work has been made possible through USPHS research grants GM-08538 (Dr. L. Z. McFarland) and AM-04732 (Dr. R. A. Freedland). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ten adult western gulls (Larus occidentalis) ranging in weight from 761-1,004 gm were studied. The gulls were fed 3% NaCl in their drinking water. They were killed by decapitation, and the salt glands, weighing 0.51-0.78 gm were cooled, homogenized in 0.14 M KCl, centrifuged at 0-4°C at 20,000 × G for 30 minutes and the supernatant used for all enzymes assays. All assays were conducted at 25°C by observing the changes in absorbancy with time using a Gilford Multiple Absorbance Recorder. The enzymes were assayed by measuring either the appearance or disappearance of NADH or NADPH at 340 mμ. The average units of enzyme activity (the amount of enzyme required to form 1 μM of substrate per minute ) per gram of salt gland were as follows: phosphoglucomutase, 0.62; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 1.40; aldolase, 2.86; lactic dehydrogenase, 90.1; isocitric dehydrogenase, 5.08; malic enzyme, 0.92; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, 100.5; and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, 0.50. The protein content of the salt glands varied from 62.5-87.6 mg protein/gm. On the basis of an adjusted calculation of energy yields from the glycolytic scheme and the Krebs cycle, it would appear that only one-third of the energy derived from these pathways would be necessary to maintain the maximum rate of salt secretion, leaving the other two-thirds for other cellular processes. Glutamate metabolism may also be important as an energy source in the salt gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650210
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    Studies on the transport of carbohydrate in Crithidia luciliaeSubmitted to the Graduate School, University of Georgia, as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supported in part by USPHS grant A1-02701-05 to W. B. Cosgrove. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The entrance of carbohydrates into the cells of C. luciliae has been studied, using the non-utilizable monosaccharides: L-sorbose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-lyxose, D-2-deoxyglucose, and L-fucose; all nine sugars entered the cell. At 0.5 mM external concentration the rate of increase in intracellular concentration is constant for all sugars until the intracellular concentrations equal or exceed the extracellular concentration. At 20 mM external concentration, the rate of increase of intracellular concentration decreases continuously and the maximum intracellular concentration never exceeds the extracellular concentration. There is competition between monosaccharides presented simultaneously to the cells and the transport mechanism shows enormously greater affinity for glucose than for other monosaccharides. The rate of carbohydrate entrance is inhibited 50% and 70% by KCN(10-4 M) and DNP(10-5 M) respectively at 0.5 mM external concentrations. However, these inhibitors do not affect transport from external concentrations of the order of 0.02 M. These data are interpreted as indicating two mechanisms for carbohydrate entrance: (a) an active transport mechanism, active at low external concentration and dependent upon a supply of metabolic energy; (b) facilitated diffusion, of importance only at high external concentrations. These results are compared with those reported in the literature for other types of cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650211
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    Limiting factors involved in CO2 production by starved and X-irradiated starved yeast cells (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Studies of reduced CO2 production by starved yeast cells were carried out to localize the site limiting this process and responsible for a greater production by irradiated cells. Cell-free extracts prepared before and after starvation of cells, and from irradiated and unirradiated cells, showed similar hexokinase activity and produced similar amounts of CO2. These results demonstrated that rate limiting glycolytic enzymes did not decay during starvation, were not induced during a lag period in CO2 production which could be overcome by glucose incubation, and were not responsible for differences in CO2 production between irradiated and unirradiated cells. Possible limiting factors involved in these differences include glucose transport as a consequence of differential decay during starvation, restricted cofactor synthesis and an enzymic binding or compartmentalization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650215
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    Metabolic adaptation and the regulation of metabolism of a flagellate protozoanThis research was supported in part by a U.S.P.H.S. predoctoral fellowship (GM-7504) to M. H. Cantor and by a National Science Foundation grant (GB 1643) to T. W. James. Portions of the data are taken from a thesis submitted to the Graduate Division of U.C.L.A. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree by M. H. Cantor. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Evidence is presented indicating metabolic adaptation for the utilization of propionate and butyrate by the flagellate, Polytomella agilis. The existence of a lag phase prior to exponential growth, and the inability of acetate-grown cells to readily oxidze these substrates support ths concluson.Two aspects of metabolic regulation are discussed. The inhibitory effect of azide on the growth and on oxidation of propionate and butyrate implicates the importance of ATP availability in the control mechanism.Oxidative metabolism is regulated to maintain a constant extent of substrate oxidation regardless of growth conditions. The Qo2 is related to the carbon source for growth, and not on the substrate to be oxidized. The rate of substrate utilization by adapted cells is less than that of unadapted cells.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650217
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    The sodium and potassium activated ATPase of intestinal epithelium. I. Location of enzymatic activity in the cellThis study is based on work performed under contract with the United States Atomic Energy Commission at The University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, New York. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The location of sodium and potassium activated Mg-ATPase (Na-K ATPase) was studied in columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats. Cell components were segregated in centrifuge fractions by a mild procedure (sucrose medium), which preserved mitochondria and vesicular inclusions, and by a drastic procedure, designed to preserve the striated borders selectively. The contents of fractions were characterized by phase contrast and electron microscopy and by the assay of alkaline phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.1), cytochome oxidase (E.C.1.9.3.1), invertase (E.C.3.2.1.26) and Mg-ATPase (E.C.3.6.1.4).Na-K ATPase was found to be most concentrated in fractions containing mitochondria on one hand, and striated borders on the other. Its distribution differed from the distributions of the other four enzymes. The physiological implications of finding the “sodium pump” enzyme in the membrane at the apical pole of the epithelial cell were discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650309
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    Renal transport of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanusThis investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Grant A-3885 and by Nonr-1224(26). (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 381-384 
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    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The renal excretion of glucose by the aglomerular fish Lophius americanus was studied. It was found that glucose is a normal constituent of Lophius urine. U/P ratios were approximately 0.02. However, after elevation of plasma glucose level or injection of phlorizin the U/P ratio for glucose was increased as much as ten fold. This increase in U/P ratio was observed even if urine was collected directly from the ureter rather than from the bladder. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose is able to diffuse across the renal tubular epithelium, which also has the ability to reabsorb glucose which diffuses into the urine.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650311
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    Oxygen consumption, thermal conductance, and torpor in the California pocket mouse Perognathus californicusI am grateful to Professor G. A. Bartholomew for his aid throughout this study, and for his partial support of it [through a grant to him from the Office of Naval Research, Nonr 233 (61)]. National Science Foundation Cooperative Fellowships also contributed support to this study. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 65 (1965), S. 393-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Non-torpid P. californicus have body temperatures which increase slightly as ambient temperature increases from 5° to 35°C. Their minimum oxygen consumption fits Newton's law of cooling, since minimum thermal conductance below thermal neutrality is virtually constant at 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. There is a thermal neutral point at 32.5° rather than a thermal neutral zone. Oxygen consumption at the thermal neutral point is 0.97 ml O2 (gm hr)-1. Maximum thermal conductance, measured at 35°, is 0.37 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1. Evaporative water loss accounts for 5 and 15% of the value of minimum and maximum thermal conductance, respectively.Minimum oxygen consumption of mice in torpor is continuously dependent on body temperature from thermal neutrality to deep torpor. Q10 values are between 1.6 and 3.2. The thermal conductance of torpid mice at ambient temperature below 30° is 0.19 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 which is identical to the minimum thermal conductance of non-torpid mice. Torpid mice at an ambient temperature of 30° have thermal conductance values between 0.23 and 0.40 ml O2 (gm hr °C)-1 depending on their posture.Maximum oxygen consumption is linearly related to body temperature. At a normal body temperature of 38°, it is 11.6 ml O2 (gm hr)-1 which is no greater than that of similar sized mammals which do not enter torpor.Although P. californicus consistently enters into and arouses from torpor at ambient temperatures of 15° to 30°, the torpor cycle is severely disturbed at temperatures between 10° and 12°. At these temperatures mice show irregular temporal patterns of torpor, do not enter torpor completely, and cannot arouse from torpor if body temperature falls below 15°.Observations on the behavior of torpid and non-torpid P. californicus at various ambient temperatures are included in this report.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030650313
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    The mechanism of calcium and magnesium uptake from sea water by a marine bacteriumContribution no. 631 from The Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Supported in part by Atomic Energy Commission Grant AT 40-1-2855. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previously, the precipitation of calcium carbonate by marine bacteria had been described in which bacteria occupy the nucleus of micro-aragonite crystals. The mechanism of the process of calcium-binding by the cells is the subject of this study.Sea-water cultures of Pseudomonas piscicida (Bein) Buck et al. (A.T.C.C. 15057) were grown under standardized conditions (1% peptone-artificial sea water, 25°C). Cells of various ages were collected and analyzed for calcium and magnesium content under various conditions. Material composing cell walls was fractionated and analyzed for low molecular weight components.Cells up to a week old (1% peptone-artificial sea water) increase their content of calcium from 0 to 55% of the dry weight. Furthermore the Ca/Mg ratio in young, actively growing cells (up to 24 hours old) is one-fifth (approximately that of sea water). By 72 hours, the ratio is 1/2.5. At one week, it is 1/1, and by two weeks calcium content exceeds that of magnesium.Concentration of the alkaline-earth elements is primarily by the cell envelope, particularly by the muco-polysaccharide fraction. This fraction constitutes 20-25% of the dry weight of cells during rapid growth but increases to 47-52% of dry weight after one week. Binding of alkaline earths to active sites of muco-polysaccharide is probably by hydrogen bonds and London interaction forces, as removal of the elements by washing is readily accomplished. In addition, a ready source of calciumactive ligands is available in the ammonia produced in quantity by the bacteria. The complex formation by ammonia and Ca, coupled with the increase in pH, favors binding of calcium over that of magnesium by the cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660112
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    Carbohydrate content during development of the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideumSupported in part by a grant from the Society of Sigma Xi. (1965)
    Philadelphia : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 66 (1965), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0095-9898
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Water soluble carbohydrates were studied at various developmental stages in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. The only water soluble sugars found were, the non-reducing disaccharide, trehalose and glucose. The level of trehalose varied very dramatically during the life cycle. Throughout the vegetative and migration stages the level of trehalose was less than 0.5% of the dry weight, but it quickly rose during culmination. During the later part of culmination trehalose reached a 1.5% level. In mature spores trehalose makes up more than 5% of the dry weight. The glucose level fluctuated very little during development. It reaches its highest level during the later part of culmination. In addition water insoluble sugars were extracted with 2.2% HCl. Their level remained constant throughout development and only increased in the complete fruiting body. The anthrone method was used for both water soluble and water insoluble carbohydrates. Trehalose was identified by IR spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1030660202
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