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  • 1965-1969  (2,585)
  • 1968  (1,317)
  • 1966  (1,268)
  • General Chemistry  (2,431)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (134)
  • Cerebellum  (20)
  • Engineering General
  • Flexor reflex afferents
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  • 1965-1969  (2,585)
Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The separation and identification of fractions of nonmyelinated axons from the cerebellum of the cat (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235907
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thiophen induced granule cell necrosis in the rat cerebellum an electron microscopic study (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 49-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Granule cell ; Necrosis ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Granule cell necrosis was produced in rats by thiophen injection. The earliest detectable change was the formation of blebs in the perinuclear cisternae. This was followed by precipitation of the nuclear chromatin and rupture of the cell membrane. Removal of the cell debris was accomplished by phagocytic cells in the walls of small blood vessels, hematogenous macrophages and astrocytes. Many of the mossy fiber endings and some of the Golgi II cells degenerated secondarily. The degenerated presynaptic contacts of the parallel fibers were replaced by processes of the Bergmann glia which completely surrounded the Purkinje cell spines. These spines retained their usual appearance including the usual thickening of the post synaptic membrane. Implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235446
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topographical investigations on the climbing fiber inputs from forelimb and hindlimb afferents to the cerebellar anterior lobe (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 195-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Climbing fiber input ; Somatotopy of climbing fiber input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Volleys in group I and II fibers of muscle nerves and group II fibers of cutaneous, joint and fascial nerves have evoked CF responses in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. In the pars intermedia there is a fairly sharp somatotopic localization of the forelimb CF responses to the Vth lobule (Larsell) and the hindlimb to the IVth and IIIrd lobules. In the vermis there is much more admixture, with the hindlimb-evoked responses tending to dominate in the lateral vermis of the Vth lobule, and the forelimb more medially. In the IVth and IIIrd lobules forelimb responses were rare and were never large. In the medial vermis up to 1–1.7 mm from the midline there were no CF-evoked responses from the limb nerves. These distributions of CF-evoked responses are remarkably different from those reported by Oscarsson, and consideration is given to the factors responsible for this discrepancy. A more detailed examination was made of the CF-evoked responses from a large variety of hindlimb and forelimb nerves. Observations were made along many tracks usually arranged in a transverse plane, and it was found that between different recording sites along the same track or along adjacent tracks, there was a great deal of variation in the relative magnitudes of the CF-evoked responses from the different nerves. These distributions have an ill-defined patchy character so that at any focus there is opportunity for the most diverse kinds of piecemeal integration. These findings on the CF-input are considered in relationship to the mossy fiber input. It is pointed out that the pathways conveying CF-input to the cerebellum have a level of discriminative input adequate for the operation of fine control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235124
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mossy and climbing fibre organization on the anterior lobe of the cerebellum activated by forelimb and hindlimb areas of the sensorimotor cortex (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 216-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebrum ; Somatotopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stimulation of forelimb and hindlimb areas of the sensorimotor cortex in the cat evokes in the lobus anterior of the cerebellum an early response at latency of 3–3.5 msec due to the mossy fibre input (MF) and a later response at latency of 13–16 msec due to the climbing fibre (CF) input. In the pars intermedia these two types of responses are organized in a somatotopic manner: the hindlimb area projects in lobuli HIV and HIII whereas the forelimb area projects to lobulus HV. In the vermis a somatotopic arrangement is less clear. Both forelimb and hindlimb areas of the sensorimotor cortex project to lobuli III, IV and V: on a maintained somatotopy in a caudo-rostral direction there is a tendency for the hindlimb area of the sensorimotor cortex to be well represented in a longitudinal strip close to the paravermal sulcus. This arrangement in the vermis is evident for the CF pathways, but more difficult to demonstrate for the MF pathways. The forelimb area of the sensorimotor cortex projects to those areas of the lobus anterior impinged upon by the forelimb nerves through both the MF and CF systems and the same holds true for the hindlimb area and the hindlimb nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235125
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of electrical potentials evoked in the cerebellar anterior lobe by stimulation of hindlimb and forelimb nerves (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 171-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Evoked responses ; Mossy fibers ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Responses were evoked in the anterior lobe of the cerebellum by volleys in group I and II fibers of forelimb and hindlimb nerves — cutaneous, muscular, joint and fascial. These responses have been observed along microelectrode tracks that traverse the whole depth of the anterior lobe. These tracks have been identified in histological sections, and the recording sites along these tracks have been determined. It has been shown that there are many distinguishing features for the responses produced by the two types of afferent input to the cerebellum: climbing fibers and mossy fibers. The depth profiles are of particular importance in the differentiation of the CF and MF responses, and they correspond to those already determined for the exposed surface areas of the cerebellar cortex. As would be expected from the distribution of synapses by the CF fibers to the Purkinje cell dendrites, there is a maximum extracellular negativity deep in the molecular layer with sources superficial and deep thereto. In contrast, the mossy fiber input produces a powerful synaptic excitation in the granular layer, which is recorded there as a negative wave (N2). The mossy fiber input by sequential relay also produces a negative wave (N3) in the molecular layer. This wave is distinguished from the CF-evoked negative wave because it is not reversed in the fissura and the adjacent superficial molecular layer. An important distinguishing feature of the MF- and CF-evoked responses is that the latencies of the former are shorter by 6–12 msec for forelimb nerves and by 9–15 msec for hindlimb nerves. It is thus possible to measure the sizes of the MF and CF responses in the same traces. Another distinguishing feature is the failure of the CF responses with stimulus frequencies of 5–15/sec, whereas the MF-evoked potentials are well maintained above 15/sec. Also CF-evoked responses show much more size and latency variance than the MF-evoked responses, and often the facilitation of two or three volleys is required in order to evoke a stable CF response. By utilizing these various tests it is always possible to distinguish between the CF- and the MF-evoked responses recorded along the microelectrode tracks in the anterior lobe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235123
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ganglioside analyses of serial cryostat sections through Ammon's horn and cerebellar folia (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 32-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Gangliosides ; Hippocampus ; Cerebellum ; Synapses ; Neuronal membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gangliosides in serial cryostat sections of area CA2 of the ox hippocampus cut parallel to the ventricular surface and of a cerebellar folium cut parallel to the pial surfaces have been determined utilizing a fluorimetric method for analysis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Wide differences in the ganglioside content, even in adjacent sections, were found within the various laminae, particularly in the molecular layers of the hippocampus and cerebellum. The variations in ganglioside concentrations largely disappeared when sections were cut so as to include all the laminae in one section. Average ganglioside concentrations per unit of dry weight were highest in the granular cell and molecular layers of the cerebellum, but in the hippocampus the highest values were obtained just below the stratum granulare of the fascia dentata. The results indicate that gangliosides are not uniformly distributed throughout the neuron but are concentrated in regions densely supplied with synaptic endings on both cell bodies and dendrites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239903
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cerebellar-evoked disinhibition in dorsal deiters neurones (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 247-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Disinhibition ; Cerebellum ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following the stimulation of cerebellar cortex, a slow depolarization developed in the neurones which were impaled with microelectrodes in the dorsal portion of the nucleus of Deiters. Characteristically, it was produced bilaterally from a wide area of the culmen and, with double shock stimulation at brief intervals, showed a marked potentiation, often in association with a later depression. After repetitive stimulation of the cerebellar cortex the slow depolarization was prolonged for a period of many seconds. Even stimulation of the spinal cord caused similar depolarization. By intracellular injection of currents and ions, the depolarization was shown to be disinhibition, i. e., removal of background inhibition. Accordingly, it was confirmed that there was a steady production of IPSPs in dorsal Deiters neurones, which diminished during the phase of disinhibition. As the possible source of these background IPSPs, the Purkinje cell axons within the nucleus of Deiters were found to be discharging rhythmically at a rate of 20–90/sec, and in fact they were depressed very effectively after cerebellar stimulation. At the same time, volleys along Purkinje cell axons produced by a testing cerebellar stimulation also were diminished, indicating a depression in the excitability of Purkinje cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235127
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of synapses formed in the cerebellar cortex by purkinje axon collaterals: an electron microscope study (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 118-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cerebellar synaptology ; Purkinje axon collaterals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Purkinje axon collaterals and their synaptic terminals can be identified on the basis of three criteria: (1) They are the only myelinated axons of local elements, hence any myelinated axon persisting in chronically isolated folium is a Purkinje axon or its collateral; (2) They are the only known transfolial axons, so that axons and synapses found in the state of secondary degeneration after lesions placed into neighbouring folia of the cerebellar cortex are Purkinje axon collaterals and synapses; (3) The peculiar axonal tubular systems described by Andres (1965) are specific for Purkinje axons and their synaptic endings, which offers an additional clue for their identification. Using these three criteria numerous synapses of Purkinje axon collateral endings have been identified on the large Golgi neurons, both cell bodies and principal dendrites, and on the bodies of basket neurons. No evidence of the termination of Purkinje axon collaterals on other Purkinje cells could be detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238701
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nature of the cerebellar influences upon the red nucleus neurones (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 292-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Cerebellum ; Disfacilitation ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Large cells in the red nucleus of cats were impaled with glass microelectrodes. Under light Nembutal anesthesia it was found that stimulation of the cerebellar cortex produced hyperpolarization in their membrane. Unlike the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, this hyperpolarization decreased when the membrane was depolarized by passage of currents through the microelectrode, and it increased during application of hyperpolarizing currents: Hence the hyperpolarization is presumed to be produced by removal of tonically impinging excitatory postsynaptic potentials, in the manner of “disfacilitation”. In accordance with the above view, spontaneously arising small EPSPs disappeared during the phase of the hyperpolarization. The source of tonic impingement of excitatory impulses onto the red nucleus was found in the interpositus nucleus. The cells in this nucleus were discharging impulses at frequencies of 50–100/sec which were suppressed after the cerebellar stimulation, presumably via Purkinje cell axons, a depression in the excitability of the interpositus neurones being revealed at the same time. Following the depression, the excitability and impulse discharges of the interpositus neurones were enhanced, and correspondingly there was a late depolarization in the red nucleus neurones. During stimulation of the inferior olive and even of the spinal cord, disfacilitation and late facilitation occurred similarly through the interpositus nucleus, though with longer latencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235697
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of cerebellar-induced inhibition of Deiters neurones III. Localization of the inhibitory zone (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 310-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters neurones ; Cerebellum ; Inhibitory zone ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By recording intracellularly from Deiters neurones of cats, there was a survey of those cerebellar areas that, when stimulated, produced inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) monosynaptically in Deiters neurones. The monosynaptic inhibitory area expanded longitudinally mainly along the ipsilateral vermal cortex of the anterior lobe. The ipsilateral cortex of the posterior lobe was also effective in inhibiting Deiters neurones though less prominently than the anterior lobe. The inhibitory fibers could be stimulated in the white matter of the cerebellum, predominantly in the ipsilateral side at rostral regions of nuclei fastigii and interpositus. It was further shown that the monosynaptic inhibition from the anterior and posterior lobes occurs chiefly in the dorsal portion of Deiters nucleus. Since in both the cerebellum and Deiters nucleus the spatial pattern of distribution of the inhibitory fibers conforms to that of the corticovestibular fibers as histologically defined, the experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that the cerebellar Purkinje cells are inhibitory in nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235698
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical representation of batch culture dataPaper presented at the 154th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 205-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized logistic equation is proposed for the mathematical representation of batch culture kinetic data. Properties of the equation are discussed. A computer program is used to fit the generalized equation to both artificial and actual batch culture data. The equation is shown to be capable of fitting data exhibiting lag, exponential, deceleration, stationary, and death phases, as well as diauxic growth. The fitted equation is useful for differentiation, interpolation, and other manipulations of the data, and it is a convenient means of data storage.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100208
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion chamber for microbiological work (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 252-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100213
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentative production of 5′-purine ribonucleotide (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 277-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Micrococcus sodonensis KY 3765 and Arthrobacter citreus KY 3155 were found capable of accumulating IMP in media supplemented with hypoxanthine as a precursor. High concentrations of phosphate and magnesium salts were required for high yields of IMP. Manganese deficiency in the media was also essential. Excessive Mn2+ effects were also seen in the IMP fermentation carried out with an adenineless mutant, of Cornynebacterium glutamicum. In M. sodonensis, R5P-like substances, 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and IMP pyrophosphorylase, were leaked out, of the cells grown in suboptimal Mn2+ levels. This excretion was inhibited by high levels of Mn2+. Such a phenomenon was not noted in A. citreus. An adenineless mutant (KY 7208) of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was found to accumulate an appreciable amount of IMP. The chemical changes in this fermentation showed that, hypoxanthine was first produced de novo, excreted, and then reconverted into IMP by a salvage pathway. When hypoxanthine was added to 7208 culture, IMP yield was increased appreciably. In fact exogenous 14C-hypoxanthine was incorporated into 14C-IMP. Subsequent experiments showed that indeed Br. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, a parent culture of KY 7208, was able to produce IMP, GMP, and AMP, in good yield from hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100304
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen diffusion through zoogloeal flocsThis paper was presented, in part, at the 21st Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May, 1966. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 331-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of oxygen transfer through a pure culture floc of Zoogloea ramigera I-16M has been described quantitatively. Oxygen uptake rates for both blended and nonblended floc particles indicated that, at a certain dissolved oxygen concentration, diffusion of oxygen through the floc matrix was the mechanism controlling the rate of oxygen utilization by the floc. This mechanism was quantitatively described by determining the oxygen diffusivity values for the floc. The diffusional distances of the floc particles along with the oxygen utilization rates of the floc were measured on floc grown under various conditions. Anoxic core equations were then used to calculate the oxygen diffusivity values for each experiment. These diffusivity values were then used to estimate the oxygen concentrations necessary in activated sludge plants.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100308
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100401
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxic spiroepoxy compounds from Fusaria and other hyphomycetes (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 445-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many hyphomyceteous fungi have been found to produce closely related toxic metabolites which form the class of compounds called scirpenes. The structures of those compounds are reviewed and current studies on their biological activity and possible implication in moldy corn poisoning are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100405
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100101
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Growth on ethanol under transient-state conditions (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 787-800 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under transient-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Yeast cell dry matter, substrate concentration, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient were measured during the different transient states. Depending on which range of the dilution rate the initial steady state was found, we obtain different responses to the shift experiment. For the lower range, up to D = 0.07, we deal with damped oscillations ranging above and below the steady-state values. For the higher specific growth rates, the rate of damping is strongly enhanced and the shape of the curves becomes an asymptotic approach to the final steady states.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100606
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interfacial kinetics model for hydrocarbons oxidation (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 891-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100613
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical model for the batch reactor kinetics of algae growth (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on the Einstein law of photochemical equivalence is proposed to describe the batch growth of unicellular algae. The model was applied in an integrated form to cell concentration versus growth time data taken over an extended range of cell concentrations which include both the regions of “exponential” and “linear” growth. It is shown that a certain function of cell concentration contained in the integrated form of the model is linearly dependent on the growth time over both the “exponential” and “linear” growth regions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100107
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100201
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Growth on ethanol under steady-state conditions (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under steady-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Dry matter, substrate concentration, yield, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient, as well as nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, and protein content of the cells were measured in dependence on the dilution rate. Cell size distribution, as a function of the specific growth rate, was determined with the aid of a Celloscope 202. A fair agreement with the theory of continuous culture for all metabolic curves could be established. An increased turnover rate resulted from the addition of glutamic acid to the synthetic growth medium. The primary effect of this supplement could be a rise in the flow rate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100205
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparatus for simultaneous spectrophotometric and polarographic measurements (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 238-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have recently constructed a 10-mm, light path quartz cuvet which will accept a Clark oxygen electrode; it is temperature controlled and is suitable for use in a Unicam (Cambridge, England) SP 800 recording spectrophotometer. Several enquiries have prompted this publication, although such an apparatus was mentioned much earlier by Chance and Williams,1 and has been used extensively.Figure 1a, b, c, and d and their legends provide sufficient detail for the construction of the cuvet and provision of the commercially available electrode, quartz faces, stirring motor and disk magnet. Circuit diagrams for temperature control (range 22-38°C., ± 0.2°C.) and stirrer speed control are shown in Figure 2a and b. The cuvet is shown situated in the spectrophotometer cell housing in Figure 3, and the cuvet with its associated equipment is shown in Figure 4.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100210
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of dissolved oxygen partial pressure on the level of various enzymes in mouse LS cells (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 815-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intracellular levels of seven enzymes in mouse LS cells growing in suspension culture at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressures (pO2) have been measured. During the growth of each culture large fluctuations were observed in the levels of some enzymes, particularly aldolase and cytochrome oxidase. Mean values for the concentration of each enzyme during the growth phase have been calculated. These results are discussed in relation to previous observations made on the growth of mouse LS cells.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100608
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultivation of the yeast Candida lipolytica on hydrocarbons. II. One-stage continuous cultivation on gas oil (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 865-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of the yeast Candida lipolytica on gas oil was studied from the viewpoint of biomass production and oil deparaffination. Optimum conditions wore found at the dilution rate D = 0.16-0.19 when biomass productivity 1.7 g/l/hr and yield coefficient. y = 0.92 were achieved. At deparaffination to the same freezing point, more than double the production of biomass and deparaffined oil during a given time unit was achieved in a continuous process than in batch cultivation. Consumption of substrate was followed in both cultivation processes and it was confirmed that individual n-alkanes of gas oil were degraded at various rates and yields. Results proved optimum cultivation conditions to depend on concentration and composition of the paraffinic fraction of gas oil used. To achieve these conditions the continuous process may be controlled by choice; of suitable dilution rate and concentration of gas oil.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100611
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for determining constants of first-order reactions from experimental data (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have utilized a previously proposed mathematical equation (introduced originally for development of empirical equations) as a useful tool for evaluation of first-order reaction rate constants. By assigning physical significance to the parameter α, the equation can be utilized in obtaining excellent estimates for limiting boundary values and velocity constants.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100106
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies with dried airborne vaccinia virus in a small environmental chamber (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dried vaccinia virus was found to be very stable in aerosol form in our chamber at a temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity (RH) of 85% when the virus was protected with 1.5% lysine, 1.5% sodium glutamate, 0.5% isoniazid, 0.5% thiourea, and either 2.5% heart infusion broth (HIB) or a combination of 3.75% lactose plus 1.25% raffinose prior to freeze-drying. Utilization of the Environmental chamber technique resulted in (a) selection of two diluents which protected vaccinia virus against the effects of high relative humidity, (b) measurement of the effect of various chemical additives in the diluents, and (c) quantitative measurement of the moisture absorbed by the various dried products.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100204
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some aspects of the metabolism of a partially colloidal substrate (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 189-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a complex, partially colloidal substrate is divided into oxidation (fo) and synthesis (fs) fractions. The substrate being investigated is a suspension containing 10 mg./l. of dry skim milk. The oxidized and synthesized fractions of the BOD are shown to be 38.4% and 61.6%, respectively. The division of BOD is related to the time at which maximum cell growth appears. The time required to obtain maximum cell production is shown to be at least 10 hr. The relationship between the time to maximum cell production and the apparent initial activity of the seed organisms is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100207
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultivation column and technique studying transmigration cultures in sephadex environment (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 247-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100212
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100301
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Microflotation: Coagulation and foam separation of aerobacter aerogenes (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The foam separation technique of microflotation was studied using A. aerogenes as the test organisms. Gas flow rate, collector and alum (when used) concentrations, and frother dose were held constant. In contrast to E. coli, previously reported, A. aerogenes are removed using both lauric acid and laurylamine as the collectors without prior coagulation with alum. The removals are improved after coagulation, with laurylamine being the more efficient collector. In all cases the removals decrease upon increasing the pH above about 8.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100108
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on ventilation of culture broths. I. Behavior of CO2 in model systems (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 133-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of dissolution and dehydration of CO2 in a liquid model system was investigated. Components in the model system established the main conditions which may exist, in the extracellular space of a microbiological culture liquid. The charge in voltage of a glass electrode was measured which indicated the formation of H+ ions in the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- H+ reaction. The rate of CO2 hydration increased with the increase of temperature from 0 to 40°C. Likewise the equilibrium of the reaction was shifted towards the forward reaction. Similar results were observed when the tip velocity of the impeller was increased. Data suggest that agitation promotes the dissolution of CO2 in the culture liquid through the reduction of gas-liquid film resistance in the diffusion of this gas. The rate of hydration of CO2 into the bulk of the liquid was independent of pCO2 above the surface of the liquid but depended on pCO2 in the gas bubble within the liquid. The concentration of HCO3- was, furthermore, influenced by the buffer components, buffer capacity, and the viscosity of the system. Since pCO2 and the HCO3- concentration in the extracellular space depend on both physical and chemical factors, the ventilation of a culture liquid necessitates both exhaust of CO2 from the gas bubbles of the culture broth and shift of the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+ reaction towards the backward direction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100203
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic determination of the thermal characteristics of fermentation tanks (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the determination of total heat generation in a fermentation tank and overall heat-transfer coefficient at the cooling surface is outlined. These data, which are essential for the design of cooling systems, are measured during the actual fermentation by dynamic analysis of controlled temperature variations. Each experiment consists of two stages: one in which cooling is cut off, and one in which cooling is constant. The necessary temperature variation is so limited that, the course of the fermentation is not affected.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100209
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virus interactions with membrane filters (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 877-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of interactions of membrane filters with viruses has included 28 types of membranes, 4 types of enteroviruses, and 1 reovirus. Losses of these viruses in filtration, due to adsorption to the filter membranes, appear to be governed by three factors: the chemical composition of the filter membrane, the ratio of pore diameter to the diameter of the virus particle, and the presence of substances, such as those occurring in serum, which interfere with adsorption. Membranes of cellulose triacetate and of certain other materials have a very low affinity for these viruses. Cellulose triacetate filters adsorb virtually none when the pore size exceeds the virus diameter by a factor of more than 3. At porosities nearer the virus diameter, even low-affinity membranes adsorb large quantities of virus unless serum or some other additive interferes. Cellulose nitrate membranes, in the absence of interfering substances, adsorb enterovirus significantly at a pore size 285 times the virus diameter.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100612
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Slaframine: A parasympathomimetric from Rhizoctonia leguminicolaThis paper, as well as the five papers following, were presented at the Symposium on Pharmacologically Active Substances from Fermentations, Division of Microbial Chemistry and Technology, 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 14, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An interesting cholinergic compound has been isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola grown on extracts of red clover hay. The compound was characterized as 1-acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizidine and given the name “slaframine.” It has been shown that slaframine is not the active compound but is converted to the active metabolite by liver microsomal enzymes. Physiological studies with slaframine point out that it is a potent stimulator of exocrine glands. In addition, its long duration of action and low toxicity suggest that it may have therapeutic value. Preliminary data suggest that slaframine is a potent stimulator of pancreatic activity, and its long duration of action results in a stimulation of protein synthesis by the gland.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100402
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rocker cell culture incubator (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 698-706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rocker mammalian cell culture system is described. The basic mechanical component is a special incubator with contained rocker culture trays. The system provides for precise environmental temperature regulation with intermittent rocking of contained cultures in such a manner as to permit thin fluid overlay of cells with maximum accessibility to oxygen while circumventing the problems of evaporation, substrate depiction, etc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100517
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of gas diffusion in mammalian cell culture systems. II. Theory (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 741-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models have been constructed which relate the depth of the culture fluid overlay to the oxygen available to mammalian cells cultured under static conditions. These models suggest that the maintenance of a given rate of oxygen utilization by some culture systems may be critically depended on this fluid depth and on the solubility and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the culture fluid. The importance of these concepts as applied to the isolation and growth of differentiated cells representative of the tissue of origin are noted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100604
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of guanosine and its derivatives from AICA-riboside (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 303-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel and convenient method for the synthesis of guanosine is described. The reaction of AICA-riboside with sodium methylxanthate gave 2-mercaptoinosine in almost quantitative yield. The latter was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to afford inosine-2-sulfonic acids, which was readily animated to give guanosine in excellent yield. Similarly, the preparation of N2-methylguanosine and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, minor constituents of transfer RNA, was also accomplished. Furthermore, this procedure was extended to the synthesis of 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine and the isopropylidene derivatives of various N2-substituted guanosines from 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-AICA-riboside. Guanosine via 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine was successfully phosphorylated to give 5′-guanylic acid.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100306
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Continuous flow cultures of a HeLa cell line as a basis for a steady supply of Rubella virusThis study was performed at the Swedish Medical Research Council Unit for Bacteriological Bioengineering (Head: Professor C.-G. Hedén) and was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council and Malmfonden. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 373-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A HeLa cell line was propagated in semicontinuous suspension culture, 85 liters final volume, and in continuous flow culture with a volume of 300 ml. or 5 liters in an autoclavable medium to which 8% calf serum had been added. A medium containing 0.1% Methocel and 2% calf serum was also tested. Maximum productivity was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.33 day-1 with a cell density of about 1.0 × 106 cells/ml. The same cell line was also infected with Rubella virus and the production of virus was followed at the 5-liter cultivation level.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100310
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient response of continuous cultures to changes in temperature (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 385-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this experimental study was to examine the transient response of a chemostat-type continuous culture of Escherichia coli B to step changes in temperature by following transient limiting substrate concentration and calculating from it the transient growth rate. The transient response to step changes of temperature was tested for four different situations. In the first two cases, temperature was shifted down from 37 to 27°C., and 37 to 32°C. In the last two, it was shifted up from 32 to 37°C., and 27 to 37°C. When the temperature was shifted up, the growth rate increased rather rapidly to its transient maximum value and then decreased slowly until it, settled back into the steady-state value. On the other hand, when the temperature was shifted down, the growth rate decreased relatively rapidly to its transient minimum and then it slowly increased and returned gradually to the steady-state value. The magnitude of the transients was less than would be expected if the transient growth rates followed an Arrhenius function.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100311
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  • 41
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    Properties and biological activity of a new peptide antibiotic (Colisan)Paper presented at the Symposium on Pharmacologically Active Substances from Fermentations, 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society Chicago, Illinois, September 14, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 429-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Colisan has the formula Lys3Val4Leu3IleTyr and a molecular weight of approximately 1500. Neither N-terminal nor C-terminal group have been found. The peptide is highly resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The ∊-amino groups of lysine are indispensable for biological activity, since either deamination or acetylation completely inactivates Colisan. A comparative study with basic peptides like polylysine demonstrated their similarity of action, on one hand, and an antagonistic effect to Colisan, on the other. The fast action of the antibiotic and the specific effect on the cell membranes of many different biological systems (Entameba, Paramecium, erythrocytes, smooth muscle, and others) support the hypothesis that the primary damage occurs in the membrane with consequent alteration of permeability. The leakage of intracellular material (histamine) from mast cells after application of Colisan is in accord with this hypothesis. The results strongly suggest that the biological activity of the peptide is based essentially, but not exclusively, on its basic character.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100404
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Automatic analysis of gas exchange in microbial systems (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 535-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatically working test arrangement for the permanent analysis of O2 and CO2 in microbiological cultures is described. The measuring principle is based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and on the absorption of infrared by carbon dioxide. The preparation of the gas for measuring and the correction of the recording are indicated. The formula of correction was programmed and the values were calculated for a range of 3%. The routine correction of analysis values is done with a nomogram established on the basis of these individual values. The advantages of the described test arrangement are illustrated by two examples of growth experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100411
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Foam concentration of streptokinase from crude culture filtrates (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 551-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100412
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Input and volume distributions for continuous cultures (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 497-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the effects on substrate utilization and cell growth of varying the volume distribution of and the input distribution to a model continuous-culture unit consisting of three stirred tanks. The model is used to establish the best volume and input distributions and to indicate the effects of mixing imperfections. The Michaelis-Menten rate expression is utilized, including an endogenous respiration term, and results are presented on unique triaxial charts. Of the distributions considered, maximum substrate utilization is achieved with 60% of the total volume in the first stage, 20% in the second stage, and 20% in the third stage and with all of the input to the first stage. At a constant fractional input to the third stage; variation in the ratio of inputs to the first and second stages has virtually no effect, except in the case that a critical dilution is exceeded. At a constant input ratio to the first two stages, an increase in the fractional input to the third stage always decreases efficiency. Three stages, regardless of relative size, are always better than one. Except for endogenous respiration effects, cell growth parallels substrate utilization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100409
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Response of biological waste treatment systems to changes in salt concentrations (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 483-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of NaCl on the yield of biological solids and on the ability of continuously cultured heterogeneous microbial populations to remove substrate was assessed by changing the salt concentration in the inflowing synthetic waste. During the period of increasing the salt concentration to 30,000 mg/l the system could not maintain a high substrate removal efficiency. However, after an acclimation period the system regained its former efficiency. Upon diluting the salt out of the system, a significant rise in cell yield was noted as the salt level passed through the range 8,000-10,000 mg/l. It was found that steady operation at a salt level of 8,000 mg/l sustained the cell yield at a high level.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100408
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  • 46
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    Virus particle quantitation and its application to virus-host cell interactions (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 567-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virus quantitation is discussed stressing the discrepancy between the biological titer and the physical virus particle count. When both these techniques are used in conjunction, one can more realistically catalog viral properties. The merits of this technique are exemplified in a study of the growth kinetics and properties of vesicular stomatitis virus in tissue culture.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100504
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    Application of a multiple surface tissue culture propagator for the production of cell monolayers, virus, and biochemicals (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new concept of tissue culture equipment and procedures was developed for the mass-scale growth of several types of animal tissue cells in monolayers on multiple glass surfaces. Continuous, cell lines, primary and diploid cell strains were grown in this equipment. Cells studied include primary bovine kidney, human diploid WI-38, human foreskin, and mouse CCL1 cells. Photomicrographic comparisons of cells grown by these techniques indicate they are morphologically identical to tissue culture cells grown in glass bottles or tubes. The growth of the tissue culture cells in the propagator was monitored by carbohydrate Utilization and acid production. Large-scale production of viruses and biochemicals on cells grown in the multiple-plate tissue culture propagator was accomplished. Virus titers were equal to those obtained from conventional bottle or tube cultures for several strains of influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syneytial viruses. High-titred mouse interferon was also produced in this system. In addition to tissue culture cell production, Eaton agent, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was grown on the multiple glass surfaces on a mass scale.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100507
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  • 48
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    A fraction collector for large-volume chromatograph separations (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 681-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100513
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  • 49
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    A new method for removal of inhibitory fermentation products (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 689-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100515
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  • 50
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    A mathematical model for the continuous culture of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 707-723 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is presented for both batch and continuous cultures of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates. The key feature of the model is the use of a inhibition function to relate substrate concentration and specific growth rate. Simulation studies show that the primary result of inhibition by substrate in a batch culture is an increase in the lag time whereas in continuous culture inhibition by substrate may result in process instability. The model should be of value in investigations of the stability of biological processes used for the treatment of certain industrial wastes such as those containing phenols, thiocyanates, nitrates, ammonia, volatile acids, etc., which are known to be inhibitory to many of the organisms metabolizing them.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100602
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  • 51
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    Cultivation of the yeast candida lipolytica on hydrocarbons. I. Degradation of n-alkanes in batch fermentation of gas oil (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of batch-cultivated yeast Candida lipolytica on three kinds of gas oil using mineral medium was studied. A linear dependence was found between the production of yeast biomass and the consumption of n-alkanes, while the decrease of freezing point of gas oil during cultivation had a distinct course. This disproportion was explained by different degradation of individual n-alkanes contained in gas oil. The rate of degradation of pentadecane, hexadecane, and heptadecane was the same during the entire cultivation. On the contrary, in the first phase the utilization of shorter chain n-alkanes, nonane to tetradecane, was more rapid while that of longer chain homologs, octadecane to pentacosane, lagged. Rapid utilization of longer chain n-alkanes did not occur before the concentration of the other n-alkanes decreased. Only then the rapid decrease of freezing point appeared.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100103
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  • 52
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    The role of aeration and agitation in the production of glucose oxidase in submerged culture (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 45-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of agitation and aeration on growth and on production of glucose oxidase of Asp. niger has been studied. It was found that both rate of growth and glucose oxidase production was higher at an agitation speed of 700 rpm than at 460 rpm. Further increase in speed of agitation resulted in neither a higher rate of growth nor a higher glucose oxidase activity. Total glucose oxidase activity was highest in a medium containing 5% sugar (at an agitation speed of 700 rpm) and did not get higher when the sugar concentration of the medium was increased to 7%. When pure oxygen was bubbled through the culture the rate of growth of the culture (in the linear phase) was 95 mg. mycelial dry wt./100 ml./hr., and only 61 mg. when air was applied. The glucose oxidase activity of oxygenated culture was double the activity of aerated culture. Viscosity of the homogenized culture became higher with higher concentration of mycelia. The viscosity of oxygenated culture was found to be lower than that of aerated culture.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100104
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  • 53
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    Frequency response analysis of dilution rate effects on yeast growth (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 99-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100109
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  • 54
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    Kinetics of microbial cell growth (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 105-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a rate equation of microbial cell growth, the Monod equation is widely used. However, this equation cannot fully correspond to real courses of microbial cell growth in many batch cultivations. Especially, predicted values based on this equation do not agree with observed values in many continuous cultivations. In this paper, which introduces new concepts of critical concentration and coefficient of consumption activity, the growth rate equation which corresponds to the whole period including lag period is newly derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in batch cultivation are clarified. Further, applying the new rate equation to continuous cultivation, a general equation with which to calculate cell concentration is derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in continuous cultivation are clarified. The calculated values of cell concentration based on the new theory showed quite good agreement with the observed values in both batch and continuous cultivation.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100202
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  • 55
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    Vortex behavior in the waldhof fermentor (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This is the first part of a systematic study on the mechanisms of the Waldhof fermentor. When an agitator is rotating in a liquid, a vortex will develop on the surface. Air is dispersed into the liquid when the vortex is deep enough to reach the agitator. This is the basic mechanism of air dispersion in a Waldhof fermentor. In this work, experimental results, empirical correlations, and theoretical equations were obtained to relate the vortex depth to a number of physical factors including agitator diameter, agitator speed, tank diameter, liquid depth, liquid viscosity, and so on. The vortex depth was found a function of both Reynolds number and Froude Number.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100206
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  • 56
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    Stripping in sparged fermentation systems. III. The acetic acid-water system (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100211
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  • 57
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    Introduction to nucleic acids and related fermentations (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 255-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100302
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  • 58
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    Phosphohydrolases and the production of 5′-nucleotides by direct fermentation (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 291-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A major problem involved in the direct fermentation of nucleotides is their breakdown by phosphohydrolases. Thus, adenine auxotrophs of most microorganisms produce hypoxanthine and/or inosine rather than inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) while guanine auxotrophs excrete xanthosine rather than xanthosine 5′-monophosphate (XMP). Examination of a Bacillus subtilis mutant producing hypoxanthine plus inosine revealed at least four phosphohydrolases, three of which could attack nucleotides. Even when the extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolase was inhibited by Cu+2 and its surface-bound alkaline phosphohydrolase was repressed and inhibited by inorganic phosphate, or removed by mutation, the breakdown products were still the only products of fermentation. Under these conditions, the third enzyme, a surface-bound non-repressible nucleotide phosphohydrolase was still active. It appears, at least in B. subtilis, that excretion is dependent upon breakdown by this enzyme and if hydrolysis does not occur, excretion of purine nucleotides is feedback inhibited by the resultant high intracellular IMP concentration. Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants, on the other hand, can excrete intact nucleotides, and direct fermentations for IMP, XMP, and GMP have been described. An examination of phosphohydrolases in a GMP-producing culture revealed no extracellular or surface enzymes. Disruption of the cells resulted in liberation of cellular phosphohydrolase activity with a substrate specificity remarkably similar to the flavorenhancing properties of the 5′-nucleotides. The order of decreasing susceptibility was GMP, IMP, XMP; AMP was not attacked.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100305
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  • 59
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    In vitro synthesis of polyribonucleotides (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 359-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyribonucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyl transferase, commonly known as polynucleotide phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible polymerization of ribonucleoside diphosphates with the liberation of orthophosphate. The equilibrium constant is approximately 1.0. Although isolated from a variety of sources, the enzyme occurs essentially as two types: one which does not require a primer for reaction initiation and a second which does. A parallel study of an E. coli preparation representing the first type and an M. lysodeikticus preparation representing the second showed differences other than the primer requirement. Rates of polymerization were different as were the Kms. The E. coli preparation catalyzed the synthesis of polyguanylic acid while the M. lysodeikticus preparation did not although synthesis of hetoropolymers containing guanylic acid was catalyzed by the M. lysodeikticus enzyme. Use of repurified commercial substrates made the validity of some primer-requirement experiments suspect. End group analysis of product polymers served only to raise questions concerning the reaction-initiating compounds and the reaction mechanism. A study of hetero-polymer synthesis showed not only that the rate of polymerization was different, from that of homopolymers but that uncompetitive inhibition rather than competitive inhibition occurred when two ribonucleoside diphosphates were present in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the experiments showed a preferential uptake of one substrate over another and an “enrichment” which was constant. It has also been shown that RNA polymerase, a DNA-RNA directed polymerase, can be used to synthesize polyribonucleotides if the appropriate template is provided.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100309
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  • 60
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    Emetic material associated with Fusarium species in cereal grains and artificial media (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 413-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substances which cause emesis in pigeons were extracted from corn (Zea mays) artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and from liquid culture medium inoculated with F. moniliforme, F. roseum, F. poae, F. culmorum, and F. nivale. Emetic preparations were obtained also from infected wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), (Hordeum vulgare L. em. Lam), and durum (Triticum durum Desf). Partial purification resulted from chromatography with columns of cellulose and DEAE cellulose and with thin layers of silica gel. Two active materials were obtained from liquid culture of F. moniliforme but only one from infected cereals. Emetic preparations from F. moniliforme and infected cereals contained a polypeptide as a minor component. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrums, elemental analyses, refractive indices, and amino acid composition of the emetic from corn and one of the emeties from liquid culture of F. moniliforme were similar but not identical. Attempts to crystalline these emetics and to characterize them were unsuccessful.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100403
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  • 61
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    Toxic metabolites produced by fungi implicated in mycotoxicoses (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 469-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100407
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  • 62
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    Stripping in sparged fermentation systems. III. The acetic acid-water system (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 553-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100413
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  • 63
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    Genetic control of virus production in cell lines (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 557-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure to maintain genetic control of virus production in tissue cell lines, has been proposed and discussed. Both the tissue cell which replicates the virus and the virus inoculum must be homogeneous in order to produce a product with the expected characteristics. Certain philosophical and technical aspects of the problem are discussed in relation to developing and maintaining genetically homogeneous stock cultures, inoculum, and product.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100503
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  • 64
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    A pilot plant for mammalian cell culture (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 625-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the possible viral etiology of human leukemia have required large quantities of cultured cells derived from human hematopoietic tissues. Since cultures sufficiently large and free from contamination could not readily be produced according to existing methods, a pilot, cell culture plant has been constructed for the production of mammalian cells in mass quantity. 500-ml to 20-liter trophocell units have already proved to be scientifically and economically practical, as they provide good reliability, excellent growth rates, and sustained yield of human cells. 200-liter stainless steel culture units have now been added to the trophocell system. Five complete 200 liter units are now in operation. The design of the original stainless steel unit was based on that of a stainless steel, jacketed soup kettle. There are no openings in the vessel other than those in the lid, which provide convenient access points for sampling, sensor probes, etc. Environmental parameters, e.g., liquid level, temperature, and pH, are monitored and controlled with commercially available apparatus. Many initial problems connected with the new 200 liter units have been resolved, but operational and design problems remain in the areas of stable instrumentation, cell harvesting, salvaging and reuse of unspent media components, establishment of physiologic steady stale, recovery of virus-containing cells with reculture of the remaining unaffected cells, and the recovery and separation of cell components and special products such as immunoglobulins, interferons, and hormones. A definitive cell plant with culture units of 20, 50, 250, and 1250 liters is now being constructed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100508
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  • 65
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    New directions in the production of vaccines (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 669-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New trends and developments in vaccines emphasized the growing need for safety tests of increased complexity, rather than a need for ultrasophisticated and complex devices. The Vaccine Development Branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, operating with an annual budget of $6,000,000 has the task of expediting the collaborative efforts of 50 laboratories for developing, producing, and testing experimental vaccine lots. Rubella has a major priority; other priorities are assigned to respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, influenza, and rhinoviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To accomplish this requires a very expensive and complex program involving rapid information exchange and increased emphasis on safety testing with regard to extraneous viruses and the oncogenic potential of the vaccines. The latter need resulted from such experience as that with the Salk vaccine and the tumorproducing potential of some adenoviruses. Electron microscopy has been useful in discovering possible viral contaminants. Of all material produced for experimental work, from 65 to 70% is used for safety tests.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100511
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  • 66
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    A description and working recommendation for using a modified galvanic cell oxygen electrode (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 693-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100516
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  • 67
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    Kinetics of gas diffusion in mammalian cell culture systems. I. Experimental (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 725-740 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated experimentally that the thickness of fluid overlay in conventional tissue culture systems limits the oxygen available to mammalian cells growing as a submerged monolayer. A rocker culture system is described which circumvents critical problems associated with thin film culture while permitting nearly unlimited access of oxygen to the cell monolayer. Good growth of primary hepatic cells as isolated sheets has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100603
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  • 68
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    The cultivation of animal cells at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressure (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 801-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 3-liter culture vessel has been developed for the growth of animal cells in suspension at controlled pH and dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The culture technique allows metabolically produced CO2 to be measured; provision can be made to control the dissolved CO2 partial pressure. In cultures containing a low serum concentration, gas sparging to control pO2 was found to cause cell damage. This could be prevented by increasing the serum concentration to 10%, or by adding 0.02% of the surface-active polymer Pluronic F68. The growth of mouse LS cells in batch culture without pO2 control was found to be limited by the availability of oxygen. Maximum viable cell populations were obtained when dissolved pO2 was controlled at values within the range 40-100 mm Hg.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100607
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  • 69
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    Production of fatty acids and lipid by a Candida sp. growing on a fraction of n-alkanes predominating in tridecane (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 511-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Candida sp. was grown on a fraction of n-alkanes (dodecane 22%, tridecane 48%, tetradecane 28%) as sole carbon source. The growth rate was increased most markedly by using high concentrations of n-alkanes (16.7% v/v). When grown in a 5 liter fermentor, the yeast reached its highest yield (60 g. of cell dry wt/l) with a concomitant high yield of fatty acids (21 g of fatty acids/l), by using a nitrogen-deficient medium. To achieve good growth, it was essential to use an inoculum (1 part into 10) of rapidly growing cells and beneficial to increase the agitation rate gradually once growth had begun. After 108 hr maximum conversions of substrate to product were: 71.5% (w/w) for alkanes into cells and 24.8% (w/w) for alkanes into fatty acids. Of the, total fatty acids at the end of the fat-accumulating phase of growth 54% were shorter in chain length than palmitic acid (C16H32O2). When grown on glucose, as sole carbon source, less than 2% of the total fatty acids were shorter than palmitic acid. When n-alkanes were added to cells growing on glucose, short-chain fatty acids (C10 to C14) were synthesized immediately, indicating a derepressed enzyme system for hydrocarbon assimilation and the absence of diauxie. The production of these acids was at the apparent sacrifice of linoleic acid synthesis. In spite of the high conversion ratios, it is concluded that it would be uneconomical to produce fatty acids, even expensive ones such as lauric acid, by microbial transformation of n-alkanes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100410
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    Introduction to symposium on production of viruses (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 555-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100502
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    A multisurface tissue propagator for the mass-scale growth of cell monolayers (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 601-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various multisurface mass-scale tissue culture propagators ranging in capacity up to 200 liters have been developed at Abbott Laboratories. These patented units consist, of an enclosed vessel containing a multiplicity of separated glass plates or disks on which cells may attach and proliferate. Means for mixing and aeration of the medium are provided. Sample ports facilitate the addition of cultures and media, the withdrawal of samples, the washing of cell monolayers, and the harvesting of cells and cell products. The large cell growth surface per occupied volume, the provision for separating tissue cells from media simply and easily, and the minimization of the amount of labor required per cell growth area are some of the many advantages of the multisurface tissue propagator that are described.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100506
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  • 72
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    The zonal centrifuge applied to the purification of a low-yield virus in human leukemia cells (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 651-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The herpes-type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large-volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P-3) cell line as a model, rate-zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10-15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell-free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010-1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie-zonal centrifugation of the various high-count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100510
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  • 73
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    A method for aeration and foam control in fermentation vessels (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 677-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of large quantities of microbial mass, or their by-products, frequently requires aeration and mixing of fluid media. This operation often results in copious production of foam which cannot be exhausted with the effluent air or gas. Foam is usually controlled with antifoam agents which may interfere with product purity, oxygen uptake, and with subsequent product, handling. The process herein described obviates the requirement for antifoam agents or other foam-control methods. In essence, the air (or other gases) and foam in the headspace are continuously withdrawn, entrained in the intake side of a self-priming pump, and reintroduced into the bulk of the process liquid medium. The headspace may be enriched with oxygen or other gases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100512
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  • 74
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100601
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  • 75
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    Sterilization with gaseous ethylene oxide: A review of chemical and physical factors (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although the basic parameters for ethylene oxide sterilization are established, it is sometimes difficult to attain in practice where the principal limiting factor is moisture availability. There are situations which can limit or enhance the dynamics of sterilization. Such factors, if overlooked, could upset experiments and lead to erroneous conclusions, or defeat the sterilization process entirety. Such are, namely: stratification effects, diffusion barriers, moisture-reducing effects, polymerization, and temperature distribution gradients.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100102
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  • 76
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    Masthead (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100501
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  • 77
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    Decigram quantities of pure foot-and-mouth disease virus from cell cultures (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 589-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures grown in rolling 2-liter Baxter bottles are used for the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which is subsequently purified. The bottles are held securely in round wire racks (19 per rack) and rotated on a three-tiered roller mill. The use of a strongly buffered growth medium makes changes of the medium unnecessary. A sheet of aluminum foil is used to seal the cultures. It is pressed tightly over all the bottles in a rack by means of a polyurethane foam sheeting bonded to the underside of a rigid snap-on cover. Special equipment eliminates removing the bottles from the racks at any stage in their use. The loaded racks fit directly onto headers of a glassware washer. Spent cell growth media and virus fluids are collected by inverting an entire rack of bottles-Current production is 400 BHK cultures (21 racks) containing 8 × 108 cells each after 6 days growth. About 344 of these cultures (18 racks) are used to grow virus. The purification process yields about 113 mg of pure FMDV per week; the overall recovery based on infectivity is 32%. The projected maximum production of purified virus in the present facilities is approximately 2.5 times greater than this amount.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100505
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    Effect of centrifugation on the viability of Burkitt lymphoma cellsContribution No. 1126 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Presented at the 154th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 10-15, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100509
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    Equipment for the recovery of precipitates from tubular centrifuges (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 684-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for the recovery of precipitates from rotors of industrial tubular centrifuges. A double piston is described for nonaseptic discharge of precipitates through the outlet holes of the clarifier rotor. For the aseptic resuspension or dissolving of valuable precipitates a closed-circulation system has been developed, which is applied without opening of the clarifier rotor.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100514
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  • 80
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    Simultaneous gas-liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 765-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two experimental methods were used in measuring oxygen-transfer rates. The results indicate that two possible mechanisms are operating in simultaneous gas-liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation. One of the mechanisms, the direct absorption mechanism, has not been much studied in bioengineering. Mathematical equations are derived to describe the simultaneous mechanisms.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100605
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  • 81
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    Large-Scale isolation of acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 829-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory process for the isolation of type B acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes has been scaled up 80 times. The enzyme was purified 1300-fold by adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration. The yield was 27%. Results for the type A enzyme are also presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100609
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  • 82
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    Kinetics of product inhibition in alcohol fermentation (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 845-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inhibitory effect of ethanol concentration p in a medium on the specific rates of growth μ and ethanol production ν of a specific strain of baker's yeast was studied in a chemostat, where except for ethanol as the product, only the concentration of glucose S was controlled to limit the metabolic activity of the yeast. This was designed to supplement the previous findings from the batch experiment, in which ethanol was added artificially and no substrate components were limiting the metabolism of the same yeast, that μ = μ0e-k1p and ν = ν0e-k2p, where k1 and k2 are empirical constants and subscript the 0 denotes respective values at p = 0. The effects of p on the values of μ and ν were confirmed by the Lineweaver-Burk plot to belong to noncompetitive inhibition. The formulas here for μ and ν as affected by p, if extrapolated to the case of no limiting substrates, were in good agreement in respective forms with those derived previously from the batch experiment, though the values of corresponding coefficients in these formulas were different. The differential equations for μ and ν as functions of both p and S and, in addition for the rate of glucose consumption as correlated by the yield factors either with the cell growth rate or the rate of ethanol production, were solved properly with a digital computer. A kinetic, pattern calculated so far was discussed with reference to the data obtained in the batch experiment and those relevant to actual “sake” brewing.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100610
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    Growth of mouse fibroblast-like cells in an autoclavable medium (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relatively simple, autoclavable medium was developed that would support the growth of the mouse fibroblast (MFL) cell line in suspension culture. This medium was prepared in three stages with decreasing quantities of serum. As the serum was reduced from 5% to none, the amount of Bacto-Peptone was increased from none to 0.5%. The reduction and finally elimination of serum did not affect proliferation adversely, but actually seemed to produce more rapid growth and higher levels of cell population.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100105
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  • 84
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    Hydrolysis of RNA to 5′-nucleotide by seed sprouts, particularly malt sprouts (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 257-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the efficient conversion of commercial RNA to nucleoside 5′-monophosphate by means of a phosphodiesterase in malt sprouts have been determined. A comparison of the enzyme content of the rootlets, stems, and kernels of various plant seedlings, including barley, rye, oat, wheat, rice, and beans shows maximum amounts in the rootlets, and minimum quantities in the ungerminated kernels. Of all the seedlings tested, (mung bean, soy bean, oat, wheat, rice, barley) barley gave the highest conversion of RNA to 5′-nucleotides. Commercial malt sprouts prepared from 6 different malted barleys including 2-rowed and 6-rowed samples all showed about the same amount of phosphodiesterase content. Besides phosphodiesterase, other enzymes capable of hydrolyzing RNA and 5′-nucleotides were found in sprouts. These included 3′-phosphodiesterases, 5′-nucleotidases, and nucleosidases. By carefully pretreating both extracts and the solid sprouts at elevated temperatures for a limited time and by the addition of minimum amounts of Zn+2, the action of these undesirable enzymes was either effectively destroyed or minimized so that the production of 5′-nucleotides was maximized. It was found that suspensions of appropriately washed and treated barley malt rootlets are substantially more effective than aqueous extracts for converting RNA to 5′-nucleotides.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100303
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  • 85
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    The preparation of rat-liver mitochondria by conventional differential centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation, after various disruption procedures: A comparative study (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rat liver was subjected to three different, disruption procedures (homogenization, explosive decompression, and Chaikoff press) and mitochondria were subsequently isolated by conventional differential Centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation. The properties of these mitochondria were investigated by polarographic measurement of oxygen uptake and they were examined by electron microscopy. All three methods of disruption gave mitochondria which showed respiratory control. Nitrogen cavitation gave the most reproducible conditions for cell breakage and zonal Centrifugation gave good separation of subcellular organdies in extracts produced by this method. Some separation of the heterogenous mitochondrial populations was achieved by zonal Centrifugation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100307
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  • 86
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    Transport of bacteriological specimen (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 399-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100312
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  • 87
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    Toxic and inflammatory properties of two antibiotics: Muconomycin A and B (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 457-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Toxicological investigations were conducted on two new antibiotics, Muconomycin A and Muconomycin B. These non-nitrogenous antibiotics were found to be highly toxic and capable of inducing profound inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of male albino rats. Either antibiotic produced large volumes (10-20 ml) of inflammatory exudate even when injected intraperitoneally in quantities of 1.6 × 10-10 moles. An extensive profile of the electrolytes and proteins found in inflammatory exudates was developed. Simultaneous assays of the blood serum of treated rats provided a basis for comparing the concentrations of constituents of serum with those of the exudate. The results of these assays showed that the exudate contained lower concentrations of sodium and proteins, and greater amounts of potassium, calcium, and phosphorus than the serum. Chloride ion concentrations were variable. Since previous work showed that one of the manifestations of toxicity of these substances was the production of creatinuria, further studies were carried out with ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase. These studies show that these antibiotics are potent in vitro inhibitors of the enzyme ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100406
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    Effect of glycols on the production of ergot alkaloids by Claviceps paspali (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 102-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260100110
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    Neuere Methoden der Präparativen Organischen Chemie. Herausgeg. v. W. Foerst. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim/Bergstr., Band IV 1966. VIII, 304 S., 2 Abb., 44 Tab., geb. DM 38.-; Band V 1967. VIII, 280 S., zahlr. Abb. u. Tab., geb. DM 38.- (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 50-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800123
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  • 90
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    Der Arbeitnehmer als Erfinder. Seine Rechte und Pflichten. Von O. Röpke. W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart-Berlin-Köln-Mainz 1966. 1. Aufl., 176 S., kart. DM 16,80 (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 52-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800126
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  • 91
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    PH3  -  ein neuer Ligand in einem Übergangsmetall-Komplex (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 122-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800314
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  • 92
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    Darstellung von Wolframpentafluorid (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 118-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800309
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  • 93
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    Neue 4-Hydroxythieno-pyrimidine (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 122-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800313
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  • 94
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    Chemie der organischen Peroxide (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 125-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800317
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  • 95
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    Methods of Elemento-Organic Chemistry. Herausgeg. von A. N. Nesmeyanov und K. A. Kocheshkov. Vol. 1: The Organic Compounds of Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium. Von A. N. Nesmeyanov und R. A. Sokolik. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam 1967. 1. Aufl., XIII, 628 S., 40 Abb., 27 Tab., geb. hfl. 87.- (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 130-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800319
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  • 96
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    Histoire Brève de la Chimie. Von L. Velluz. Librairie Maloine, Paris 1966. 1. Aufl., 115 S., brosch. F 14 (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 132-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800324
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Mechanismus der Wolff-Kishner-Reaktionen: Reduktion, Eliminierung und Isomerisierung (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetik, Thermodynamik und Lösungsmitteleffekte werden zur Diskussion des Mechanismus der Wolff-Kishner-Reaktion herangezogen. Man nimmt an, daß unter normalen Bedingungen zuerst das trans-Hydrazonanion gebildet wird, welches im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt an seinem Kohlenstoffende ein Proton einfängt. Mehr oder weniger gleichzeitig verliert das trans-Hydrazonanion am Stickstoffende, induziert durch das Lösungsmittel, ein Proton. Die Stereochemie der Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion wird wahrscheinlich von „ortho“-Substituenten beeinflußt und ändert sich auch beim Übergang zu einem protonenfreien, nichtpolaren Reaktionsmedium. Der für die Wolff-Kishner-Reduktion abgeleitete Mechanismus wird auch auf die Wolff-Kishner-Eliminierung und -Isomerisierung übertragen. Die Konformationsanalyse der Zwischenstufen erlaubt es, das Ausmaß der konkurrierenden Reduktionen und Eliminierungen aus den Strukturen acyclischer Systeme zu erklären.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800403
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    Verbindungen mit Si — Ti-Bindungen (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 153-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800409
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  • 99
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    Zur Struktur von β-RuCl3, RuJ3, IrBr3 und IrJ3 (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 155-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800413
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen des Pflanzenschutzes. Von H. Martin. Nach der 5. Auflage (1964) von: The Scientific Principles of Crop Protection übersetzt und ergänzt vor K. J. Schmidt. Verlag Chemie, GmbH., Weinheim/Bergstr. 1967. 1. Aufl., XII, 696 S. u. 3 Tab., GL. DM 68.- (1968)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 160-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19680800420
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