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  • 1965-1969  (92)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1840-1849
  • 1968  (92)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (78)
  • Insulin  (14)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Bovine insulin ; Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin resistance ; Pork insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. présentent les résultats obtenus avec une méthode très simple pour la recherche des anticorps anti-insuline, basée sur l'emploi d'insuline I125 ou I131 et sur la précipitation avec alcool absolu du complexe antigène-anticorp. Les anticorps anti-insuline ont été fréquemment observés seulement dans des sujets diabétiques déjà soumis à traitement avec insuline. Un taux élevé d'anticorps anti-insuline s'accompagne à une diminution de la sensibilité à l'insuline (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Abstract: Resumen Se expresan los resultados obtenidos con el empleo de un método que puede ser ejecutado en forma my simple, para la investigación de anticuerpos anti-insulina; el método se basa sobre el empleo de insulina I125 o I131; y sobre la precipitación sucesiva con alcohol absoluto del complejo antígeno-anticuerpo. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina han sido hallados con mucha frecuencia solamente en pacientes diabéticos, que recibían tratamiento insulínico. Un título elevado de anticuerpos antiinsulina se asocia a una disminución sensible de la sensibilidad a la insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti con l'impiego di una metodica di semplice esecuzione per la ricerca di anticorpi anti-insulina, basata sull'impiego di insulina I125 o I131 e sulla successiva precipitazione con alcool assoluto del complesso antigene-anticorpo. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina sono stati riscontrati con grande frequenza solo in pazienti diabetici già sottoposti a trattamento insulinico. Un elevato titolo di anticorpi anti-insulina si associa ad una diminuzione marcata della sensibilità all'insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Choline ; Clinical situation (diabetes) ; Glucagon ; Growth hormone ; Heparin ; Histamine ; Insulin ; Insulinemia ; Night vision ; Pro-insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Alors que mon intérêt pour l'insuline a été pratiquement continu depuis déjà sa découverte, il y a eu des périodes pendant lesquelles mon attention s'est concentrée sur la coline, l'histamine et l'héparine. Pendant les années de guerre, les sujets de recherche ont été naturellement très différents. Les points importants dans le développement de l'insuline, du point de vue chimique, ont été sa purification, cristallisation, détermination de la structure et synthèse. Les physiologistes ont été fascinés par les études regardant le point et le mécanisme d'action de l'insuline. On a appris beaucoup quant à l'action sur grand nombre de tissus différents et l'insuline se montra être la principale hormone anabolique. Les développements cliniques ne sont mentionnés que brièvement car mes intérêts personnels de recherche ont été exclusivement expérimentaux.
    Abstract: Resumen Mientras mi interés para insulina fue prácticamente continuo desde su descubrimiento, hubo períodos en que mi atención se concentró sobre colina, histamina y heparina. Durante los años de la guerra, los temas de investigación fueron naturalmente muy diferentes. Los puntos fundamentales en el desarrollo de la insulina desde el punto de vista químico, fueron su purificación, cristalización, determinación de la estructura y síntesis. Los fisiólogos fueron cautivados por los estudios sobre el punto y el mecanismo de acción de la insulina. Mucho se aprendió acerca de la acción sobre muchos tejidos diferentes y la insulina demostró ser la hormona anabólica principal. Los desarrollos clínicos se mencionan sólo brevemente pues mis intereses personales de investigación han sido exclusivamente experimentales.
    Notes: Riassunto Mentre il mio interesse per l'insulina è stato praticamente continuo sin dalla sua scoperta, ci sono stati periodi nei quali la mia attenzione si concentrò sulla colina, istamina ed eparina. Durante gli anni della guerra, i temi di ricerca furono naturalmente molto diversi. I momenti culminanti nello sviluppo dell'insulina, dal punto di vista chimico, furono la sua purificazione, cristallizzazione, determinazione della struttura e sintesi. I fisiologi sono stati affascinati dagli studi circa il punto ed il meccanismo di azione dell'insulina. Molto è stato appreso intorno all'azione su molti tessuti differenti e l'insulina dimostrò di essere l'ormone anabolico principale. Gli sviluppi clinici sono menzionati solo brevemente poichè i miei personali interessi di ricerca sono stati esclusivamente sperimentali.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 347-363 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Gel-filtration ; Insulin ; 125J-insulin-plasma complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont étudié la capacité des protéines plasmatiques de lier l'insuline125J avec la méthode de filtration surgel. Le fractionnement parSephadex G-100 a démontré que seulement le 10 % de l'insuline marquée était lié par le protéines plasmatiques des sujets sains, des femmes gravides et des diabétiques non traités. Un pourcentage d'insuline beaucoup plus élevé était liée par les protéines plasmatiques dans des sujets que étaient traités precédemment avec de l'insuline bovine, tandis que le degrée de la liason était tres élevé dans les diabétiques insulino-résistants. De recherches avecSephadex G-200 ont demontré que, après une courte période d'insulinothérapie, le complexe insuline-protéine migrait avec les globulines 19 S. Après une insulinothérapie prolongée et dans les cas insulino-résistants la plus grande partie de l'insuline marquée liée aux protéines était élui avec les globulines 7 S. Le phénomène est attribué à l'action des anticorps anti-insuline bovine.
    Abstract: Resumen La capacidad que poseen las proteínas para ligar la insulina marcada con125J se estudió mediante el método de filtración engel. El fraccionamiento medianteSephadex G-100 demostró que solamente el 10 % de la insulina marcada estaba ligada por las proteínas plasmáticas de sujetos sanos, de mujeres embarazadas y de pacientes diabéticos no tratados. Un porcentaje de insulina notablemente superior estaba ligado por las proteínas plasmáticas en pacientes que anteriormente habían sido tratados con insulina bovina, mientras el grado de enlace se volvía muy elevado en los diabéticos resistentes a la insulina. Experimentos realizados conSephadex G-200 demostraron que después de un breve tratamiento insulínico, el complejo insulina-proteína migraba con las globulinas 19 S. Después de un prolongado tratamiento insulínico y en los casos resistentes a la insulina, la mayor parte de la insulina marcada con las proteínas resultaba eluida con las globulinas 7 S. El fenómeno, discutido detalladamente, se atribuye a la acción de los anticuerpos anti-insulina bovina.
    Notes: Riassunto La capacità delle proteine plasmatiche di legare l'insulina marcata con125J è stata studiata mediante il metodo di filtrazione sugel. Il frazionamento medianteSephadex G-100 ha dimostrato che soltanto il 10% dell'insulina marcata era legato dalle proteine plasmatiche di soggetti sani, di donne gravide e di pazienti diabetici non trattati. Una percentuale di insulina notevolmente superiore era legata dalle proteine plasmatiche in pazienti che erano stati precedentemente trattati con insulina bovina, mentre il grado di legame diveniva molto elevato nei diabetici insulino-resistenti. Esperimenti eseguiti conSephadex G-200 hanno dimostrato che, dopo una breve terapia insulinica, il complesso insulina-proteina migrava con le globuline 19 S. Dopo prolungata terapia insulinica e nei casi insulino-resistenti la maggior parte dell'insulina marcata legata alle proteine era eluita con le globuline 7 S. Il fenomeno, discusso nei particolari, è attribuito all'azione degli anticorpi anti-insulina bovina.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin binding properties of serum ; Insulin therapy ; Serum proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont observé que le sérum d'un sujet normal et celui d'un diabétique, jamais traité avec insuline, ont la possibilité de lier l'insuline dans la même mesure. Dans certains sérums, soit du sujet normal soit du diabétique, est présente une activité de liaison de l'insuline supérieure aux taux normaux plus élevés; cette activité diminue après administration de µU 500 d'insuline bovine. Les AA. présentent leurs considérations à propos de ce phénomène.
    Abstract: Resumen Los AA. observan que los sueros del individuo normal y del diabético nunca tratado con insulina poseen propiedades insulino-ligantes de entidad análoga. En algunos sueros — ya del sujeto normal, ya del diabético — está presente una actividad insulino-ligante superior a los valores máximos normales, que disminuye luego de haber agregado µU 500 de insulina bovina. Los AA. hacen algunas consideraciones interpretativas de tal fenómeno.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. rilevano che i sieri dell'individuo normale e del diabetico mai trattato con insulina sono provvisti di proprietà insulino-legante di entità analoga. In alcuni sieri, sia del soggetto normale che del diabetico, è presente un'attività insulino-legante superiore ai valori massimi normali, che diminuisce dopo aggiunta di µU 500 di insulina bovina. Gli AA. fanno alcune considerazioni interpretative su tale fenomeno.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 499-512 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Entero-insular axis ; Gastrin ; Glucagon ; Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Pancreozymin ; Secretin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des préparations hautement purifiées de gastrine, sécrétine et pancréozymine ont été injectées par voie endoportale chez des chiens anesthésiés, en vue d'examiner les influences possibles des hormones gastro-intestinales sur la sécrétion des îlots de Langerhans. On a vu que les trois hormones provoquent une augmentation immédiate de la concentration d'insuline dans la veine pancréatico-duodénale. L'effet de la gastrine sur la libération d'insuline était insignificant quantitativement, tandis que celui de la sécrétine était plus important et de plus grande durée; cependant la pancréozymine semblait être le stimulant le plus puissant et déterminer en outre une augmentation parallèle de la sécrétion pancréatique de glucagon. On a démontré de plus que la pancréozymine augmentait la réponse tant de l'insuline que du glucagon à l'hyperaminoacidémie. On a observé que l'administration intraduodénale d'acides aminés, qui représente notoirement la stimulation la plus puissante de la pancréozymine endogène, est en mesure de déterminer une libération plus grande et plus rapide d'insuline et de glucagon par rapport à l'administration intraveineuse d'acides aminés, ce qui fait supposer que la pancréozymine endogène joue un rôle physiologique lorsque la réponse de l'hormone des cellules insulaires aux acides aminés ingérés est augmentée. Le facteur physiologique qui augmente la réponse insulaire au glucose ingéré reste toutefois inconnu.
    Abstract: Resumen Medicamentos altamente purificados de gastrina, secretina y pancreozimina han sido inyectados por via intraportal a perros anestesiados, con el fin de examinar las posibles influencias de las hormonas gastro-intestinales sobre la secreción de las hormonas de las islas de Langerhans. Se ha notado que las tres hormonas producen aumento inmediato de la concentración de insulina en la vena pancreática-duodenal. El efecto de la gastrina sobre la liberación de insulina era insignificante cuantitativamente, mientras el de la secretina era apreciable y de mayor duración; sin embargo, parecía que la pancreozimina fuese el estimulante más potente y que además determinava aumento paralelo de la secreción pancreática de glucagón. Además se ha demostrado que la pancreozimina aumentava la respuesta, ya de la insulina, ya del glucagón, a la hiperaminoacidemia. La administración intraduodenal de aminoácidos, que representa notoriamente el más potente estímulo de la pancreozimina endógena, está en grado de provocar una liberación mayor y más rápida de insulina y glucagón, que la administración intravenosa de aminoácidos; cosa que hace pensar que la pancreozimina endógena ejerce un papel fisiológico cuando aumenta la respuesta de la hormona de las células de las islas a los aminoácidos ingeridos. Sin embargo, el factor fisiológico que aumenta la respuesta insular a la glucosa ingerida, queda desconocido.
    Notes: Riassunto Preparati altamente purificati di gastrina, secretina e pancreozimina sono stati iniettati per via endoportale in cani anestetizzati, allo scopo di esaminare le possibili influenze degli ormoni gastro-intestinali sulla secrezione degli ormoni delle isole di Langerhans. Si è riscontrato che tutti e tre gli ormoni provocano un immediato aumento della concentrazione di insulina nella vena pancreatico-duodenale. L'effetto della gastrina sulla liberazione di insulina era quantitativamente insignificante, mentre quello della secretina era più rilevante e di maggiore durata; tuttavia sembrava che la pancreozimina fosse il più potente stimolatore e che inoltre determinasse un aumento parallelo della secrezione pancreatica di glucagone. Per di più si è dimostrato che la pancreozimina aumentava la risposta sia dell'insulina che del glucagone alla iperaminoacidemia. La somministrazione intraduodenale di aminoacidi, che rappresenta notoriamente la più potente stimolazione della pancreozimina endogena, è stata riscontrata in grado di determinare una liberazione maggiore e più rapida di insulina e di glucagone rispetto alla somministrazione endovenosa di aminoacidi, il che fa pensare che la pancreozimina endogena svolga un ruolo fisiologico nell'aumentare la risposta dell'ormone delle cellule insulari agli aminoacidi ingeriti. Tuttavia il fattore fisiologico che aumenta la risposta insulare al glucosio ingerito rimane sconosciuto.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 260 (1968), S. 254-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bilirubin ; Glucuronates ; Insulin ; Liver ; Tolbutamide ; Bilirubin ; Glucuronidsynthese ; Insulin ; Leber ; Tolbutamid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lebergewebe von Ratten, die mit Tolbutamid, mit anderen blutzuckerwirksamen Sulfonylharnstoffderivaten oder mit Insulin behandelt worden waren, bildet bei Inkubation in vitro mehr Bilirubinglucuronid als das Gewebe unbehandelter Kontrolltiere. Dieser Effekt wurde 2 Std nach der intraperitonealen Injektion der blutzuckersenkenden Stoffe nachgewiesen, er tritt dosisabhängig auf und ist mit der blutzuckersenkenden Wirkung gut korreliert. Ein dem Tolbutamid chemisch verwandtes, jedoch blutzuckerunwirksames Methylsulfonylharnstoffderivat hatte diese Wirkung nicht. Die Steigerung der Glucuronidsynthese ist dadurch bedingt, daß in der Leberzelle während einer Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie vermehrt aktivierte Glucuronsäure (UDPGA) für die Konjugation bereitgestellt wird. Die Aktivität des für die Konjugationsreaktion verantwortlichen Enzyms, der UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, war unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen nicht verändert. Es fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß in der Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie die Bildung von UDPGA aus UDPG beschleunigt erfolgt. Die Aktivität der UDPG-Dehydrogenase war nicht verändert, auch Faktoren, die eine Bildung von UDPGA begünstigen könnten, wie ein erhöhter NAD+/NADH-Quotient und eine gesteigerte ATP-Konzentration im Gewebe, waren nach Tolbutamid nicht nachzuweisen.
    Notes: Summary Liver tissue of rats pretreated with tolbutamide, with other hypoglycaemic sulfonylurea compounds, or with insulin formed more bilirubinglucuronide when incubated in vitro than the tissue of untreated controls. The effect was present two hours after the blood sugar lowering agents had been injected intraperitoneally. It was dose-dependent and well correlated to the hypoglycaemic response. A methylated sulfonylurea compound, which is chemically closely related to tolbutamide but devoid of blood sugar lowering activity failed to show this effect. Glucuronide formation in hypoglycaemia induced by insulin or tolbutamide is increased as more activated glucuronic acid (UDPGA) is made available to the conjugation reaction. There was no change in the activity of the enzyme responsible for glucuronide synthesis, the UDP-glucuronyl-transferase, in our experiments. There was no indication that the formation of UDPGA from UDPG was accelerated by insulin or sulfonylureas. There was no change in the activity of the hepatic UDPG-dehydrogenase. Factors which could favour the formation of UDPGA such as an increased NAD+/NADH ratio or an elevated ATP concentration in the tissue were not present following tolbutamide.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase ; glycogen metabolism ; lipolysis ; insulin secretion ; antilipolytic action of insulin ; glycogen synthesis and insulin ; cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de l'insuline sur le métabolisme du glycogène hépatique et sur la lipolyse semble s'exercer par l'intermédiaire d'une diminution de la concentration de 3,′5′-AMP intracellulaire. Onamontré une diminution de la formation de 3′5′-AMP dans le tissu adipeux incubé avec de l'insuline. L'influence de l'insuline sur la dégradation du 3,′5′-AMP est étudiée. — L'activité de la 3,′5′-AMP-phos-phodiestérase (PDE) est diminuée dans le foie, le tissu adipeux et, de façon non-significative, dans le muscle strié des rats qui manquent d'insuline, c-à-d les rats rendus diabétiques par l'alloxane ou les rats privés de nourriture. L'injection intraveineuse d'une faible dose d'insuline (0.5 U/kg) ou la stimulation de la sécrétion d'insuline endogène par une injection de glucose provoquent une augmentation rapide de l'activité de la phosphodiestérase dans ces tissus. 15 min après l'injection d'insuline, l'activité de la phosphodiesterase du foie est augmentée. L'effet maximum est atteint après 30–45 min. L'activité de la phosphodiestérase rénale n'est pas diminuée dans le diabète alloxanique, l'injection d'insuline s'est avérée inefficace.In vitro, l'insuline cristalline a un effet activant sur la phosphodiestérase purifiée du coeur de boeuf. La concentration d'insuline requise pour doubler l'activité de l'enzyme est de l'ordre de 2 · 10−5 M. Le traitement avec actinomycin D empêche la stimulation par l'insuline de la PDE dans le foie. Ceci peut indiquer que l'action de l'insuline sur l'activité de la phosphodiestérase est essentiellement basée sur une synthèse accrue de l'enzyme. A cause de l'influence de la sécrétion d'insuline sur la concentration en 3,′5′-AMP du foie et du tissu adipeux, le métabolisme du glycogène et la lipolyse peuvent s'adapter rapidement à la prise de nourriture.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An der Steigerung der Glykogensynthese der Leber und der Verminderung der Lipolyse durch Insulin ist eine Abnahme der 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration wesentlich beteiligt. Die 3′,5′-AMP-Bildung ist in Fettgewebe, das mit Insulin inkubiert wird, vermindert. Insulin beeinflußt jedoch auch den 3′,5′-AMP-Abbau. -Die 3′,5′-AMP-Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-Aktivität des Fettgewebes, der Leber und, in geringerem Grade, der Skeletmuskulatur ist im Insulinmangel vermindert, d.h. bei alloxandiabetischen oder hungernden Ratten. I.v. Injektion von 0,5 E/kg Insulin oder eine erhöhte Abgabe von Insulin aus dem Pankreas nach Glucoseinjektion führen in diesen Geweben zu einem raschen Anstieg der PDE-Aktivität. Dieser ist in der Leber schon 15 min nach Insulingabe nachweisbar und erreicht nach 30–45 min sein Maximum. In der Niere ist kein Einfluß von Insulin auf die PDE-Aktivität nachweisbar. — Aus Rinderherz isolierte PDE wirdin vitro durch Insulin aktiviert, jedoch werden2 · 10−5 M zur Verdopplung der Aktivität benötigt. Actinomycin D verhindert die Steigerung der Leber-PDE-Aktivität nach Insulininjektion. So kann die Wirkung des Hormons im wesentlichen auf eine gesteigerte PDE-Synthese zurückgeführt werden. — Durch diesen Einfluß der Insulininkretion auf die 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration in Leber und Fettgewebe können Glykogenstoffwechsel und Lipolyse rasch an die Nahrungsaufnahme angepaßt werden.
    Notes: Summary Influence of insulin on liver glycogen metabolism and on lipolysis appears to be mediated by a decreased intracellular 3′,5′-AMP concentration. Reduced formation of 3′,5′-AMP had been shown in adipose tissue incubated with insulin. The influence of insulin on 3′,5′-AMP degradation has been investigated. — 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was reduced in liver, adipose tissue and, insignificantly, in skeletal muscle of insulin deficient, i.e. alloxan diabetic or starved rats. I.V. injection of a low dose of insulin (0.5 U/kg) or stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion by injection of glucose led to a rapid increase of PDE activity in these tissues. 15 min after insulin injection liver PDE activity was increased. The maximal effect occurred after 30–45 min. Renal PDE activity was not decreased in alloxan diabetes, insulin injection has been found ineffective. —In vitro, there was an activating effect of crystalline insulin on PDE purified from beef heart. Insulin concentration required for duplication of enzyme activity was of the order of 2 · 10−5 M. Treatment with actinomycin D nearly prevented stimulation of liver PDE by insulin. This may indicate that the action of insulin on PDE activity is essentially based on an increased enzyme synthesis. — Owing to the influence of insulin secretion on liver and adipose tissue 3′,5′-AMP concentration, glycogen metabolism and lipolysis can be quickly adapted to food intake.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Human growth hormone ; Growth hormone ; Insulin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Experimental diabetes ; Acromegaly ; Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il a été démontré récemment que l'hormone de croissance humaine (HGH) joue un rôle prééminent dans la régulation normale de la glycémie. De plus, il est bien connu que l'hormone de croissance peut créer un état semblable au diabète chez l'animal. Chez l'homme, l'injection de HGH ou l'hypersécrétion de l'hormone endogène dans l'acromégalie est suivie d'intolérance au glucose seulement dans 25% des cas. — Dans ce travail nous présentons des données qui mettent l'action dite diabétogène de HGH dans un contexte plus nuancé. Nous suggérons que HGH, bien que diminuant l'utilisation du glucose par les tissus périphériques, n'est pas une substance primairement diabétogène, car l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone cause une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, qui à son tour normalise la tolérance au glucose. HGH est diabétogène exclusivement chez les sujets prédiabétiques dont le pancréas est incapable de répondre à l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone. Chez ces sujets, la diabétogénicité de HGH n'étant pas surmontée par une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, la tolérance au glucose sera anormale. Ainsi, HGH peut être considérée comme unfacteur additif pour la pathogénèse du diabète sucré, la condition essentielle et primaire étant un état préexistant de prédiabète.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wie kürzlich gezeigt wurde, spielt das menschliche Wachstumshormon (HGH) eine wichtige Rolle bei der Kontrolle der Blutzucker-Homöostase. Ferner ist schon lange bekannt, daß die Verabreichung von Wachstumshormon an Tiere zu einem diabetesähnlichen Zustand führen kann. Beim Menschen löst die Gabe der Substanz oder die Überproduktion des endogenen Hormons bei der Akromegalie nur in etwa 25 % der Fälle eine Glucosetoleranzstörung aus. — In dieser Arbeit werden Resultate beschrieben, die ein detaillierteres Bild der sogenannten diabetogenen Wirkung des HGH vermitteln. Wir möchten annehmen, daß das HGH, obwohl es den peripheren Glucoseverbraueh herabsetzt, kein primär diabetogener Faktor ist, da es über eine Insulin-mehrausschüttung zu einem Hyperinsulinismus führt, der eine normale Glucosetoleranz bewirkt. HGH zeigt Scine diabetogene Wirkung nur bei Prädiabetikern, deren Pankreas den stimulierenden Effekt des Hormons auf die Insulinausschüttung nicht beantworten kann. Bei diesen Personen kann eine Störung der Glucosetoleranz dadurch entstehen, daß die diabetogene Wirkung des HGH nicht durch einen kompensatorischen Hyperinsulinismus ausgeglichen wird. HGH kann daher als ein Zusatzfaktor bei der Diabetesentstehung angesehen werden, deren Hauptvorbedingung jedoch eine schon vorher bestehende prädiabetische Stoffwechselsituation darstellt.
    Notes: Summary Human growth hormone (HGH) has recently been shown to play a prominent role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it has long been known that administration of growth hormone in animals can induce a diabetes-like state. In human subjects, exogenous administration of HGH or hypersecretion of the endogenous hormone in acromegaly is accompanied by glucose intolerance in only about 25 per cent of the cases. — In this paper, data are presented which give a more diversified picture of the so-called diabetogenic action of HGH. It is suggested that HGH, although decreasing the peripheral utilization of glucose, is not a primary diabetogenic factor, since its insulinogenic action causes a compensatory hyperinsulinism, with normal glucose tolerance as the result. HGH is diabetogenic only in prediabetic subjects whose pancreas is unable to respond to the insulinogenic effect of the hormone. In such subjects, the diabetogenic action of HGH not being counterbalanced by a compensatory hyperinsulinism, glucose intolerance may result. Thus, HGH may be regarded as anadditional factor for the development of diabetes, the major prerequisite being a preëxisting prediabetic state.
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  • 9
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; diabetes ; insulinase ; rat diaphragm ; glycogen synthesis ; RNA turnover ; cell culture ; anti-insulin serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de progrès conduisant à la compréhension du diabète en termes moléculaires ont été réalisés. La possibilité qu'il existe une modification dans la structure de l'insuline des diabétiques, aussi bien circulante que pancréatique, s'appuie sur trois arguments expérimentaux obtenus au laboratoire des auteurs. — La purification immunochimique de l'insuline circulante de diabétiques jeunes non traités par l'insuline a d'abord conduit à la constatation que cette insuline est relativement résistante à l'action réductrice et protéolytique d'une préparation d'insulinase musculaire. De plus, l'insuline pancréatique, isolée à partir de cinq pancréas diabétiques, s'est avérée d'activité biologique diminuée quant à son pouvoir d'augmenter la synthèse du glycogènein vivo et à sa capacité d'accélérer le “turnover” du R.N.A. en culture tissulaire. — La nature de cette „insuline anormale” et son rôle possible dans la physiopathologie du diabète sont examinés à la lumière de la nécessité de donner une définition spécifique de la modification moléculaire précise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnisse über den Diabetes in molekularbiologischer Sicht haben kaum Fortschritte gemacht. Die Möglichkeit, daß das zirkulierende und das Pankreas-Insulin des Diabetikers strukturelle Unterschiede aufweisen, wird durch die Ergebnisse von drei verschiedenen Untersuchungsreihen gestützt, die im Laboratorium der Verfasser durchgeführt wurden. — Immunologisch gereinigtes zirkulierendes Insulin von Diabetikern, die noch kein Insulin erhalten hatten, erwies sich als recht widerstandsfähig gegenüber dem Abbau durch ein Insulinase-Rohextrakt aus Muskelgewebe. Aus den Bauchspeicheldrüsen von 5 Diabetikern gewonnenes Insulin zeigte sowohl in seiner Fähigkeit, die Glycogen-Synthesein vivo, als auch den Ribonucleinsäuren-Umsatz in der Gewebskultur zu stimulieren, eine herabgesetzte biologische Aktivität. — Bei der Diskussion der Natur dieses „abnormen” Insulins und seiner hypothetischen Rolle in der Physiopathologie des Diabetes ergibt sich besonders deutlich, wie dringend erforderlich eine genauere Klärung des in diesem Falle vorliegenden molekularen Umbaus ist.
    Notes: Summary Understanding of diabetes in molecular terms has advanced very little. The possibility that a structural difference exists in the circulating and pancreatic insulin moiety of diabetics is supported by three lines of evidence obtained in the authors' laboratory. — Immunologically purified circulating insulin from diabetic subjects untreated with insulin was noted to be relatively resistant to degradation by a crude muscle insulinase preparation. The pancreatic insulin of five diabetic pancreases was found to have a decreased biological activity in its ability to enhance glycogen synthesisin vivo and in its capacity to stimulate RNA turnover in tissue culture. — The nature of this “abnormal insulin” and its hypothetical role in the physiopathology of diabetes are discussed in the light of the need for a specific definition of the precise molecular change.
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  • 10
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; radioimmunoassay ; bile ; bile acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des acides biliaires sur le dosage radioimmunologique de l'insuline a été examiné et les résultats ont montré que les acides biliaires en concentrations physiologiques nuisent à la liaison de l'insuline avec le sérum anti-insulinique. La courbe de dilution de l'insuline immunoréaetive dans la bile de la vésicule biliaire porcine n'était pas parallèle à celle de l'insuline porcine standard. Après extraction de la bile porcine par du sérum antiinsulinique et après dosage de l'extrait, des taux d'insuline plus bas ont été trouvés. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une partie seulement de «l'insuline immunoreactive» de la bile de la vésicule biliaire représente de l'insuline véritable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Gallensäuren auf die radio-immunologische Insulinbestimmung wurde untersucht. Aus den Resultaten geht hervor, daß Gallensäuren in physiologischen Konzentrationen zu einer Störung der Insulinbindung an Anti-Insulinserum führen. Die Verdünnungskurve von immunoreaktivem Insulin im Gallensaft aus Schweinegallenblasen verlief nicht parallel zur Standard-Eichkurve von Schweineinsulin. Nach Extraktion der Schweinegalle mit Anti-Insulinserum fanden sich im Extrakt niedrigere Insulinkonzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß nur ein Teil des „immunoreaktiven Insulins” in der Blasengalle echtes Insulin ist.
    Notes: Summary The effect of bile acids on the radioimmunoassay of insulin has been investigated, and the results show that bile acids in physiological concentrations interfere with the binding of insulin by anti-insulin serum. The dilution curve of immunoreactive insulin in pig gall-bladder bile was not parallel to that of standard pig insulin. After extraction of pig bile with anti-insulin serum and assay of the extract, lower insulin levels were found. The results suggest that only a part of the “immunoreactive insulin” in gall-bladder bile is genuine insulin.
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  • 11
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 68-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après incubation de tranches de pancréas d'embryon de veau, la leucine-H3 est incorporée dans une fraction protéique qui semble avoir les propriétés d'une “proinsuline”. Cette fraction protéique est de taille supérieure à l'insuline, possède l'immunoréactivité propre à l'insuline, et après traitement limité par la trypsine elle est transformée en un peptide semblable à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Inkubierung von Dünnschnitten des fötalen Rinder-Pankreas in Gegenwart vom H3- Leucin ergab einen Einbau dieser Amminosäure in eine Eiweißfraktion, die die Eigenschaften eines, Pro-Insulins' aufwies. Das Molekulargewicht dieser Eiweißfraktion war größer als dasjenige des Insulins; sie besaß die Immunreaktivität des Insulins und konnte durch teilweisen Abbau mit Trypsin in ein insulinähnliches Peptid umgewandelt werden.
    Notes: Summary Incubation of fœtal bovine pancreas slices resulted in the incorporation of3H-leucine into a protein fraction which appeared to have the properties of a ‘proinsulin’. This protein fraction was larger in size than insulin, possessed the immunoreactivity of insulin and was converted by limited trypsin treatment to a peptide similar to insulin.
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  • 12
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    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 254-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Potassium Deficiency ; Membrane Potential ; Rat Diaphragm ; Insulin ; Kaliummangel ; Membranpotential ; Rattenzwerchfell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 102 Zellen des Zwerchfells von insgesamt 7 Ratten mit alimentärem Kaliummangel fanden wir unter dem Einfluß von Insulin (0,1 I.E./ml) eine Depolarisation um 11,2 mV, nämlich von −94,6 (s=±6,4) mV bei insgesamt 100 Zellen auf −83,4 (s=±6,8)mV (p 〈 0,001). Die Kaliumkonzentration in der Inkubationslösung betrug 4,7 (s=±0,29) mval/l. — Ferner steigt die bei kaliumverarmten Tieren erniedrigte intracelluläre Kaliumkonzentration unter Insulineinfluß von 107 (s=±12) mval/lH2O IZR auf 130 (s=±19,8) mval/lH2O IZR an (p〈0,05). Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß Insulin bei kaliumverarmten Tieren einen Netto-Kaliumeinstrom bewirkt, der eine Abnahme des Membranpotentials zur Folge hat.
    Notes: Summary In 102 single muscle cells of 7 rats with alimentary potassium depletion we found under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) a depolarisation of 11.2 mV, i.e. from −94.6 (s=±6.4)mV (100 cells) to −83.4 (s=±6.8)mV (p〈0.001). The potassium concentration in the incubation medium was 4.7 (s=±0.29) mequ/l. — In addition we measured under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) an intracellular potassium concentration of 130 mval/lH2O IZR, which is probably higher than in potassium deficient animals without insulin (p〈0.05). These findings suggest that insulin produces a netto potassium influx in potassium deficient animals, which could explain the depolarisation.
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  • 13
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    Clinical and experimental medicine 148 (1968), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Insulin ; Hypoglycemia ; Xylitol ; Insulin ; Hypoglykämie ; Xylit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen, Meerschweinchen, Mäusen und Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Xylit auf die Insulinhypoglykämie untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß Xylit die durch große intravenöse Insulindosen hervorgerufenen neurogenen Störungen (Lähmungserscheinungen, Krämpfe) zu beseitigen bzw. zu verhüten vermag. Gleichzeitig kommt es zu einem Wiederanstieg der Glucosekonzentration im Blut. Die möglichen Mechanismen dieser Wirkung werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The influence of xylitol on insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, and rats. Relief of hypoglycemia and the concomitant disturbances of the nervous system was observed following the injection of xylitol. The possible mechanisms of this action are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The foam separation technique of microflotation was studied using A. aerogenes as the test organisms. Gas flow rate, collector and alum (when used) concentrations, and frother dose were held constant. In contrast to E. coli, previously reported, A. aerogenes are removed using both lauric acid and laurylamine as the collectors without prior coagulation with alum. The removals are improved after coagulation, with laurylamine being the more efficient collector. In all cases the removals decrease upon increasing the pH above about 8.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 133-150 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of dissolution and dehydration of CO2 in a liquid model system was investigated. Components in the model system established the main conditions which may exist, in the extracellular space of a microbiological culture liquid. The charge in voltage of a glass electrode was measured which indicated the formation of H+ ions in the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- H+ reaction. The rate of CO2 hydration increased with the increase of temperature from 0 to 40°C. Likewise the equilibrium of the reaction was shifted towards the forward reaction. Similar results were observed when the tip velocity of the impeller was increased. Data suggest that agitation promotes the dissolution of CO2 in the culture liquid through the reduction of gas-liquid film resistance in the diffusion of this gas. The rate of hydration of CO2 into the bulk of the liquid was independent of pCO2 above the surface of the liquid but depended on pCO2 in the gas bubble within the liquid. The concentration of HCO3- was, furthermore, influenced by the buffer components, buffer capacity, and the viscosity of the system. Since pCO2 and the HCO3- concentration in the extracellular space depend on both physical and chemical factors, the ventilation of a culture liquid necessitates both exhaust of CO2 from the gas bubbles of the culture broth and shift of the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+ reaction towards the backward direction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the determination of total heat generation in a fermentation tank and overall heat-transfer coefficient at the cooling surface is outlined. These data, which are essential for the design of cooling systems, are measured during the actual fermentation by dynamic analysis of controlled temperature variations. Each experiment consists of two stages: one in which cooling is cut off, and one in which cooling is constant. The necessary temperature variation is so limited that, the course of the fermentation is not affected.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 205-232 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized logistic equation is proposed for the mathematical representation of batch culture kinetic data. Properties of the equation are discussed. A computer program is used to fit the generalized equation to both artificial and actual batch culture data. The equation is shown to be capable of fitting data exhibiting lag, exponential, deceleration, stationary, and death phases, as well as diauxic growth. The fitted equation is useful for differentiation, interpolation, and other manipulations of the data, and it is a convenient means of data storage.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 252-254 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 33-43 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of batch-cultivated yeast Candida lipolytica on three kinds of gas oil using mineral medium was studied. A linear dependence was found between the production of yeast biomass and the consumption of n-alkanes, while the decrease of freezing point of gas oil during cultivation had a distinct course. This disproportion was explained by different degradation of individual n-alkanes contained in gas oil. The rate of degradation of pentadecane, hexadecane, and heptadecane was the same during the entire cultivation. On the contrary, in the first phase the utilization of shorter chain n-alkanes, nonane to tetradecane, was more rapid while that of longer chain homologs, octadecane to pentacosane, lagged. Rapid utilization of longer chain n-alkanes did not occur before the concentration of the other n-alkanes decreased. Only then the rapid decrease of freezing point appeared.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 45-59 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of agitation and aeration on growth and on production of glucose oxidase of Asp. niger has been studied. It was found that both rate of growth and glucose oxidase production was higher at an agitation speed of 700 rpm than at 460 rpm. Further increase in speed of agitation resulted in neither a higher rate of growth nor a higher glucose oxidase activity. Total glucose oxidase activity was highest in a medium containing 5% sugar (at an agitation speed of 700 rpm) and did not get higher when the sugar concentration of the medium was increased to 7%. When pure oxygen was bubbled through the culture the rate of growth of the culture (in the linear phase) was 95 mg. mycelial dry wt./100 ml./hr., and only 61 mg. when air was applied. The glucose oxidase activity of oxygenated culture was double the activity of aerated culture. Viscosity of the homogenized culture became higher with higher concentration of mycelia. The viscosity of oxygenated culture was found to be lower than that of aerated culture.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This is the first part of a systematic study on the mechanisms of the Waldhof fermentor. When an agitator is rotating in a liquid, a vortex will develop on the surface. Air is dispersed into the liquid when the vortex is deep enough to reach the agitator. This is the basic mechanism of air dispersion in a Waldhof fermentor. In this work, experimental results, empirical correlations, and theoretical equations were obtained to relate the vortex depth to a number of physical factors including agitator diameter, agitator speed, tank diameter, liquid depth, liquid viscosity, and so on. The vortex depth was found a function of both Reynolds number and Froude Number.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 681-683 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 689-692 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 707-723 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is presented for both batch and continuous cultures of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates. The key feature of the model is the use of a inhibition function to relate substrate concentration and specific growth rate. Simulation studies show that the primary result of inhibition by substrate in a batch culture is an increase in the lag time whereas in continuous culture inhibition by substrate may result in process instability. The model should be of value in investigations of the stability of biological processes used for the treatment of certain industrial wastes such as those containing phenols, thiocyanates, nitrates, ammonia, volatile acids, etc., which are known to be inhibitory to many of the organisms metabolizing them.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 787-800 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under transient-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Yeast cell dry matter, substrate concentration, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient were measured during the different transient states. Depending on which range of the dilution rate the initial steady state was found, we obtain different responses to the shift experiment. For the lower range, up to D = 0.07, we deal with damped oscillations ranging above and below the steady-state values. For the higher specific growth rates, the rate of damping is strongly enhanced and the shape of the curves becomes an asymptotic approach to the final steady states.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 891-894 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relatively simple, autoclavable medium was developed that would support the growth of the mouse fibroblast (MFL) cell line in suspension culture. This medium was prepared in three stages with decreasing quantities of serum. As the serum was reduced from 5% to none, the amount of Bacto-Peptone was increased from none to 0.5%. The reduction and finally elimination of serum did not affect proliferation adversely, but actually seemed to produce more rapid growth and higher levels of cell population.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on the Einstein law of photochemical equivalence is proposed to describe the batch growth of unicellular algae. The model was applied in an integrated form to cell concentration versus growth time data taken over an extended range of cell concentrations which include both the regions of “exponential” and “linear” growth. It is shown that a certain function of cell concentration contained in the integrated form of the model is linearly dependent on the growth time over both the “exponential” and “linear” growth regions.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 457-467 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Toxicological investigations were conducted on two new antibiotics, Muconomycin A and Muconomycin B. These non-nitrogenous antibiotics were found to be highly toxic and capable of inducing profound inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of male albino rats. Either antibiotic produced large volumes (10-20 ml) of inflammatory exudate even when injected intraperitoneally in quantities of 1.6 × 10-10 moles. An extensive profile of the electrolytes and proteins found in inflammatory exudates was developed. Simultaneous assays of the blood serum of treated rats provided a basis for comparing the concentrations of constituents of serum with those of the exudate. The results of these assays showed that the exudate contained lower concentrations of sodium and proteins, and greater amounts of potassium, calcium, and phosphorus than the serum. Chloride ion concentrations were variable. Since previous work showed that one of the manifestations of toxicity of these substances was the production of creatinuria, further studies were carried out with ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase. These studies show that these antibiotics are potent in vitro inhibitors of the enzyme ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 303-320 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel and convenient method for the synthesis of guanosine is described. The reaction of AICA-riboside with sodium methylxanthate gave 2-mercaptoinosine in almost quantitative yield. The latter was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to afford inosine-2-sulfonic acids, which was readily animated to give guanosine in excellent yield. Similarly, the preparation of N2-methylguanosine and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, minor constituents of transfer RNA, was also accomplished. Furthermore, this procedure was extended to the synthesis of 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine and the isopropylidene derivatives of various N2-substituted guanosines from 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-AICA-riboside. Guanosine via 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine was successfully phosphorylated to give 5′-guanylic acid.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A HeLa cell line was propagated in semicontinuous suspension culture, 85 liters final volume, and in continuous flow culture with a volume of 300 ml. or 5 liters in an autoclavable medium to which 8% calf serum had been added. A medium containing 0.1% Methocel and 2% calf serum was also tested. Maximum productivity was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.33 day-1 with a cell density of about 1.0 × 106 cells/ml. The same cell line was also infected with Rubella virus and the production of virus was followed at the 5-liter cultivation level.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 385-397 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this experimental study was to examine the transient response of a chemostat-type continuous culture of Escherichia coli B to step changes in temperature by following transient limiting substrate concentration and calculating from it the transient growth rate. The transient response to step changes of temperature was tested for four different situations. In the first two cases, temperature was shifted down from 37 to 27°C., and 37 to 32°C. In the last two, it was shifted up from 32 to 37°C., and 27 to 37°C. When the temperature was shifted up, the growth rate increased rather rapidly to its transient maximum value and then decreased slowly until it, settled back into the steady-state value. On the other hand, when the temperature was shifted down, the growth rate decreased relatively rapidly to its transient minimum and then it slowly increased and returned gradually to the steady-state value. The magnitude of the transients was less than would be expected if the transient growth rates followed an Arrhenius function.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 684-688 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for the recovery of precipitates from rotors of industrial tubular centrifuges. A double piston is described for nonaseptic discharge of precipitates through the outlet holes of the clarifier rotor. For the aseptic resuspension or dissolving of valuable precipitates a closed-circulation system has been developed, which is applied without opening of the clarifier rotor.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 845-864 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inhibitory effect of ethanol concentration p in a medium on the specific rates of growth μ and ethanol production ν of a specific strain of baker's yeast was studied in a chemostat, where except for ethanol as the product, only the concentration of glucose S was controlled to limit the metabolic activity of the yeast. This was designed to supplement the previous findings from the batch experiment, in which ethanol was added artificially and no substrate components were limiting the metabolism of the same yeast, that μ = μ0e-k1p and ν = ν0e-k2p, where k1 and k2 are empirical constants and subscript the 0 denotes respective values at p = 0. The effects of p on the values of μ and ν were confirmed by the Lineweaver-Burk plot to belong to noncompetitive inhibition. The formulas here for μ and ν as affected by p, if extrapolated to the case of no limiting substrates, were in good agreement in respective forms with those derived previously from the batch experiment, though the values of corresponding coefficients in these formulas were different. The differential equations for μ and ν as functions of both p and S and, in addition for the rate of glucose consumption as correlated by the yield factors either with the cell growth rate or the rate of ethanol production, were solved properly with a digital computer. A kinetic, pattern calculated so far was discussed with reference to the data obtained in the batch experiment and those relevant to actual “sake” brewing.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 99-101 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 105-131 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a rate equation of microbial cell growth, the Monod equation is widely used. However, this equation cannot fully correspond to real courses of microbial cell growth in many batch cultivations. Especially, predicted values based on this equation do not agree with observed values in many continuous cultivations. In this paper, which introduces new concepts of critical concentration and coefficient of consumption activity, the growth rate equation which corresponds to the whole period including lag period is newly derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in batch cultivation are clarified. Further, applying the new rate equation to continuous cultivation, a general equation with which to calculate cell concentration is derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in continuous cultivation are clarified. The calculated values of cell concentration based on the new theory showed quite good agreement with the observed values in both batch and continuous cultivation.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 669-675 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New trends and developments in vaccines emphasized the growing need for safety tests of increased complexity, rather than a need for ultrasophisticated and complex devices. The Vaccine Development Branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, operating with an annual budget of $6,000,000 has the task of expediting the collaborative efforts of 50 laboratories for developing, producing, and testing experimental vaccine lots. Rubella has a major priority; other priorities are assigned to respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, influenza, and rhinoviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To accomplish this requires a very expensive and complex program involving rapid information exchange and increased emphasis on safety testing with regard to extraneous viruses and the oncogenic potential of the vaccines. The latter need resulted from such experience as that with the Salk vaccine and the tumorproducing potential of some adenoviruses. Electron microscopy has been useful in discovering possible viral contaminants. Of all material produced for experimental work, from 65 to 70% is used for safety tests.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 693-697 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 725-740 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated experimentally that the thickness of fluid overlay in conventional tissue culture systems limits the oxygen available to mammalian cells growing as a submerged monolayer. A rocker culture system is described which circumvents critical problems associated with thin film culture while permitting nearly unlimited access of oxygen to the cell monolayer. Good growth of primary hepatic cells as isolated sheets has been obtained.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 801-814 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 3-liter culture vessel has been developed for the growth of animal cells in suspension at controlled pH and dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The culture technique allows metabolically produced CO2 to be measured; provision can be made to control the dissolved CO2 partial pressure. In cultures containing a low serum concentration, gas sparging to control pO2 was found to cause cell damage. This could be prevented by increasing the serum concentration to 10%, or by adding 0.02% of the surface-active polymer Pluronic F68. The growth of mouse LS cells in batch culture without pO2 control was found to be limited by the availability of oxygen. Maximum viable cell populations were obtained when dissolved pO2 was controlled at values within the range 40-100 mm Hg.
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rat liver was subjected to three different, disruption procedures (homogenization, explosive decompression, and Chaikoff press) and mitochondria were subsequently isolated by conventional differential Centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation. The properties of these mitochondria were investigated by polarographic measurement of oxygen uptake and they were examined by electron microscopy. All three methods of disruption gave mitochondria which showed respiratory control. Nitrogen cavitation gave the most reproducible conditions for cell breakage and zonal Centrifugation gave good separation of subcellular organdies in extracts produced by this method. Some separation of the heterogenous mitochondrial populations was achieved by zonal Centrifugation.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An interesting cholinergic compound has been isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola grown on extracts of red clover hay. The compound was characterized as 1-acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizidine and given the name “slaframine.” It has been shown that slaframine is not the active compound but is converted to the active metabolite by liver microsomal enzymes. Physiological studies with slaframine point out that it is a potent stimulator of exocrine glands. In addition, its long duration of action and low toxicity suggest that it may have therapeutic value. Preliminary data suggest that slaframine is a potent stimulator of pancreatic activity, and its long duration of action results in a stimulation of protein synthesis by the gland.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 511-533 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Candida sp. was grown on a fraction of n-alkanes (dodecane 22%, tridecane 48%, tetradecane 28%) as sole carbon source. The growth rate was increased most markedly by using high concentrations of n-alkanes (16.7% v/v). When grown in a 5 liter fermentor, the yeast reached its highest yield (60 g. of cell dry wt/l) with a concomitant high yield of fatty acids (21 g of fatty acids/l), by using a nitrogen-deficient medium. To achieve good growth, it was essential to use an inoculum (1 part into 10) of rapidly growing cells and beneficial to increase the agitation rate gradually once growth had begun. After 108 hr maximum conversions of substrate to product were: 71.5% (w/w) for alkanes into cells and 24.8% (w/w) for alkanes into fatty acids. Of the, total fatty acids at the end of the fat-accumulating phase of growth 54% were shorter in chain length than palmitic acid (C16H32O2). When grown on glucose, as sole carbon source, less than 2% of the total fatty acids were shorter than palmitic acid. When n-alkanes were added to cells growing on glucose, short-chain fatty acids (C10 to C14) were synthesized immediately, indicating a derepressed enzyme system for hydrocarbon assimilation and the absence of diauxie. The production of these acids was at the apparent sacrifice of linoleic acid synthesis. In spite of the high conversion ratios, it is concluded that it would be uneconomical to produce fatty acids, even expensive ones such as lauric acid, by microbial transformation of n-alkanes.
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 555-555 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 601-615 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various multisurface mass-scale tissue culture propagators ranging in capacity up to 200 liters have been developed at Abbott Laboratories. These patented units consist, of an enclosed vessel containing a multiplicity of separated glass plates or disks on which cells may attach and proliferate. Means for mixing and aeration of the medium are provided. Sample ports facilitate the addition of cultures and media, the withdrawal of samples, the washing of cell monolayers, and the harvesting of cells and cell products. The large cell growth surface per occupied volume, the provision for separating tissue cells from media simply and easily, and the minimization of the amount of labor required per cell growth area are some of the many advantages of the multisurface tissue propagator that are described.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 651-668 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The herpes-type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large-volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P-3) cell line as a model, rate-zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10-15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell-free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010-1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie-zonal centrifugation of the various high-count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 677-680 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of large quantities of microbial mass, or their by-products, frequently requires aeration and mixing of fluid media. This operation often results in copious production of foam which cannot be exhausted with the effluent air or gas. Foam is usually controlled with antifoam agents which may interfere with product purity, oxygen uptake, and with subsequent product, handling. The process herein described obviates the requirement for antifoam agents or other foam-control methods. In essence, the air (or other gases) and foam in the headspace are continuously withdrawn, entrained in the intake side of a self-priming pump, and reintroduced into the bulk of the process liquid medium. The headspace may be enriched with oxygen or other gases.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dried vaccinia virus was found to be very stable in aerosol form in our chamber at a temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity (RH) of 85% when the virus was protected with 1.5% lysine, 1.5% sodium glutamate, 0.5% isoniazid, 0.5% thiourea, and either 2.5% heart infusion broth (HIB) or a combination of 3.75% lactose plus 1.25% raffinose prior to freeze-drying. Utilization of the Environmental chamber technique resulted in (a) selection of two diluents which protected vaccinia virus against the effects of high relative humidity, (b) measurement of the effect of various chemical additives in the diluents, and (c) quantitative measurement of the moisture absorbed by the various dried products.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 829-843 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory process for the isolation of type B acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes has been scaled up 80 times. The enzyme was purified 1300-fold by adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration. The yield was 27%. Results for the type A enzyme are also presented.
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 877-889 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of interactions of membrane filters with viruses has included 28 types of membranes, 4 types of enteroviruses, and 1 reovirus. Losses of these viruses in filtration, due to adsorption to the filter membranes, appear to be governed by three factors: the chemical composition of the filter membrane, the ratio of pore diameter to the diameter of the virus particle, and the presence of substances, such as those occurring in serum, which interfere with adsorption. Membranes of cellulose triacetate and of certain other materials have a very low affinity for these viruses. Cellulose triacetate filters adsorb virtually none when the pore size exceeds the virus diameter by a factor of more than 3. At porosities nearer the virus diameter, even low-affinity membranes adsorb large quantities of virus unless serum or some other additive interferes. Cellulose nitrate membranes, in the absence of interfering substances, adsorb enterovirus significantly at a pore size 285 times the virus diameter.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 815-828 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intracellular levels of seven enzymes in mouse LS cells growing in suspension culture at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressures (pO2) have been measured. During the growth of each culture large fluctuations were observed in the levels of some enzymes, particularly aldolase and cytochrome oxidase. Mean values for the concentration of each enzyme during the growth phase have been calculated. These results are discussed in relation to previous observations made on the growth of mouse LS cells.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 865-875 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of the yeast Candida lipolytica on gas oil was studied from the viewpoint of biomass production and oil deparaffination. Optimum conditions wore found at the dilution rate D = 0.16-0.19 when biomass productivity 1.7 g/l/hr and yield coefficient. y = 0.92 were achieved. At deparaffination to the same freezing point, more than double the production of biomass and deparaffined oil during a given time unit was achieved in a continuous process than in batch cultivation. Consumption of substrate was followed in both cultivation processes and it was confirmed that individual n-alkanes of gas oil were degraded at various rates and yields. Results proved optimum cultivation conditions to depend on concentration and composition of the paraffinic fraction of gas oil used. To achieve these conditions the continuous process may be controlled by choice; of suitable dilution rate and concentration of gas oil.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 189-203 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a complex, partially colloidal substrate is divided into oxidation (fo) and synthesis (fs) fractions. The substrate being investigated is a suspension containing 10 mg./l. of dry skim milk. The oxidized and synthesized fractions of the BOD are shown to be 38.4% and 61.6%, respectively. The division of BOD is related to the time at which maximum cell growth appears. The time required to obtain maximum cell production is shown to be at least 10 hr. The relationship between the time to maximum cell production and the apparent initial activity of the seed organisms is discussed.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 765-785 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two experimental methods were used in measuring oxygen-transfer rates. The results indicate that two possible mechanisms are operating in simultaneous gas-liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation. One of the mechanisms, the direct absorption mechanism, has not been much studied in bioengineering. Mathematical equations are derived to describe the simultaneous mechanisms.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Micrococcus sodonensis KY 3765 and Arthrobacter citreus KY 3155 were found capable of accumulating IMP in media supplemented with hypoxanthine as a precursor. High concentrations of phosphate and magnesium salts were required for high yields of IMP. Manganese deficiency in the media was also essential. Excessive Mn2+ effects were also seen in the IMP fermentation carried out with an adenineless mutant, of Cornynebacterium glutamicum. In M. sodonensis, R5P-like substances, 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and IMP pyrophosphorylase, were leaked out, of the cells grown in suboptimal Mn2+ levels. This excretion was inhibited by high levels of Mn2+. Such a phenomenon was not noted in A. citreus. An adenineless mutant (KY 7208) of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was found to accumulate an appreciable amount of IMP. The chemical changes in this fermentation showed that, hypoxanthine was first produced de novo, excreted, and then reconverted into IMP by a salvage pathway. When hypoxanthine was added to 7208 culture, IMP yield was increased appreciably. In fact exogenous 14C-hypoxanthine was incorporated into 14C-IMP. Subsequent experiments showed that indeed Br. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, a parent culture of KY 7208, was able to produce IMP, GMP, and AMP, in good yield from hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine, respectively.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 331-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of oxygen transfer through a pure culture floc of Zoogloea ramigera I-16M has been described quantitatively. Oxygen uptake rates for both blended and nonblended floc particles indicated that, at a certain dissolved oxygen concentration, diffusion of oxygen through the floc matrix was the mechanism controlling the rate of oxygen utilization by the floc. This mechanism was quantitatively described by determining the oxygen diffusivity values for the floc. The diffusional distances of the floc particles along with the oxygen utilization rates of the floc were measured on floc grown under various conditions. Anoxic core equations were then used to calculate the oxygen diffusivity values for each experiment. These diffusivity values were then used to estimate the oxygen concentrations necessary in activated sludge plants.
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many hyphomyceteous fungi have been found to produce closely related toxic metabolites which form the class of compounds called scirpenes. The structures of those compounds are reviewed and current studies on their biological activity and possible implication in moldy corn poisoning are discussed.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 497-510 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the effects on substrate utilization and cell growth of varying the volume distribution of and the input distribution to a model continuous-culture unit consisting of three stirred tanks. The model is used to establish the best volume and input distributions and to indicate the effects of mixing imperfections. The Michaelis-Menten rate expression is utilized, including an endogenous respiration term, and results are presented on unique triaxial charts. Of the distributions considered, maximum substrate utilization is achieved with 60% of the total volume in the first stage, 20% in the second stage, and 20% in the third stage and with all of the input to the first stage. At a constant fractional input to the third stage; variation in the ratio of inputs to the first and second stages has virtually no effect, except in the case that a critical dilution is exceeded. At a constant input ratio to the first two stages, an increase in the fractional input to the third stage always decreases efficiency. Three stages, regardless of relative size, are always better than one. Except for endogenous respiration effects, cell growth parallels substrate utilization.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 483-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of NaCl on the yield of biological solids and on the ability of continuously cultured heterogeneous microbial populations to remove substrate was assessed by changing the salt concentration in the inflowing synthetic waste. During the period of increasing the salt concentration to 30,000 mg/l the system could not maintain a high substrate removal efficiency. However, after an acclimation period the system regained its former efficiency. Upon diluting the salt out of the system, a significant rise in cell yield was noted as the salt level passed through the range 8,000-10,000 mg/l. It was found that steady operation at a salt level of 8,000 mg/l sustained the cell yield at a high level.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 567-587 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virus quantitation is discussed stressing the discrepancy between the biological titer and the physical virus particle count. When both these techniques are used in conjunction, one can more realistically catalog viral properties. The merits of this technique are exemplified in a study of the growth kinetics and properties of vesicular stomatitis virus in tissue culture.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 617-624 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new concept of tissue culture equipment and procedures was developed for the mass-scale growth of several types of animal tissue cells in monolayers on multiple glass surfaces. Continuous, cell lines, primary and diploid cell strains were grown in this equipment. Cells studied include primary bovine kidney, human diploid WI-38, human foreskin, and mouse CCL1 cells. Photomicrographic comparisons of cells grown by these techniques indicate they are morphologically identical to tissue culture cells grown in glass bottles or tubes. The growth of the tissue culture cells in the propagator was monitored by carbohydrate Utilization and acid production. Large-scale production of viruses and biochemicals on cells grown in the multiple-plate tissue culture propagator was accomplished. Virus titers were equal to those obtained from conventional bottle or tube cultures for several strains of influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syneytial viruses. High-titred mouse interferon was also produced in this system. In addition to tissue culture cell production, Eaton agent, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was grown on the multiple glass surfaces on a mass scale.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A major problem involved in the direct fermentation of nucleotides is their breakdown by phosphohydrolases. Thus, adenine auxotrophs of most microorganisms produce hypoxanthine and/or inosine rather than inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) while guanine auxotrophs excrete xanthosine rather than xanthosine 5′-monophosphate (XMP). Examination of a Bacillus subtilis mutant producing hypoxanthine plus inosine revealed at least four phosphohydrolases, three of which could attack nucleotides. Even when the extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolase was inhibited by Cu+2 and its surface-bound alkaline phosphohydrolase was repressed and inhibited by inorganic phosphate, or removed by mutation, the breakdown products were still the only products of fermentation. Under these conditions, the third enzyme, a surface-bound non-repressible nucleotide phosphohydrolase was still active. It appears, at least in B. subtilis, that excretion is dependent upon breakdown by this enzyme and if hydrolysis does not occur, excretion of purine nucleotides is feedback inhibited by the resultant high intracellular IMP concentration. Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants, on the other hand, can excrete intact nucleotides, and direct fermentations for IMP, XMP, and GMP have been described. An examination of phosphohydrolases in a GMP-producing culture revealed no extracellular or surface enzymes. Disruption of the cells resulted in liberation of cellular phosphohydrolase activity with a substrate specificity remarkably similar to the flavorenhancing properties of the 5′-nucleotides. The order of decreasing susceptibility was GMP, IMP, XMP; AMP was not attacked.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyribonucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyl transferase, commonly known as polynucleotide phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible polymerization of ribonucleoside diphosphates with the liberation of orthophosphate. The equilibrium constant is approximately 1.0. Although isolated from a variety of sources, the enzyme occurs essentially as two types: one which does not require a primer for reaction initiation and a second which does. A parallel study of an E. coli preparation representing the first type and an M. lysodeikticus preparation representing the second showed differences other than the primer requirement. Rates of polymerization were different as were the Kms. The E. coli preparation catalyzed the synthesis of polyguanylic acid while the M. lysodeikticus preparation did not although synthesis of hetoropolymers containing guanylic acid was catalyzed by the M. lysodeikticus enzyme. Use of repurified commercial substrates made the validity of some primer-requirement experiments suspect. End group analysis of product polymers served only to raise questions concerning the reaction-initiating compounds and the reaction mechanism. A study of hetero-polymer synthesis showed not only that the rate of polymerization was different, from that of homopolymers but that uncompetitive inhibition rather than competitive inhibition occurred when two ribonucleoside diphosphates were present in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the experiments showed a preferential uptake of one substrate over another and an “enrichment” which was constant. It has also been shown that RNA polymerase, a DNA-RNA directed polymerase, can be used to synthesize polyribonucleotides if the appropriate template is provided.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 413-427 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substances which cause emesis in pigeons were extracted from corn (Zea mays) artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and from liquid culture medium inoculated with F. moniliforme, F. roseum, F. poae, F. culmorum, and F. nivale. Emetic preparations were obtained also from infected wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), (Hordeum vulgare L. em. Lam), and durum (Triticum durum Desf). Partial purification resulted from chromatography with columns of cellulose and DEAE cellulose and with thin layers of silica gel. Two active materials were obtained from liquid culture of F. moniliforme but only one from infected cereals. Emetic preparations from F. moniliforme and infected cereals contained a polypeptide as a minor component. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrums, elemental analyses, refractive indices, and amino acid composition of the emetic from corn and one of the emeties from liquid culture of F. moniliforme were similar but not identical. Attempts to crystalline these emetics and to characterize them were unsuccessful.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 469-482 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 553-553 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure to maintain genetic control of virus production in tissue cell lines, has been proposed and discussed. Both the tissue cell which replicates the virus and the virus inoculum must be homogeneous in order to produce a product with the expected characteristics. Certain philosophical and technical aspects of the problem are discussed in relation to developing and maintaining genetically homogeneous stock cultures, inoculum, and product.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 625-640 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the possible viral etiology of human leukemia have required large quantities of cultured cells derived from human hematopoietic tissues. Since cultures sufficiently large and free from contamination could not readily be produced according to existing methods, a pilot, cell culture plant has been constructed for the production of mammalian cells in mass quantity. 500-ml to 20-liter trophocell units have already proved to be scientifically and economically practical, as they provide good reliability, excellent growth rates, and sustained yield of human cells. 200-liter stainless steel culture units have now been added to the trophocell system. Five complete 200 liter units are now in operation. The design of the original stainless steel unit was based on that of a stainless steel, jacketed soup kettle. There are no openings in the vessel other than those in the lid, which provide convenient access points for sampling, sensor probes, etc. Environmental parameters, e.g., liquid level, temperature, and pH, are monitored and controlled with commercially available apparatus. Many initial problems connected with the new 200 liter units have been resolved, but operational and design problems remain in the areas of stable instrumentation, cell harvesting, salvaging and reuse of unspent media components, establishment of physiologic steady stale, recovery of virus-containing cells with reculture of the remaining unaffected cells, and the recovery and separation of cell components and special products such as immunoglobulins, interferons, and hormones. A definitive cell plant with culture units of 20, 50, 250, and 1250 liters is now being constructed.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 159-176 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under steady-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Dry matter, substrate concentration, yield, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient, as well as nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, and protein content of the cells were measured in dependence on the dilution rate. Cell size distribution, as a function of the specific growth rate, was determined with the aid of a Celloscope 202. A fair agreement with the theory of continuous culture for all metabolic curves could be established. An increased turnover rate resulted from the addition of glutamic acid to the synthetic growth medium. The primary effect of this supplement could be a rise in the flow rate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have recently constructed a 10-mm, light path quartz cuvet which will accept a Clark oxygen electrode; it is temperature controlled and is suitable for use in a Unicam (Cambridge, England) SP 800 recording spectrophotometer. Several enquiries have prompted this publication, although such an apparatus was mentioned much earlier by Chance and Williams,1 and has been used extensively.Figure 1a, b, c, and d and their legends provide sufficient detail for the construction of the cuvet and provision of the commercially available electrode, quartz faces, stirring motor and disk magnet. Circuit diagrams for temperature control (range 22-38°C., ± 0.2°C.) and stirrer speed control are shown in Figure 2a and b. The cuvet is shown situated in the spectrophotometer cell housing in Figure 3, and the cuvet with its associated equipment is shown in Figure 4.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 257-275 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the efficient conversion of commercial RNA to nucleoside 5′-monophosphate by means of a phosphodiesterase in malt sprouts have been determined. A comparison of the enzyme content of the rootlets, stems, and kernels of various plant seedlings, including barley, rye, oat, wheat, rice, and beans shows maximum amounts in the rootlets, and minimum quantities in the ungerminated kernels. Of all the seedlings tested, (mung bean, soy bean, oat, wheat, rice, barley) barley gave the highest conversion of RNA to 5′-nucleotides. Commercial malt sprouts prepared from 6 different malted barleys including 2-rowed and 6-rowed samples all showed about the same amount of phosphodiesterase content. Besides phosphodiesterase, other enzymes capable of hydrolyzing RNA and 5′-nucleotides were found in sprouts. These included 3′-phosphodiesterases, 5′-nucleotidases, and nucleosidases. By carefully pretreating both extracts and the solid sprouts at elevated temperatures for a limited time and by the addition of minimum amounts of Zn+2, the action of these undesirable enzymes was either effectively destroyed or minimized so that the production of 5′-nucleotides was maximized. It was found that suspensions of appropriately washed and treated barley malt rootlets are substantially more effective than aqueous extracts for converting RNA to 5′-nucleotides.
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 698-706 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rocker mammalian cell culture system is described. The basic mechanical component is a special incubator with contained rocker culture trays. The system provides for precise environmental temperature regulation with intermittent rocking of contained cultures in such a manner as to permit thin fluid overlay of cells with maximum accessibility to oxygen while circumventing the problems of evaporation, substrate depiction, etc.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 741-763 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models have been constructed which relate the depth of the culture fluid overlay to the oxygen available to mammalian cells cultured under static conditions. These models suggest that the maintenance of a given rate of oxygen utilization by some culture systems may be critically depended on this fluid depth and on the solubility and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the culture fluid. The importance of these concepts as applied to the isolation and growth of differentiated cells representative of the tissue of origin are noted.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 1-31 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although the basic parameters for ethylene oxide sterilization are established, it is sometimes difficult to attain in practice where the principal limiting factor is moisture availability. There are situations which can limit or enhance the dynamics of sterilization. Such factors, if overlooked, could upset experiments and lead to erroneous conclusions, or defeat the sterilization process entirety. Such are, namely: stratification effects, diffusion barriers, moisture-reducing effects, polymerization, and temperature distribution gradients.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have utilized a previously proposed mathematical equation (introduced originally for development of empirical equations) as a useful tool for evaluation of first-order reaction rate constants. By assigning physical significance to the parameter α, the equation can be utilized in obtaining excellent estimates for limiting boundary values and velocity constants.
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Colisan has the formula Lys3Val4Leu3IleTyr and a molecular weight of approximately 1500. Neither N-terminal nor C-terminal group have been found. The peptide is highly resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The ∊-amino groups of lysine are indispensable for biological activity, since either deamination or acetylation completely inactivates Colisan. A comparative study with basic peptides like polylysine demonstrated their similarity of action, on one hand, and an antagonistic effect to Colisan, on the other. The fast action of the antibiotic and the specific effect on the cell membranes of many different biological systems (Entameba, Paramecium, erythrocytes, smooth muscle, and others) support the hypothesis that the primary damage occurs in the membrane with consequent alteration of permeability. The leakage of intracellular material (histamine) from mast cells after application of Colisan is in accord with this hypothesis. The results strongly suggest that the biological activity of the peptide is based essentially, but not exclusively, on its basic character.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 535-549 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatically working test arrangement for the permanent analysis of O2 and CO2 in microbiological cultures is described. The measuring principle is based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and on the absorption of infrared by carbon dioxide. The preparation of the gas for measuring and the correction of the recording are indicated. The formula of correction was programmed and the values were calculated for a range of 3%. The routine correction of analysis values is done with a nomogram established on the basis of these individual values. The advantages of the described test arrangement are illustrated by two examples of growth experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 551-552 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 589-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures grown in rolling 2-liter Baxter bottles are used for the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which is subsequently purified. The bottles are held securely in round wire racks (19 per rack) and rotated on a three-tiered roller mill. The use of a strongly buffered growth medium makes changes of the medium unnecessary. A sheet of aluminum foil is used to seal the cultures. It is pressed tightly over all the bottles in a rack by means of a polyurethane foam sheeting bonded to the underside of a rigid snap-on cover. Special equipment eliminates removing the bottles from the racks at any stage in their use. The loaded racks fit directly onto headers of a glassware washer. Spent cell growth media and virus fluids are collected by inverting an entire rack of bottles-Current production is 400 BHK cultures (21 racks) containing 8 × 108 cells each after 6 days growth. About 344 of these cultures (18 racks) are used to grow virus. The purification process yields about 113 mg of pure FMDV per week; the overall recovery based on infectivity is 32%. The projected maximum production of purified virus in the present facilities is approximately 2.5 times greater than this amount.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Insulin ; Monosaccharide ; Hormones ; Mammals ; Amphibians ; Insulinsekretion ; Monosaccharide ; Hormone ; Säugetiere ; Amphibien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Stimulierung der Insulinsekretion durch Monosaccharide und Hormone wurde mit der Technik der Inkubation von isolierten Pankreasstückchen untersucht. Der Insulingehalt der Inkubationsmedien und der Pankreasgewebe wurde mit der biologischen (Oxydation von14C-Glucose durch das epidydemale Fettgewebe der Ratte) und der radioimmunologischen Bestimmungsmethode mit Trennung des freien und gebundenen Insulins durch Amberlite ermittelt. Das Kaninchenpankreas reagierte auf Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Xylose, STH und Sekretin mit gleichbleibender Insulinausschüttung, nicht dagegen auf Galaktose, D- und L-Arabinose und ACTH. Die Gewebe anderer Säugetiere (Hund und Kalb, nicht aber Ratten) und einer Amphibienart (Grasfrosch) zeigten eine übereinstimmende Insulinfreisetzung nach Gabe von Glucose, wobei die Säugetiere etwa 1%, das Amphibium etwa 10% des Insulingehalts abgaben. Das Froschpankreas wies in seiner Reaktion eine jahreszeitliche Abhängigkeit auf, indem es im Winter nicht, im Sommer am stärksten auf die Stimulationsreize ansprach.
    Notes: Summary The stimulation of insulin-secretion by monosaccharides and hormones was studied with the technique of incubation of isolated pieces of pancreas. The insulin content of the incubation medium and of the pancreatic tissue was measured using both biological (oxidation of 14-C-glucose by epidydimal fat tissue of rats) and radio-immunological methods (separation of free and bound insulin with amberlite). The rabbit pancreas was stimulated by glucose, fructose, ribose, xylose (with constant insulin release), STH, and secretin, but not by galactose,d- andl-arabinose, and ACTH. The pancreatic tissue of other mammals (dog and calf, not rats) and one amphibian species (gras frog) showed the same insulin release after glucose which was 1% by mammals and 10% by amphibian of the insulin content of the tissue. The reaction of the frog pancreas depended upon the time of the year. In summer it reacted strongly to stimulants but in the winter it did not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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