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  • 1985-1989
  • 1970-1974  (17)
  • 1965-1969  (15)
  • 1970  (17)
  • 1968  (15)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Postnatal development ; Nervous tissue ; Ependyma ; Fasciculus subcallosus ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des lateralen Ventrikelwinkels und des Stratum subcallosum der Katze wird an Frontalschnitten durch eine Ebene rostral von Foramen Monroi untersucht. Das Ventrikellumen wird hier zur Zeit der Geburt von einem aktiven Matrixependym ausgekleidet, dessen Umwandlung in ein ruhendes, einschichtiges Ependyn beschrieben wird. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Nervenfasern des Fasciculus subcallosus bei der Geburt bereits vorhanden, aber sehr dünn sind. Ihr Durchmesser liegt mit etwa 0,25 μ unter der Auflösungsgrenze des Elektronenmikroskopes. Markscheiden treten erst gegen Ende der ersten Lebensmonats auf. Der Fasciculus subcallosus ist zur Zeit der Geburt gegen das angrenzende Hemisphärenmark durch einen auffälligen Zellwall abgegrenzt, in dem Mitosen vorkommen und von dem aus Zellen in Richtung Hirnrinde wandern. Später bilden sich auffällige Zellnester, die häufig Beziehungen zu Blutgefäßen haben und diese manschettenartig einscheiden können. Die Natur der Zellen in diesen Nestern bleibt unklar. Im Zellwall werden schon frühzeitig zahlreiche Zelluntergänge beobachtet. Der Zellwall wird bis zum 40. Lebenstag weitgehend abgebaut, doch können einzelne Zellen und Zellnester zeitlebens erhalten bleiben.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the lateral angle of the anterior horn and of the stratum subcallosum has been investigated in coronal sections of the cat's brain anterior to the foramen of Monro. At birth, the lateral angle of the ventricle is lined by a matrix ependyma, the transformation of which into a quiescent, isoprismatic ependyma is described. It is shown that the nerve fibres of the fasciculus subcallosus are already present at birth. They have a diameter of about 0.25 μ and are therefore only detectable with the electron microscope. The fibres grow quickly and become myelinated at the end of the first month. At birth, the border between the subcallosal fascicle and the corona radiata is marked by a conspicuous cell wall. Here we find mitoses and cells which are migrating towards the cerebral cortex. Later, within the cell wall, islands are formed by an accumulation of numerous nuclei. Such accumulations of cells are frequently seen in the neighbourhood of blood vessels which sometimes become practically ensheathed. Within the cell wall numerous degenerating nuclei are regularly found. After the second postnatal week the wall quickly disappears byt some cells and islands may persist throughout life.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 228-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Corpus callosum ; Postnatal growth ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das postnatale Wachstum des Corpus callosum der Katze wurde an 31 Tieren im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 15 Jahren untersucht. Die Gehirne wurden durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung fixiert und in 21 Frontal- und 10 Sagittalserien zerlegt. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die Breite des Corpus callosum — und damit die Länge der darin verlaufenden Axone — nimmt während der postnatalen Entwicklung von etwa 2,8 mm auf über 5 mm zu. Das Wachstum erfolgt in den ersten 50 Tagen und ist vor der Geschlechtsreife abgeschlossen. 2. Die an Frontalschnitten ermittelte Fläche nimmt von etwa 1,4 mm2 auf über 3 mm2 zu. Das Wachstum setzt um den 15. Tag ein und ist mit Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife noch nicht abgeschlossen. Die an Sagittalschnitten ermittelte Fläche zeigt einen ähnlichen Wachstumsverlauf und nimmt von etwa 6 mm2 auf über 11 mm2 zu. 3. Das aus Fläche und Breite errechenbare Volumen des Corpus callosum nimmt nach dem 15. Lebenstag zu. Das Wachstum hält während der ganzen postnatalen Entwicklungsphase an. Das Volumen des Corpus callosum erreicht bei einem Alter von 1 1/2 Jahren mit über 60 mm3 etwa das 3fache des Volumens bei der neugeborenen Katze. Bei Berücksichtigung der durch Fixierung und Paraffineinbettung bedingten Schrumpfung hat der Balken der erwachsenen Katze demnach ein tatsächliches Volumen von etwa 85 mm3.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal growth of the corpus callosum has been studied in 31 cats of various ages between 1 day and 15 years. The brains were fixed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid and cut in the frontal (21) and sagittal (10) planes. The following results were obtained: 1. The width of the corpus callosum which is a measure for the length of the callosal nerve fibres increases from 2.8 mm to about 5 mm. This increase takes place during the first 50 days of postnatal life and comes to an end before sexual maturity is reached. 2. The square area of the corpus callosum as measured in frontal sections increases from 1.4 mm2 to more than 3 mm2. The growth begins at about the 15th day and continues into adult life. The square area as measured in sagittal sections shows a similar pattern of growth and increases from 6 mm2 to about 11 mm2. 3. The volume of the corpus callosum as determined from the values for width obtained in frontal sections and from the values for square area as determined in sagittal sections, increases from about the 15th day after birth and continues to increase after sexual maturity is reached. At 1 1/2 years of age the volume of the corpus callosum is about 60 mm3, i.e. three times that of the newborn cat. When the shrinkage due to fixation and embedding in paraffin is taken into account, the volume of the corpus callosum in the adult cat reaches a value of about 85 mm3.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 39-63 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle spindle ; Gamma motor control ; Pyramidal system ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Effects of repetitive stimulations of the sensorimotor cortex and the pyramidal tract were studied on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of contralateral flexor (tibial anterior) and extensor (soleus) muscle spindle primary endings in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). 2. Under light anaesthesia, cortical and pyramidal stimulations decrease the static discharge and the dynamic sensitivity of the soleus muscle spindle primary endings (depressant effect). 3. Under moderate anaesthesia, cortical and pyramidal stimulations mainly induce a powerfull increase of the dynamic sensitivity and a slight augmentation of the static discharge in the soleus muscle spindle primary endings (facilitatory dynamic effect). Less often, the same stimulations strongly increase the static discharge and decrease the dynamic sensitivity of the soleus primary endings (facilitatory static effect). 4. Whatever the level of anaesthesia, cortical and pyramidal stimulations induce only facilitatory effects, mainly dynamic and sometimes static on the tibial anterior muscle spindle primary endings. 5. A complete lesion of the ipsilateral red nucleus does not modify the fusimotor effects elicited by stimulations of the sensorimotor cortex. 6. Cortical fusimotor effects are suppressed by an electrocoagulation of the ipsilateral pyramidal tract. 7. The gyrus sigmoidus posterior and the gyrus sigmoidus anterior are mainly responsible for these fusimotor effects. 8. Cortical and pyramidal fusimotor effects were compared with the effects of gamma dynamic and gamma static fibers stimulations.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Lateral geniculate ; Corticofugal fibers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions were made in the visual cortex of 15 adult cats both uni-and bilaterally. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to make lesions restricted to particular cortical cytoarchitectonic areas. The degeneration in the lateral geniculate body (LGB) was studied with silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Laidlaw and Pink and Heimer. The distribution of terminal degeneration was mapped by means of a new 3-dimensional reconstruction technique. The man results are as follows: 1. Most of the fibres projecting from the visual cortex to the LGB come from area 18. They terminate in laminae A and A1 and in the central interlaminar nucleus. Rostral portions of area 18 project to rostral parts of the LGB and caudal portions to caudal parts. The medial portion of area 18 projects more medially in the LGB and the lateral portion projects more laterally. 2. Area 17 does not project to any part of the LGB. A projection from the most caudal part of area 17 to the tail of the LGB cannot, however, be entirely excluded. 3. Area 19 and possibly also the suprasylvian gyrus project to the medial interlaminar nucleus and to the ventral nucleus. One of these cortical areas or both send fibres to laminae A and A1, and to the central interlaminar nucleus. 4. The nucleus lateralis posterior of the thalamus receives fibres from area 17, area 18, and possibly also from area 19 and the suprasylvian gyrus.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 488-500 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inferior olive ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Projections from the inferior olive to the cerebellar nuclei have been studied in the cat using Nauta's silver technique. 1. Numerous degenerating terminals occur after lesions in the inferior olivary complex in the medial nuclei of both sides; the degeneration is considerably less in the subnucl. medialis parvicellularis of both sides. In the interpositus nuclei of both sides degenerating terminals are also abundant, especially in their dorsal and lateral parts. In the lateral nucleus a number of degenerating terminals are seen on both sides restricted to dorsal and lateral parts of the nuclei. Degeneration is scanty in the subnucl. lateralis parvicellularis. 2. Projection of the olivocerebellar fibers to the cerebellar nuclei is always bilateral. The fibers originate in the inferior olive and ascend mainly through the contralateral, however, some also through the ipsilateral restiform body. The olivocerebellar fibers that have crossed in the medulla terminate in the medial and the interpositus nuclei of both sides. It is suggested that the degenerating terminals found in the cerebellar nuclei are derived from collaterals of the olivocerebellar tract fibers.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 501-511 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Projections from the spinal gray matter to the cerebellar nuclei in the cat have been studied using Nauta's silver technique. Following unilateral section of the ventrolateral cord at the cervical level, heavy degeneration is seen in the nucleus medialis on both sides. Scanty degeneration is present bilaterally in the nucleus interpositus. The degeneration is most intense on the contralateral side. Scanty degeneration is also present bilaterally in subnucleus medialis parvicellularis (SMP) (Flood and Jansen, 1961). No degeneration is seen in nucleus lateralis. Following unilateral section of the dorsolateral cord at the cervical level, scanty degeneration is present bilaterally in nucleus medialis and nucleus interpositus anterior. The degeneration is more pronounced ipsilaterally and is also seen in SMP on both sides. No degeneration is present in nucleus lateralis. Fibers from the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts (VSCT and DSCT) terminate bilaterally in nuclei medialis and interpositus, with the VSCT as the most important connection.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 229-248 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Cat ; Normal ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopical investigation has been undertaken of the substantia nigra in the normal cat. The pars reticulata partly contains the arborization of dendrites whose cell bodies are located in the so-called pars compacta. There is a considerable overlap of the dendritic fields in the rostrocaudal direction, while the dendritic fields are very restricted in the mediolateral extension of the substantia nigra. The secondary and all subsequent branches of the dendrites of nigral cells are for considerable distances completely covered by boutons. Only few boutons contact the cell bodies. Three types of boutons are distinguished in the substantia nigra in the cat. Type I, about 90 % of the total, is of the terminal type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical synapses with nigral cell soma, dendritic trunks and spines. The type II bouton (about 10 % of the total number) is most commonly of the terminal type, contains spherical vesicles and establishes asymmetrical synapses with cell bodies and dendritic trunks of nigral cells. The type III bouton (about 2 % of the boutons) is always of the en passage type, contains pleomorphic vesicles and establishes symmetrical contacts with dendrites. All boutons in the cat's substantia nigra contain several large (700–1200 Å) dense core vesicles. Occasional axo-axonic contacts between type I and type III boutons are observed. Type I bouton is invariably presynaptic to the other. The findings are discussed in relation to some relevant problems.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Substantia nigra ; Striatonigral fibers ; Cat ; Degeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the cat's substantia nigra was investigated from 2–21 days following large lesions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. From 4 days on a large number of degenerating boutons and degenerating unmyelinated fibers are seen in the substantia nigra, in the pars compacta as well as the pars reticulata. Both parts, mainly the latter, receive striatal afferents. The degeneration in the substantia nigra following striatal lesions is of the dark type. Most of the degenerating boutons apparently are of the type I (see Rinvik and Grofová, 1970) and end on all parts of the nigral cell surface, including the dendritic spines. One instance of a degenerating presynaptic bouton in an axo-axonic synapse has been found. Some degenerating boutons also probably belong to the type II bouton, while degenerating boutons of type III were never seen following the striatal lesions. The electron microscopic identification of early axonal degeneration in the central nervous system, is discussed with reference to the paper of Cohen and Pappas (1969). Problems concerning the pars compacta versus the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra are taken up. The possible sources of origin of the different types of boutons in the cat's substantia nigra, is discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 318-326 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Movement detectors ; Tectum opticum ; Eye movements ; Retinal image shifts ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Activity of tectal movement specific neurons was recorded during spontaneous eye movements in total darkness and in presence of stationary visual stimuli. According to their reactions in presence or absence of stationary visual stimuli tectal units can be divided into four categories: 1. Neurons which are silent or discharge independently of eye movements, when the animal stays in total darkness, but which fire in synchrony with eye movements when stationary stimuli are presented. 2. Neurons which remain unaffected when the animal makes eye movements in total darkness or in presence of a stationary pattern. 3. Neurons which fire in synchrony with eye movements in absence and in presence of stationary patterns. In a few of these neurons tested curarization of the animal led to a marked increase of spontaneous activity. 4. Neurons whose spontaneous and stimulus driven discharge is suppressed in synchrony with eye movements when the animal is exposed to total darkness or when it faces stationary patterns
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 502-514 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Microelectrode technique ; Digestive tract ; Digestive mechanoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The unitary activity of 82 digestive neurons was recorded in the nodose ganglion by the microelectrode technique. This is the first systematic study of the digestive innervation. All the digestive fibres have a small diameter. Most of them are unmyelinated (type C fibres) and come from the gastro-intestinal tract; the others are myelinated (type B fibres) and arise from the oesophagus. The fibres come from mechanoreceptors lying in the whole digestive tract, from the beginning of the cervical oesophagus to the anterior 2/3 of the colon. The distal part of the oesophagus and the duodenum are particularly rich in nervous endings that are found either in the deep layers of the digestive tract wall (probably in the muscular layer) or in the superficial layers (mucosa or sub-mucosa). The interest of this investigation is to describe precisely their activity in the physiological state. So, it was confirmed that the contraction normally stimulates deep receptors; thus contraction and distension are the two physiological stimuli for this type of receptors. The stimulus for the superficial receptors is largely unknown; it is probably strong distension (oesophageal receptors) or alimentary bolus passage (intestinal receptors).
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Microelectrode technique ; Vagal sensitive neurons ; Nodose ganglion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microelectrode technique was applied to nodose ganglion of Cat. So it is the first time that this method is used to record unitary activity of the vagal sensitive neurons. It presents several advantages in comparison with technique of the isolated fibre which is generally used. 1) It is suitable to study the unmyelinated fibres of which little was known. 2) It doesn't need any total or partial vagotomy. In this work, the microelectrode method is used to study the anatomical and functionnal properties of the vagal sensitive neurons. The most important data are: - 1/ The vagal afferent fibres form independant bundles at the ventral part of the nodose ganglion. We therefore cut at this level either the motor or the sensitive fibres. - 2/ The different types of cells (cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive) form more or less compact areas inside the nodose ganglion. - 3/ The conduction velocity of the vagal afferent fibres is measured from unitary action potential produced by electrical stimulation of the cervical nerve. The afferent vagus component is deduced from this study involving about 2.000 fibres. The study of excitability cycle of vagal afferent fibres confirm the presence of A, B and C type fibres in the nerve. - 4/ The conduction velocity is higher in the peripheral part of the vagal sensitive neuron than in the central part. Je suis très reconnaissant à Monsieur le Professeur Dell d'avoir bien voulu m'aider dans la rédaction de ce mémoire. Que mes camarades D. Jacobi, D. Jearsain et B. Nourigat, qui ont collaboré à une partie de l'expérimentation, trouvent ici l'expression de ma profonde gratitude.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Receptive fields ; Sensitivity ; Threshold ; Diameter Excentricity ; Visual field ; Invariances ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Erregungsschwellen von insgesamt 225 Ganglienzellen der Katzenretina wurden unter verschiedenen experimentellen Bedingungen gemessen und über das Erregbarkeitsintegral — einen linearen Summationsansatz — berechnet. Empfindlichkeit, Größe und retinale Lage wurden korrelliert und die theoretisch geforderten Invarianzen experimentell kontrolliert. 1. Der Radius eines bestimmten receptiven Feldes, definiert durch den Abstand, bei dem die Empfindlichkeit auf den e-ten Teil ihres Mittelpunktswertes abgesunken ist, ist gegen Änderungen von Reizparametern invariant. Die Leuchtdichte der Reize wurde von 0–103 asb, die des Hintergrundes von 5 · 10−5–5 asb variiert. Die runden Reizflächen hatten Durchmesser zwischen 10 und 130 Bogenminuten. Die Felder wurden direkt durch Mappen mit kleinen Reizen und indirekt aus Flächen-Schwellen-Kurven als gleichgroß bestimmt. Dies bedeutet, daß die Empfindlichkeitsverteilung eine unveränderliche Eigenschaft der Ganglienzelle ist. 2. Die Mittelpunktsempfindlichkeit eines receptiven Feldes vermindert sich mit dem Quadrat des Feldradius entsprechend E ∼ 1/R2. Kleine Felder haben ein empfindlicheres Zentrum als große Felder. 3. Die Schwellenerregung S0 einer Ganglienzelle — d.i. die Gesamterregung, die das Neuron aus seinem receptiven Feld erhalten muß, um die Schwelle zu erreichen — ist im Mittel für alle Ganglienzellen der Katzenretina gleich groß. 4. Der Feldradius R wächst etwa linear mit dem Winkel der retinalen Exzentrizität. Entsprechend vermindert sich die Empfindlichkeit im peripheren Gesichtsfeld umgekehrt proportional zum Quadrat des Gesichtswinkels. Aus den Ergebnissen 1–4 fassen wir zusammen: Die Konstante S0 genügt allein zu einer vollständigen quantitativen Beschreibung der Schwellenverhältnisse in der Katzenretina. Die Kenntnis einer einzigen Feldeigenschaft (Mittelpunktsschwelle oder Feldradius oder Gesichtsfeldlage) gestattet die vollständige Berechnung der anderen und der Schwellen in diesem receptiven Feld. Damit besitzen wir eine wesentliche Voraussetzung zur quantitativen Erfassung des retinalen Eingangs zu höheren Zentren des visuellen Systems. Damit wird am Beispiel der Retina gezeigt, daß Invarianten in Reiz-Reaktionsbeziehungen einzelner Neurone des sensorischen Nervensystems zu einer geschlossenen quantitativen Beschreibung von Zellpopulationen und damit zum Verständnis der funktioneilen Bedeutung dieser Zellen beitragen können. Wir danken Frl. G. Tietz für die Assistenz bei der Präparation der Tiere und Herrn Ing. H. Kapp für viele technische Hilfen. Die Arbeit wurde von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, vom Sonderforschungsbereich „Hirnforschung und Sinnesphysiologie” (SFB 70) und der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk unterstützt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Sensitivity, size and position of receptive fields were correlated in a population of 171 on- and off-center units of the cat. Corresponding calculations and experiments were performed on a total of 225 cells to establish empirical bases for theoretical invariances. 2. The diameter R of a certain receptive field is defined by the isosensitive line of the sensitivity 1/e of the central point. R is invariant with respect to changes of different stimulus parameters, i.e. the sensitivity distribution is a constant property of the ganglion cells receptive field. 3. The luminance of the stimulus ranged from 0 to 103 asb; the diameter of the circular stimulus area varied between 10–130 min of arc. Background luminances extended from 5 · 10−5 to 5 asb. 4. The sensitivity of the central area of receptive fields decreases with the field's diameter according to the formula 1/A · Is = const./R2. I.e.: small fields are more sensitive than large fields. 5. On the average the threshold excitation S0 (the excitability integral at threshold) is the same for all ganglion cells. That is, at threshold the integral of luminance and sensitivity must exceed the constant value S0. 6. The field diameter R increases linearly with the angular distance from the center of the visual field. 7. The constant S0 is sufficient for a complete quantitative description of threshold in the cat's retina; i.e. knowledge of one property of the field (threshold of central area, diameter or position) allows the complete calculation of the others and consequently of thresholds within the whole receptive field. An essential basis for quantitative determination of the retinal input to the higher centers of the visual system is thereby obtained.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; Lateral Geniculate ; Background light ; Phasic responses ; Ongoing discharge ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Kurz dauernde Hintergrundsbeleuchtungen bei skotopischer Adaptation von Katzen aktivieren die On-Zentrum-Neurone und hemmen die Spontan-Entladungen der Off-Zentrum-Neurone im Tractus opticus bis zu einer Grenzintensität, nach der die Dauer-Entladung der Off-Zentrum-Neurone verschwindet. Jenseits dieser Grenze bleibt die On-Zentrum Dauer-Entladung unbeeinflußt. Im Corpus Geniculatum laterale ähnelten die Reaktionen der Off-Zentrum-Neurone auf veränderte Hintergrundsbeleuchtung denen im Tractus opticus. Geniculäre On-Zentrum-Entladungen zeigen nur geringe Korrelationen zur Hintergrundsbeleuchtung. 2. Phasische Antworten der beiden neuronalen Subsysteme wurden für kurze Lichtreize konstanter Intensität gemessen und im Dunkeln und bei verschiedenen Adaptationsbeleuchtungen des Hintergrunds verglichen. Die phasischen Antworten des B-Systems (On-Zentrum-Neurone) im Tractus und Geniculatum wurden durch zunehmende Hintergrundsbeleuchtung über mehrere logarithmische Einheiten vermindert. Das D-System (Off-Zentrum-Neurone) zeigt erheblich schwächere phasische Antworten als das B-System und wird bald durch Hintergrundsbeleuchtung gehemmt. 3. Die Auswertung der phasischen Antworten als Funktion des Kontrasts zwischen Test und adaptiver Hintergrundsbeleuchtung entspricht der retinalen “gain control” von Rushton. Tonische Dauer-Entladungen (on-going activity) zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in den beiden reziproken neuronalen Systemen B und D und keine festen Beziehungen zu den phasischen Antworten oder zur retinalen “gain control”. 4. Psychophysische Untersuchungen beim Menschen ergaben klare Differenzierung der Helligkeitskontrastdifferenzen zwischen Testreiz und Hintergrundsbeleuchtung. Psychophysische Bestimmung der Hintergrundshelligkeit allein gelingt weniger gut. 5. Die Ergebnisse werden mit psychophysischen Untersuchungen und Theorien über Lichtwahrnehmung und Neuronen-Entladungen und über neuronale Aktivierung und Hemmung im Tractus opticus und im Geniculatum diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 1. Short duration background luminances at scotopic levels suppress the spontaneous activity of off-center neurones of the cat's optic tract and activate on-center neurones, up to a maximal intensity limit after which the ongoing discharge in off-center neurones disappears and in on-center neurones is no longer influenced. Response patterns in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in off-center neurones are similar to the tract; activity in on-center neurones is poorly correlated with background luminance. 2. Transient or phasic response was measured for all types of neurones to a short, constant intensity stimulus given in the dark and at various adaptation luminances. For on-center neurones of both tract and LGN the phasic response was attenuated regularly over several log units of increasing background luminance. Off-center neurones are far weaker in phasic response rate than on-center neurones and are easily suppressed by background light. 3. Curves describing phasic response as a function of contrast between test light and adaptation luminance very probably reflect changes in the retinal “gain control”. Ongoing activity, while showing essential differences between the two antagonistic neuronal subsystems (off-center neurones or D-system and on-center or B-system), is clearly related to neither phasic response nor the retinal gain control. 4. Human subjects could easily identify differences in contrast between test light and background luminance. They are less successful in identifying background alone. 5. The findings are discussed regarding psychophysical results and some theories relating perception and nervous activity, and to the role of activation and inhibition in optic tract and geniculate.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 480-501 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Microelectrode technique ; Vagal mechanoreceptors ; Cardio-vascular receptors ; Respiratory receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The whole vagal afferent innervation of cardio-vascular and respiratory systems of the cat was investigated by mean of the microelectrode technique. In this paper we study the discharge of 330 vagal neurons. The most interesting data concern the pericardial receptors, the expiratory receptors and the pneumo-vascular (or cardio-pulmonary) receptors. We have found several types of pericardial receptors. Some have a spontaneous cardiac rhythm, which happens generally during the diastole. Others keep silent or discharge irregularly, but they can get a cardiac rhythm if blood volume is increased. Only 4 expiratory receptors were found. They are connected with unmyelinated fibres and they discharge only during expiration. The pneumo-vascular receptors were often seen. They show superimposed cardiac and inspiratory rhythms. The cardiac rhythm happens generally at a precise moment of the cardiac cycle (ventricular or auricular systole). The pneumovascular receptors are located near the heart or the great thoracic vessels, the pulsation of which produces the cardiac rhythm.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 6-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Visual cortex ; Cat ; Endocytosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes occurring in the feline visual cortex 3 hours after the injection of 0.02 mls of ferritin in 1% trypan blue in artificial cerebrospinal fluid have been studied. Near the site of injection, disrupted cells contained free and membrane-bound ferritin. In less damaged areas, some signs of oedema were present in the cells, especially in astrocytes. Membrane-bound ferritin occurred occasionally in neurones and more frequently in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Considerable amounts of ferritin were also accumulated in phagocytic cells of unknown origin. In blood vessels, ferritin collected in the basement membrane and around collagen and, in membrane-bound form, in pale cells at the periphery of the vessels. Ferritin occurred in all parts of the intercellular space except in interglial junctions and tight junctions between vascular endothelial cells.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 471-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiplexus (Kolmer) cells ; Choroid plexus ; Cat ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A light and electron microscopic study was made of the epiplexus (Kolmer) cells of the cat choroid plexus. These polymorphic, motile cells were typically found juxtaposed to the ventricular surface of the choroidal epithelium. They have many ultrastructural features in common with free macrophages of other systems, namely, an indented nucleus with condensed chromatin, sparse mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, multiple Golgi elements, microtubules, coated surface invaginations and microvesicles, and numerous membrane-limited vacuoles and lysosomal dense bodies. A unique feature of epiplexus cells is the manner in which they are anchored to the choroidal epithelium by the invagination of their surfaces by epithelial cell microvilli and cilia. Electron dense tracer particles (biological India ink, Thorotrast, ferritin) injected into the cerebral ventricles were ingested rapidly by epiplexus cells. Uptake of the particles was by way of coated surface invaginations which produced coated cytoplasmic microvesicles. Particle-containing microvesicles subsequently fused with each other and presumably also with pre-existent cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomal dense bodies to form storage vacuoles (phagosomes phagolysosomes and residual bodies). Present evidence suggests that epiplexus cells are of hematogenous origin. Under certain conditions these cells may detach from the surface of the choroid plexus to become free-floating cells in the various cerebrospinal fluid compartments of the brain.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve endings ; Merkels corpuscle ; hairless skin ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nervenendigungen in der Epidermis der haarlosen Haut der Katzennase wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Im Stratum germinativum werden Merkeische Endigungen gefunden. Sie bestehen aus spezialisierten Zellen und je einer anliegenden verdickten Nervenfaser. Diese Rezeptoren werden in zwei Formen beobachtet. Einzelne Zell-Neurit-Komplexe liegen in der Basalschicht der Epidermis über den bindegewebigen Papillen und Gruppen solcher Komplexe im Stratum germinativum der Epidermalleisten (Epithelialzapfen). Die spezialisierten Zellen sind mit den umliegenden Epidermiszellen durch Desmosomen verbunden. Freie Nervenendigungen konnten in der Epidermis der haarlosen Nasenhaut nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary The nerve endings in the epidermis of the hairless skin of the nose of the cat have been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. In the stratum germinativum there are Merkel's corpuscles. They consist of specialized cells with a thickened nerve fibre adjacent to each one of them. These receptors have been observed in two forms. Single cell-neurit-complexes are lying in the basal layer of the epidermis above the connective tissue papillae, and groups of these complexes are situated in the interpapillary pegs of the epidermis. The specialized cells are connected by desmosomes with the neighbouring cells of the epidermis. There are no free nerve endings in the hairless skin of the nose.
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  • 18
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 221-231 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Marginal glia ; Superficial nerve cells ; Brain stem ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch perfusionsfixierte Gehirne von erwachsenen Katzen werden in der Glia marginalis des Hirnstamms unterschiedlich gebaute Bezirke beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß über dem Nucleus paragigantocellularis und über dem Ncl. “z” swischen den Fasern der Glia marginalis Nervenzellen liegen. Über dem erstgenannten Kern stellen diese Zellen möglicherweise das morphologische Substrat der chemosensiblen Felder dar, die durch die physiologischen Untersuchungen von Loeschcke, Mitchell u.a. bekannt geworden sind.
    Notes: Summary In the marginal glia covering the brain stem of the cat, regional differences are described in paraffin sections of brains which had been fixed by perfusion of Bouin's fluid. It is shown that between the glia fibres covering the nucleus paragigantocellularis and the nucleus “z” there are nerve cells. It is suggested that in the region of the nucleus paragiganto-cellularis these cells are the morphological substrate of a chemosensible zone described in physiological experiments by Loeschcke, Mitchell and others.
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  • 19
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    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Capillary density ; Postnatal development ; Corpus callosum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Paraffinschnitten durch das Corpus callosum perfusionsfixierter Gehirne von 19 Katzen im Alter von einem Tag bis zu 2 1/2 Jahren wurde das Capillarvolumen bestimmt. Es beträgt bei der neugeborenen Katze 0,81 Vol.-%. In der 2. Lebenswoche beginnt eine Zunahme, die in der 5. Woche ein Maximum von 2,92 Vol.-% erreicht. Im Verlauf der 6. Woche setzt eine zunächst rasche, von der 7. Woche an aber nur noch langsam verlaufende Abnahme ein, bis bei einem Lebensalter von etwa 1 Jahr ein für das erwachsene Tier charakteristischer Wert um 1,5 Vol.-% erreicht wird. Die Abnahme des Capillarvolumens hängt mit der Markscheidenbildung und der dadurch bedingten Zunahme des Fasermaterials zusammen.
    Notes: Summary Postnatal changes of capillary density have been determined in paraffin sections through the corpus callosum of 19 cats. At birth the capillary density amounts to 0.81 vol.-%. In the 2nd week of postnatal life it begins to increase and reaches a maximum of 2.92 vol.-% in the 5th week. From the 6th week onwards there is an initially steep and later on less pronounced decrease until at an age of about 1 year a value of about 1.5 vol.-% is reached, which is maintained in adult life. — The decrease in the percentage of capillary volume seen after the 5th week is caused by the rapid increase in fibrous material due to myelination.
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  • 20
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 210-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensorimotor cortex ; Pontine nuclei ; Somatotopical localization ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Small lesions (in some cases bilateral) were made in the cerebral primary sensorimotor region in altogether 21 adult cats and the ensuing degeneration in the pontine nuclei was studied with the silver impregnation methods of Nauta and Glees. Using thermocoagulation it was possible to obtain lesions restricted entirely to particular cortical regions (for example the “hindlimb region” in the posterior sigmoid gyrus). The main results are as follows: 1. All parts of the primary sensorimotor region send fibres to the pontine nuclei. The projections from the posterior part of the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus are relatively scanty. 2. The cortical “motor” area (the anterior sigmoid gyrus and the anterior part of the coronal gyrus) and the “sensory” area (the posterior sigmoid gyrus and the posterior part of the coronal gyrus) do not project to identical pontine regions, although both projections are organized in principally the same way. 3. The “motor” and “sensory” areas both project in a somatotopical manner onto two longitudinally oriented sharply delimited columns. In both projections one column is located medial and one lateral to the longitudinal fibre bundles of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Within the medial columns the “hindlimb” is represented ventrally with “face” most dorsally, within the lateral columns the “hindlimb” is located most caudally, with “forelimb” and “face” successively more rostrally. 4. The present results are in agreement with physiological observations on the cerebrocerebellar relations, but show that the pontine projection from the primary sensorimotor cortex is organized in a more complex manner than hitherto assumed.
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  • 21
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The EEG frequency content in cats, anaesthetized by Nembutal and artificially ventilated, was altered by means of injections of either additional Nembutal or of Metrazol. The EEG in cerveau isolé preparations was also changed in the same way. The regional cortical blood flow was determined by means of the 85Krypton technique. A high correlation was found between the frequency content of the EEG, measured by means of manual frequency analysis, and the regional cortical blood flow. The cortical blood flow increased when the mean frequency increased, and vice versa. A similar correlation was found when the EEG mean frequency was changed by means of sensory stimulation.
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  • 22
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: EEG frequency ; Regional cortical blood flow ; Isotope measurements ; Effects of hypoxia ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The relationship between cortical blood flow and the frequency content of the EEG was studied in a circumscribed area of the exposed cerebral cortex in cats under nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. Autoregulation of the cortical blood flow was also tested during step-changes of the arterial blood pressure. Observations were made before and after an episode of severe hypoxia. 2. An episode of systemic hypoxia disrupted the normal high correlation between cortical blood flow and EEG frequency content. In the post-hypoxic period cortical flows of up to about three times normal values were recorded together with brain swelling and a slow wave EEG. The hyperemia and swelling subsided during 1–2 h after the hypoxic episode, and were accompanied by partial or complete recovery of the EEG. In the post-hypoxic period a defective autoregulation of the cortical blood flow to changes in the systemic blood pressure was demonstrated. 3. The cerebral post-hypoxic state with hyperaemia, brain swelling, EEG depression, and loss of autoregulation of blood flow, is probably caused by an accumulation of anaerobic metabolites which lead to cerebral tissue acidosis.
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  • 23
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 326-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Subcellular fractionation ; Parallel fiber axons ; Cerebellum ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fractionation of the cat cerebellum has revealed that the parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex break into two types of fragments which can be recognized in thin sections and in suspensions of negatively stained material. Fragmented material correlates well with electron micrographs of parallel fibers in situ. Parallel fiber axons and their bulbous presynaptic expansions sediment mainly into two subfractions. One unique layer consists of the intersynaptic tubular pieces of parallel fiber axons. Another layer is enriched in the synaptic portions which make contact with Purkinje spines. The possible contaminants of these fractions are discussed. These fractions may permit analysis of the chemical organization of conducting vis à vis synaptic membranes from a known anatomical source. This material was presented as a preliminary report at the Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology, November 1966, and is contained in J. Cell. Biol. 31, 52A, 1966.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Nauta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projections from the gyrus proreus and the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere have been studied in the cat with the silver method of Nauta. The gyrus proreus projects upon the following nuclei (for abbreviations, see list on page 133), ipsilateral R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc. VPI and to the contralateral principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The medial wall of the rostral hemisphere projects bilaterally upon R, VA, VM, VL, MD, Pc, CL, CM, Pf, VPM, VPMpc, VPI, VPL, the dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The ipsilateral thalamic projection is more abundant than the contralateral. The latter appears to increase in amount as the lesion is placed successively more ventrally on the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere. Some degenerating fibers cross in the corpus callosum and descend in the contralateral internal capsule but the majority cross in the dorsal part of the anterior commissure and reach the medial aspect of the anterior limb of the contralateral internal capsule. A somatotopical organization of the medial wall of the rostral hemisphere has been demonstrated. The rostrocaudal part projects upon the ipsilateral VPL lateralis (VPLl) and nucleus cuneatus and the contralateral nucleus gracilis and VPL medialis (VPLm). The caudal part of this cortical area sends fibers bilaterally to VPM, VPMpc, and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. The intermediate part, which also includes agranular cortex on the medial wall, projects upon ispsilateral VPLm and nucleus gracilis and upon contralateral VPLl and nucleus cuneatus. — The fibers to the ventro-basal complex, dorsal column nuclei and the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve are rather thick. The corticofugal fibers to the other thalamic nuclei are quite thin. — The findings are discussed in light of relevant anatomical and physiological observations in the literature and special emphasis has been laid on reported observations on the “supplementary motor” area.
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  • 25
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    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 153-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: SII ; Thalamus ; Cat ; Somatotopical localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The corticothalamic projection from the anterior ectosylvian gyrus in the cat has been studied with the silver impregnation method of Nauta. The second somatosensory cortical area (SII) projects upon the ipsilateral nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL), nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the posterior thalamic region (PO) and to a slight extent upon the reticular nucleus of the thalamus (R), the centrum medianum (CM), the parvocellular part of VPM (VPMpc) and the nucleus ventralis posterior inferior (VPI). A somatotopical arrangement in the projection upon the ventro-basal (VB) complex has been demonstrated and a topical arrangement in the corticothalamic fibers from SII to PO is also evident. The transitional area between SII and the second auditory cortex sends fibers mainly to the entire magnocellular part of the medial geniculate body (MGmc) and to a lesser degree to the principal division of this nucleus (MGp). The corticofugal fibers from SII follow various and rather complicated circuitous routes before they end in the different thalamic nuclei. The experimental findings are discussed in the light of recent anatomical and physiological observations. It is shown that zones B and C of SII which have been shown by Carreras and Andersson (1963) to possess a large number of place and modality specific neurons project upon the VB-complex. On the other hand, zone A which contains a majority of place and modality unspecific neurons sends its fibers exclusively to PO. Finally the problem of thalamocortical projections to SII is briefly discussed.
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  • 26
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    Experimental brain research 6 (1968), S. 234-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tactile discrimination ; Dorsal column-medial lemniscus ; Spino-cervico-thalamic tract ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The role of two spinal sensory pathways, the dorsal column (DC) pathway and the spino-cervico-thalamic tract (SCTT), involved in tactile discrimination was studied. Pour lesion groups of cats (DC lesion, SCTT lesion, combined DC and SCTT lesion, and sham-operated) were tested to discriminate various degrees of roughness. Animals with either the SCTT or the combined lesions performed at around 50–60% level under all the conditions tested. On the other hand, those with the DC lesion and sham-operations generally attained 80–100% level of performance. A difference between the DC group and sham-operated group was found in their rate of learning and ability for finer discrimination. These results are interpreted as an indication that a duplicity in transmission of tactile sensation exists, the DC pathway being more specific than the SCTT.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alumina Cream ; Intracerebral Injection ; Pathology of Growing Brain ; Myelination ; Demyelination ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zum Studium der Reaktion des jugendlichen und erwachsenen Gehirnes auf einen chronischen Reiz wurden bei Katzen verschiedenen Lebensalters intracerebrale Injektionen von Aluminiumhydroxyd vorgenommen. Die Tiere wurden nach Überlebenszeiten von 7 Tagen, 40 Tagen und 3 Monaten durch Perfusion mit Bouinscher Lösung getötet. Die histologische Untersuchung der Gehirne ergab eine Reihe von Unterschieden, je nachdem ob die Injektion vor oder nach der Markscheidenbildung erfolgt war. Besonders auffällig war der Befund, daß in der noch unmyelinisierten weißen Substanz jugendlicher Tiere kein Hirnödem und keine Gliose auftritt. Obgleich durch fluorescenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß das Aluminium von der Injektionsstelle aus weit in das umgebende Hirngewebe eindringt und dort über lange Zeit festgehalten wird, werden bei den jungen Tieren die Markscheiden später bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des Herdes normal angelegt. Bei erwachsenen Tieren kam es dagegen in der Nachbarschaft des Herdes stets zu einem starkem Ödem der weißen Substanz, zum Zerfall der Markscheiden und zu einer ausgebreiteten Gliose. Weitere Unterschiede in der Reaktionsweise des Gehirnes jugendlicher und erwachsener Tiere, die den Cortex und insbesondere die marginale Gliafaserschicht betreffen, werden im einzelnen beschrieben und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the reaction to chronic irritation of young and adult brain intracerebral injections of alumina cream were made in cats of various ages. The animals were killed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid after a survival time of 7 days, 40 days, and 3 months. Histological investigation revealed gross differences in the reaction according to whether the intracerebral injections had been made before or after myelination. Particularly striking was the finding that in the non-myelinated white matter of young animals there was no edema and no subsequent gliosis. Although alumina, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy after staining with Morin, spreads into the tissue surrounding the focus, subsequent myelination appeared to be normal even in regions close to the site of injection. In contrast, injection into the brains of adult animals was followed by edema, widespread demyelination and gliosis of the white matter near the site of injection. Further differences between young and adult animals were found in the reaction of the grey matter and particularly of the marginal glia.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Cat ; Electrophysiology ; Single Units ; Bulbar Trigeminal Nuclei ; Katze ; Elektrophysiologie ; Einzelneurone ; Bulbäre Trigeminuskerne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Funktionelle Eigenschaften der excitatorischen Verbindungen von Cortex, Thalamus und Peripherie zu 438 Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne wurden untersucht. Es konnten Beziehungen zwischen den Latenzzeiten der Antworten auf ipsilaterale, periphere Einzelreize, contralaterale thalamische Einzel- und Serienreize (N. ventralis posteromedialis) und contralaterale corticale Einzel- und Serienreize (somatosensorisches Projektionsgebiet S I, S II) nachgewiesen werden. 2. Für die Gesamtheit der Neurone wurde mit zunehmender Latenzzeit der Entladung auf periphere Reize eine Zunahme der prozentualen Ansprechbarkeit und der Latenzzeit der Antwort auf zentrale Reize beobachtet. 3. Die Neurone, deren periphere, thalamische und corticale Antworten Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz und mehr folgten, hatten im Mittel kürzere periphere Latenzzeiten als Neurone, die Reizfrequenzen von 50 Hz nicht folgten. 4. Bulbäre Neurone, die mit thalamischen Reizen antidrom erregt wurden (lemniscale Neurone), unterschieden sich im Mittel von den übrigen Neuronen durch kürzere Latenzzeiten für periphere und zentrale Reize. 5. Es wurden lemniscale Neurone beobachtet, die mit corticalen Reizen monosynaptisch erregt werden konnten. 6. Neurone mit kleinen peripheren rezeptiven Feldern hatten im Mittel kürzere Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize als Neurone mit großen rezeptiven Feldern. 7. Die periphere Reizantwort von Neuronen konnte durch vorausgehende thalamische und corticale Reize gehemmt werden. Im Mittel wurde die Hemmung bei Neuronen mit Latenzzeiten auf periphere Reize häufiger beobachtet. 8. Mögliche Bahnen, die an der Übertragung thalamo-bulbärer Effekte beteiligt sind, wurden diskutiert und schematisch dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit statistischen Methoden geprüft.
    Notes: Summary 1. Functional properties of excitatory connections from cortex, thalamus and periphery to a total of 438 trigeminal bulbar neurons of the cat have been investigated extracellularly. For the sample considered, correlations between latency of response to ipsilateral electrical single stimuli, contralateral electrical thalamic single and serial stimuli (N. ventralis posteromedialis) and also contralateral electrical cortical single and serial stimuli (somatosensory areas S I, S II) were established. 2. With increasing peripheral latency of response, the percentage of neurons responding to central stimulation increased as well. 3. Neurons following thalamic, cortical or peripheral stimulation frequencies of 50 cps or more showed in the average shorter latencies of response compared with neurons that could not be driven with 50 cps stimulation. 4. Bulbar neurons antidromically invaded by stimulation of the thalamus showed shorter latencies to peripheral, thalamic and cortical stimuli compared with other neurons. 5. Lemniscal neurons that could be activated monosynaptically by cortical stimulation have been observed. 6. Neurons with a small peripheral receptive field had in the average a shorter latency to peripheral stimuli than neurons with a large receptive field. 7. Responses to peripheral stimuli could be inhibited by preceding thalamic and cortical stimuli. 8. Possible pathways that are involved in transmission of thalamo-bulbar effects have been discussed and schematically represented. 9. All results have been examined by means of statistical methods.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Corpus geniculatum laterale ; Katze ; Mikroelektrophorese ; Acetylcholin ; Hippocampus ; Lateral Geniculate Body ; Cat ; Microelectrophoresis ; Acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones in anaesthetized cats (Chloralose-Urethane) were examined with multibarrelled microelectrodes, testing their responsiveness to microelectrophoretic application of acetylcholine and photic stimulation. 2. In the ventral hippocampus and in the lateral geniculate body 60% of all neurones responded to acetylcholine. 3. Hippocampal neurones were activated with relatively short delay, often less than 1 sec. By contrast, lateral geniculate neurones responded with a latency period of 2–12 sec. The recovery time after acetylcholine-microelectrophoresis was found to be 10–20 sec in both regions. 4. The response of hippocampal and lateral geniculate neurones to photic stimulation was enhanced by local application of acetylcholine; even during phenobarbital depression the photic responses were restored by acetylcholinemicroelectrophoresis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Neurone im Gebiet des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale der mit Chloralose-Urethan narkotisierten Katze wurden mit mehrkanüligen Mikroelektroden auf ihre Ansprechbarkeit auf mikroelektrophoretisch appliziertes Acetylcholin und auf optische Reizung untersucht. 2. Im ventralen Hippocampus und im Corpus geniculatum laterale wurden 60% aller untersuchten Neurone durch Acetylcholin aktiviert. 3. Die Neurone des Hippocampus wurden nach relative kurzer Latenz, oft weniger als 1 sec, aktiviert. Neurone des Corpus geniculatum laterale dagegen zeigten eine Latenz von 2–12 sec. Die Zeit nach der Mikroelektrophorese bis zur Wiedererreichung der normalen Aktivität betrug 10–20 sec für beide Gebiete. 4. Die Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese verstärkte die Reizantwort der Neurone des Hippocampus und des Corpus geniculatum laterale auf visuelle Reizung. Die nach Phenobarbital abgeschwächte Antwort auf visuelle Reizung wurde durch Acetylcholin-Mikroelektrophorese wieder verstärkt.
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  • 30
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    Experimental brain research 4 (1968), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Temperature ; Interval histograms ; Optic nerve ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In 13 Katzen wurde die Aktivität von 128 Einzelfasern des N. opticus bei Temperaturen zwischen 27 und 39° C abgeleitet und direkt einer Intervallanalyse zugeführt. Die Durchschnittsfrequenz sank mit abnehmender Temperatur von 56/sec bei 39–37° C auf 21/sec unter 29° C. Bei Temperaturen über 35° C wurden nur unimodale oder zweigipfelige Verteilungen mit gehäuften Mehrfachentladungen gefunden. Unter 35° C traten multimodale Intervallhistogramme und Übergangstypen auf, bei denen einer Verteilung mehrere Gipfel aufgesetzt erschienen. Unter 29° C wurden nur mehrgipfelige Verteilungen beobachtet. In der phasischen Reaktion der Neurone wurden mit der Temperaturabnahme Latenzen länger und Hemmungen stärker. Unter 30° C konnte der Reaktionstyp des Neurons oft nicht mehr erkannt werden. Das vermehrte Auftreten multimodaler Verteilungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen ließe sich durch Verminderung von Interaktionen in der Retina erklären. Die Anregung zu dieser Untersuchung wurde von Herrn Professor Dr. Hans Bornschein gegeben.
    Notes: Summary The activity of 128 single fibers of the optic nerve was recorded in 13 cats at temperatures between 27 and 39° C. Nonsequential interval histograms were computed on line. Decreasing temperature diminished the mean frequency of the fiber activity from 56/sec at 37–39° C to 21/sec below 29° C. Above 35° C the histograms were unimodal or bimodal, the first peak caused by repetitive discharges. Below 35° C multimodal histograms appeared; in some distributions several peaks were superimposed. At temperatures below 29° C only multimodal distributions were obtained. The phasic response of the neurons to light showed an increase of latency and of inhibition according to the decrease of temperature. Often the type of the response of the neuron could not be recognized below 30° C. During hypothermia interactions in the retina may be reduced and this may explain why multimodal distributions occur more frequently.
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  • 31
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 43-62 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Neuronal activity ; EEG-cortex ; Hypoglycemia ; Cat ; Neuronale Aktivität ; EEG-Cortex ; Hypoglykämie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An Katzen wurden EEG-Veränderungen durch Hypoglykämie hervorgerufen und mit den Aktivitätsveränderungen corticaler Neurone verglichen, wie sie sich bei intracellulären und „quasi-intracellulären“ Ableitungen darstellen. Es zeigte sich, daß pathologische EEG-Veränderungen erst bei niedrigen Blutzuckerwerten (zwischen 30 und 25 mg-%) auftreten und daß es erst bei Werten unter 10–15 mg-% zur elektrischen Stille kommt. 2. Während des flachen, desynchronisierten EEG des wachen Hirns vor Hypoglykämie lassen sich keine Beziehungen zwischen den kleinen EEG- und statistisch verteilten Zellpotentialen nachweisen. — Während der regelmäßigen 8–10/sec- Spindelgruppen, die bei tiefer Hypoglykämie häufig zu beobachten sind, findet sich eine enge Korrelation zwischen den einzelnen Oberflächen-negativen Spindelwellen und Zelldepolarisationen, die meist unterschwellig sind. 3. Bei den langsamen Wellen der δ-Frequenz finden sich ähnliche, aber weniger enge Korrelationen für die flachen, „monomorphen“ δ-Wellen. Andere Formen von langsamen Potentialkomplexen des Cortiocogramms, die im Tintenschreiber als „polymorphe“ δ-Wellen imponieren können, zeigen etwas andere, aber für den einzelnen Wellenkomplex jeweils konstante Beziehungen zur Zellaktivität. 4. Die steilen Wellen wurden unterteilt in primär positive und in primär negative bi- (oder auch tri-)phasische Potentiale. Die primäre Phase der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale ist im Durchschnitt kürzer (unter 20–40 msec) als die negative Phase der primär-negativen Phase (über 100 msec). Die meist überschwellige Zelldepolarisation, die in der Regel zu einer kurzen Gruppenentladung führt, fällt mit der primären Phase, also entweder der positiven oder der negativen zusammen. Die Phasenkoppelung, d. h. die „Synchronisation“ mit dem EEG-Potential, ist jedoch im Fall der primär-positiven Phase enger und die Dauer der Depolarisation kürzer als im Fall der primär-negativen steilen Potentiale. Diese Befunde werden als Hinweis auf eine stärkere Synchronisation der Aktivität der corticalen Nervenzellpopulation im Fall der primär-positiven steilen Potentiale gewertet. 5. Die verschieden engen Phasenkoppelungen und die je nach Steilheit der Wellen wechselnden Phasenbeziehungen zwischen Zellaktivierung und oberflächennegativen resp. -positiven Potentialen werden an Hand eines einfachen Modells der Elektrogenese von EEG-Potentialen erklärt, das den Synchronisationsgrad cortico-petaler und cortico-fugaler Faseraktivität sowie die Summation postsynaptischer Potentiale corticaler Neurone berücksichtigt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The EEG, recorded monopolarly from the pial surface, was investigated during insuline induced hypoglycemia in acute cats and compared with the activity of cortical cells recorded with intra or “quasi-intracellular” electrodes. 2. Pathological changes of the EEG were observed only when the blood glucose fell below 25–30 mg-%. Electrical silence was observed at blood glucose levels below 15–10 mg-%. 3. The essentially flat, “desynchronized” EEG of the awake animal before hypoglycemia did not show any relation between the small, irregular fast EEG- potentials and the statistically distributed cellular potentials. —During the regular 8–10/sec spindles (Fig. 3) a close correlation was found between the single surface- negative spindle waves and the mostly subthreshold compound cellular EPSP's. 4. Slow waves of δ-frequency showed similar but less close correlations, if the waves were of regular appearance comparable to “monomorphic” δ-waves (Fig.4A). Other forms of slow complex potentials (Fig.4B and C), which correspond to “polymorphic” δ-waves in an EEG-record (e.g. Fig.4C and Fig.2d) may show different relations between cellular and EEG-activity which were, however, consistent for each type of complex wave. 5. Sharp waves were divided into primary positive and primary negative bi- (or tri-)phasic potentials. The primary positive phase was always shorter (below 20–40 msec) than the primary negative phase (above 100 msec). The mostly suprathreshold cellular depolarization, which may lead to a short burst of discharge, coincided with the primary, i.e. either the primary positive or the primary negative phase (Fig. 7 shows records from the same cell and different EEG-phenomena). The phase coupling, i.e. the “synchronization” with the EEG-potential, is closer in the primary positive than the primary negative waves, and the duration of the cellular depolarization is also shorter in the former case (compare Fig.7B I–III with 7B IV). This can be interpreted as stronger synchronization of cellular activity during the short primary positive waves. 6. A causal relation between cortical neuronal activity and EEG-potentials is assumed. Differences in the closeness of phase coupling and the changing phase relation between cellular and EEG-activity according to the form and steepness of cortical EEG-potentials are explained by a simple model of electrogenesis of EEG-potentials, which takes in account the degree of synchronization of corticopetal and cortico-fugal fibre activity as well as the summation of postsynaptic potentials of cortical neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 211 (1968), S. 155-169 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Sleep EEG ; Experimental Epilepsy ; Cat ; Schlaf-EEG ; Experimentelle Epilepsie ; Katze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Frage der Wacho- der Schlaf-Aktivierung der fokalen Epilepsien wird bei 20 epileptischen Katzen im chronischen Experiment untersucht (Kopeloff-Methode). Die Narben wurden im Nucleus amygdaloideus (Pars basolateralis), Hippocampus dorsalis, Formatio reticularis mesencephali, Isocortex gesetzt. Bei einer Untersuchungsdauer der einzelnen Tiere zwischen 3 und 60 Tagen, wurden insgesamt 442 Std in Polygraphie (EEG, EMG, Augenbewegungen) abgeleitet. Die Tiere zeigten innerhalb der ersten 7 Tage Krampfpotentiale im EEG und die meisten ab der 2. Woche Krampfanfälle. Bei Katzen mit subcorticalen Narben war keine Veränderung der Dauer, der Verteilung und der Organisation der einzelnen Schlafstadien nachweisbar. Die im Ruhe-EEG vorhandenen Paroxysmen wurden während des langsamen Schlafes nicht aktiviert und fokalisiert. Im paradoxen Schlaf waren die Krampfpotentiale völlig desaktiviert, es traten einzelne Spindeln auf. Die Tiere mit Narben im Isocortex zeigten im langsamen Schlaf seltene Paroxysmen. Während der häufigeren kurzen Phasen des paradoxen Schlafes war eine Fokalisierung der Spitzen im Bereich der Läsion nachweisbar, jedoch, keine Aktivierung. Bei allen Tieren war die ausgeprägteste Aktivierung der Krampfbereitschft stets in dem von uns als „Wach mit motorischer Inaktivität“ bezeichnete Phase zu bemerken. Daher wird angenommen, daß dieser Zustand bei der Katze mit dem Einschlafstadium des Menschen vergleichbar ist.
    Notes: Summary The activation of focal epileptic activities during wakefulness, slow and REM sleep was studied in chronic experiments in 20 epileptic cats (Kopeloff's method). The lesions were produced in the nucleus amygdaloideus (pars basolateralis), hippocampus dorsalis, formatio reticularis mesencephali and in the isocortex. Each animal was observed from between 3 to 60 days and a total of 442 hours of polygraphy (E.E.G., E.M.G, Eye movements) were recorded. Within the first 7 days all animals showed E.E.G paroxysms and most of them showed seizures from the beginning of the second week. In those cats with subcortical lesions there was no change detected in the duration, distribution and organisation of the different sleep phases. The paroxysmal E.E.G activity seen in the wakeful animal were not activated or focalised during slow-wave sleep; in REM sleep the paroxysms disappeared completely, only a few spindles were seen. Animals with lesions in the isocortex rarely showed paroxysms during the slow wave sleep. However, during REM sleep a clear focalisation was seen, although there was no additional activation in the area of the lesion. In all animals the most significant of the paroxysms was seen during a state which we should like to describe as; “Awake without any motor activity”. It is assumed that this state corresponds to the state of falling asleep in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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