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  • 1970-1974  (877)
  • 1905-1909
  • 1972  (877)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (479)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (375)
  • Cat
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen über die lokale Gefäßwirkung mechanischer Vibrationen an der Katzenhinterextremität (1972)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 157 (1972), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Mechanical vibration ; Limb blood flow ; Cat ; Myogenic vasoconstriction ; Denervation ; Mechanische Vibration ; Extremitätendurchblutung ; Katze ; Myogene Vasoconstriction ; Denervierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der Einwirkung mechanischer Vibration (M. V.) mit höherer Frequenz zu klären, wurden 25 auto-perfundierte Katzenhinterextremitäten mechanischen Sinusschwingungen (100 Hz; 0,4 mm Amplitude; Wirkzeit 60 min) ausgesetzt und die resultierenden Veränderungen des lokalen Strömungswiderstandes ermittelt. Untersucht wurden die Auswirkungen von M. V. unter normalen Perfusionsbedingungen, nach pharmakologischer Ganglienblockade (10–15 mg/kg Pendiomid) sowie während i.v. Dauerinfusion von 4 µg/min L-Noradrenalin. Außerdem wurde regelmäßig die Reaktivität des Gefäßbettes auf vorübergehende Perfusionsdruckerhöhung um 50–60 mm Hg getestet. — Unter M. V.-Einwirkung trat stets innerhalb 50 min erhebliche Widerstandszunahme im untersuchten Gefäßbett ein, bei unverändertem Perfusions- und Systemarteriendruck. Dasselbe Reaktionsmuster war nach Pendiomidgabe und Denervierung zu beobachten, während bei erhöhtem Ausgangstonus (Noradrenalininfusion) der lokale Strömungswiderstand unverändert blieb. Die Reaktivität der Widerstandsgefäße auf Innendruckerhöhung wies ebenfalls Abweichungen gegenüber dem Verhalten des unbeeinflußten Gefäßbettes auf. — Insgesamt sind die Versuchsergebnisse mit der Annahme erklärbar, daß längerdauernde Einwirkung mechanischer Vibrationen zu einer lokalisierten Erhöhung des Basaltonus der Widerstandsgefäße führt.
    Notes: Summary In 25 experiments the effects of high frequency vibrational stress (M. V.) on total vascular resistance in the autoperfused cat hind limb was studied by local application of mechanical sine wave oscillations (100 Hz; 0.4 mm amplitude) for 60 min duration. The experiments were performed by recording of limb blood flow and arterial perfusion pressure during control perfusion, after ganglion blockade (10–15 mg/kg b. w. Pendiomid), after complete limb denervation and during i.v. infusion of L-noradrenaline (4 µg/min). In addition the induced changes of limb vascular resistance by a short time elevation of perfusion pressure (50–60 mm Hg) were tested before and during the M. V. period. — By M. V. a definite increase of local vascular resistance regularly could be produced in the vibrated limb within about 50 min, perfusion pressure as well systemic arterial pressure generally being constant. An almost identical response pattern was observed in the denervated limb as well as after pendiomid. By a transitory elevation of perfusion pressure the M. V. constriction could be reversibly eliminated. If applied during a sustained increase of vascular resistance (noradrenaline infusion), M. V. was without effect. — The experimental results are consistent with the assumption, that prolonged M. V. stress is followed by a localized diminution of limb blood flow, which is probably due to a substantial elevation of myogenic basal tone of the resistance vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851396
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical bundles of dendrites in the neocortex (1972)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Neocortex ; Dendrites ; Columns ; Rabbit ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In frontal and tangential paraffin sections through the sensory-motor cortex of the rabbit, vertical bundles of dendrites have been found. Each bundle consists of several apical dendrites of layer V pyramids and extends through layer IV into layer III/II where the dendrites begin to ramify. Electron microscopy reveals that within the bundle some of the dendrites approach each other so closely as to be separated by the extracellular space only. A vertical bundling of dendrites has, also been found in various regions of the sensory-motor cortex of the cat. — The hypothesis is put forward that the vertical bundles of dendrites are the morphological substrate of the vertical functional units deduced from electrophysiological observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519179
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die postnatale Entwicklung des Ganglion stellatum der Katze (Felis domestica) (1972)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 59-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Stellate Ganglion ; Postnatal Development ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postnatale Entwicklung des Ganglion stellatum der Katze wurde an 19 Tieren im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 6 Jahren untersucht. Die Ganglien wurden durch Perfusion fixiert. Folgende quantitative Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Das schnelle Wachstum der Nervenzellen und der nicht-neuralen Elemente führt von der 2. Woche an zu einer Abnahme der Nervenzellen pro Volumeneinheit. Nach dem 3. Monat scheint die Zahl der Nervenzellen gleichzubleiben. 2. Die Anzahl der Gliazellen pro Volumeneinheit steigt während der beiden ersten Wochen auf etwa das Doppelte des bei der Geburt vorhandenen Wertes. Nach Erreichen eines Maximums nimmt die Zelldichte bis zum Alter von 1 Jahr wieder ab. Die Entwicklung des Ganglion stellatum zeigt folgende histologische Veränderungen: 1. Das Wachstum der Nervenzellen ist mit strukturellen Veränderungen an Kern und Perikaryon verbunden. Nach Vollendung des 1. Lebensjahres treten im Cytoplasma der Nervenzellen autofluorescierende Granula auf. 2. Während der Phase der Gliazellzunahme sieht man zahlreiche Mitosen. Die ersten Markscheiden treten am 8. Tag auf. 3. Das interstitielle Bindegewebe ist in den ersten Monaten außerordentlich zart und zellarm. 4. In allen Altersstadien findet man Mastzellen.
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of the stellate ganglion was studied in cats aged from 1 day to 6 years and fixed by perfusion with Bouin's fluid from the aorta. The following quantitative findings were obtained: 1. The number of nerve cells per unit volume decreases from the 2nd week after birth. This decrease in number is attributed to the rapid growth of the neuronal elements and to an increase in the number of non-neuronal cells. From the 3rd month, the number of the nerve cells remains constant. 2. The number of glial cells per unit volume increases during the first two weeks after birth to roughly twice the number noted at birth. During this period numerous mitoses are found. After reaching a maximum at about 15 days, the cell-density decreases up to the age of 1 year. During postnatal development of the stellate ganglion the following histological changes were observed: 1. Growth of the nerve cells is accompanied by structural changes of the nucleus and perikaryon. In the cytoplasm of the nerve cells autofluorescent granules appear in cats aged about 1 year. 2. The first myelin sheaths appear on the 8th day. 3. During the first few months, the interstitial connective tissue is poorly developed. 4. Mast cells are found at every stage of the postnatal development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00521102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prenatal ontogenetic history of the principal neurons of the neocortex of the cat (Felis domestica) a golgi study (1972)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 136 (1972), S. 125-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Prenatal ontogenesis ; Neocortex ; Cat ; Golgy study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The individual prenatal ontogenetic history of the horizontal neurons (the Cajal-Retzius cells) of layer I, the Martinotti neurons of layer VI, the pyramid-like neurons (the polymorphous or spindle cells) of layer VI, and the pyramidal neurons of layer V of the cat neocortex have been investigated. These neurons undergo, in the course of prenatal ontogenesis, a series of significant changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations resulting in their complete structural transformation. Some of these changes have led to the appearance of new types of neurons quite different from the original in their morphological features as wells as in the territory of distribution of their axons. The horizontal neurons of layer I (superficial plexiform layer) come to assume the morphological characteristics of Cajal-Retzius cells late in prenatal ontogenesis. Also, the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI (deep plexiform layer) acquire the features of polymorphous (spindle) neurons of layer VI late in prenatal neocortical ontogenesis. Certainly, the resulting functional transformations that these neuronal changes cause are important and of great significance in the understanding of the organization of the mammalian neocortex. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the following occur: the horizontal neurons of layer I lose their axonic connections with layer VI and acquire an increasing relevance in the structural organization of layer I; the pyramid-like neurons of layer VI lose their axonic and dendritic connections with layer I and undergo pronounced regressive changes in their dendritic and axonic arborizations; and the Martinotti neurons lose their axonic connections with layer I and also undergo regressive changes in their dendritic arborizations. In addition, the structural-functional interrelationships among these three neurons, which are quite prominent during early neocortical ontogenesis, fade away in the course of late prenatal ontogenesis and possibly disappear altogether by the time of birth in the cat. These three neurons are the basic neuronal elements of the early, precallosal organization (the primordial neocortical organization) of the mammalian neocortex. Phylogenetically, these three types of neurons are very old ones and have been described in the cerebral cortices of amphibians and reptiles. Therefore, it is not surprising that the early, precallosal organization of the mammalian neocortex should resemble the structural organization of the reptilian (general cortex) neocortex. It is postulated in this communication that these neuronal transformations are the result of a restructuring in the organization of the mammalian neocortex which follows the arrival of the callosal fibers and of a new type of corticipetal fibers at the pyramidal plate. this restructuring represents a transformation of the fibrillary-neuronal structure of the mammalian neocortex from its early, precallosal (reptilian) organization into a more distinctly mammalian one. The mammalian neocortical organization is characterized by the sequential maturation of several strata of true pyramidal neuronal systems. In the course of prenatal ontogenesis the fibrillar and neuronal elements of the early, precallosal neocortical organization lose progressively their relevance in the structural organization of the mammalian neocortex while the new pyramidal neuronal systems acquire an increasing relevance in it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519174
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regionale Unterschiede in der Cytoarchitektonik der Kleinhirnrinde bei Mensch, Rhesusaffe und Katze (1972)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 138 (1972), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cytoarchitecture ; Man ; Rhesus monkey ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Kleinhirnrinde von Mensch, Rhesusaffe und Katze lassen sich Unterschiede in der Zellgröße und Zellzahl in verschiedenen Kleinhirnabschnitten nachweisen. Im ältesten Kleinhirnabschnitt, dem Lobus nodulofloccularis sind die Purkinjezellen und die Körnerzellen stets größer als in den Lappen des Corpus cerebelli. Außerdem besteht noch eine Größendifferenz zwischen Wurm und Hemisphären. In den vermalen Abschnitten aller Kleinhirnlappen sind die Purkinjezellen und die Körnerzellen größer als in den dazugehörigen Hemisphärenanteilen. Daneben bestehen Unterschiede in der Zellzahl. Im Lobus nodulofloccularis ist die Zellzahl signifikant geringer als in den übrigen Kleinhirnabschnitten. Ähnlich wie bei der Zellgröße bestehen aber auch bei der Zellzahl Unterschiede zwischen den Hemisphären- und Wurmanteilen eines Kleinhirnlappens. In den Wurmabschnitten ist die Zellzahl geringer als in den Hemisphären. Die regionalen Unterschiede in der Cytoarchitektonik und das zahlenmäßige Verhältnis der Purkinjezellen zu den Körnerzellen bei Mensch, Rhesusaffe und Katze werden im Hinblick auf den evolutiven Status der Gehirne diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary In different parts of the cerebellar cortex of man, rhesus monkey and cat there are variations in the size and number of cells. In the lobus nodulofloccularis, the Purkinje cells and the granule cells are larger in diameter than in the corpus cerebelli. Moreover, the Purkinje cells and the granule cells in the vermal parts of the nodulofloccular lobe, the posterior lobe and the anterior lobe are always larger in size than in the hemispheres of these lobes. In addition there are differences in the number of cells: In the nodulofloccular lobe the number of cells per unit volume is significantly lower than in the different parts of the corpus cerebelli; in the vermal parts the number of cells is smaller than in the respective parts of the hemispheres. Thus there are parallels between the differences in size and in number of Purkinje cells and granule cells in the phylogenetic older (vermis) and younger (hemispheres) parts of the cerebellum. The regional differences in cytoarchitectonics of the cerebellar cortex in man, rhesus monkey and cat are discussed with respect to evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00520712
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Latency differences between inhibitory and excitatory responses of cat optic tract units (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 60-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; Latencies ; Centre-excitation ; Centre-inhibition ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Excitatory and inhibitory responses of on- and off-centre neurones were elicited by stimuli restricted to the receptive field centres of optic tract units. The latencies of these responses were measured for various stimulus intensities and durations. Latencies depend upon: 1. the total effective luminance, including stimulus and background; 2. the luminance of the test spot relative to threshold luminance: latency changes for a particular light increment near threshold are larger than in the higher supra-threshold range; 3. the latencies of inhibitory responses are further influenced by the activity of the neurone before the onset of inhibition. A comparison of the latencies of excitatory and inhibitory responses showed that, following incremental light stimuli, the off-centre neurones became inhibited before the on-centre neurones were excited. The actual latency difference was a function of stimulus intensity and previous neuronal activity. Following light-off inhibitory responses were again faster, but the difference in time between the inhibition of on-centre neurones and the excitation of off-centre neurones was smaller than for the corresponding on-responses. It is suggested that the earlier onset of inhibitory responses is important for the release of reciprocal inhibition between on- and off-centre neurones in the lateral geniculate body.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233374
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern in the projection of the intracerebellar nuclei onto the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis in the cat. An experimental anatomical study (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 140-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intensity and distribution of degeneration in the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (N.r.t.) were mapped in silver impregnated sections following stereotactic lesions of the intracerebellar nuclei. Confirming previous results (Brodal and Szikla, 1972) fibres from the interpositus-lateralis-complex, reaching the N.r.t. by way of the crossed descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum, supply the main central part of the N.r.t. from rostral to caudal. The interpositus posterior does not appear to take part in this projection, nor do the ventralmost parts of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL). The caudal part of the latter appears to give off more fibres than its rostral part. Rostral and caudal parts of the interpositus anterior (NIA) appear to contribute approximately equally. Fibres from both nuclei terminate in a largely overlapping fashion in the central main regions of the N.r.t. On the whole the NIA projection is situated a little more medially than the NL projection (Fig. 8). Within both projections caudal parts of the nuclei tend to project somewhat more medially than lateral parts, especially caudally. Certain findings suggest that there may be more detailed topical relations. The organization in the cerebellar-nuclear projection onto the N.r.t. corresponds in principle to the pattern found for its other afferent contingents (especially from the cerebral cortex, Brodal and Brodal, 1971). In spite of wide overlapping there is some degree of topical order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233994
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory interaction in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1972), S. 210-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Lateral geniculate body ; Postsynaptic inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spike activities of optic tract fibers and corresponding relay cells were recorded simultaneously in layers A and A1 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. Light stimuli of various diameters were shone into the receptive field center of these unit pairs and their input/output ratios were determined. An increase of the stimulus size leads to an impairment of the input/output ratio in on-center and off-center relay cells. This suppressive effect has approximately the same latency as the excitatory response. Intracellular recordings suggest that the inhibitory effect of the surround is due to a postsynaptic process. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials occur during and — under certain stimulus conditions —before the excitatory response. The short latency of these IPSPs suggests that they result from the activity of adjacent units with the same RF characteristics as the recorded neuron. This inhibitory input is not restricted to the RF periphery but may also be activated by stimulation within the RF center. Most neurons are also inhibited by units with antagonistic center responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234800
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cutaneous mechanoreceptors influencing impulse discharges in cerebellar cortex. I. In mossy fibers (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 245-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Mossy fibers ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an account of single mossy fiber responses when three types of mechanical stimulation are applied to the forefoot and hindfoot of the cat which is either decerebrate and unanesthetized or lightly anesthetized by pentothal or chloralose. The mechanical stimuli were applied either to footpads (brief pulses, taps, or longer square pulses or ramps) or to the hairy skin by air jets. Recording of single mossy fibers was extracellular by glass microelectrodes that were inserted into the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex or the subjacent white matter. As described in previous papers computer averaging techniques usually of 64 responses have been employed to enhance reliability. Taps evoked pure excitatory responses from many mossy fibers, which were usually brief high frequency bursts resembling those evoked by nerve volleys. Usually the threshold displacement was less than 0.2 mm and thresholds as low as 0.01 mm were observed. There were often considerable differences in the intensities of responses from different pads of the same foot. Successive pulses of mechanical stimulation evoked mossy fiber responses of diminished intensity. Longer mechanical stimuli with square or ramp onsets evoked various admixtures of phasic and tonic responses. Hair stimulation was often a very effective excitant, the receptive field for a single mossy fiber usually covering a considerable area of foot and leg. Taps and pressure to the pads were also effective in inhibiting the background discharge of some mossy fibers, and admixtures of excitatory and inhibitory actions were observed. The results are discussed in relationship to the discharges evoked in primary afferent fibers by cutaneous mechanoreceptor stimulation. They provide an intermediate stage of information between mechanoreceptor stimulation and the response of Purkyně cells as described in the next paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235910
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The facial nucleus of cat: Antidromic and synaptic activation and peripheral nerve representation (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 161-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Facial nucleus ; Topographical representation ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The facial nucleus (FN) of the cat was studied by electrophysiological method for (1) general characteristics of the FN neurons during antidromic activation, (2) topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve and (3) synaptic activities induced in the FN neurons following peripheral facial nerve stimulation. Stimulation of either peripheral branches or the genu of the facial nerve produced negative field potential of 2–3 mV in the FN. The field potential had a latency of less than 1 msec, refractory period of 2–3 msec and a relatively short duration. During double shock testing of the antidromic field potentials, the test potentials were suppressed (after initial recovery from the refractory period) for a duration of up to 80–100 msec. Intracellular analysis revealed that antidromic firing of the FN neuron is composed of M, IS, SD spikes. The rise time of spike potentials ranged from 0.23 msec to 0.53 msec and fall time 0.73 msec to 4.7 msec. The duration of the spike after-hyperpolarization varied from 6 msec to 60 msec with latencies to peak of 1.5 msec to 14 msec. Double shock testing showed that the summation effect of the afterhyperpolarization was greater at shorter time intervals. The latencies of the spike potentials varied from 0.46 msec to 1.1 msec for peripheral nerve stimulation and 0.18 msec to 1 msec for genu stimulation. The conduction velocity of the facial nerve ranged from 25 m/sec to 75 m/sec. These results were compared with the known characteristics of other cranial and spinal motoneurons. Topographical representation of the peripheral branches of the facial nerve was that the PA was represented solely in the medial aspect, TZ mainly in the dorsal aspect of the intermediate portion and BL in the ventral aspect of the intermediate and mainly in the lateral aspect of the nucleus. Stimulation of peripheral facial nerve produced negative field potentials in the FN or induced EPSPs in the FN neurons with latencies of 4–7 msec. The synaptic inputs were found mainly in the medial aspect of the FN by PA stimulation. These synaptic inputs were discussed as being relayed through the trigeminal nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233995
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual perception in cats after environmental surgery (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 405-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual perception ; Visual cortex ; Visual deprivation ; Discrimination learning ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This report describes a series of experiments testing the behavioral significance of orientation sensitive cells in the cat's visual cortex. Cats used for this purpose were raised with one eye (VE) viewing a field of vertical lines and the other eye (HE) viewing a field of horizontal lines. This experience simplified their cortical physiology, and is thus called “environmental surgery”. Cells with elongated fields were found to be activated monocularly: those driven by the VE had vertically oriented receptive fields, while those activated by the HE had horizontally oriented fields. These animals were tested, using one eye at a time, on a series of visual discriminations: a) flux discrimination, b) tests for selective response to vertical and horizontal lines, c) discrimination between two lines differing only in orientation, d) discrimination between mirror image stimuli, and e) evaluation of inter-ocular transfer on these discriminations. The threshold tests for orientation discrimination gave the clearest results: there were small but consistent differences in performance between the VE and HE which depended on the orientation of the lines being discriminated. There was also evidence that the animals responded to different parts of a stimulus with the VE and HE. As a group, the experimental cats showed less interocular transfer of visual discriminations than the normal controls. However, surprisingly, there was also evidence for much functional equivalence between the two eyes. Possible explanations for this are considered and it is suggested that an animal's ability to make pattern discriminations is not rigidly determined by the shape and orientation of its receptive fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234126
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the activity evoked in the cerebellar cortex by stimulation of the visual pathways (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 278-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Vision ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In cats without general anaesthesia electric stimulation of the optic chiasma evoked usually in the depth of the cerebellar cortex of lobuli VI and VII a sequence of waves at a latency of 7–10 msec which have been shown to be due to the mossy fibre input. A later wave at a latency of 18–20 msec was also sometimes found in isolation or in association with the early wave. This later field has been identified as due to the climbing fibre input. Unitary recordings have given support to this interpretation. Some correlation has been made with recordings obtained by electric stimulation of the superior colliculus and by flash stimulation of the retinae. It is concluded that the optic pathways project to the visual area of the cerebellar cortex through both mossy and climbing fibre inputs, although from this study based mainly on the laminar analysis of evoked fields, the former input seems to be more widespread and more consistently obtained than the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235912
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Visual experience as a determinant of the response characteristics of cortical receptive fields in cats (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 289-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual cortex ; Receptive fields ; Visual deprivation ; Neuronal plasticity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cats reared with their visual world restricted to vertical lines for one eye and horizontal lines for the other had, in their visual cortices, units with elongated receptive fields that were either vertically or horizontally oriented. These receptive fields could be mapped only using that eye which had seen lines of the same orientation during development. Other units had diffuse, unresponsive receptive fields (Hirsch and Spinelli, 1970). Six cats, from the group above, were revived and allowed normal binocular viewing in an attempt to determine the possibility and extent of adding other types of receptive fields by giving other experiences to their visual systems. After exposure to a normal environment for up to 19 months it was found that indeed there had been a massive increase in the percentage of those classes of receptive fields that were either absent or weak at the end of the selective visual experience. Significantly, these receptive fields, acquired during binocular viewing, were very often binocular. The results, however, show that units whose response characteristics mimic the stimuli viewed during development were almost completely unaffected by normal binocular visual experience, i. e., they were monocularly activated and had the orientation appropriate for the stimuli viewed by the eye from which they could be mapped. Most impressive are a few units whose receptive field shape is almost a carbon copy of the pattern viewed during development. The data provide evidence that visual experience has a direct continuing and lasting effect on the functional connectivity of cells in the visual cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235913
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cat optic tract and geniculate unit responses corresponding to human visual masking effects (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 441-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Optic tract ; Lateral geniculate nucleus ; Cat ; Backward masking ; Forward masking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Stimuli leading to backward and forward visual masking in man were presented to the cat. Responses of single units in the optic tract and the lateral geniculate nucleus were measured. 2. The results of these measurements have been compared with human psychophysical data obtained under the same stimulus conditions. The possibility of comparison between the two kinds of data is discussed. 3. From this comparison it is concluded that the time course of both backward and forward masking is fully determined by mechanisms localized in the retina. The response duration and the antagonistic behaviour of ON- and OFF-center units are responsible for backward masking whereas the effects of the lateral inhibition may be responsible for forward masking. 4. Some suggestions are done in order to explain how the perception is mediated by the cooperation of the signals of ON- and OFF-neurons. Firstly, firing of the ON-units followed by firing of the OFF-units is the condition necessary for the perception of one brief flash. Secondly, two rapidly succeeding ON-excitations which are not separated by an OFF-excitation do not lead to the perception of separate flashes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236401
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cerebellar projection onto the pontine nuclei an experimental anatomical study in the cat (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 16 (1972), S. 115-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Pontine nuclei ; Cerebellar nuclei ; Experimental anatomy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fibres passing from the intracerebellar nuclei to the pontine nuclei proper have been noted only by few students. In the present study this projection is analysed by mapping with the Nauta (1957) and Fink and Heimer (1967) methods the degeneration which occurs in the pontine nuclei following stereotactically placed electrolytic lesions in different parts of the intracerebellar nuclei in the cat. Cerebellopontine fibres come from the lateral cerebellar nucleus (NL) except its ventralmost part, and from the rostral but probably not from the caudal part of the interpositus anterior (NIA) and the interpositus posterior. The fibres end in three fairly well circumscribed regions of the pontine nuclei: a longitudinal column in the paramedian pontine nucleus, a column in the dorsolateral nucleus and one in the dorsal peduncular nucleus. Fibres from the NL as well as the NIA appear to end in all three regions, but the possibility of a more specific distribution cannot be excluded. Parts of the projection areas in the pons appear to be specific to cerebellar afferents, while other parts overlap with terminations of cerebropontine fibres, especially from SmI and SmII. The findings support the conclusions arrived at in recent studies of the cerebral corticopontine projections by P. Brodal (1968a, 1968b, 1971a, 1971 b) that the pontine nuclei are very precisely organized. The general principles in the organization of the corticopontine and cerebellopontine projections appear to be similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233993
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Schwellenerregung, zeitliche summation und impulsreaktionsfunktion in der retina der katze: Temporale rezeptive felder retinaler ganglienzellen (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 212-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retina ; Receptive field ; Temporal summation ; Ganglion cell ; Time constant ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Mit Hilfe der Schewellensummation für Reize wachsender Dauer und mit zwei zeitlich getrennten Reizen wurde die Impulsreaktionsfunktion retinaler Ganglienzellen gemessen. Bei einer Reizgröße von 15′ Durchmesser und einer Hintergrundsbeleuchtung von 0.5 asb ergibt eine Exponentialfunktion eine gute Über-einstimmung mit den Meßwerten. Alle Neurone folgten dem Bloch-Gesetz (Is · T = const.) für kurze Reize mit einem kontinuierlichen ×bergang zu einer konstanten Schwelle. 2. Die einzelnen Zeitkonstanten wurden den jeweiligen Schwellensummations-kurven entnommen. Die mittlere Zeitkonstant beträgt 75 ms für On-Zentrum-Neurone und 126 ms für Off-Zentrum-Neurone. Das D-System der Off-Zentrum-Neurone ist gegenüber kurzen gegenüber langen Reizen unempfindlicher als das B-System der On-Zentrum-Neurone. 3. Kurze und lange Zeitkonstanten wurden sowohl in der zentralen als such in der peripheren Retina gedunden, kurze jedoch häufiger bei großer Exzentizität. 4. Die auf die Hintergrundsbeleuchtung begozene Zentrumsempfindlichkeit für kurze Reize ist vereinbar mit einer Schwellenerregung, die im Mittel für alle rezeptiven Felder als gleich groß angesehen werden kann. 5. Das der äumlichen Summation analoge Zeitsummationsverhalten führt zu dem Konzept eines zeitlichen rezeptiven Feldes.
    Notes: Summary 1. The impulse-response function of the retina was estimated at the ganglion cell level by comparing the temporal summation curve with the corresponding time integral. With a test spot of 15′ in diameter and at a background luminance of 0.5 asb, an exponential function with different time constants was found to be a good approximation. All neurons followed Bloch's law, Is · T = c, at short stimulus durations. With increasing stimulus durations, luminance threshold approached a constant. 2. The time constant for each receptive field was taken from the corresponding threshold summation curve. The mean value for on-center fields was 75 ms and for off-center fields 126 ms. The D-system was less sensitive than the B-system. 3. Short time constants were found primarily within a radius of 20° from the area centralis, whereas long time constants were obtained predominantly in the outer periphery. 4. The sensitivity of receptive field centers at short stimulus durations is consistent with an invariant threshold excitation, defined by the dimensionless value of the excitability integral. 5. Spatial and temporal summation are described by the concept of spatiotemporal receptive fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235583
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  • 17
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    Cutaneous mechanoreceptors influencing impulse discharges in cerebellar cortex. II. In Purkyně cells by mossy fiber input (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 261-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Cutaneous mechanoreceptors ; Mossy fibers ; Purkyně cells ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an account of single Purkyně cell responses when three types of mechanical stimulation, as in the previous paper, are applied to the forefoot and hindfoot of the decerebrate unanesthetized cat. Attention was concentrated on the effects of brief mechanical pulses to the footpad. Recording was extracellular by glass microelectrodes and special precautions were taken in identifying the spike responses as being due to a single Purkyně cell and in securing its effective isolation for our computer averaging techniques, as described in the previous papers. All Purkyně cells were in the ipsilateral anterior lobe in the lateral vermis or pars intermedia of lobules III, IV, V, except for a few recordings in the extreme rostral zone of lobule VI. Mechanical pulses or taps evoked responses from many Purkyně cells which were pure excitatory, pure inhibitory or admixtures thereof. The latencies of onset were usually in the range of 12–20 msec from the onset of the tap, which tends to be a little longer than the observed latencies for mossy fiber responses described in the preceding paper. There was often a considerable difference in the sizes of the responses evoked from different pads of the same foot, and the usual threshold for response was below 0.2 mm amplitude. Durations of responses were usually 10–20 msec for excitation and 50–100 msec for inhibition. Pressure pulses to the central foot pads of 2 sec duration evoked a wide variety of responses: brief phasic at “on” and “off” that could be admixtures of excitation and inhibition; almost pure tonic excitations or inhibitions that were well maintained during the 2 sec; phasic-tonic responses in various relative degrees. Usually 500 g was maximally effective and the threshold was below 100 g. Hair receptors were stimulated preferentially by brief air jets, there being brief excitatory or inhibitory responses much as with taps, but with rather longer latency. The effective area was usually fairly extensive over the hairy skin of the foot. In general the effects on Purkyně cells by cutaneous mechanoreceptors acting via mossy fibers were in accord with the mossy fiber responses reported in the preceding paper and with the well-known excitatory and inhibitory effects that are exerted by mossy fiber inputs on Purkyně cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235911
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation specificity of visual cortical neurons after head tilt (1972)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 14 (1972), S. 312-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Orientation specificity ; Visual neurons ; Head tilt ; Orientatiton ; Variations ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The orientation specificity of the receptive fields of single neurons in primary visual cortex of the cat varied as a function of sustained head tilt in a sample of 33 cells. The types of variation suggested analogies to certain psychophysical phenomena. Orientation specificity of visual cortical cells may in part be determined by information from non-visual afferent systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00816165
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  • 19
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    A quantitative analysis of the motoneuronal depression produced by increasing the stimulus parameters of afferent tetanization (1972)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 333 (1972), S. 240-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Motoneuron ; Excitation ; Inhibition ; Spinal Cord ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In extensor alpha motoneurones, the effects of increasing the number of afferent fibres stimulated electrically, and the doubling of the threshold stimulus frequency for optimal repetitive firing was analysed quantitatively. 2. Three types of motoneurones could be distinguished according to their relative sizes, and to their discharge patterns during orthodromic stimulation of various strength and frequency: small (tonic), medium size (tonic) and large (phasic) motoneurones. 3. The excitability of the motoneurones was inversely related to their cell sizes. The order of inhibitibility depended on the experimental conditions. When the number of afferent fibres was increased by increasing the threshold stimulus strength by 2–4 X, at constant stimulus frequency, the mean firing rates of the small motoneurones were decreased very markedly. This procedure had practically no effect on the repetitive activity of the medium size motoneurones, whereas the large motoneurones could be driven better. 4. When the stimulus frequency was increased at constant stimulus strength, the large motoneurones were inhibited markedly, the medium size motoneurones less and the small motoneurones least,i. e., the inhibitibility of motoneurones was directly related to their cell sizes. 5. It was concluded that the high input resistance values in connection with postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms could be responsible for more susceptibility of small motoneurones to inhibition, caused by electrically increasing the number of afferent fibres tetanized at constant stimulus frequency. To explain the greater susceptibility of large motoneurones to inhibition, caused by increasing the stimulus frequency from 100–200 Hz, a presynaptic mechanism was suggested. 6. The results were discussed according to several aspects of the size principle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592686
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Electrical stimulation of vestibular nuclei: Effects on light-evoked activity of lateral geniculate nucleus neurones (1972)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 334 (1972), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Vestibular Influence ; LGN ; Light Evoked Activity ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The light-evoked activity of single LGN neurones was recorded from light-adapted, anaesthetized cats. The neuronal responses to discrete illumination of the receptive field centre or periphery were compared to those obtained when the same photic stimulus was slightly preceded by electrical stimulation of the vestibular nuclei. It was found that the light-evoked responses of 82% of the LGN neurones studied were significantly affected by the vestibular stimulus. Both facilitatory and inhibitory effects were observed. There were no laterality effects. Similar modulation of LGN light-evoked activity was observed following stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Steps taken to eliminate various sources of experimental error are described. The above evidence suggests that the LGN is not a mere relay station but rather a structure where sensory interaction occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586786
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    Spermatogenesis in animals as revealed by electron microscopy (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 497-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatoid bodies ; Spermatozoa ; Cat ; Jensen's ring ; Centriole ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first indication of differentiation of the Jensen's ring has been detected in an early stage of spermiogenesis of Felis catus Linné when the pair of centrioles takes up a position immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The chromatoid bodies appear in the early spermatid cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. In a more advanced stage, such bodies have been found in association with the striated columns, the distal centriole or the proximal part of flagellum and the Jensen's ring. As the spermiogenesis proceeds, the bodies have decreased their size and density, and finally disappear in mature spermatozoa. The chromatoid bodies seem, therefore, to share with the centriole the capacity to form the connecting piece. As a consequence of disorganization of triplet microtubules of the centriole, a noticeable material appears in the center of lumen of the centriole to be identifiable as a distinct precursor of the central pair of axonemal complex. Microtubules are first developed as the sheath of principal piece of the sperm flagellum, originating from the plasma membrane surrounding the axonemal complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306656
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  • 22
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    Die Ultrastruktur der Kapillaren der Kleinhirnrinde und das perikapilläre Gewebe (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Capillaries ; Cerebellar cortex ; Cat ; Blood-brain-barrier ; Electronmicroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kapillaren im Kleinhirn der Katze haben einen Durchmesser von 3,5–12 μ. Im Stratum granulosum finden sich vorwiegend engere, im Stratum moleculare und in der Purkinjezellschicht meist weitere Kapillaren. Die Endothelzellen bilden schmale Lamellen, die sich teilweise überlappen und durch „tight junctions“ miteinander verbunden sind. Vom umgebenden Kleinhirngewebe sind sie durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt, die sich häufig in zwei Schichten spaltet, zwischen denen Perizyten mit ihren Fortsätzen liegen. Diese sind vornehmlich im Stratum granulosum am Aufbau der Kapillarwand beteiligt. Um die Kapillaren bilden Astrozyten mit ihren Fortsätzen, zum großen Teil aber auch mit ihren Perikaryen, einen unvollständigen Mantel. An den von Astrozyten freien Anteilen der Kapillaroberfläche grenzen Oligodendrozyten, Körnerzellen und Golgizellen mit ihren Perikaryen direkt an die Basalmembran der Kapillaren. Purkinjezellen liegen dagegen nicht unmittelbar der Kapillare an, sondern sind immer durch eine Schicht von Korbzellaxonen und Gliafortsätzen von der Basalmembran getrennt. Kapillaren mit einem Durchmesser von mehr als 10 μ besitzen einen perikapillären Raum. Dieser ist sowohl gegen die Glia als auch gegen das Endothel der Kapillare durch eine Basalmembran abgegrenzt. Im perivaskulären Raum findet man Perizyten, Fibroblasten und zirkulär verlaufende kollagene Fasern.
    Notes: Summary The capillaries in the cerebellar cortex of the cat have a diameter varying from 3.5 to 12 μ. In the granular layer the capillaries have a smaller diameter than those in the molecular and the Purkinje-cell layer. The endothelium forms slender lamellae which partially overlap. These lamellae are connected with each other by tight junctions. The capillaries are separated from the pericapillary compartment by a basement membrane which often splits into two layers; in between these layers processes of pericytes are located. The pericytes make up a part of the capillary wall mainly in the granular layer. Around the capillaries the astrocytes form an incomplete glial sheath with their processes and also with their pericaryon. Those parts of the capillary basement membrane which are not covered by astrocytes or their processes, are in contact with oligodendrocytes, granule cells or Golgi cells. The Purkinje cells have no intimate contact to the capillary, they are always separated from the basement membrane by a thin layer of basket cell axons and processes of astrocytes. The capillaries with a diameter greater than 10 μ often have a perivascular space. This space is separated from the endothelium as well as from the nervous tissue by a basement membrane. In the pericapillary space pericytes, fibroblasts and circularly arranged collagenous fibers are located.
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Adenosine triphosphatase activity in the carotid body of the cat (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 455-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Cat ; ATPase ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three kinds of nucleoside phosphatases were demonstrated histochemically in the cat carotid body with nucleoside triphosphate, nucleoside disphosphate and nucleoside monophosphate as substrates. Each of these enzyme activities exhibited the substrate specificity respectively. The nucleoside triphosphatase activity showed specific localization in association with the parenchymal cells of the carotid body. The electronmicroscopy revealed that the reaction product was located on and between the two apposing plasma membranes of type I and type II cells, of a type II cell and its wrapping axons and of the intricate basal infolding of a type II cell itself. Some possible functions of the adenosine triphosphatase in the carotid body are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306999
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360101
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural changes in the pars distalis of the maturing male rat (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 53-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anterior pituitary glands of male rats (2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 25, 36, 52, 56, and 62 days of age) were processed for electron microscopy. During early postnatal stages secretory cells are found in various stages of differentiation and comparatively few secretory granules are seen. Nuclei are mostly irregular, and the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio is large. Many free ribosomes are present; the endoplasmic reticulum is generally sparse and the Golgi complex small or invisible. Cells are of variable shape, and numerous cytoplasmic processes project into large intercellular spaces. Many electron-dense cells which often contain myelinlike figures are seen. Lysosomes and lysosomal precursors are frequently found in secretory cells, predominantly in somatotrophs, of all immature glands. Mitotic figures are numerous in early stages after brith and decrease in number as the gland grows in size. A gradual increase in cytoplasmic volume with concomitant differentiation of cytoplasmic components as well as accumulation of secretory granules, accompanied by loss of myelin-like figures and decrease in the number of electron-dense cells, is observed as the animal reaches the prepuberal stage. Few lysosomes are seen in cells of mature glands. At 36 days of age all secretory cells seem to have differentiated, and morphological features as well as granule content show little change until puberty is reached. Gonadotrophs attain their characteristic morphology later than other cells. Cilia are observed in all developmental stages but are relatively infrequent in the mature gland. The described ultrastructural characteristics reflect the degree of maturation as well as the functional capacities of secretory cells at particular stages of development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360104
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    The fine structure of an absorptive epithelium in a viviparous teleostWork performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, and with support from the National Science Foundation, grant GB2378. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 109-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Embryos of the viviparous teleost, “Characodon” eiseni, have unusual anal processes that function only during gestation and are lost shortly after birth. This study was undertaken to determine if the fine structure of the process epithelium supports the assumption that these cells have an absorptive function. The process epithelium is a single layer of columnar cells. At peak activity intercellular spaces become very large and isolate individual cells which simultaneously lose much of their cell mass. The cells are characterized by microvilli on their free surface, much pinocytic activity and by the formation of at least four different kinds of vesicles. There is much evidence that these vesicles fuse together. A distinctive characteristic of these cells is a system of tubules and flattened cisternae that somewhat resemble the endoplasmic reticulum yet they differ from it in several respects. It is suggested these profiles aid in fragmenting the cell at periods of peak absorptive activity, thereby increasing the cell surface. Possible mechanisms of food absorption are considered. The fine structure of these cells supports the contention that these embryonic processes serve as absorptive organs during gestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360106
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  • 27
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    The spermatozoon of Branchiostoma lanceolatum L (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 211-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Under the electron microscope, the spermatozoon of Branchiostoma lanceolatum shows a spherical nucleus deeply grooved along its caudal third, a bistratified acrosome enriched by plentiful subacrosomal material, two centrioles, mitochondria fused into a single mass surrounding the centriolar region which is highly asymmetrical, a 9 + 2 flagellum tilted with respect to the longitudinal symmetry axis of the nucleus. The sperm of Branchiostoma shares the overall features of that of the Tunicata and fits in perfectly with the phylogenetic position of the Leptocardia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360206
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  • 28
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    The early development of substrate-brooding cichlids (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a discussion of a new system of staging (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 255-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The early development of five species of substrate-brooding cichlid (Aequidens pulcher; Cichlasoma bimaculatum; C. biocellatum; C. nigrofasciatum and Hemichromis bimaculatus) is described. Heterochrony in these species renders the standard system of staging inadequate for comparative study. A new system is proposed in which the period of development is resolved into five overlapping phases, each phase corresponding to a dissociable ontogenetic process. This form of staging permits comparison in a way which neither obscures the basic uniformity of cichlid development nor masks the differences between the species.Two special features are discussed: the universal presence in substrate-brooding cichlids of three pairs of embryonic adhesive organs; and the apparent presence of non-neural crest pigment on the embryos and alevins.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360302
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  • 29
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    Ultrastructural studies of differentiation in the oocyte of the polyclad turbellarian, Prostheceraeus floridanus (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 273-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oocyte differentiation in the polyclad turbellarian Prostheceraeus floridanus has been examined to determine the nature of oogenesis in a primitive spiralian. The process has been divided into five stages. (1) The early oocyte: This stage is characterized by a large germinal vesicle surrounded by dense granular material associated with the nuclear pores and with mitochondria. (2) The vesicle stage: The endoplasmic reticulum is organized into sheets which often contain dense particles. Vesicles are found in clusters in the cytoplasm, some of which are revealed to be lysosomes by treatment with the Gomori acid phosphatase medium. (3) Cortical granule formation: Cortical granules are formed by the fusion of filled Golgi vasuoles which have been released from the Golgi saccules. The association between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi suggests that protein is synthesized in the ER and transferred to the Golgi where polysaccharides are added to form nascent cortical granules. (4) Yolk synthesis: After a large number of cortical granules are synthesized, yolk bodies appear. They originate as small membrane-bound vesicles containing flocculent material which subsequently increase in size and become more compact. Connections between the forming yolk bodies and the endoplasmic reticulum indicate that yolk synthesis occurs in the ER. (5) Mature egg: In the final stage, the cortical granules move to the periphery and yolk platelets and glycogen fill the egg. At no time is there any evidence of uptake of macromolecules at the oocyte surface. Except for occasional desmosomes between early oocytes, no membrane specialization or cell associations are seen throughout oogenesis. Each oocyte develops as an independent entity, a conclusion supported by the lack of an organized ovary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360303
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    The tracheae of water mites (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 327-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The water mites of standing waters have evolved a novel respiratory system consisting of numerous independent tracheae of tracheolar dimensions. Each trachea has a portion of its length lying directly under the cuticle and one or both ends of the trachea turn into the body to supply some organ. There is no fusion of tracheae to form trunks. Areas of dense tracheation dorsal to the legs supply the leg muscles, and sometimes there is a distinct area of the venter that supplies the muscles of the mouthparts.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360306
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    Effects of ovariectomy and steroid replacement on the genital tract of the viviparous lizard, Xantusia vigilisPart of this work was done at the Department of Physiology-Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley, supported by NIH grant AM-11161 and by Population Council grant M70.69.C to Dr. Charles S. Nicoll. This work is partly supported by NRC grant A1597 to Dr. N. E. Henderson. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 313-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two glandular components are described in the genital tract of Xantusia: tubal glands in the Fallopian tube and goblet cells in the uterine villi. Sperm or seminal receptacles occur between adjacent villi in the uterus.Forty ovariectomized lizards carrying a silk loop in the wall of the left uterus were treated for two weeks with either progesterone, estradiol-17 β, progesterone plus estradiol or vehicle. Uteri with loops serving as a local irritant, did not differ significantly from the contra-lateral uteri in any group, hence a response similar to the deciduomal reaction of mammals is not found in this lizard.The weight of the genital tract is similar in sham-operated and in ovariectomized lizards injected with either progesterone or the vehicle. Maximal increase in weight of the tract is noted with estradiol treatment, while simultaneous administration of both steroids is followed by a moderate increase of oviducal weight. Tubal glands and sperm receptacles in ovariectomized lizards injected with either the vehicle or progesterone are smaller than those of the sham-operated or ovariectomized lizards treated with estradiol or with estradiol plus progesterone. Goblet cells are small and lack secretory granules in ovariectomized lizards injected with either the vehicle, or with estrogen or progesterone alone. Both steroids, given together, restore the size and apparent secretory activity of the goblet cells. It is concluded that in this viviparous species, both estrogen(s) and progestin(s) are essential for the maturation of the genital tract in the preovulatory stage.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Evolutionary morphology of the caecilian urogenital system. IV. The cloaca (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 353-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross and microscopic anatomy of male and female cloacae of caecilians (Amphibia: Apoda or Gymnophiona) is described and analyzed in terms of structure and function. The arrangement of musculature and cloacal accessory structures is species-specific in males. Contraction of certain cloacal and body wall musculature facilitates eversion of the male cloaca for use as an intromittent organ. The cloacae of females show less marked morphological differences from species to species, and are modified as receptors of male phallodea.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360401
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    Studies on the neurosecretory system and retrocerebral endocrine glands of Nezara viridula Linn. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 337-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neurosecretory system and retrocerebral endocrine glands of Nezara viridula Linn. have been described on the basis of in situ preparations and histological sections employing the paraldehyde fuchsin (PF) and performic acid-victoria blue (PAVB) techniques.In the brain of N. viridula, there are two medial groups-each consisting of five neurosecretory cells which belong to A-type. The lateral neurosecretory cells are absent. The axons of the two groups of medial neurosecretory cells (MNC) compose the two bundles of neurosecretory pathways (NSP) that decussate in the anterodorsal part of the protocerebrum. The two pathways, after the cross-over, run deep into the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum and emerge as NCC-I from the tritocerebrum. The nervi corporis cardiaci-I (NCC-I) of each side which are heavily loaded with NSM terminate in the aorta wall. Thus, the neurosecretory material (NSM), elaborated in the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain, is stored in the aortic wall and nervi corporis cardiaci-I (NCC-I). The NCC-II are very short nerves that originate from the tritocerebrum and terminate in the corpora cardiaca (CC) of their side. Below the aorta, but dorsal to the oesophagus, lie two oval or spherical corpora cardiaca. A corpus allatum (CA) lies posterior to the corpora cardiaca (CC). The corpora cardiaca do not contain NSM; only the intrinsic secretion of their cells has been occasionally observed which stains orange or green with PF staining method. The corpus allatum sometimes exhibits PF positive granules of cerebral origin. A new connection between the corpus allatum and aorta has been recorded. The suboesophageal ganglion contains two neurosecretory cells of A-type which, in structure and staining behaviour, are similar to the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain. The course and termination of axons of suboesophageal ganglion neurosecretory cells, and the storage organ for the secretion of these cells have been reported. It is suggested that the aortic wall and NCC-I axons function as neurohaemal organ for cerebral and suboesophageal secretions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A light and electron microscopic study of sensory organs and associated structures in the foreleg tibia of the cricket, Gryllus assimilisPortion of a dissertation submitted to the Graduate Medical Sciences Council of the University of Tennessee in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anatomy.This investigation was supported by PHS Training grant GM-00202-10 from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 263-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Early descriptions of insect sensory organs included three presumed mechanotransducers in the tibia of Orthoptera, namely the subgenual organ, the intermediate organ, and the tympanal organ. This investigation re-evaluates the light microscopic appearances of these organs in the foreleg tibia of the cricket, Gryllus assimilis, initially described by Herbig in 1902.The study also examines the fine structure of the subgenual and intermediate organs and provides the first fine structure analysis of these structures.The subgenual and intermediate organs are typical scolopophorus organs suspended perpendicular to each other within the dorsal hemolymph canal. Each is innervated by dendrites from the anterior ganglion. Neither the subgenual, intermediate, nor tympanal organ is structurally related to the larger posterior tympanic membrane.The study shows that the tibial tympanal organ in the cricket is not a scolopophorus organ, but consists of highly modified epithelium, associated with the anterior tympanic membrane, and receiving innervation from the anterior ganglion.
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  • 36
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    Development of electric organs of Gymnarchus niloticus (Fam. Gymnarchidae): I. Origin and histogenesis of electroplates (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 375-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the electric organs of Gymnarchus niloticus has been studied and the origin and histogenesis of an electroplate worked out. A segmental origin of the electroplate is reported for the first time for this fish. Light has been thrown on many hitherto obscure phenomena, viz., growth of core girth, loss of transverse striations on the myofibrillar elements, differentiation of electroplate polarities, shortening in length of the electroplate etc. The transverse striations of the myofibrillar bundle of the electroplate primordium progressively disappear with development owing to splitting apart of the constituent myofilaments and consequent loss of their parallel order, and not to degeneration of the myofibrillar bundle. The excessive growth of the core girth of the electroplates is caused by the deposition of some kind of interfibrillar substance probably secreted by the peripheral cytoplasm.
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    Fine structure and differentiation of ascidian muscle. I. Differentiated caudal musculature of Distaplia occidentalis tadpolesThis investigation was supported by NIH Developmental Biology Training grant 5-T01-HD00266 to the University of Washington and NSF Research grant GB 5394. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 349-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the caudal muscle in the tadpole larva of the compound ascidian Distaplia occidentalis has been investigated with light and electron microscopy. The two muscle bands are composed of about 1500 flattened cells arranged in longitudinal rows between the epidermis and the notochord. The muscle cells are mononucleate and contain numerous mitochondria, a small Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, proteid-yolk inclusions, and large amounts of glycogen. The myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum are confined to the peripheral sarcoplasm.Myofibrils are discrete along most of their length but branch near the tapered ends of the muscle cell, producing a Felderstruktur. The myofibrils originate and terminate at specialized intercellular junctional complexes. These myomuscular junctions are normal to the primary axes of the myofibrils and resemble the intercalated disks of vertebrate cardiac muscle. The myofibrils insert at the myomuscular junction near the level of a Z-line. Thin filaments (presumably actin) extend from the terminal Z-line and make contact with the sarcolemma. These thin filaments frequently appear to be continuous with filaments in the extracellular junctional space, but other evidence suggests that the extracellular filaments are not myofilaments.A T-system is absent, but numerous peripheral couplings between the sarcolemma and cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) are present on all cell surfaces. Cisternae coupled to the sarcolemma are continuous with transverse components of SR which encircle the myofibrils at each I-band and H-band. The transverse component over the I-band consists of anastomosing tubules applied as a single layer to the surface of the myofibril. The transverse component over the H-band is also composed of anastomosing tubules, but the myofibrils are invested by a double or triple layer. Two or three tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum interconnect consecutive transverse components.Each muscle band is surrounded by a thin external lamina. The external lamina does not parallel the irregular cell contours nor does it penetrate the extracellular space between cells. In contracted muscle, the sarcolemmata at the epidermal and notochordal boundaries indent to the level of each Z-line, and peripheral couplings are located at the base of the indentations. The external lamina and basal lamina of the epidermis are displaced toward the indentations.The location, function, and neuromuscular junctions of larval ascidian caudal muscle are similar to vertebrate somatic striated muscle. Other attributes, including the mononucleate condition, transverse myomuscular junctions, prolific gap junctions, active Golgi apparatus, and incomplete nervous innervation are characteristic of vertebrate cardiac muscle cells.
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380401
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    Aspects of the ultrastructure of the alimentary canal and respiratory ducts in Xenopus laevis larvae (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 387-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pharynx, intestine and respiratory duct of Xenopus laevis were examined by light and electron microscopy, at different stages of the metamorphic cycle, through climax.It is well known that preclimactic larvae are suspension feeders and that after climax specimens feed on solid food. It is shown that the histology of the pharynx and the alimentary canal changes in adaptation to the change in the mode of feeding.Suspension feeding utilises ciliary activity but after climax cilia have disappeared from the pharynx and alimentary canal, when new neuromuscular mechanisms are utilised in feeding.Other morpho-histological changes in various intestinal and respiratory tissues are likewise considered in terms of functional activity.
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    The maxillae of Drosophila melanogaster as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The scanning electron micrographs show the external morphology of the maxillae of Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, they illustrate the patterning of the different types of chemo-receptive sensilla on the maxillary palpi making possible a clearer understanding of the structure of the tiny maxillary lobes. It appears that the maxillary lobes act as “cleaning brushes” during the feeding process.
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    The fine structure of a cephalic sensory receptor in the copepod Doropygus seclusus Illg (Crustacea: Copepoda: Notodelphyidae) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 407-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cephalic organ of presumed sensory function is described in nauplii and copepodids of the ascidicolous copepod Doropygus seclusus Illg. The receptor, located bilaterally in the anterodorsal head region, is composed of dendrites of extra optic protocerebral origin which have ciliary protrusions with basal bodies, no rootlets, and a basal infrastructure of the 9 + 0 type. The cilia do not branch and their distal terminations contain only one to four microtubules. In nauplii and free-living copepodids, a large epidermal supporting cell encapsulates the end of one dendrite and its cilia in a sac. Other dendrites and their cilia pass through the supporting cell and, terminally, the cilia escape to form a whorled fascicle which contacts the anterolateral cephalic cuticle. The latter end organ reaches its greatest development in the second copepodid stage  -  the stage which infects the ascidian. All of the symbiotic stages of the copepod have only a proportionately smaller end organ of the saccular type and apparently lack the end organ consisting of whorls of ciliary ends. The function of the receptor is unknown, but it is suggested that the end organ which disappears in the symbiotic stages functions in second copepodids in host recognition.
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    The ultrastructure of developing wings in the giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia. I. Generalized epidermal cells (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of wing epidermis of the giant silkmoth, Hyalophora cecropia, was studied during pupal diapause and the first half of development to the adult. In diapause, the generalized epidermal cells are characterized by many free ribosomes, some vesicles and small lamellae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, some scattered short mitochondria and a few small Golgi complexes. During the early states of post-diapause development, before and after the time of apolysis (separation of the epidermis from the overlying cuticle), there is a marked increase in structures often associated with synthetic functions, such as polyribosomes, lamellate rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. On day five of post-apolysis development, just after the appearance of scale-forming and socket-forming cells, the generalized epidermal cells lay down the cuticulin layer of the adult cuticle. At this stage and later, the polyribosomes and lamellate rough endoplasmic reticulum decrease in abundance. Cell nuclei show three phases of temporary transition from predominantly lobed to predominantly round profile, which correspond to periods of reported DNA synthesis. Throughout this developmental process, therefore, there is good correlation of fine structure with changes in macromolecular synthesis recorded elsewhere.
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    Aspects of the circulatory system of Pollicipes polymerus J. B. Sowerby (Cirripedia: Thoracica) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 79-107 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The circulatory system of Pollicipes polymerus exhibits a high degree of organization which precludes it from being referred to as an open system. The system is arbitrarily divided into four parts: (1) the circulation of the peduncle and mantle; (2) the distributive circulation of the body, which provides hemolymph to most of the cephalic gut, to the maxillary gland, and to the cirri; (3) the peripheral circulation which distributes blood from the cirri to the peripheral areas of the thoracic region, to most of the thoracic gut, and from the scutal sinus to the peripheral areas of the cephalic region; and (4) the collecting circulation, which conveys hemolymph mostly from the peripheral circulation of the body to the peduncle. There also may be a circulation that is comparable to the vertebrate lymphatic system.Pumping of hemolymph can be attributed to three pairs of skeletal muscles that compress the dorsolateral channels. These muscles are unique for crustacean muscles in that they do not appear to be striated.The rostral vessel appears to be a vestige of a heart in which the pump muscles have been lost. There is a similarity of the rostral vessel to the heart of Calanus finmarchicus (a copepod). This is additional evidence linking the cirripeds with the copepods within the Maxillopoda.Electron microscope observations of the walls of the midsagittal vessels indicate that there is a more or less random layering of cellular and noncellular elements within the wall. Muscle cells appear to be incorporated in the vessel wall.
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    Oogenesis in Xenopus laevis (Daudin). I. Stages of oocyte development in laboratory maintained animalsResearch sponsored by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with Union Carbide Corporation. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 153-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oogenesis in the anuran Xenopus laevis can be divided into six stages based on the anatomy of the developing oocyte. Stage I consists of small (50 to 100 μ) colorless oocytes whose cytoplasm is transparent. Their large nuclei and mitochondrial masses are clearly visible in the intact oocyte. Stage II oocytes range up to 450 μ in diameter, and appear white and opaque. Stage I and II are both previtellogenic. Pigment synthesis and yolk accumulation (vitellogenesis) begins during Stage III. Vitellogenesis continues through Stage IV (600 to 1000 μ), the oocytes grow rapidly, and the animal and vegetal hemispheres become differentiated. By Stage V (1000 to 1200 μ) the oocytes have nearly reached their maximum size and yolk accumulation gradually ceases. Stage VI oocytes are characterized by the appearance of an essentially unpigmented equatorial band. They range in size from 1200 to 1300 μ, are postivtellogenic and ready for ovulation. These stages of oocyte development have been correlated with physiological and biochemical data related to oogenesis in Xenopus.
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    Ultrastructural contributions to the identification of cell types in the lizard epidermal generation (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 191-209 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the epidermis at different stages of the shedding cycle has been studied in Anolis carolinensis. Cells of the germinal layer are morphologically similar at all stages in the cycle. Immediately after leaving the germinal layer all daughter cells resemble one another closely. However, they later acquire specific ultrastructural features that enable them to be classified into six distinct fully differentiated types corresponding to the grouping previously set forth by light microscopy. A comparison of cytoplasmic filament size with the known X-ray diffraction data suggests that the Oberhautchen and β-layer contain a protein similar to that of avian feather; the protein in the α-layer and lacunar tissue is similar to that in mammalian hair, and the mesos layer cells probably contain a mixture of feather and hair-like proteins. The nature of the amorphous cytoplasmic material in the mature clear layer is as yet unknown.
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    Comparative observations on the morphology of the mammalian periovarial sac (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 247-254 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interspecific variation in the positional and mesenteric relationship of the mammalian oviduct to the ovary observed among 41 species is summarized by distinguishing eight morphological types of relationship. The recognition of types is based on wide species differences in: the position of the oviduct with reference to the mesosalpinxal fold and ovary; the extent to which oviducal mesenteries enclose the ovary in a periovarial sac; the degree of closure and method of formation of the peritoneal opening to the periovarial sac; and the morphology of the oviduct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360208
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360301
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    Observations on the integument of the water mite Arrenurus major (Acari: Parasitengona)A section of the thesis submitted by the author in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Cornell University. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 433-449 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of the integument of the aquatic mite Arrenurus major Marshall is presented. When the cuticle is examined with the unaided eye and the light microscope, it appears to possess numerous tiny pits. However, scanning electron micrographs of the cuticle reveal that it is a solid surface with topographical sculpturing of the epicuticle, indicating that the “pits” are an internal phenomenon. In cuticle which has been sectioned, areas devoid of cuticular material beneath the thin exocuticle are revealed. These areas are the pits which are goblet-shaped.The integument consists of five major strata. These are from the outside to the inside: (1) a superficial layer with a maximum observed thickness of 725 Å, (2) an epicuticle with a thickness of about 900 Å and composed of at least four sublayers, (3) an exocuticle with a thickness of about 1.5 Å. Fibers of the exocuticle are arranged in a Bouligand pattern and exhibit a regularly occurring discontinuity with a spacing of 200 Å. (4) An endocuticle ranging from 15 to 20 μ in thickness. The endocuticle is characterized by bandings which superficially resemble the lamellae of insects but are not homologous, microfibers which exhibit a preferred orientation, and the presence of the pits; and (5) an epidermis lying beneath the endocuticle and extending into the pits.Pore canals are present only in the exocuticle and have their origin at the apices of the pits. The pore canals contain a central filament, and a plug is present just beneath the epicuticle.
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    Lymphoid tissue in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentinaSupported by United States Public Health Service grant AI 10679-01 to M.B. and National Science Foundation grant GB 17767 and GRSG-USPHS 1-FOL-FR-05354, to E.L.C. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 487-497 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This report presents light microscopic descriptions of lymphoid organs and aggregates in the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina. The thymus and spleen were found to be similar to those of other ectothermic vertebrates. Certain gut associated lymphoid aggregates suggest the presence of reptilian equivalents of tonsils, Peyer's patches and the avian bursa of Fabricius. Lymphoid aggregates located in the axillary and inguinal regions were apparent for the first time in an ectothermic vertebrate. These are of particular interest since they may represent ancestors of true lymph nodes in analogous locations in mammals. It is concluded that the snapping turtle is not deficient in lymphoid tissue, although there is a conspicuous absence of typical germinal centers, characteristic of mammalian organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380408
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    Suppression of the allograft response by implants of mature lymphoid tissues in larval Xenopus laevisSupported in part by a grant (CA-08268) of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 457-465 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: One hundred and twenty-two larvae of Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, at developmental stages 48, 50, 52 and 54, were implanted in the tail with two allografts from adult tissues. In each case, one allograft was from kidney, while the other was either from kidney, thymus, spleen, or liver. In any particular host the two implants were always from the same donor and the implants were all visually matched in size. The experimental period was a maximum of nine days, so as to minimize the large numbers of changes normally accompanying larval progress from stage to stage. We are concerned with the timing of allograft response initiation under the implant conditions of each experimental group at a particular point in development. An allograft response was defined as an infiltration and accumulation of small lymphocytes in the “test” kidney allograft. Larvae of all stages developed allograft responses within one week post-implantation when the variable implant was from kidney, but implants from spleen and thymus suppressed both the timing of initiation and the subsequent intensity of the response. Spleen was more effective in this regard than thymus and both were more effective in the earlier larval stages. Liver proved to be toxic to the larvae. The relationship between the maturation of the lymphomyeloid tissues and external morphological staging is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380406
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    Fine structure of the midgut epithelium in the developing brown shrimp, Penaeus aztecus (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 467-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The midgut epithelium of larval and early postlarval brown shrimp has been studied with light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally the features of the midgut do not change during these stages of development. On the basis of electron density, two epithelial cell types can be distinguished, and these are referred to as light and dark cells. The dark cells contain more rough endoplasmic reticulum and more free ribosomes than the light cells. Mitochondria in the dark cells have a matrix which is less electron dense than the mitochondrial matrix of the light cells. Both cell types have a microvillous border with a surface coat. The microvilli lack microfilaments within their core, and a terminal web is not differentiated in the stages examined. Tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in the basal portions of the cells. Electron dense, membrane bound vesicles are consistently seen in association with the Golgi apparatus, apical cell surface, and gut lumen and therefore are believed to be secretory granules. Cells in the anterior portion of the midgut often contain very large lipid droplets in the cytoplasm.
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    Morphology of the nasal fossae and associated structures of the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 161-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hamster nasal cavity consists of vestibular, non-olfactory and olfactory portions. Much of the non-olfactory nasal cavity surface is lined by cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, and low columnar epithelia, devoid of cilia. Goblet cells and ciliated respiratory epithelium are present over only a small portion of the nasal cavity surface.The largest glandular masses in the hamster nose are the maxillary recess glands, the vomeronasal glands and the lateral nasal gland 1; these three glands contain neutral mucopolysaccharides (PAS-positive). Other nasal glands contain both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides; the staining reaction for acidic mucopolysaccharide is stronger in goblet cells and olfactory glands than in the other nasal glands.The ducts which open into the nasal vestibule are the excretory ducts of compound tubuloacinar serous glands. The one major PAS-positive gland whose duct opens into the nasal vestibule is the lateral nasal gland 1. The ducts of the compound tubuloacinar vomeronasal glands open into the lumen of the vomeronasal organ, which is connected to the ventral nasal meatus by means of the vomeronasal duct. The ducts of the branched tubuloacinar maxillary recess glands open into the maxillary recess. Few ducts open into the caudal half of the nasal cavity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370204
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    Granular secretion in the kidney sexual segments of female lizards, Cnemidophorus I. lemniscatus (Sauria, Teiidae) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A differentiated segment, analogous in location and structure to the first portion of the sexual segment of the males, but much smaller, is observed in the renal collecting ducts of female C. lemniscatus. In addition to this first portion, with cells full of granules strongly positive to periodic acidleucofuchsin, males have a consecutive second portion, with granules localized only in the apical part of the cells, moderately positive to the reaction mentioned and with a marked affinity for orange G. The two portions of the male sexual segment are considered to correspond to the middle and final parts of the collecting ducts; the initial part in both sexes and the final one in the female are mucigenous.
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    Patterns of regional variation in the vertebral column of terrestrial salamanders (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 257-277 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Regional variation in the vertebral column of several species of salamanders (families Ambystomatidae, Salamandridae and Plethodontidae) is analyzed. Measurements of three dimensions, centrum length, prezygapophyseal width, and transverse process length, provide the data. Ontogenetic, interspecific, intergeneric and interfamilial patterns of positional variation are diagrammed and discussed. Distinctive patterns of variation characterize the families, genera, and to a lesser extent, the species. The patterns of ambystomatid salamanders are the most generalized, and probably reflect derivation from a primitive ancestral stock. The most specialized conditions occur in the fully terrestrial plethodontids, a group generally considered to be highly derived. Data such as those presented here will aid in the identification of fossils.The patterns described have functional significance. For example, species which have an aquatic larval stage and which return to aquatic breeding sites have vertebrae which taper in length and width behind the pelvis. This is a feature associated with production of a traveling wave in the tail which is necessary for propulsion in water. Fully terrestrial species do not have a tapering column. In them, standing waves, such as occur in the trunk region of all species, typically occur in the tail. The caudal vertebrae of terrestrial species are rather uniform in dimensions for some distance, and the tail is cylindrical in form. Other functionally important features include the narrowing and shortening of some anterior vertebrae, associated with the development of a neck in some species with tongue feeding mechanisms. In contrast, species which use their heads as wedges during locomotion have broadened anterior vertebrae which serve as sites of origin for hypertrophied neck muscles.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370302
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    The anatomy and histology of the nasal cavities and the nasal salt gland in four species of fringed-toed lizards, Acanthodactylus (Lacertidae)Dedicated to Prof. H. Mendelssohn on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday  -  “ad 120.”This paper is a part of a Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Senate of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 353-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the nasal cavities and lateral nasal gland (functioning as a salt gland) are similar in the four species of Acanthodactylus studies. Nasal cavities are not histologically different from those of other squamates. The vestibule is covered with a multilayered, stratified, squamous epithelium. The nasal gland is situated in the conchal space, lateral to the principal cavity and the vestibule. It is a tubular branched gland, highly vascularized. Innervation is derived from the N. trigeminus and was observed to reach only the anterior, small portion of the gland. The collecting duct opens to the vestibule, anterior to its connection to the principal cavity. Secretion of the nasal salt gland probably collects in lower anterior part of the vestibule. From there, liquid can either dry out while moistening the inspired air or be blown out by “sneezing.” Histological differences were observed between a non-active and an active salt gland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370306
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    The mechanism of ultraplanktonic entrapment in anuran larvae (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tadpoles of several different genera were fed graded suspensions of uniform polystyrene particles to determine the lower size limit of particles that could be ingested. Certain tadpoles can extract suspended particles as small as 0.126 μ in diameter from the water. In terms of particle size, this is an efficiency comparable to the best mechanical sieves that can currently be produced by man. A mechanism for ultrasplanktonic entrapment is proposed on the basis of scanning electron micrographs of the secretory ridges in the branchial food traps of Rana catesbeiana before and after feeding.Xenopus tadpoles in yeast suspensions modify their clearance and buccal pumping rates in response to varying food concentrations. This may be an adaptation for maintaining a constant input of food mass to the tissues that extract the food from the water.Variability in the lower size limit of filterable particles among tadpoles of different genera correlates with the availability of suspended matter in the microhabitat where these tadpoles may be found.
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    Ultrastructure of the venom gland of the scorpion, Centruroides sculpturatus (Ewing) (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 365-383 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The venom apparatus of the scorpion, C. sculpturatus (Ewing) was studied with light and electron microscopy. Each of the paired glands is lined by secretory epithelium made up of a single layer of columnar cells. Extensive folding in the epithelial layer creates a primitive acinar gland. The secretory products are either membrane-bound or unbound vesicles with discrete morphologies and are observed in the extruded venom, within the lumen of the gland, and within single secretory cells.The venom apparatus, including connective tissues, nerve cells, and muscle tunic is described and correlations are made with observations in other Athropods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370307
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    A light microscopic study of the mononuclear cells infiltrating skin homografts in the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Reptilia: Colubridae)Submitted to the State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supported by Training grant GM-00326 and Research grant HD-03484 from the National Institutes of Health. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 149-159 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rejection of skin homografts in the snake, Thamnophis sirtalis is preceded by an infiltration of mononuclear cells into the graft bed. The initial arrangement of infiltrating cells in perivascular halos suggests that these cells emigrate from the blood stream of the host. A cytological study showed that the vast majority of the cells can be classified as small and mediumsized lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Early stages of infiltration were associated with large proportions of lymphocytes while later stages were characterized by a predominance of macrophages. It was concluded that the mononuclear cells associated with graft rejection include large proportions of lymphocytes and macrophages and not just one kind of lymphoid cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370203
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    Morphogenesis of intestinal villi. I. Scanning electron microscopy of the duodenal epithelium of the developing chick embryo (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 193-213 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of villi in the duodenum of the chick was studied in stages ranging from 11 days of incubation to one week after hatching. Formation of definitive villi is preceded by development of a set of previllous ridges that run lengthwise along the duodenum. The first set of 16 previllous ridges (Set I) is complete by about 13 days of incubation; all ridges in the set are fairly uniform and proceed through their subsequent development in synchrony. Previllous ridges in Set I fold into a highly regular zigzag pattern between 14 and 16 days of incubation. Definitive villi develop from Set I ridges beginning at about 17 days when populations of distinct cells appear on the crests of the ridges between angles in the zigzag folds. Cells in these populations lack the rounded appearance of cells seen in earlier stages; their apical surfaces are densely covered with microvilli. A second set of villi (Set II) develops at about 16 days of incubation when about 16 rows of tongue-like flaps erupt between the previllous ridges of Set I. At hatching, Set II villi are still smaller than villi of Set I; this distinction disappears by about the fourth day after hatching. The significance of the morphological changes in epithelial cells is discussed in terms of several hypotheses bearing on the mechanisms of villus formation.
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    The relationship of early oocytes to putative neoblasts in the serpulid Spirorbis borealisWork supported by a grant (GB 18429) form N.S.F. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 215-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the ovary in the serpulid Spirorbis borealis has been described. The ovarian wall consists of from one to several layers of peritoneal cells. Peritoneal cell processes extend deep into the ovary and may be seen between developing oocytes. Although young oocytes may also be in close apposition to one another, intercellular bridges have not been observed. When primary oocytes at the surface of the ovary reach a diameter of about 20 μ, they start to erupt into the coelom. Ovulation results from a simple separation of overlying peritoneal cells which lack specialized cell-to-cell contacts. Once a free surface of an ovulating oocyte is exposed to the coelom, microvilli and primary coat develop. Previtellogenic coelomic oocytes are often observed in close proximity to putative neoblasts (perivasal cells), which suggests a possible functional relationship. The confusion that extists between germ cells, peritoneal cells, and so-called neoblasts in polychaetes is discussed.
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    A new model for the structure of the centriolar satellite complex in spermatozoa (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 229-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the centriolar satellite complex in the spermatozoon of the hydroid, Pennaria, is presented. The complex consists of nine spoke-like arms which emanate from the distal centriole and of nine wedgeshaped connectives which extend into the flagellum joining each of the alpha doublets and the flagellar plasmalemma. Based upon these observations a new model for the structure of the centriolar satellite complex is proposed. In addition, similar centriolar satellite complexes are reported in the spermatozoa of two echinoderms, Ctenodiscus crispatus and Thyone briareus, in support of the proposed model.
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370301
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    Origin of mono- and binucleate cells with heterochromatic chromosomes in the malpighian tubules of the european elm scale, Gossyparia spuria (Coccoidea: Homoptera)Supported by grants GB 6745 and GB 23665 from the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 243-256 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Males of the European elm scale, Gossyparia spuria (Erioccoccidae) have two Malphigian tubules, each made up of mononucleate and binucleate cells. Both types of cells may contain heterochromatic (H) chromosomes which form an H body. The cells with H bodies (H cells) usually appeared singly anywhere along the tubule. However, when two or more H cells were present they tended to be closer to each other than would be expected by chance. The possible origin of this tendency is discussed. Following squashing, the nuclei of the binucleate cells were much larger than those of most other somatic cells, suggesting that they were highly endopolyploid. However, the H bodies of the cells of the tubules were of about the same size as those of the other cells. These observations suggested that the H chromosomes of the binucleate cells did not replicate while the euchromatic chromosomes of these cells replicated several times. The great majority of the nuclei of the H cells contained a single H body per nucleus. An analysis of the number of H bodies in binucleate cells indicated that when two H bodies were present in the same nucleus they usually did not fuse. Thus, they were believed also not to fuse in the mononucleate cells. Since almost all the mononucleate H cells had only a single H body (rather than 2) it was concluded that they did not originate from binucleate cells by nuclear fusion.
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    Digit flexor muscles in the cat: Their action and motor unitsSupported in part by USPHS grants NB 07888 and FR 05457. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 335-352 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relation between muscle action and the mechanical properties of motor units has been explored in the main digit flexors of the cat hind limb: plantaris (PL); flexor digitorum brevis (FDB); flexor hallucis longus (FHL); and, flexor digitorum longus (FDL). General observations on muscle action revealed that PL is an ankle extensor as well as a digit flexor. PL and FHL were shown to be the major force contributors to digit flexion with FDL playing a lesser but still significant role.The mechanical properties of PL, FHL and FDB motor units were studied by noting twitch and tetanic tensions produced by electrical stimulation of single alpha axons, functionally isolated from the ventral root filaments. These data were compared to similar data reported by Olson and Swett (1966) for flexor digitorum longus (FDL). Our sample (114 PL, 60 FDB and 124 FHL units) disclosed that PL, FDB and FHL have units of uniformly fast contraction times (means 22, 27 and 27 msec respectively). PL units developed the most tetanic tension (3 to 160, mean 62 gm-wt) followed by FHL (2 to 87, mean 31 gm-wt) with FDB units producing very little tension (1 to 20, mean 6 gm-wt). Swett and Olson's FDL sample (108 units) showed tensions ranging from 0.3 to 100 gm-wt (mean 10 gm-wt).A division of labor among the four muscles is proposed. The large PL units are advantageous for forceful phasic inputs to the digits during the locomotion and in keeping with PL's additional role as an ankle exstensor. The low output forces of FDB units are optimal for discrete input to the digits during subtle adjustments of posture. We propose that the larger fast contracting units of FHL are used primarily for forceful digit flexions required in locomotion and for phasic protrusion of the claws while the predominately small and slow contracting units of FDL are used for sustained claw protrusion.
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    The development of the chondrocranium of the lacertid lizard, Acanthodactylus boskiana (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 289-333 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The trabeculae cranii are at first quite separate from each other, after few days their anterior two fifths are connected by a trabecular plate which is obliterated throughout development. The paired origin of the parachordal plate is not observed. The fused posterior orbital cartilages chondrify in the form of a wide short plate, traversed by the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. The basicranial fenestra and fenestra ovalis are formed by the degeneration of pre-existing cartilage. The cochlear portion is completely fused with the parachordal plate from the very beginning. The elements of the pterygoquadrate are fused together. The quadrate and Meckel's cartilage are in close contact from the very beginning. While the lower part of the interorbital septum is derived from the trabecula communis, its upper part is derived from the anterior orbital cartilages. The lateral parts of the fused posterior orbital cartilages give rise to most of the taeniae and pilae of the orbitotemporal region. There is only one commissure between the auditory capsule and parachordal plate. A cartilaginous connection between the distal portion of the columella auris and ceratohyal persists for some time. The parietotectal and paranasal cartilages are fused together from the very beginning. The processus paroticus originates from the columella auris.In the fully formed stage the notochord is completely embedded in the occipital condyle. The union between the condyle and odontoid process persists. The auditory capsules and occipital arches contribute to the formation of the tectum synoticum plus posterius. The prefacial commissure and facial foramen lie in front of the cochlear portion. The columella auris possesses a processus internus (connected with the quadrate), but the processes a dorsalis has completely disappeared. The orbitotemporal region is quite complete. A medial fenestra is formed in the planum supraseptale. A fenestra is observed in each of the interorbital and nasal septa. The lamina transversalis anterior is fused with the parietotectal cartilage. A complete zona annularis is present. The outer wall of the paranasal cartilage is perforated by a large fenestra lateralis. The parietotectal and paranasal cartilages and the posterior process of the lamina transversalis anterior contribute to the formation of the concha nasalis. There is a contact between the planum antorbitale and nasal septum. The pterygoid process has disappeared. The common characters of the lacertid chondrocranuium are deduced.
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370401
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    A cytological study of the ovary of Rhodnius prolixus. II. Oocyte differentiation (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 385-415 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation presents the ultrastructural changes that occur during previtellogenic and vitellogenic growth of the oocyte of a telotrophic ovary. The ovarioles of a newly emerged adult Rhodnius have their full complement of oocytes located at the base of the tropharium. These oocytes are in cytoplasmic continuity with the syncytial tropharium via trophic cords. The nuclei of these oocytes are in prophase of meiosis I with condensed chromosoes; synaptonemal complexes are visible in many. During oocyte growth the nucleus or germinal vesicle enlarges from a 3-4 μ diameter to a 45-50 μ diameter and the chromosomes become diffuse and arrested in late prophase I. Small previtellogenic oocytes are limited by a morphologically unspecialized oolemma and contain a pair of centrioles, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a few small Golgi complexes and clusters of mitochondria. By the end of previtellogenesis there has been an increase in the volume of the oocyte due to the transport of ribosomes and mitochondria into the oocyte from the tropharium. During vitellogenesis the oolemma develops a microvillous border and yolk precursors are internalized by pinocytosis. Small stacks of annulate lamellae, numerous ribosomes and the other organelles are restricted to the thin layer of cortical ooplasm; the lipid protein-carbohydrate yolk spheres and glycogen are located centrally. In oocytes not stimulated, autolysis occurs as dense local areas within the ooplasm.
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    Analysis of the developing avian glycogen body. I. Ultrastructural morphology (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 463-481 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of several stages in the development of the glycogen body of the chick is reported. During early developmental stages (7.5-11 days) glycogen granules were scattered throughout the cytoplasm of glycogen-body cells. Lysosomes were observed for the first time on the eleventh day of incubation. In the course of subsequent development three well demarcated cytoplasmic areas became recognizable; a juxtanuclear region that contained most of the organelles and was devoid of glycogen, a peripheral area (ectoplasm) free of glycogen, and a region densely packed with glycogen. Cells that were heavily laden with glycogen contained unusual rounded or “C”-shaped multivesicular bodies which were associated with the Golgi complex and with Golgi-like vesicles. Their functional significance did not become evident in this descriptive study.The paucity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum indicated its lack of importance in glycogen metabolism in the glycogen body. Ribosomes, which were the only organelles consistently observed in close proximity to glycogen granules, were thus implicated in glycogen synthesis.
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    Nucleolar organization in oocytes of gryllid crickets: Subfamilies gryllinae and nemobiinae (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 433-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cytological and cytochemical survey was made of nucleolar changes during oocyte development in several different species of crickets (Gryllidae) representing the subfamilies Gryllinae and Nemobiinae. A large mass of extrachromosomal DNA is characteristic of the pachytene stage nuclei of all species examined. Nucleolar material accumulates at the periphery of the DNA body as the cells proceed into the diplotene stage of development. As the oocytes proceed through diplotene, the nucleoli reorganize into many small masses which eventually disperse in the nucleoplasm. These changes reflect both an increase in number and in size of the nucleolar material during the diplotene stage and the mode by which dispersal of nucleolar material is accomplished. These differences probably reflect differences in the organization of extrachromosomal nucleolar DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370404
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    Effects of hypophysectomies and thyroxine replacement upon the initiation of tail regeneration in the lizard, Anolis carolinensisSupported by grants to M. Singer from the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health and the Multiple Sclerosis Society. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 449-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the effects of hypophysectomy and throxine therapy in young tail regenerates was carried out in the small iguanid lizard, Anolis c. carolinensis. Hypophysectomy caused a delay but did not inhibit blastema formation. The growth of the ependyma into the wound region was delayed in hypophysioprivic regenerates by about a week.Growth and differentiation of hypophysioprivic regenerates after blastema formation was variable, ranging from virtually no growth to the formation of a differentiated but very small protuberance. However, actual tail elongation was inhibited by hypophysectomy. In those hypophysioprivic regenerates that did show signs of differentiation, muscle groups were poorly defined, scanty in appearance and not as well differentiated as the cartilage tube.Thyroxine treatment in the young hypophysioprivic regenerates stimulated normal growth and normal appearance and differentiation of promuscle and procartilage aggregates as well as the growth of the ependymal tube into the blastema.
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  • 71
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    DNA synthesis, mitosis and fusion of myocardial cells (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 417-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myocardial cells obtained from embryonic chick ventricles have been used to investigate (1) whether differentiated cells can undergo DNA synthesis and mitosis and, (2) whether heart cells when grown in culture can fuse with each other and with chick skeletal myoblasts to form heterokaryon myotubes. Electron microscopic observations have shown that myocardial cells of day 3 and day 20 chick embryos did contain myofibrils with defined sarcomeres; these cells have been observed in mitosis. Cells obtained by tryptic digestion of day 12 chick ventricles when grown in culture continued to replicate their DNA as shown by thymidine-3H radioautography with DNase controls and were observed in all stages of mitosis. Electron microscopy showed that myofibrils were present in some of the cultured cells.Bi-, tri- and tetranucleate cells were observed in the cultures. Thymidine-3H radioautography showed that these cells were formed by karyokinesis without cytokinesis and by the fusion of uninucleate cells. Since the heart cells could fuse with each other, we tested the possibility that they could fuse with skeletal myoblasts to form heterokaryon myotubes. This was accomplished by co-culturing thymidine-3H labeled ventricular cells and unlabeled skeletal myoblasts. Radioautography with DNase controls showed that some of the myotubes consisted of unlabeled skeletal muscle nuclei and labeled heart nuclei in varied proportions. The factors initiating the formation of these heterokaryons have not been elucidated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    A light and electron microscopical study of spermatogenesis in Hydra cauliculata (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 483-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Morphological changes in the interstitial cells were studied during their differentiation into spermatozoa. Development of the spermatogonium involves an increase in nuclear and nucleolar size, and the formation of a dense mass of cytoplasmic ribosomes. The mature spermatozoon has a relatively simple structure. The head consists of a bullet shaped, homogeneous nucleus, which lacks an acrosome but bears distal membrane specializations. The middle piece is composed of four large spherical mitochondria at the base of nucleus. A single flagellum projects from one of the two centrioles lodged between the mitochondria. The flagellum appears early during development in the primary spermatocyte. During spermiogenesis microtubules associated with the basal body flagellum complex appear to define the axis of chromatin condensation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370407
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  • 73
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380101
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  • 74
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380201
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  • 75
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    The fate of the normal-anucleated spermatozoa in inseminated females of the silkworm Bombyx mori (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Both typical (haploid) and atypical (anucleated) spermatozoa reach the receptaculum seminis of inseminated females of Bombyx mori intermingled. However, only typical spermatozoa both leave the receptaculum and fertilize the eggs. Atypical spermatozoa, which are in fact anucleated flagellar apparatuses, probably function in transporting typical fertilizing spermatozoa to the receptaculum seminis. In the male ejaculatory duct both kinds of spermatozoa are wrapped with extra-cellular sleeves that presumably protect them on their way to the receptaculum. Typical spermatozoa “hatch” from the sleeves before leaving the receptaculum to fertilize the eggs. The presence of a centriole in the extra-testicular spermatozoa of this species supports the generalization that insect spermatozoa do have a centriole at the base of the flagellum.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380104
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    A cytological study of the ovary of Rhodnius prolixus. III. Cytoarchitecture and development of the trophic chamber (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 138 (1972), S. 1-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tropharium of the telotrophic ovarioles of Rhodnius is syncytial with the nurse cell nuclei located in tortuous finger-like projections arborizing from a common cytoplasmic area, the trophic core. The nurse cell nuclei exhibit prominent nucleoli. Located adjacent to the nuclear envelope are masses of granular material both within the nucleus and adjoining cytoplasm. The cytoplasm consists primarily of ribosomes and mitochondria. The trophic core and the trophic cords that connect the core to individual oocytes characteristically possess parallel arrays of microtubules with ribosomes and mitochondria interspersed between. Surrounding the nurse tissue (germarium) is a thin layer of squamous cells comprising the inner sheath. The inner sheath is encompassed by the non-cellular tunica propria superficial to which are two external cellular sheaths.The syncytial nature of the tropharium appears to arise as a result of the fusion of many entangled nurse cell-oocyte complexes during the late fifth instar. The structural similarities, and possible homologies with the polytrophic type of ovariole is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051380102
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    American Association of Anatomists eight fifth session (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 253-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720209
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    The survival and differentiation of embryonic lung tissues in diffusion chambers and in mammary fat pads of miceMost of this study was performed during a postdoctoral tenure in the laboratory of Dr. Richmond T. Prehn at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The work was supported in part by USPHS grants, CA-08856, CA-06927 and FR-05539, Society and by an appropriation from the Common-wealth of Pennsylvania. The author was supported by USPHS Training grant 5 T01 CA-5097.The skilled technical assistance of Miss Sylvia Couch is acknowledged. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The culturing of lung tissues in diffusion chambers in vivo has failed to support epithelial elements. The transplantation of lung rudiments into mammary fat pads of mice, however, has allowed long term culture (11 months) with complete differentiation of the explants.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Fine structure of sinusoids and portal capillaries in the liver of the adult sheep and the newborn lamb (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In adult sheep, the hepatic sinusoids have an endothelial lining with numerous gaps and fenestrae and are surrounded by a complete basal lamina. In newborn lambs, the sinusoids have a relatively thick endothelium with fewer gaps, and the space of Disse contains a partially formed endothelial basal lamina. In both adult sheep and lambs, perisinusoidal cells appear to form a network around the sinusoid. In portal areas, the endothelium of the smaller capillaries is fenestrated, but the larger capillaries have unfenestrated walls and are enmeshed in processes of pericytes. Projections of endothelial cells partially or completely occlude the lumen of some portal capillaries, and of a large majority of sinusoids scattered throughout the lobule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720106
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    Effects of x-irradiation on lens regeneration in adult Triturus viridescensThis investigtion was supported by institutional grants IN-85 from the AMerican Cancer Society and RR-05423 from the U. S. Public Health Service. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lens regeneration was inhibited in adult Triturus v. with 1500 r of x-irradiation. Implants of irradiated or unirradiated segments of dorsal iris were then implanted into either irradiated or unirradiated eyes. When irradiated eyes received irradiated implants, only minor degrees of lens regeneration were seen from host and implant. Unirradiated eyes receiving unirradiated implants often formed two normal lenses, one from the host and one from the implant. Irradiated eyes receiving unirradiated implants usually formed one normal regenerate arising from the implant. Unirradiated eyes receiving irradiated implants usually formed only one normal regenerate, originating from the host. The results indicate that inhibition of lens regeneration by x-irradiation is due to effects solely on the iris, and that unirradiated neural retina, under the experimental conditions used, does not stimulate recovery of the regenerative ability of an irradiated iris. These results are discussed in relation to the question of neural-tissue-mediated recovery of regeneration systems from x-irradiation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Role of chondrocytes and hydrocortisone in resorption of proximal fragment of Meckel's cartilage: An in vitro and in vivo studySupported by grant MA3803, awarded by the Medical Research Council of Canada. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The possibility that chondrocytes of the proximal fragment of Meckel's cartilage may participate in resorption of the extracellular substance of the cartilage and outlive its removal, has been investigated in vitro and in vivo. Mandibles from 18 day in utero mouse foetuses were cultured for 14 days on an an antibiotic-free chemically defined medium. When tested histochemically for acid phosphatase heavy deposits of reaction product were evident in cells in areas where resorption appeared to be occurring. When maintained on medium containing 1.0 μg/ml hydrocortisone, groups of chondrocytes hypertrophied and were reactive for acid phosphatase, and this was accompanied by loss of intervening extracellular substance. These changes were intensified by increasing the oxygen tension of the environment and by further supplementing the medium with 1.0 μg/ml triiodothyronine. Chondrocytes in the vicinity of sites of resorption could incorporate 3H-proline and 3H-thymidine. In vivo, chondrocytes in the vicinity of resorbing areas in two to three day post-partum animals were highly reactive for acid phosphatase, and could incorporate 3H-thymidine, 3H-proline, and 3H-uridine. These observations have been interpreted to suggest that resorption of the proximal fragment of Meckel's cartilage is not necessarily accompanied by death of the chondrocytes, and that the chondrocytes may participate in removal of the extracellular substance. Furthermore, the response of the chondrocytes of Meckel's cartilage to hydrocortisone in vitro appears to differ from the response that has been reported to occur in a number of other cells in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720103
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    Possible division of cardiac mitochondria (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 309-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Numerous examples of partitioned mitochondria were present in cardiac muscle cells of mice, rats, guinea pigs, and canaries. The partitions, which usually bisected the mitochondria, consisted of two parallel membranes in direct continuity with the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some of these mitochondria showed varying degrees of constriction at the level of the partitions. In many partitioned organelles, the two sets of cristae on opposite sides of the septum were positioned at right angles to one another, so that if one set was seen in profile, the other appeared en face. This arrangement of cristae simplified the detection of partitioned mitochondria even at low magnifications.The number of mitochondria and the frequency of occurrence of partitioned mitochondria were considerably enhanced in heart muscle cells of some weanling mice by feeding them the copper-chelating agent, cuprizone. The mitochondria, both with and without partitions, were identical to those in untreated animals. Based on this and other experimental evidence, and by analogy with other organs, notably mammalian liver and insect fat body, it was concluded that partitioned cardiac mitochondria are in fact dividing.
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    Erratum (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 373-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730312
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  • 84
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    Immobilization and cartilage transformation into bone in the embryonic chick (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 391-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fate of the secondary cartilage present on the membrane bones of the embryonic chick has been studied after immobilization. Immobilization was achieved by the in vivo injection of paralysing drugs (tubocurare or decamethonium), by grafting membrane bones onto the chorioallantoic membrane, or by organ-culturing membrane bones in vitro. In all three situations the cartilage was transformed into a bone-like tissue, the matrix losing its acid muco-polysaccharide, accumulating collagen and undergoing calcification. The chondrocytes shrank in size, came to resemble osteoblasts (osteocytes) and acquired alkaline phosphatase activity.In normal development this cartilage is not transformed into bone but is partly replaced by bone and partly converted into a fibrocartilage which forms the definitive articular cartilage. Immobilization prevented this normal sequence.Past studies on the transformation of cartilage to bone are reviewed and are seen to be adaptations of a highly labile tissue to functional demands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730402
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    Crystal growth in rat incisor enamel (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 453-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The width and thickness of hydroxyapatite crystals and the crystal density at various stages of rat incisor amelogenesis were studied using electron microscopy. The cross-sectional profile of the crystals increased from 259 × 12.7 Å at the surface of the ameloblast to 454 × 249 Å in the completely mineralized enamel. In agreement with previous observations, many crystals had a regular, flattened hexagonal profile during the matrix formation stage. During enamel maturation, the crystals assumed more irregular surface contours, the crystals tending to adapt themselves to the available space. In completely mineralized enamel, the crystals were as irregular in shape as the crystals in human enamel, and they occupied around 85% of the volume. While the crystals at the onset of mineralization were separated by a distance of 120-150 Å, the crystals eventually became relatively closely packed, separated by a fine space only 10-25 Å in width. A lower number of crystals per unit cross-sectional area of the enamel prisms was observed in fully mineralized enamel as compared with the early stages of amelogenesis. Since evidence of fusion of crystals is lacking, the decrease in crystal density appears to result from swelling of the enamel prisms.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Juxtaglomerular granular cells and nephron autoregulationSupported by Vermont Heart Association grant AG-65. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 479-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological study of serially sectioned glomeruli in rat and mouse kidneys possessing different aggregates of juxtaglomerular granular cells has revealed that between 15 and 29% of glomeruli in control animals are not associated with these granular cells and that almost universal association occurs only when the granular cells are greatly increased. Thus, a significant number of nephrons in control rats are not continuously autoregulated through a local renin-angiotensin mechanism, assuming that a lack of granules is associated with a lack of synthesis and release of renin. This association between granular cells and glomeruli is usually greater in the outer half than in the inner half of the cortex regardless of the content of granular cells; although the difference is not as great as prior reports indicate. Stimuli which either increase or decrease granularity of juxtaglomerular cells produce a similar and parallel response in both cortical regions, suggesting that control or regulation of granular cells is the same in both areas. It further suggests that the reported difference in filtration rates between superficial and deep glomeruli following sodium loading and sodium deprivation is not mediated through a differential alteration of juxta-glomerular cell granularity. A linear regression equation was developed by which the per cent of all glomeruli associated with granular cells may be estimated from given mean juxtaglomerular granular cell indices (GCI).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730408
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    The organization of dense projections in synapses of the brain of a marsupial, Setonix brachyurus (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 174 (1972), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Synaptic junctions from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the quokka brain have been examined by electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde fixation and PTA staining. Junctions can be divided into two groups: discontinuous-continuous and continuous-continuous, depending on the continuity or lack of it of the presynaptic membrane. The postsynaptic membrane always has a continuous appearance.The dense projections have the following characteristics: 1. an irregular outline due to the presence of spikes; 2. in some cases, an external electron-opaque “skin” and an internal, relatively electron-translucent core; 3. adjacent projections may have one or more stands of the presynaptic network between them and extending to the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane; 4. the gap between the bases of dense projections varies from 5 to 69 nm, with a mean value of 23 nm. Seventy-six percent of these measurements fall within the range 5-25 nm, while many of the larger gaps separating dense projections are subdivided into smaller components by the presence of one or more strands of the presynap-tic network.Features 2 and 3 have not been previously described in exactly the form seen here. It is not known whether they are confined to marsupial synapses or whether they highlight important general features of synaptic organization.
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    Masthead (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 174 (1972) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091740201
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    Electron microscopic observations on eosinophil leukocyte granules in dog blood (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 174 (1972), S. 165-173 
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    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The eosinophil granules of the dog have a dense matrix with or without a light peripheral rim. Lamellated crystalloids are demonstrated in their dense matrix. The lamellation consists of alternating dark and light bands resembling crystalloids of other species. The center to center distance between the consecutive dark bands measures approximately 107 Å. The crystalloids appear to take rather variable forms ranging from large, triangular to small, elongated or irregular shape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091740203
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    Surface patterns in the reproductive tracts of the rabbit observed by scanning electron microscopyThis investigation was supported in part by The Ford Foundation grant 710-0287. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 174 (1972), S. 205-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of cell surface and tissue organization of reproductive tracts of female rabbits were observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the vagina, straight and shallow longitudinal folds were observed. Complex, very deep, narrow folds with small crypts were observed in the cervix uteri. Two types of cells were recognized: ciliated cells and secretory non-ciliated cells. The internal os area contained more ciliated cells than the external os area. In the uterus, two different patterns of fold formations were observed: shallow fold formation in a random direction or mosaic pattern in the lower part of the uterus, and wave-like folds in the middle or upper part of the uterus. The lower part of the uterus contained more ciliated cells than the mid and upper part of the uterus. At the uterotubal junction, four large folds and four small folds from the isthmus are projected into the uterine lumen forming a rosette-like structure. In the oviduct, longitudinal fold formations were observed through the isthmus to ampullae. The number of ciliated cells gradually increased from the isthmus to the ampullae. The fimbriae, made of several mucosal folds arranged like flower petals, were composed of a high percentage of ciliated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091740206
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    Ultrastructural studies on elastic fibers using enzymatic digestion of thin sectionsSupported by Public Health Service grant GM-114. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The enzymes elastase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, pronase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase were utilized on thin Epon sections to obtain further information on the nature of elastic fibers. Results showed that the central amorphous material was selectively removed by elastase and after hydrogen peroxide pretreatment it also was removed by chymotrypsin, pepsin and pronase. None of the enzymes removed the peripheral microfibrils, but pepsin did accentuate the density and periodic beading of these structures. The failure of proteases to remove the microfibrils under these conditions is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720107
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  • 92
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    Histological and radiographic study of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in cynomolgus monkeys, Macaque Irus (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The spheno-occipital synchondroses of 20 cynomolgus monkeys have been examined histologically and radiographically. The findings by these two methods have been compared and correlated with the dental age of the monkeys. The radiographic examination was carried out on the isolated clivus region while serial sections were used for histological examination. Comparison of the synchondrosis by the two methods resulted in six disagreements when the synchondroses were classified as open, partly closed or closed. It is suggested that this difficulty is due to superimposition of shadows on the radiographs and small degrees of histological union not being recognised radiographically. It is further suggested that care should be taken in determining the age at closure when radiographs alone are used as the criterion. The dental age at initial closure appeared to vary widely in some cases occurring at an early mixed dentition stage and in others as late as the adolescent dentition. The closure of the synchondrosis was not related to the eruption time of any particular tooth. The pattern of closure did not conform to the classical type, i.e., from above downwards nor indeed was any consistent pattern revealed in either the radiographs or histological sections.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720201
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  • 93
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    The specialized lingual papillae of Tachyglossus aculeatus I. Gross and light microscopic features (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The tongue of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus is divided structurally and functionally into two distinct parts; a free rostral portion covered by stratified squamous epithelium bearing filiform papillae and a fixed caudal portion formed by a trapezoidal pad which bears highly specialized keratinized spines. These spines are similar in their morphology to the horny teeth of the living cyclostome Myxine and the hard keratin of rat filiform papillae.The gross and light microscopic structure of the lingual spines is described and their use as a masticatory organ (by occlusion with a similar set of spines on the palate) is discussed in relation to the animal's diet and method of feeding.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720204
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    Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in primordial gland structures which become responsive to androgenic stimulationAided in part by USPHS traineeship GM-94-11. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 179-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenetic tissue interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme of male accessory sexual gland primordia were investigated by standard culture methods. Seminal vesicle (SV), urogenital sinus (UGS), and preputial gland (PP) rudiments were excised from 13- to 19-day old embryonic mice. After tryptic-separation, the epithelium and mesenchyme of these rudiments were recombined into control (homotypic) and experimental (heterotypic) recombinants which were subsequently grown in the anterior chamber of the eye of adult male hosts.In recombinants composed of accessory sexual gland epithelium (SV, UGS, or PP) and urogenital gland mesenchyme (SV or UGS), the histotypic pattern of the recombinants reflected the source of the epithelium. Normal differentiation of SV, UGS, and PP epithelium occurred consistently when these epithelia were associated with SV or UGS mesenchyme. On the other hand, urogenital gland epithelium (SV or UGS) did not develop normally when associated with the integumentally-derived preputial gland mesenchyme. Instead, seminal vesicle epithelium was maintained as a columnar epithelium arranged in a simple tubular structure, while urogenital sinus epithelium formed a keratinized epithelium despite the presence of androgens. These data illustrate (1) the supportive properties common to urogenital mesenchyme, (2) the stability of accessory sexual gland epithelium, and (3) the lack of strict mesenchymal requirements of these epithelia. Furthermore, the data suggest that urogenital and integumental mesenchyme differ significantly in their ability to mediate hormonally-dependent developmental processes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720206
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  • 95
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    Quantitative studies of the deep petrosal nerve of the mouse with the electron microscope (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 483-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative counts of the deep petrosal nerve of the mouse with the electron microscope have shown that, on an average, 3,208 fibers of the total nerve fibers (3,209) are unmyelinated and only one fiber is myelinated. The unmyelinated fibers in the deep petrosal nerves ranged from 0.1 to 1.7 μ in minor diameters, 0.3-0.4 μ being most frequent (about 30% ), while their major diameters varied from 0.1 to 2.4 μ the majority being 0.4-0.7 μ (about 60% ).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720302
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  • 96
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    Muscle spindle distribution in snout musculature of the Japanese shrew-molePart of this paper was read at the Symposium of Morphology on Maxillomandibular Apparatus at the 9th International Congress of Anatomists, Leningrad, August 17-22, 1970. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 703-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was designed to provide the structural basis for snout-mandibular movement of insectivores. Muscle spindle distribution in the snout musculature of six Japanese shrew-moles was examined in serial cross sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and azan.Zygomaticus major, Levator labii superioris and Zygomaticus minor contain about 120 muscle spindles but Levator alae nasi superioris and inferioris have no spindles. The spindles are concentrated within the lower half of the musculature. The average of the spindle area of one muscle measured was about 0.1 mm2 and the extent the spindles were observed was 11 mm. The ratio of the spindle area to the muscle area was a maximum of 25% in the posterior one-third of the belly, 10% in the middle and 1% in the anterior.Since the facial muscles are considered either to be devoid of spindles or few in number, it is of considerable interest that the snout musculature is supplied by abundant muscle spindles. It also suggests that the delicate movements of the snout muscle might be under minute control of the proprioceptive mechanism.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720409
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  • 97
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    The nuclear envelope in guinea pig spermiogenesis (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In early stages of flagellar development the nuclear envelope on either side of the implantation fossa develops numerous pores. With condensation of the nucleus the envelope becomes excessive and these annulated portions of the envelope are reflected off the surface of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the neck. The evaginated nuclear membranes enclose a residual mass of nucleoplasm which remains after the rest of the nucleus has polymerized, indicating either a storage of previously synthesized substances or a reserve of metabolically active nucleoplasm which may serve for the continued development of flagellar structures. A portion of the evaginated envelope is differentiated from the rest in lacking annuli and having a consistent 150 Å-200ÅA cisternal space. This unannulated section differentiates in association with the adjunct of the proximal centriole and eventually surrounds the terminal end of the adjunct.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730104
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  • 98
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    Follicular histology and physiological correlates in the preovulatory hamster (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The surge in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in the proestrous hamster begins at 1430 (Turgeon and Greenwald, '72) and this is followed by a sharp increase in follicular and interstitially derived progesterone at 1500 (Norman and Greenwald, '71). The purpose of the present study was to relate various histologic events in the ovary of the preovulatory hamster to these physiological changes, dating from the LH increase between 1430 and 1500. The earliest maturational changes in the oocyte occurred at 1600 as the nuclear membrane began to disappear, correlating with an increase in the number of pycnotic nuclei in the surrounding cumulus cells and an abrupt reduction in mitotic activity in the membrana granulosa. It is possible that the latter event is related to increased progesterone secretion by the follicle at 1500. The most rapid increase in follicular diameter occurred between 2000 and 2200 - five to seven hours after the LH surge and was accompanied by a pronounced stromal edema especially of the medullary portion of the ovary. During this same time period, meiosis proceeded to the metaphase stage and the cumulus cells began to disperse to form the corona radiata. Of the eight hours required for the first meiotic division, four to six hours are spent in metaphase. The majority of animals (75%) ovulated by 0100 and all animals ovulated by 0200. Therefore, ovulation occurred 10 to 11 hours after the LH surge at 1500.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730108
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    Cartilage canals, their morphology and distributionSubmitted as Journal Paper 4527, Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Indiana. (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 79-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The proximal humeral chondroepiphysis of newborn pups was shown to be well-vascularized by a series of segmentally distributed cartilage canals which varied from short unbranched channels to channels which coursed half-way across the epiphysis. Cartilage canals were observed to contain a muscular arteriole, venule, loose connective tissue and perivascular capillaries. The muscular arterioles originated from the dense perichondrial vascular network at regular intervals, coursed in the central portion of the cartilage canal, and terminated by dividing into a capillary glomerulus in the cartilaginous matrix.These glomeruli were observed to assume a wide variety of sizes and shapes reflecting the metabolic needs of the areas they served. The capillaries of the glomerulus recombined into a single venule which rejoined the perichondrium via the same channel as the parent arteriole. The loose connective tissue surrounding these vessels was rich in fibroblasts and macrophages and was continuous with that of the perichondrium.From the structural relationship of the cartilage canals and the articular surface, it was concluded that at birth the synovial fluid had little nutritional significance for the epiphysis, but with age the nutritional contribution from the synovial fluid became more important.The particular arrangement of the venule and the perivascular capillaries allowed for metabolic exchange the entire length of the canal. Structures which appeared to be unmyelinated nerves and structures which contained a flocculent material and resembled lymphatics were seen in the connective tissue of the cartilage canals.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730107
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  • 100
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    Electromyography of sartorius muscle (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 173 (1972), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The sartorius muscle of ten normal subjects was studied by elec-tromyography. It is most active during flexion of the hip and only slightly active during lateral rotation and abduction of the hip. The muscle is usually more active during knee flexion than during extension, but this is not universal. Apparently in some persons it plays a role in knee extension in addition to its knee flexion action, depending on knee position and variations in insertion. Sartorius appears to be a regulator in hip flexion and lateral rotation during the swing phase of gait.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091730201
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