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  • 1975-1979  (1,198)
  • 1977  (1,198)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (628)
  • Chemical Engineering  (336)
  • Engineering General  (234)
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Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,198)
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of mixtures of two compatible polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of mixtures of poly(2, 6-dimethyl p-phenylene oxide) and poly(styrene) have been measured by DSC, density gradient, dynamic mechanical response, and tensile testing. The mixtures are found to have single glass trasitions that vary continuously with the composition. They also have small negative excess volumes of mixing, indicative of strong polymerpolymer interaction. The dynamic mechanical response of the mixtures shows that the low temperature secondary relaxations are suppressed whereas those at high temperatures are enhanced. These observations imply that mixing on the segmental levc l has occurred. A plot of tensile strength vs composition at different strain rates reveals two regions of failure behavior. The high PS, high strain rate region is brittle, and the high PM2PO, low strain rate region is ductile. When the tensile yield data are treated according to the Ree-Eyring equation, the addition of PS to PM2PO is found to reduce the flow volum, e of the mixture. The overall effect on mechanical properties of adding small amounts of one component to the other is similar to that of anti-plasticization. Our experimental observations are consistent with the shifting of the relaxation mechanisms to longer times due to the negative excess volume of mixing.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170310
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using the SI units (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: SI surpasses previous metric systems in coherence, simplicity, distinction between force and mass, choice of units, and uniformity of usage. Coherence eliminates conversion factors, other than powers of ten, within the system. Through simplification, only seven base units, two supplementary units, seventeen named derived units, and sixteen prefixes are needed to describe the entire system. Promotion of the newton as a unit of force and retention of the kilogram for mass clarifies the difference between the two quantities. New units are: pascal for pressure, siemens for electric conductance, and mole for amount of a substance. International agreement minimizes proliferation of specialized units or usage. Adopted conventions include spelling, abbreviations, style, and usage, as well as definitions for the units. Toleranceg, rounding of numbers, and elimination of the comma in multidigit numbers assume new significance. Conversion to SI offers a unique opportunity to reduce the number of sizes of many products. Several schemes for metric modularism have been developed for this purpose. In changing from conventional tip SI units, the key idea is “think metric” rather than use dual dimensioning.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170403
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of molecular weight on fatigue behavior of polyethylene and polystyreneResearch Supported by Division of Materials Research, The National Science Foundation, Grant No DMR 74-02444 (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 246-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fatigue tests in reversed tension-compression have been carried out on samples of polyethylene and polystyrene of widely varying molecular weights, extending up to 2, 000, 000. All tests on polystyrene specimens were made at 1600 rpm. For polyethylene, tests speeds had to be reduced to 100 rpm in order to avoid serious temperature effects. For both materials, increasing molecular weight leads to improved resistance to alternating loading. For polystyrene, this improvement in ultimate properties even continued well beyond molecular weight values where Tg, becomes effectively independent of molecular weight. For polyethylene, samples of high molecular weight did not fail even after 107 cycles of alternating loading at a stress level of 3000 psi.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170407
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170601
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The examination of poly(5-hexene-2-one sulfone) as a positive-working photoresist (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 350-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel photoresist material is described, consisting of a copolymer of 5-hexene-2-one and SO2, which performs with or without the addition of sensitizers. This photoresist forms non-tacky films that adhere well to silicon oxide without requiring thermal treatment. They also have useful sensitivity, can be developed to form highly-resolved images, are inert to conventional etchants, and are readily removed after etching. The synthesis, characterization, and a possible mechanism for photodegradation are presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170603
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) and aqueous chromate ion (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chromate ion in aqueous solution has been studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The first step of the reaction appears to be formation of a PVA-chromate ester. No further detectable chemical changes occur unless the ester is irradiated. Spectral sensitivity data indicate the reaction is initiated only by the chromate ester charge transfer absorptions at approximately 370 nm and 450 nm. EPR indicates an equilibrium concentration of Cr (V) during irradiation arid a decrease in concentration of Cr(V) following second order kinetics upon cessation of irradiation. The final reaction product is Cr (III) complexed with the hydroxyl groups of the PVA. The reaction rate is a function of pH between pH 12; however no detectable reaction occurred above pH 12. A mechanism is proposed for the PVA-chromate photoreaction in solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170606
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three dimensional behavior of negative electron resists (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 377-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is illustrated experimentally that swelling and deformation of narrow lines (width 〈 1 μm) is an important limitation on the fidelity and transverse resolution of negative electron resists. The thickness response curve developed for negative resists is discussed and the effect of feature size is introduced through the experimental parameter DgR, the rigid gel dose, or the dose required to initiate a free standing line of width 〈 0.2 μm. The transition from line to area exposure is discussed and the effect of substrate backscatter or transverse resolution in gratings is calculated. The observed resolution is 3-5 times the calculated value from swelling and deformation during development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170609
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical considerations on the sensitivities of electron beam resists (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 390-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical study has been carried out in order to explain the sensitivities of electron beam and X-ray resists. A preliminary investigation reveals that the behavior of these resists, on irradiation by high energy radiation, may be considered to be the electronically-excited species in the polymer. To elucidate the chemical reactions in the excited states the adiabatic potential curves are calculated by the INDO/S procedure, which considers all the valence electrons and all the singly excited electronic configurations. Polyethylene and polyisobutylene were chosen as representative of crosslinkable and degradable polymers, respectively, since there is a parallelism between the beam sensitivity of resists and the effects of high energy radiation on polymers. Polyisobutylene has many antibonding curves favorable for the main chain scission in the excited states and polyethylene does not except for one improbable state. It was concluded that degradability is explainable by the ease of bond fission in the excited states; the crosslinkability is considered to be nondegradable property.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170612
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graft copolymers of polysaccharides with thermoplastic polymers. A new type of filled plastic (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 311-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of starch graft copolymers and one cellulose graft copolymer were prepared containing 40-50 percent synthetic polymer. The monomers used (styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate) were chosen to give grafted synthetic polymers with varying glass transition temperatures (Tg). These graft copolymers were extruded, in the absence of any added thermoplastic homopolymer, to give strong, continuous polysaccharide-filled plastics which are biodegradable and which exhibit little or no die swell. Properties of plastics varied with the Tg of the thermoplastic portion. Starch-g-polystyrene and starch-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) were hard and brittle, while graft copolymers prepared from methyl and butyl acrylate were more flexible and leathery. The graft Uopolymers with lower Tg grafts required less torque and could be extruded at lower temperatures. In the methyl acrylate series, a graft copolymer prepared from gelatinized starch was more easily extruded than one prepared from granular starch, and addition of water produced a water-filled extrudate of excellent quality. The surprising feature of these results is that the matrix polymers, starch and cellulose, are rigid, nonsoftening materials. Grafting of a thermoplastic polymer to these matrix polymers would not be expected to give an extrudable product. The results are explained as powder flow followed by fusion or sintering of the graft polymers under the temperature and pressure conditions in the die.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170508
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyketones and polysulfones for conservation of ethylene polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 335-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because of the increase in cost of foreign oil, ethylene costs have increased markedly within the last several years. There is presently a sizeable incentive to reduce raw material costs for basic polymer manufacture. The polyketones, synthesized from ethylene and CO, and the polysulfones, synthesized from ethylene and SO2, both utilizing high energy radiation, offer one such possibility. The process has the additional advantage that CO and SO2, usually considered as.wastes and pollutants from fossil fuel burning power plants, are converted to useful materials. The polyketones and polysulfones formed by radiation-induced polymerization from the gas phase below 100°C have been found to be high molecular weight polymers which, depending on composition, either melt with difficulty or decompose at temperatures of 250°C or higher. The higher temperature (〉100°C) catalyst-induced reaction produces low molecular weight waxes. Design calculations indicate that for a G value of 10, 000 and 50 percent energy deposition efficiency, it would take 331 megacuries of Co6O to conserve 2 billion pounds of ethylene or 25 percent of the overall U.S. consumption in the PE market by substituting CO and SO2. This savings amounts to as much as $280 million at today's market price. Electron machine radiation with a 25 percent energy deposition efficiency requires a total beam power of 9800 KW. The use of machine radiation is preferred because of safety, availability, and lower initial investment. The challenge presented by the development of these substituted polymer systems depends on (1) the determination of the uniqueness of the radiation process and confirming the yields with electron machine radiation, (2) the processability and market acceptability of the substituted polymers, and (3) the ability to design an efficient radiation process reactor.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170512
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peel mechanics of adhesive joints (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 462-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A review is given of the mechanics of peeling rupture of an adhesive joint, consisting of a flexible adhering strip peled away from a layer of adhesive. Attention is drawn to a number of anomalous results that cannot be accounted for solely, in terms of the thermodynamic work of formation of two new surfaces. The work of detachment is found to be generally much larger than the theoretically-predicted amount. Moreover, the value obtained is greater for thicker layers of adhesive, and for detachment at a peel angle of 180° rather than at 90°. Also, it is found to increase with increasing thickness of the adhering strip, passing through a maximum value in some cases and then decreasing as the strip thickness is increased still further. All of these effects are attributed to dissipative processes, for example, plastic yielding, in one or both of the adhering layers as they are peeled apart. Some quantitative relationships are given for the additional peel forces arising from plastic yielding of the adherend or the adhesive.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170708
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial (polymer-substrate) failure of ultraviolet radiation curable coatings (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 478-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of ultraviolet radiation technology to cure or photopolymerize acrylic unsaturated monomers, oligomers, and polymers into tight network structures introduces several adhesion problems that can be related to or associated with interfacial polymer-substrate failure. This paper discusses network formation, polymer-interfacial growth association and failure as a function of the following variables: light intensity (effect on sol/gel conversion), photoinitiator (structurereactivity as a function of conversion), polymer shrinkage, and substrate wetting. The results of this study show that all of the above variables interact in a composite fashion to influence the final properties of the ultraviolet cured coatings.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170711
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray lithography (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 385-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The advent of X-ray lithography as a natural compliment to electron beam pattern generation and photolithography seems to be filling a need in the fabrication of submicron devices. The X-ray technique, which is simple for single level devices, lags behind other lithographies in registration techniques. However, its proven high resolution capabilities is responsible for the increased interest in further development. At present a, variety of mask substrates are being evaluated with no one material exhibiting an overwhelming advantage. The type of substrate used is closely coupled to the permissable wavelength of the X-ray source. The X-rays used for lithography to date vary from Rh L (4Å) up to CK (44Å). Each wavelength shows a distinct advantage and disadvantage. For example, at short wavelengths substrates can be relatively massive but resists are less sensitive and high resolution masks have low contrasts. At longer wavelengths, resists are more sensitive and masks have higher contrast, but defects due to dust are more probable. The use of more than one X-ray source could fulfill the requirements imposed by mask making and device fabrication. High throughput for both masks and device require both foster resists and higher intensity X-ray sources.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170611
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameters, affecting the sensitivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) as a positive lithographic resistA detailed paper on this subject will appear in the IBM J. Res. Dev., 21, (2)(1977) (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 396-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The contribution of parameters such as molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and stereochemistry to electron beam sensitivity of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, has been investigated. The sensitivity is interpreted here as the minimum radiation dose required to obtain a predetermined solubility rate ratio, S/So = SR, of the exposed, S, and unexposed, So, material. The G-value was foam be independent of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and stereochemistry. Data indicate that the weight average molecular weight ratio correlates better with SR than the number average molecular weight ratio. The tacticity of the resist and the developer solvent molecular weight or size have a large effect on solubility rate. Although the solubility rate pf isotactic PMMA is much greater than the syndiotactic and heterotactic stereoforms, the sensitivity appears to be independent of tacticity. In a homologous series of n-alkyl acetate developer solvents, the molecular size of the solvent has a greater effect on the solubility rate than the molecular weight of the resist. A developer solvent has been selected from the n-alkyl acetates which enhanced the sensitivity of PMMA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170613
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential dissolution and electron-beam lithographic sensitivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 414-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photolithographic and electron-beam integrated circuit fabrication techniques rely heavily upon differences in polymer resist dissolution (development) rates to produce circuit patterns. We have applied the wide-line NMR, technique, augmented by dynamic nuclear polarization, to the measurement of polymer dissolution rates of poly(methyl methacrylate), (PMMA). At high gamma-ray exposures, we find PMMA to have dissolution rates from 2X to 1000X those of unirradiated material. The highest radiation-enhanced dissolution rates are obtained with carbon tetrachloride-based developer solutions, whereas generally lower enhanced rates are observed with 1:3 acetone or methylethylketone/isopropanol standard developer. E-beam line exposures are developed in PMMA and poly(ethyl methacrylate), PEMA, resists using similar developers for comparison. Using straight CCl4 as a developer, e-beam lines 1-2 μ wide were developed in 3800 Å thick PEMA resist at 1 × 10-5 C/cm2 with ≤200 Å loss in unexposed resist thickness. The higher differential dissolution with CCl4, a poorer solvent for unirradiated PMMA than acetone or MEK, is explained by decline in polarity of PMMA by radiationinduced decarboxylation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170617
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limiting surface tension by gas chromatography (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 434-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The change in retention mechanism at the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer stationary phase from surface adsorption below Tg to bulk sorption above Tg allows for a separate determination of the magnitude of the solute interaction with both the bulk and the surface of the polymer. As a result, the limiting surface tension of the polymer-probe solution can be obtained from the corresponding partition coefficients. Examples of such determinations are given for several polymer-solute systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170703
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oligomeric fluorinated additives as surface modifiers for solid polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 450-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Successful modification of the surface properties of solid polymers was obtained by the adsorption of appropriate partially fluorinated oligomers at polymer/air and polymer/substrate inter faces during the formation of these interfaces. These additives, in concentrations of 0.25 percent, effectively lowered the critical surface tension of wetting, γc, of such polymers as polystyrene, poly(methylmethacrylate), and poly(vinylidene chloride) copolymers by as much as 26 dyn/cm. The obtained low γc values of 14 dyn/cm correspond to surfaces containing closely packed CF3 and CF2 groups. Adhesion of additive-containing polymer films to various substrates was demonstrated to be a function of additive diffusion to the polymer/substrate interface, its subsequent adsorption and molecular orientation at that interface, and the surface energy of the substrate. The fluorinated additive molecules also have the advantage of being sufficiently mobile in the solidified polymer to reach and repair the interfaces.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170706
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170801
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of methyl methacrylate-methyl α-chloroacrylate, copolymers and poly(methyl α-chloroactylate) as electron sensitive positive resists (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 402-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(methyl α-chloroacrylate) (PMCA) and the copolymers of methyl methacrylate and methyl α-chloroacrylate (poly(MMA-co-MCA)) have been reported recently to be more susceptible to radiation degradation than poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). In this paper we report our studies of PMCA and poly(MMA-co-MCA) as electron-sensitive positive resists. It has been found that both PMCA and the copolymers are more sensitive than PMMA. Using mixtures of dimethylformamide and 2-propanol as developers, the sensitivities of PMCA and poly(MMA-co-MCA) (38 mole percent MCA) have been found to be 1 × 10-5 and 6 × 10-6 coulomb/cm2, respectively. It has also been found that crosslinking predominates in PMCA when the electron dose exceeds 6 × 10-4 coulomb/cm2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170614
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally-reacted poly(methacrylamide) as a positive electron beam resist (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 410-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermally-reacted poly(methacrylamide) degrades under high-energy irradiation. It has a sensitivity of 2-3 × 10-7 C/cm2 when exposed to 10 KV electrons. The resist is thermally stable to 330°C and has a high glass transition temperature, 180 200°C. It may be used for the lift-off process and ion-milling.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170616
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    Introductory remarks (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 433-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170702
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  • 122
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    Interfacial phenomena between brittle and polymeric films (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 436-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An ovrerview of a new theory for describing interfacial phenomena in layered composites is presented. Relations are given for determining the adhesion of thin brittle films on flexible substrates, for determining residual strains resulting from drying solvent cast films, and for calculating thermoelastic strains in unsymmetric laminates. An experimental technique to measure the adhesion is discussed and values are obtained using experimental data. Residual strains are also calculated using the derived relations and solvent d in data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170704
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  • 123
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    Adhesion at polypropylene-cellophane interfaces (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 456-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The shear strength of bonds between isotactic polypropylene and cellophane, formed under standard conditions, has beer studied as a function of cooling rates, following bond formation, and after ageing at temperatures up to 90°C. Rapid cooling produced cohesively failing bonds with shear strengths above 20 kg/em2. Weak, adhesively failing joints were produced under slow-cooling conditions. Strong bonds deteriorated when joints were aged at temperatures above 50°C, but further improvement in bond strength was observed upon ageing at lower temperatures. Experimental observations were consistent with the development of smectic structure in the polypropylene upon rapid cooling; a tendency for transcrystallization in slow-cooled joints was offset by the presence of weak boundary layers in the interface. Ageing produced further development of weak boundary layers and a transition from smectic to monoclinic crystallization in polypropylene. At higher ageing temperatures, the former effect seemed dominant; at lower temperatures, the structural change was assumed responsible for the observed improvement in bond strength.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170707
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  • 124
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    Adhesion effects and performance of mass transfer equipment using teflon surfaces (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 484-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Contact angle data are reported for a number of pure and binary liquids residing on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface, measured under conditions simulating distillation, condensation or absorption. By comparing the wettability of such systems with the performance obtained under the same conditions for equipment employing PTFE heat or mass transfer surfaces, it is demonstrated that liquid-solid adhesion plays a key role in determining the heat or mass transfer rates. It is further shown for a considerable number of industriallyimportant conditions that PTFE can give enhanced equipment performance over that obtained, using conventional high energy solid materials.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170712
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  • 125
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    Structure and properties of microcomposites and macrocomposites from block polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 498-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The incorporation of a rubber phase in glassy polymers, as is well known in the case of high impact polystyrene, leads-to an increase in their impact strength. Block polymers offer three principal approaches for obtaining multiphase glassy polymers in which an elastorner phase is present in the matrix of the glassy polymer. They are: (1) control ofblock polymer composition, (2) blending of block polymer with homopolymers, and (3) polymerization of a solution.of a block polymer in the monomer corresponding to one of the blocks. The observed properties, such as impact strength, modulus, and heat distortion temperature, desired in rubber modified glassy polymers are discussed for block polymer systems prepared using the above approaches.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170803
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  • 126
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    Structure of AB block copolymers with a polypeptide block: Effect of the chain conformation (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 523-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure of AB copolymers with a polypeptide block has been studied by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism. Copolymers with a polyvinyl block (polybutadiene or polystyrene) and a hydrophobic polypeptide block (polybenzyl-L-glutamate or polycarbobenzoxy-L-lysine) exhibit a lamellar structure in the dry state and in solution in dioxane or in different chlorinated solvents. This lamellar structure consists of plane, parallel, equidistant sheets. Each sheet results from the superposition of two layers: one formed by the polyvinyl chains in amore or less random coil conformation, the other formed by the polypeptide chains in an α-helix conformation, arranged in a hexagonal array and generally folded. Copolymers with a polyvinyl block and a hydrophilic polypeptide block (poly-Llysine or poly-L-glutamic acid) exhibit a larnellar structure in water solution and in the dry state. The difference between this lamellar structure and the preceding one consists in the conformation of the polypeptide chains: an intramolecular mixture of coiled chains, α-helices, and β chains. Copolymers with a polysaccharide block and a hydrophobic polypeptide block exhibit in DMSO solution and in the dry state a lamellar structure similar to that of copolymers with a polyvinyl block and a hydrophobic polypeptide block.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170807
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  • 127
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    Viscoelastic properties of homogeneous block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 560-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular theory of Rouse-Bueche-Zimm has been modified to predict the viscoelastic behavior of homogeneous block copolymers. The model consists of beads and springs whose magnitudes correspond to the types of blocks in the polymer. Maximum relaxation times can be computed by this model. Viscoelastic data for poly(styrene-b-α-methyl styrene-b-styrene), poly(α-methyl styrene-b-styrene-b-α-methylstyrene) and poly(styrene-b-α-methyl styrene) were determined by stress relaxation methods. The results compare favorably with those predicted by the theory.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170811
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  • 128
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    Statistical thermodynamics of microdomain structures in block copolymer systems (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 582-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A statistical thermodynamic theory of the microdomain structure of block copolymers is presented in qualitative physical terms. Special emphasis is placed on a presentation of the final algebraic formula which may be used to determine lamellar domain sizes as a function of block length and physical parameters. Calculations on lamellar domains and preliminary results for spherical domains are compared with experiments. Other topics discussed are: width of the interphases, results of a more exact theory, and thermodynamic., stability of the domain structure.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170815
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  • 129
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170901
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  • 130
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    Glass bead-filled polypropylene part I: Rheological and mechanical propertiesPresented in part at the 34th ANTEC Soc. Plastics Eng., April 26-29, 1976, Atlantic City, N. J. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 657-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five glass bead-filled polypropylene composites were rheologically characterized at 240°C using two rotational rheometers to obtain low shear-rate data and a capillary rheometer to obtain high shear-rate data. Both steady and dynamic properties were measured at low shear rates. Each composite was also injection molded into tensile and flexural test bars for a mechanical properties profile at 25°C. The tensile modulus was determined from a simple extensional deformation whereas the flexural modulus was determined from a three-point-bend test.The relative shear viscosity and relative loss modulus are different nonlinear functions of the volume fraction of beads at a constant shear rate, while the relative storage modulus appears to be a linear function of bead fraction. The relative viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and the zero shear-rate data are in very good agreement with the Guth-Gold equation.The relative tensile modulus and relative flexural modulus are each linear functions of bead fraction over the entire range of filler concentration, 0-29 vol percent. From these data it is concluded that a simple correspondence between slow viscous flow and small strain elasticity does not exist for these composites.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170902
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  • 131
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    A study of the effect of pressure, time, and temperature on high-pressure powder molding (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 691-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High pressure room temperature molding of polymeric powders has been found to be a useful technique for producing parts from certain hard-to-process polymers and certain common polymers. Polymeric powders of less than 175μ were compacted at pressures up to 0.689 GPa. Subsequent heat treating of the compacted samples improves the mechanical properties of the samples to levels comparable to those attained by other techniques. Thermosetting or reactive polymers which do not evolve vapors during curing are readily processed by this technique. Semicrystalline polymers which are molded above their Tg are also easily processed by this method. Glassy polymers, in general, have not been found to be processable. The important process variables are molding pressure, molding time and heat treating temperature and time. The process relies on particle-to-particle fusion by either chemical reaction or localized melt fusion. For semicrystalline polymers, the annealing temperature is within the melting endotherm. Reactive polymers cure at their optimum curing temperature.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170907
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  • 132
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    Injection molding in disk-shaped cavitiesPresented in part at the 1976 ANTEC meeting under the title “An Experimental Study and Simulation of Disk Filling by Injection Molding.” (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 706-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results together with predictions based on a numerical simulation are reported for the filling by injection molding of a center gated, disk-shaped cavity with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (Lustran ABS Q714) and with polypropylene (Pro-fax 6523). At a specified fractional fill, the output of a pressure transducer (Δπzz) near the sprue was measured and the clamp force (F) was obtained by. integrating the output of four pressure transducers over the projected area. A systematic study was made to determine the effect of the (1) material properties, (2) cavity thickness, (3) melt temperature in the barrel, and (4) injection rate on the measured and simulated values for the pressure transducer output and clamp force. For a given barrel temperature, cavity thickness and intermediate-to-high injection rates, the pressure transducer output and clamp force were found to be nearly independent of injection rate for ABS and to increase with increasing injection rate for polypropylene. As the injection rate approached zero, the pressure transducer output and clamp force increased because of the long time available for cooling the flowing melt. For ABS the simulated results were about 5-25 percent higher than experiment, whereas for polypropylene they were about 10 percent lower than experiment when the viscosity model included solidification Flow instabilities were observed to occur at conditions where the pressure transducer output curve showed a marked upturn with decreasing injection rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170909
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    Effects of coupling agents on the mechanical and rheologica properties and mica-reinforced polypropyleneBased on the Master of Applied Science thesis of M. S. Boaira. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 715-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was investigated as a prospective coupling agent for mica-reinforced polypropylene. Composites prepared with the widely-used silane coupling agent, N-(4-vinylphenyl) methyl-N′-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine monohydroehloride (Z-6032), were compared with the amino-coupled composite. Improvements in the flexural properties at room temperature were observed with the two coupling agents: a 22 percent increase in the strength with the silane compared to a. 16 percent increase with DMAEMA. Cone-and-plate viscometry at 220°C showed that the addition of coupling agents greatly, reduces the viscosity of the composite: a 50 percent decease was obtained with the silane-treated composite and a 20 percent decrease with DMAEMA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171003
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  • 134
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    Effects of post-curing of unsaturated polyester resins in various media (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 775-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were performed on the effects of postcuring of' styrenated, unsaturated polyesters in nitrogen gas, water or its vapor, hexane vapor, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and dirnethyl formamide (DMF) all at 100°C It was found that, nitrogen gas and water are inactive, hexane acts as a chain transfer agent, and DMF and DMSO behave as solvents which extract residual styrene monomer and anhydrides from the resins. Post-treatment in inert media can result in further reaction leading to more complete cure as free radicals and residual monomer continue to react. The post-curing reaction is a radical copolymerization. Further condepgation polymerisation does not occur. Post-curing in, hexane vapor1eads to a transfer of the active sites from the radicals to the hexane and to no further radical polymerization.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171103
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  • 135
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    Swelling and hygroelasticiiy of polymeric composites (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 799-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigated are the swelling and hygroelasticity of a unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite subjected to boiling water for 24 hrs. By analogy with thermoelasticity, a coefficient of hygroelasticity is defined and shown to be predictable from the coefficients of the constituent materials by Schapery's equations. A mechanism for water penetration into the composite which combines capillarity and diffusion is proposed on the basis of the results of the water take-up as a function of the composite specimen width (fiber length).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171107
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  • 136
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    Effect of cross-linking on hydrostatic creep of epoxy (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 837-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of epoxy having three different degrees of crosslinking were subjected to several constant values of hydrostatic pressure ranging from 1000 psi to 80 ksi. Each period of constant pressure was followed by a period at atmospheric pressure. A continuing decrease in volume (creep), as measured by axial strain at constant pressure, was observed for pressures of 10 ksi and greater. The creep strain was recovered immediately upon pressure removal. Reapplication of pressure after a short period at atmospheric pressure resulted in the same creep behavior as that resulting from the first pressure. The least cross-linked epoxy had the smallest creep rate and the smallest compressibility. These observations are consistent with the view that the leapt cross-linked epoxy would be the most compact and have the least voids at points of cross-linking.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171205
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  • 137
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    The effect of corona and ozone treatment on the adhesion of ink to the surface of polyethylene (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low density polyethylene sheet was subjected to treatment by corona discharge in oxygen, nitrogen, helium and argon; in addition some sheets were treated with ozone gas. The bond strength between two similarly treated sheets was then measured using a commercial flexographic ink as an adhesive. The results showed that although surface oxidation improved both the ink adhesion and the wetting properties of polyethylene it is not a necessary prerequisite for good bonding. When the sheet was subjected to electrical discharge in nitrogen, argon or helium, considerable enhancement of ink adhesion was obtained without any detectable change in the surface chemistry of the polymer. The results indicate that ink adhesion after treatment in various gases follows closely the trends established previously in corona-induced autohesion of polyethylene. This suggests that the mechanism of bonding is similar in the two cases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170107
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    The rheology of suspensions of titanate fibers in polymer solutionPaper presented at the joint meeting of the U.S. and Japan Societies of Rheology held in Honolulu, Hawali, June 3-6, 1975. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The, Theological properties of suspensions of relatively small amounts of titanate fibers in polystyrene solution have been measured by means of a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The titanate fibers employed have diameters smaller than 0.5 micron and aspect ratios higher than 40. It has been found that the rheological properties of the suspensions are markedly time dependent; the steady-flow shearing stress increases with increasing time when the rate of shear is changed abruptly from an initial high value to a considerably lower final value. This behavior can be attributed to the re-formation of a structure formed by the dispersed fibers and broken at higher shear rates. The dynamic storage modulus G′ also depends strongly upon the re-formation of the structure. Although the structure reformation process under shear appears too complicated to be analyzed satisfactorily, an attempt has been made to generalize the experimental data with a simple equation.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170102
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  • 139
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    The role of intercrystalline links in the environmental stress cracking of high density polyethylene (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Results of dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and tensile stress-strain data show that the non-ionic surfactant Igepal CO-630, often used as a stress cracking agent, and water are absorbed by high density polyethylene to cause an internal stress relaxation of the intercrystalline tie molecules. The resulting molecular rearrangements produce changes in both the crystalline and amorphous regions. Thus, a molecular mechanism is proposed for the long-term aging process based on the results of accelerated aging in the presence of an environmental stress cracking agent.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170105
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    The role of polymers in optimizing therapeutic effectiveness of drugs (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 42-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new class of pharmaceutical dosage forms - therapeutic systems - has been developed. Unlike conventional dosage forms (i.e., pills, capsules, or sustained release preparations), which are specified only by the amount of drug they contain, therapeutic systems are described both by the rate and duration of drug delivery. The first products to embody this technology are: (1) an ocular therapeutic system that delivers the anti-glaucoma drug, pilocarpine, to the eye for one week; (2) an intrauterine contraceptive system that delivers the fertility controlling hormone, progesterone, to the uterus for one year; and (3) an oral osmotic delivery system for administration of drug to the gastrointestinal tract. Specific furictiQns of polymers as constructional elements of therapeutic systems are discussed and consideration is given to properties critical to the intended performance, test procedures, and parameters for prediction of mechanical and physico-chemical functionality, stability, and safety.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170108
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    Techniques for compounding glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The processing characteristics of various glass fiberreinforced thermoplastics (FRTP) and the basic approaches for their production are discussed. Experimental work on twostage production-scale continuous kneaders was conducted to define the most important process variables in compounding FRTP materials. Results demonstrate how processing conditions and screw design influence the temperature profile in the kneader and the glass-fiber length in finished products. Feed steek appearance (i.e., pellet shape and size), melt viscosity, and volume percentage of fibers are basic material variables. High quality products can be achieved through a careful, layout of the continuous kneader in order to minimize thermal degradation of the base polymer and to effect adequate dispersion of the glass fibers in the matrix.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170110
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    Editorial comment on use of units in polymer engineering and science (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 221-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170402
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  • 143
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    Oriented short glass fiber composites. III. Structure and mechanical properties of molded sheets (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 234-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oriented short fiberglass mats prepared by the ERDE converging flow technique of fiber/glycerine dispersions were studied. Fiber orientation distribution in mats, prepregs and molded sheets were investigated by optical and X-ray techniques. Longitudinal and transverse fracture surfaces of short fiberglass/epoxy molded sheets were analyzed. The effect of fiber length on tensile properties was also studied. The experimental results obtained on longitudinal, transverse, and off-axis tensile modulus and ultimate strength were compared with classical elastic equations for continuous reinforcement.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170405
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  • 144
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    Melt characterization of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene using squeeze flow (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for determining the melt viscosity and molecular weight of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is described. The method, based on squeeze flow, was used to characterize seventeen UHM W-PE samples varying in molecular weight from 0.6 × 106 to 5.1 × 106 and in viscosity from 2.9 × 106 to 3.4 × 109 poise. A correlation between melt viscosity and molecular weight was demonstrated, but the reliability of a molecular weight determination decreased somewhat as molecular weight increased. As a predictor of melt processability, the method provides the speed and simplicity heretofore lacking in UHMW-PE characterization by solution viscosity while retaining high reproducibility.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170410
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  • 145
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    The effect of orientation on the mechanical properties of injection molded polystyrene (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation and fracture behavior of injection molded plaques have been determined, and the results interpreted in terms of the effect of molecular orientation on the crazing and shear yielding behavior. The molecular orientation was characterized by optical birefringence. A range of injection molding conditions and two mold thicknesses were Used and this resulted in a large variation in the molecular orientation, particularly through the sheet thickness. Tensile tests were made on samples cut at different angles to the injection molding direction. The moldings are considered to consist of a composite of layers of material with different orientation, and the properties of the samples cut from the molding are analyzed in terms of the properties of each layer. Results from material oriented unidirectionally by hot drawing have been used to predict the composite properties, and good agreement has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170309
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  • 146
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    Effects of orientation and chemical structure on the strength properties of some polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain properties of oriented polymers are measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. The polymers include styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, vinyl alcohol copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, polyelecf trolytes, and a high density polyethylene. Polarity and hydrogen bonding tend to increase the strength, especially in the direction perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. Strong electrostatic bonding in polyelectrolytes and too much polar bonding in styrene-acrylonitrile & polymers decrease the strength by reducing the molecular mobility, which is required to prevent brittleness.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170404
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  • 147
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    Low cost polyolefin composites containing pulp mill wood residue (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 305-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pulp mill wood residue was tested for its suitability as a filler for polyolefins. Samples of wood residue (residue from screened chips) were obtained from three southern kraft pulp mills. Screen analysis of the residues indicated that from 2 to 10 percent, by weight, passes a 48 mesh screen. The aspect, or length to diameter, ratio of the wood residue varied from 3 to over 19, compared to 2.5 for commercial wood flour. While the ash content of the residue was high, its lower cost and higher aspect ratio compared to wood floor indicated potential as a polymer filler. Composites of polyethylene and polystyrene with the wood residue were extruded and then injectionmolded into tensile bars. The results indicate little difference in extrusion torque, tensile modulus, or drop-ball impact strength between composites containing wood residue and wood flour.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170507
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  • 148
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    The synthesis, characterization, evaluation, and processing of selected cyclo-olefin sulfone copolymers as electron beam resists (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The potential usefulness of electron beam sensitive polymers depends to a large extent on a variety of polymer characteristics such as solubility, sensitivity, and processability which are, in turn, required by the application. This paper details results obtained for methylcyclopentene sulfone copolymers as electron beam recording media. The determination of physical properties and the optimization of processing conditions are reported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170615
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  • 149
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170701
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  • 150
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    Sensitive chlorine-containing resists for X-ray lithography (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 420-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: New resists containing chlorine to enhance absorption to PdLα X-radiation at 4.37 Å have higher sensitivity than currently available high-speed electron resists when used in a high-throughput PdLα X-ray exposure system developed by Maydan and coworkers. Of the three classes of materials examined the poly(chloroalkyl acrylates) have the best properties. The sensitivity and contrast of these negative resists are dependent on the amount of Cl present, the structure of the chloroalkyl side chain, the inclusion of reactive functional groups, and molecular weight. Contrast is found to decrease with increasing sensitivity achieved by either increasing molecular weight or incorporating more reactive glycidyl groups. We suggest that such behavior, which is not predicted by theories of radiationinduced crosslinking, has its origin in competitive formation of intramolecular crosslinks with the desired, intermolecular crosslinks. Poly(2, 3-dichloro-1-propyl acrylate) has been investigated in greatest detail. Samples of this polymer requiring a dose of 7 mJ/cm2 for 50 percent of the initial resist thickness (2 min exposure) have been used successfully to wet etch 1 μm features into SiO2, Al and Cr and 2 μm features into phosphosilicate glass. It has moderate resistance to ion milling and good resistance to plasma etching with Freon-based plasmas.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170618
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  • 151
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    The effect of polymer host on volume phase holographic recording properties (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 356-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the effect of unsaturated-polyester and epoxy hosts on the volume phase holographic recording properties of media using camphorquinone and 2, 3-pentanedione as guests. The sensitivity, determined by holographic diffraction efficiency on exposure to an Ar+ laser, was used as a probe for the chemical behavior of the medium. Intramolecular, photochemical reactions involving 2, 3-pentanedione in the epoxy hosts are less effective than in the polyesters. For inter-molecular reactions initiated by photoexcited camphorquinone, media having polyester hosts are again more sensitive. The availability in unsaturated-polyester hosts of residual monomer for free-radical addition reactions is a determining factor in the recording mechanism.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170605
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  • 152
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    Polyimides in lithography (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyimides and Polyamide-imides have a high thermal and dimensional stability, good properties, and resistance to attack by solvents. These features, along with their electrical properties, have led to their wide acceptance in the electronics industry. Specifically, Polyimide masks are superior to conventional resists during metal deposition, sputter etching, and chip soldering, for which high-temperature stability is essential. Such a mask is prepared by selectively etching the polyamide-imide with in organic solvent such as ethylenediamine. The reaction of ethylenediamine with polyamide-imides has been applied successfully in metallizing semiconductors by the lift-off method; also, polyamide-imides have been used as a reworkable protective coating for semiconductor modules.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170607
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  • 153
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    Line-Profile resist development simulation techniques (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relative advantages and disadvantages of three different algorithms are compared for simulating the time evolution of two-dimensional line-edge profiles produced by a locally rate dependent surface etching phenomenon. Simulated profiles typical of optical projection printing and electron-beam and X-ray lithography of micron-sized lines in resist and etching of ion-implanted SiO2 are used as a basis of comparison. One of the algorithms is a cell-by-cell removal model used earlier by Neureuther and Dill. One of the newly developed algorithms employs ray tracing; it can be shown that the path followed by a point on a front between the developed and undeveloped regions can be calculated using ray-optic equations. The other new algorithm uses a string of points initially on the surface of the exposed resist. The points on the string advance perpendicular to the local direction of the string; with time the string of points moves down into the resist, replicating the action of a developer. We compare the computing cost, convenience, and accuracy of the algorithms.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170610
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  • 154
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    Morphology and organizational characteristics of poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide-b-ethylene oxide) systems (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 506-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of essentially triblock poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide-b-ethylene oxide) with sequence PEO-(MPD-I)-PEO or (MPD-I)-PEO-(MPD-I) and their admixtures with (PEO)n were studied as solution cast films. Experimental techniques included transmission optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction. Characterization of these systems showed that structure could develop in two ways. The first way was the development of a typical polycrystalline structure of the (MPD-I) segment by the action of such agents as formic acid. In a second manner, however, a non-typical development was manifested by the appearance of crosses In the polarized opticial microscope. These samples showed only an amorphous halo when subjected to wide angle X-ray diffraction measuremfents. Their small angle pattern suggested scattering by dispersed particles. Other experiments indicated the crosses would form only under an unusually restrictive set of conditions, principally that the PEO present must be above a certain molecular weight and concentration and, furthermore, that the solvent must contain a salt such as LiCl. These observations led us to speculate that optical activity of the films showing crosses could occur either by chain orientation near the interface of a spherical particulate second phase or from stress induced bond polarization resulting from the film formation process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170804
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  • 155
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    New block copolymers of α-amino acids (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Triblock cepolypeptides of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-leucine or L-valine of high molecular weight have been prepared. The solid state structure of the block copolymers cast from preferential solvents has been compared with that of random copolymers of similar composition as well as the appropriate homopolymers. Infrared and solid state circular dichroism measurements indicate that the γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-leucine blocks assume an α-helical conformation and L-valine blocks a β-sheet structure. The WAXD patterns of the block copolymers show overlapping reflections characteristic of the individual homopolymers. Further evidence for a phase separated morphology is provided by dynamic mechanical spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170806
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  • 156
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    Diffusion and solution of gases and vapors in styrene-butadiene block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 527-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion, solution, and permeation behavior of a series of inert gases (helium, argon, nitrogen, krypton, and xenon) in S-B block copolymer films was studied by transient permeability measurements and by the equilibrium desorption method. The morphologies of most of the samples used in the measurements were (a) polystyrene rods dispersed in a polybutadiene matrix and (b) alternating lamellae of styrene and butadiene components. It was indicated, as far as the kinetic nature at lower temperatures is concerned, that the diffusion and permeation processes of gases, except for helium, are governed primarily by behavior in the polybutadiene matrix. At lower temperatures, it was shown that the transient method counts only the mobile penetrant in the polybutadiene matrix, while the equilibrium method counts less diffusive species in the polystyrene domains as well. The diffusion behavior in the copolymer films was compared with that in homopolybutadiene and discussed in terms of two impedance factors: the tortuosity and the chain immobilization factors. From the homopolymer-block copolymer comparison along with results obtained from diffusion experiments using n-hexane as the penetrant, it was indicated that segmental motions in the polybutadiene phase in the copolymers are restricted relative to motions in homopolybutadiene. Also, from data on gas sorption in samples of various styrene contents, involving both S-B block copolymers and binary mixtures with homopolystyrene, it was suggested that the partial mixing of component block chains occurs at the interface between the domains, resulting in rather diffuse domain boundaries.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170808
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  • 157
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    Effect of center block structure on the physical and rheological properties of ABA block copolymers. Part II. Rheological properties (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 563-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of the chemical structure of the center block on the rheological properties of ABA block copolymers with polystyrene end blocks has been investigated. The chemical structure of the center blocks investigated in the present paper are polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/propylene copolymer and polydimethyl-siloxane. The chemical structure of the center block was found to have a pronounced effect on the rheological properties of the ABA block copolymer melts. The long range relaxation times of these block copolymer melts increases with increasing incompatibility between the styrene block and the center block. However, the rheological properties of the block copolymers are not influenced significantly by the glass transition or the entanglement molecular weight of the center block.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170812
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  • 158
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    Thereto-oxidative degradation of polyethylene. IV. Blends containing poly(vinyl chloride) and chlorinated polyethylene as models for polyethylene recycle qualities (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 700-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to study the changes in mechanical and structural properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) during recycling of PE film wastes from industrial and commercial sources, mixtures of LDPE with 5 percent poly(vinyl chloride) PVC were processed, recycled and heated in air. The effect of added chlorinated high-density polyethylene (CPE), carbon black, antioxidants and heat stabilizers were also investigated. Compounding and recycling were performed in a twin screw extruder equipped with granulating device. Films were blown in an adiabatic vertical extruder. The thermo-oxidative treatments were carried out in a forced-air oven at 107°C. Tensile strength, elongation to break and film impact strength were determined according to ASTM standards. Structural changes were determined by gel chromatography, solution viscometry, melt indexing, differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. Even 5 percent PVC adversely affects the proeessability and mechanical properties of LDPE films. Addition, of the same amount of CPE gives marginal improvements in the mechanical properties, possibly due to a compatibilizing action. PVC and CPE also adversely affect the thermooxidative stability of LDPE. When unstabilized, PVC and CPE evolve large amounts of HCl during processing. Minor degradation of the LDPE also occurs. Stabilization of the LDPE may be achieved by phenolic antioxidants.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170908
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  • 159
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    Micelle formation by butadiene-styrene block polymers in n-alkanes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 627-633 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Butadiene-styrene block copolymers form micelles in selective solvents. Micelles of several BS diblock and BSB triblock polymers varying in composition and block length were investigated in n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-decane using light scattering and sedimentation velocity, thus permitting characterization of both the micellar weight and abundance of micellar material. Depending upon polymer structure, solvent, concentration and temperature, solutions can be molecular, wholly micellar or a discrete mixture of both. The dominant structural variable is the length or molecular weight (Ms) of the polystyrene block. For Ms 〈 10, 000, solutions tend to be molecular; for Ms 〉 20, 000, they are essentially all micellar, with mixtures occurring at intermediate Ms. At any given Ms, increasing length of the polybutadiene block tends to solubilize the polymer. The mean number of molecules per micelle (n) depends upon whether the micelles are formed by direct dispersion of the polymer in the solvent at ambient temperature or whether they are formed from a true solution upon cooling. In the first instance, n rises rapidly with Ms; in the second, it is nearly independent of Ms. Blending of micellar solutions results in complex behavior with rearrangements to new micelles governed primarily by the thermal history of the solutions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170821
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  • 160
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    Small angle X-ray scattering from block polymers. II. The bulk state (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 598-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The basic theory of X-ray scattering is applied to various hypothetical models for the bulk state of block polymers in order to explain the angular dependent scattering. The intensity of scattering is calculated for a rnicellar model, a zone model, and a molecular dumbbell model. The molecular dumbbell model, in contrast to the micellar and zone models, assumes that a block copolymer containing domains may be treated as one giant molecule and that, therefore, the locations of the domains are not random but are governed by the statistics of the segments which interconnect them. Experimental and calculated scattering curves are compared for several different types of block polymers.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170817
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    ESR studies of polymer transitions. IV. Spin-probe studies of styrene block copolymersSee reference 1. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 613-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: ESR spin-probe values of glass temperatures are reported for a series of di-, tri-, and radial block copolymers. With one exception, in which the hard phase is poly(t-butylstyrene), the hard component is polystyrene (PS); the soft components include polybutadiene (PBD), polyisoprene (PI), hydrogenated PBD, hydrogenated PI, and poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). Tg's of the soft phase are in general agreement with those of the respective high molecular weight homopolymers; Tg's of the hard phase generally deviate widely from those of corresponding high molecular weight homopolymers. This deviation is interpreted in teens of a number of factors, including, the molecular weight of the hard phase, differences in solubility parameters for the two phases, percent of the hard phase present, and the presence of crystallinity. Comparison of Tg's determined by ESR with Tg's from dynamic mechanical methods on S-B-S triblocks of similar composition demonstrates that the ESR method is measuring the Tg of the interpliase and hence, in principle, its composition.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170819
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    The influence of diblock copolymers on the structure and properties of polybutadiene-polyisoprene blends (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The structure and properties of a ternary polymer system comprised of 1, 4 polybutadiene, cis 1, 4 polyisoprene, and the corresponding 1, 4 polybutadiene/cis 1, 4 polyisoprene diblock copolymer have been investigated. Dynamic mechanical properties were measured as a function of frequency (3.5 to 110 Hz) and temperature (-135 to 40°C). Thermomechanical analysis and transmission electron microscopy provided additional information on the, phase relationships in the various specimens. The blends studied covered the entire triangular composition diagram; both slow solvent evaporation and rapid spin casting techniques were employed in the sample preparation. Results indicate that the BI diblock is a single phase material whereas binary blends of the two homopolymers are two-phase in nature. Ternary blends of the two homopolymers with diblock and binary blends of a single homopolymer with diblock can be one or two phase materials depending on the sample composition and the ratio of B to I units in the diblock. All evidence From the dynamic, thermomechanical and microscopic experiments is used to elucidate the influence of the diblock in these polymer blends.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170823
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  • 163
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    Bisphenol-A-polycarbonate-bisphenol-A-polysulfone block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 647-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multiblock , block copolymers of bisphenol-A-polycarbon ate and bisphenol-A-polysulfone were prepared by three different synthesis routes. The in situ method consisted of forming the polycarbonate block in the presence of hydroxyl terminated polysulfone oligorner. The coupled oligomer technique utilized phosgene to link up the two preformed oligomers to high molecular weight. In one case, a perfectly alternating block copolymer was formed by reacting a ∼9, 000 Mn chloroformate terminated polycarbonate with a ∼9, 000 Mn hydroxyl terminated polysulfone. Block sizes from ∼4, 000 to ∼26, 000 were investigated. The oligomers and copolymers were characterized by potentiometric titrations and UV end group analysis. Membrane osmometry and gel permeation chromatography were also employed. Dynamic mechanical behavior of solvent cast and compression molded films was assessed via rheovibron measurements. The copolymers were ductile and transparent and displayed essentially only a single intermediate glass transition temperature, that is, microphase separation was not observed. This is in contrast to simple physical blends of the homopolymers or oligomers, which are opaque and display two glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170824
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    Charpy tests on brittle polymersPresented at the VIITH International Congress on Roeology, Gothenburg, August 1976. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 733-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes a simple miss-spring model of Charpy's classical impact bending test. In this model, the mass represents the striker, and the spring the bent specimen. The stiffness of the latter is calculated from the formulas for static bending. The model has been tested by experiments on polymethyl methacrylate at room temperature. First, it is shown that the model correctly describes the effect of the dimensions of the specimen (span, width and thickness) on the fracture impact energy Secondly it is shown, that the fracture energy calculated from the measured fracture time agrees with the fracture energy determined experimentally. Third it has been found that the fracture energy in impact can be predicted by extrapolation of the results of slow bending tests at various deformation rates. Lastly, it has been proven experimentally that any stress waves generated by the impact of the striker have little effect on the measured fracture energy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171007
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171101
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  • 166
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    Evaluation of processing factors on turning of thermoplastics (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 751-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments were carried out to study the effects of cutting speed, feed, depth-of-cut and tool-nose-radius on the cutting force and surface roughness produced during turning of the thermoplastics Nylon-6 and Teflon. Generalized equations for the cutting force and surface roughness in terms of processing factors have been established using the statistical technique of multiple regression analysis. The equations have been tested for acceptability by the F-test and the degree of significance of various factors has been assessed by the t-test.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171010
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  • 167
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    Correlation of low density polyethylene rheological measurements, with optical and processing properties (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 769-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The processing properties of low density polyethylene melts, such as drawdown and neck-in, and the final product properties, such as film haze and gloss, have been successfully correlated with rheological functions and the level of longchain branching. The rheological functions employed are the entrance pressure drop ΔPo and the swell ratio So, determined at a specified shear stress using aft-orifice with a length/ diameter (L/D) ratio of zero. The calculation of shear stress requires additional measurements using adie with a finite L/D e.g. 20. The rheological functions ΔPo, and So are governed by the level of high molecular weight species and/or the level of long-chain branching(LCB). If determined at a constant shear stress, in order to eliminate the effect of viscosity, they are a relative measure of elasticity. Higher ΔP0 and So indicate a higher level of LCB and correlate with poorer optical properties and drawdown in films.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171102
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  • 168
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    Viscoelastic parameters of characterized branched polyethylenes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 793-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain steady state viscoelastic parameters, including melt viscosities, normal stress coefficients, and shear compliances, are determined for a series of well-characterized low, density polyethylene samples, and the results are analyzed. The effects of shear rate, temperature, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and the degree of long chain branching are demonstrated. The agreement observed between steady state shear compliance values derived from normal stresses and those obtained from die swell measurements is significant.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171106
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  • 169
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    Correlations for zero-shear and shear-rate dependent viscosity of polymeric solutions (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 806-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solution viscosity is known to be sensitive to the nature of solvent and the polymer concentration. The magnitude of such effects, however, is not quantitatively understood. Correlations to predict zero-shear and shear-rate dependent viscosity of polymer solutions from polymer solution parameters are presented. Polymer domain volume is found to be the controlling parameter for the zero-shear viscosity of dilute polymer solutions, that is solutions with insignificant entanglements. At higher concentrations, where polymer-polymer interactions become significant, it is found that, except for the magnitude of the solvent viscosity, the nature of the solvent is of no consequence. In this region zero-shear viscosity is correlated as a function of the parameter cM5/8, where C and M represent concentration and molecular weight, respectively. A relaxation time such as Bueche's time constant satisfactorily represents the solvent effects on the non-Newtonian behavior of polymer solutions by incorporating the measured zero-shear and solvent viscosities.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171109
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  • 170
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    Flow and heat transfer in the nozzle of an injection molding machine (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 811-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a polymer melt is forced through the nozzle of an injection molding machine, the material temperature increases significantly. This increase, which is very difficult to measure, is not uniform and local temperature peaks may cause thermal degradation. A method is described for the analysis of timedependent heat transfer and flow in such nozzles. Melts are treated as being inelastic but with viscosities which are nonNewtonian and dependent on both temperature and pressure. Distributions of velocity, temperature and pressure are obtained with the aid of a finite difference method for solving the differential conservation equations' of continuum mechanics. Typical results show that the times required to reach steady flow conditions are small compared with total injection times. Heat transfer is predominantly convective, and flows leaving injection nozzles and entering molds are very far from being thermally fully-developed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171110
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    Predicting the service life of polysulfone in steam or hot waterPresented at the Society of Plastics Engineers 34th ANTEC, Atlantic City, New Jersey (April) (1976) and at the Society of Platics Engineers, NATEC, “high performance plastics,” Cleveland, Ohio (October 1976). (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 832-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A quantitative definition of stress-environmental, interactions on polymers must be made in order to designstructural parts. This definition for design urposes is best obtained by measuring creep of the plastic under constant stress and in the environment in which it is to perform. In order to measure creep in steam or hot water, a relatively simple test apparatus was devised so that clamped circular test specimens acting as a diaphragm were stressed by controlled steam pressure. Creep was measured by deflection of the diaphragm. A case history was developed with polysulfone: the allowable stress limits at various temperatures were determined; and a method developed for predicting the long time service life of the material from short time data using the Goldfein equation of state. Creep measurements over a year in steam were in excellent agreement with predicted values.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171204
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  • 172
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    Frictional behavior of solid polymers on a metal surface at processing conditions (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The frictional coefficients of three glassy polymers (polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate) and three crystalline polymers (high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and polypropylene) on a highly polished steel surface were measured at high temperatures, high pressures, and high speeds, all comparable to actual processing conditions. The frictional behavior of these polymers was found to depend on temperature, pressure-and speed in a very complicated manner. There appears to exist inter-relationships among the temperature, pressure and speed dependences of the frictional coefficients. The frictional coefficients of ductile, crystalline polymers as a function of temperature appear to undergo two distinct transitions: one associated with yielding and the other associated with melting. The frictional coefficients of glassy polymers go through only one transition, associated with the glass transition. The friction-generated heat at high pressures and high speeds can increase the sliding interface temperature of a polymer to values much greater than the metal surface temperature, and thus the polymer can start to melt (or plasticate) at metal surface temperatures appreciably below its thermodynamic melting (or glass transition) temperature.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170103
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  • 173
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    A forced torsional oscillator for dynamic mechanical measurements (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A forced torsional oscillator (FTO) for measuring dynamic properties from 0.01 to 30 Hz and -190 to +250°C is described. It uses a digital transfer function analyzer to determine G′ and G″ directly. Errors such as clamping corrections, phase angle resolution, and instrument phase shift are evaluated. FTO measurements vs temperature on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate compare well with free torsion pendulum data. Measurements on a silicone liquid vs frequency compare well to eccentric rotating disks data. The frequency sensitivity of the dynamic mechanical response of PMMA and polycarbonate is evaluated at 0.1, 1 and 10 Hz. The frequency dependence of the transitions is fit to an Arrhenius relation and activation energies calculated. A dimensionless transition temperature shift, ΔT*, giving the shift for a one decade frequency change divided by the temperature, is found to be approximately 0.01 for the glass transition and 0.07 for several secondary transitions in glassy polymers.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170106
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  • 174
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    Liquid injection molding II. Mechanical design and characterization of a RIM machine (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 116-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A unique liquid injection molding machine for polyurethane was designed and built to process a large quantity of polyurethane in a short period of time. This machine has a continuously variable flow rate. Using inexpensive, low capacity gear pumps, 5 gallon hydraulic accumulators were charged with fluid components. The fluid can be pumped into the accumulators at low pressure followed by nitrogen gas addition to the bladders to raise the fluid pressure, or the charging pumps can pump up the accumulators against an existing pressure. The two components were then discharged under pressure through linkage activated ball valves and mixed together in a mixing chamber. The system provided for a very low pressure loss during discharge, resulting in high fluid velocity. Extremely high flow rates were possible: approximately 1440 lb/min at 2500 psi, a pressure less than the maximum possible system pressure. This system delivers large flow rates of high quality urethane while still maintaining its simplicity, light weight, and relative low cost.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170210
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  • 175
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    Fracture mechanics of polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A review of fracture mechanics and its relevance to designing with plastics is given. The basic philosophy of assuming the presence of flaws is developed, and the relevant equations are given. Data is presented for several polymers illustrating thickness and viscoelastic effects. A method of analysis for impact testing is then described together with some data. The unity of the data from a wide range of tests is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170303
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    Plastic flow in glassy polymersPresented at the Third International Conference on “Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers” in Cambridge, Englond, March 26, 1969. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 174-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02.139 The phenomenology of plastic deformation in glassy polymers is described, and a theory based on a molecular model for such deformation is presented and contrasted with other published theories. A phenomenological yield criterion is presented which is consistent with the theory. It is shown that the theory is in very good accord with experimental results on the temperature dependence of the plastic shear resistance of a large group of glassy polymers with widely different molecular structures. Finally, the formation and growth of shear deformation bands is described, based purely on the mechanics of localization processes in inelastically deforming continua.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170306
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  • 177
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    Fatigue crack propagation in poly(methyl methacrylate): Effect of molecular weight and internal plasticization (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 194-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In spite of the importance of fatigue behavior in engineering plastics, relatively few fundamental studies have been made of the effects of polymer structure, molecular weight, composition, and morphology on fatigue crack propagation (FCP). As, part of a broad program for the study of such effects, the role of molecular weight and internal plasticization has been studied in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) which had been specially prepared and characterized with respect to molecular weight, dynamic mechanical behavior, and, in some cases, stress-strain response. As expected, values of fracture toughness, Kc, varied considerably as the molecular weight was rai ed, from 0.7 MPa, √m at Mv = 1.0 × 105 to 1.1 at Mv, = 4.8 × 106. However, a specific effect of fatigue was noted: over the same range of Kc, values of FCP rate decreased by two orders of magnitude as molecular weight was; increased. It is proposed that this high sensitivity is due to differences in the degree of chain disentanglement effected by the cyclic loading, with consequent differences in the strength of the craze preceding the crack. With PMMA plasticized internally with a low level (10 percent) of n-butyl acrylate (nBA), the FCP rate and Kc, were similar to those of controls, with very high rates shown. At higher nBA levels (up to 30 percent), the sensitivity of FCP rate to stress intensity factor range decreased considerably, Kc, increased by 30 percent and the pre-exponential constant in the growth rate law increased. Plasticization weakens the polymer but at high degrees leads to enough hysteretic heating to induce local creep and crack blunting.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170308
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    Permeation and sorption in inhomogeneous polymer membranes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Restricting the discussion to isothermal transport of a single penetrant in a polymer sample, we define convection and diffusion. We distinguish carefully between diffusion in homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples. In the latter case, the diffusion flux is no longer directly proportional to the gradient of the concentration, i.e., Fick's first law does not hold. We point out, unless an external force responsible for convection can be identified, that diffusion with convection in a homogeneous medium is in many instances indistinguishable mathematically from diffusion in an inhomogeneous medium with microscopic inhomogeneities. Finally, we list a number of exact results available for permeation and sorption parameters for thin slab of a dilute inhomogeneous material. These parameters all yield the same value of the diffusion coefficient if the latter is constant. On the other hand, these parameters provide different functional information about the partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient for an inhomogeneous polymer-penetrant system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170204
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  • 179
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170301
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  • 180
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    Strength of elastorners - a perspective (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 129-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of stress-strain curves on temperature and extension rate is first discussed qualitatively along with aspects of the fracture process. Considered thereafter are the strength and extensibility, measured over broad ranges of temperature and extension rate, of elastomers in several classes: (a) singlephase non-crystallizable; (b) crystallizable, both unfilled and containing a reinforcing filler; and (c) block copolymers which contain plastic domains. It is shown that all single-phase noncrystallizable elastomers lack toughness except under restricted test conditions and that toughness necessitates a dispersed phase. Data are presented on crystallizable rubber vulcanizates and on polyurethane and poly(urea-urethane) block copolymers to show that plastic domains are highly effective sources of strength. The properties of these block copolymers are examined in detail, and their strengths are compared with those of other segmented copolymers and triblock elastomers. Factors responsible for strength are delineated.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170302
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  • 181
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    Deformation, yield and fracture of polymers at high pressure (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 150-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the shear, compressive, and tensile stress-strain behavior of both amorphous and crystalline polymers are reviewed and illustrated. For polymers with Tg near to but below ambient temperature, there is a steep increase of modulus with pressure and, above some critical pressure, there is a lower rate of increase. The critical pressure is a linear function of the test temperature and, from its slope, one can deduce the pressure coefficient of Tg. For many other polymers, there is a linear increase, over a wide pressure range, of elastic and shear moduli with pressure, and this is in accord, to a first approximation, with predictions of finite strain theory. Most all polymers investigated show a strong pressure coefficient of yield stress and in many cases this variation is linear over a wide pressure range, in accord with several pressure dependent yield criteria. To a considerable extent, the yield stress rise with pressure parallels that of the modulus, and this behavior is predicted by some yield theories. The effects of pressure on fracture stress and fracture strain are discussed. The results obtained depend on the polymer composition and structure and on the pressure medium. Consideration is also given to the effects of pressure on crazing and stress-whitening.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170304
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    Castor oil based interpenetrating polymer networks. II. Synthesis and properties of emulsion polymerized products (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 294-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene Latexes were synthesized using sodium ricinoleate (the ehief saponification product of castor oil) as the surfactant. Later sulfur, more sodium ricinoleate, and sometimes castor oil were added, and the emulsion heated to a temperature where the sulfur vulcanized the castor oil products, making a semi-interpenetrating polymer network. Stress-strain studies showed the presence of a well developed yield point and high elongation for some samples, indicating considerable toughening for slow rates of strain. Electron microscopy revealed a complex two-phased morphology. Usually polystyrene was the continuous phase. The rubbery phase domain size depended upon the amount of castor oil products added lzod impact strengths showed only modest improvements; probably because of the high glass transition temperature of the castor oil vulcanizate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170505
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  • 183
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    Nylon matting: A textile structure used for soil and civil engineering applications (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new type of interlaced mat made of heavy denier nylon monofilaments has been developed, and has been under evaluation for the past few years. Due to its combination of unique properties - high strength, great porosity, chemical stability - it is finding uses in many varied applications. Its current greatest use is in soil erosion control, where the product, when placed on steep banks, traps soil particles caused by runoff water, thus preventing erosion and providing a good seed bed for grasses and other ground cover. Placed under turf and sods, the structure provides a porous, open structure which holds moisture and enhances root growth, while the mechanical strength of this material reduces packing of the soil, thus making a superior base for athletic fields and playgrounds. The product, its properties, and its applications are described.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170509
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  • 184
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    Polymer-Impregnated mortars I. Effect of polymer state on mechanical behavior (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mortar specimens were impregnated with methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate, styrene, and crosslinking agents in various combinations. After polymerization of the monomers in situ, studies of mechanical properties such as Young's modulus and compressive strength were made. In one experiment, various ccpolymers of methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate were prepared and tested as a function of temperature. Excellent reinforcement was obtained with any combination of monomers as long as the resulting polymer was at a temperature below its glass transition temperature. This suggests that the modulus of the reinforcing polymer is crucial, glassy behavior being required. The addition of crosslinking agents such as TMPTMA increased the high temperature strength, however.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170511
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  • 185
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    Castor oil based interpenetrating polymer networks, IV. Mechanical behavior (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical and mechanical properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) based on castor oil-urethane and polystyrene are detailed in this paper. Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy showed extensive but incomplete molecular mixing of the two polymers. The glass transition temperatures of the IPN's gradually merged from two distinct transitions into one broad transition at an intermediate temperature as the crosslink level of the castor oil component was increased. At low polystyrene contents, the IPN's yielded stress-strain behavior similar to reinforced elastomers, but at high polystyrene contents, they exhibited increased elongation. For example, the latter materials showed well developed yield points. Stress whitening and necking were also observed, suggesting a possible failure mechanism by crazing. Cold drawing was exhibited by the materials under tension. The tensile strength and Young's modules were enhanced as the polymer II (polystyrene) content was increased at constant crosslink level of polymer I (castor oil-urethane). A similar effect was also observed by maintaining the polystyrene content constant but increasing the crosslink level of polymer I. The impact strength of the materials ranged from 32.1 to 53.4 N · m/m, which is approximately two to three times that of homopolymer polystyrene. The best materials were those with compositions in the range of 40-46 percent castor oil-urethane. The materials prepared by using tolylene diisocyanate as crosslinker for the castor oil phase had the best impact properties, especially at an NCO/OH ratio of 0.95.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170408
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  • 186
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    Introductory remarks - a symposium with a purpose (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 281-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170502
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  • 187
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    Crosslinking systems in the graft polymerization of chromium-tanned collagen (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ten polyfunctional vinyl-type monomers were graft polymerized with butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate onto chromium-tanned collagen in a redox initiated, emulsion-type system. The thickness of the grafted leathers showed an increase ranging from 9 to 159 percent. The regression of total polymer on thickness gave a better fit than did bound polymer, the correlation coefficient being 0.774. The tensile load at break increased in all but one case, with a maximum increase of 70 percent over the control. Since the thickness increase was usually greater than the load increase, the tensile strength usually decreased. The changes, in tensile elongation were not always in agreement with those anticipated from crosslinked bulk polymers. In addition to these physical effects, inclusion of the polyfunctional comonomers generally reduced the amount of extractable polymer. A hypothesis is proposed to explain some of the observed effects.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170504
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  • 188
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    Surface modification of polymers and practical adhesion (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 440-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The, nature of polymer surfaces has received increasing attention as the use of these materials, in a variety of forms, increases yearly. Modifications of polymer surfaces for adhesion, friction, and diffusion oriented appiications have necessitated a careful analysis of the surfade region morphology (surface physics) and chemical properties of the surface layer (surface chemistry). The behavior of composite structures has involved the discipline of classical fracture mechanics. The orientation of polymeric species or additives which migrate to the interface may modify the wetting characteristics and, most certainly, the frictional properties in addition to the diffusion of penetrant species beyond the boundary layer. The above topics are discussed within the framework of recent analytical and theoretical developments in surface science. The findings of these recent studies have facilitated many exciting technological advances.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170705
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  • 189
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    Introductory remarks (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 349-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170602
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  • 190
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    A water-soluble, reciprocity-law-failing photoresist (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 353-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the purpose of obtaining a water-soluble, reciprocity-law-failing photoresist, a study was made on the photo-crosslinking properties of various systems composed of water-soluble polymers and bisazides. Reciprocity-law-failing photoresists are suitable for use in the fabrication of black matrix color picture tubes without any alteration in the shadow mask. As a result, a system containing polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, and 4, 4′-diazidostilbene-2, 2′-disulfonic acid disodium salt was found to show a significant reciprocity-law-failing property in the range of light intensity used practically in black matrix fabrication. The mechanism of the photo-cresslinking reaction of this photoresist was investigated. It is suggested that the bisazide decomposes to liberate a reactive dinitrene intermediate. This photodecomposition was found to proceed reciprocally. The nitrene reacts with polymer molecules to form a water-insoluble three dimensional network. If, however, oxygen is present, this crosslinking reaction is inhibited by a preferential reaction between dinitrene and oxygen. By this oxygen effect, this photoresist reveals significant reciprocity-law-failing characteristics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170604
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  • 191
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    New photoresists of cyclized butadlene polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 372-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new photoresist composed of cyclized cis-1, 4-polybutadiene has been developed. The resist has much higher sensitivity on exposure to ultraviolet light than the conventional resist from cyclized polyisoprene. This new resist has no resist-flow even at 250°C, and provides high resolution on baking at 200°C. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the cyclized polybutadiene decomposes at temperature higher than cyclized polyisoprene.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170608
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  • 192
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    Introductory remarks (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 497-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170802
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  • 193
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    Morphology and properties of crystalline polyester-siloxane block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 510-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new series of crystalline (AB)n type multiblock copolymers based on crystalline poly(hexamethylene sebacate) (HMS) and amorphous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (DMS) has been prepared, and their solid state properties have been examined. The copolymers range from 0-69 wt percent DMS, and they crystallize in spherulitic textures when cast in films from solution or the melt. As the DMS concentration in the copolymers increases, the spherulite sizes decrease, but only a very small melting point depression is observed. Available evidence suggests extensive microphase separation in the bulk of the solid state. Surface characterization of the copolymers indicates that phase separation is also prevalent at the polymer-air interface. The block copolymers and polyblends have critical surface tensions of wetting very similar to DMS homopolymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170805
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  • 194
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    Linear dynamic mechanical properties of an SBS block copolymer (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 535-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus for a low molecular weight styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer ate measured as a function of temperature (80-170°C) and frequency using the eccentric rotating disc geometry. These linear properties are superimposed to yield master curves each of which exhibits two branches below different (critical) reduced frequencies. At lower temperatures, the non-Newtonian behavior characteristic of SBS block copolymers is observed. In contrast, Newtonian response occurs at higher temperatures. As a consequence, plots of the viscoelastic properties vs temperature exhibit discontinuities below the critical frequencies, reflecting a narrow transition at about 142°C. Above this temperature, it is inferred, consistent with the equality of dynamic and steady state viscosities, that the polystyrene (S) blocks, existent in dispersed domains at low temperatures, exceed a critical degree of compatibility with the continuous polybutadiene phase. The activation energies indicate that the S blocks affect the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties in proportion to their presence in an interphase which is assumed to continuously grow in size as temperature is raised to the transition temperature. Below the critical reduced frequencies, it is inferred that S domain disruption may increasingly occur in conjunction with the observed property enhancement due to these domains, relative to the miscible blocks, as reduced frequency is lowered. However, above these frequencies, the presence of frequency-temperature superposition implies that the S domains and the miscible blocks are equivalent in their effects on properties. At still higher reduced frequencies, the domains present at the low temperatures studied are assumed to remain intact, but plateau behavior similar to the response characteristic of homopolymers is observed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170809
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  • 195
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    Deformation behavior of an S-B-S copolymer (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 544-559 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In accordance with previous studies, ‘single crystal’ tyr samples were prepared from the polystyrene-polybutadien- polystyrene (S-B-S) three block copolymer Kraton 102 consist ing of a hexagonally packed parallel array of glassy S cylinder within a rubbery B matrix. Following earlier investigations o the pronounced anisotropy of the modulus, the actual deformation mechanism is examined in terms of the microstructures on straining perpendicular and parallel to the cylinder direction up to and beyond yielding. On perpendicular straining, a one to-one relation is observed between ‘lattice’ and sample stray up to about 10 percent, coupled with complete recovery. For higher strains, the deformation becomes increasingly irreversible dependent on the time of stressing, a behavior which is found to be caused by cracks forming along crys tallographically defined directions of the hexagonal macrolai tice. On parallel straining, the stress-strain curves display yield behavior at ∼3 percent strain, the yielded material be coming more compliant even at small strains on repeated test ing. However, on storage, the sample rehardens, a proces accelerated by heat treatment. This behavior is explained in terms of a breaking up and reformation of the cylinders and is supported by the subsequent experiments. These includ measurement of birefringence, which in the reversible small strain region corresponds to expectations from uniform strain in both S and B phases, but which beyond the yielded region displays behavior such as expected from deformation of the B phase alone. The postulated break-up of cylinders on yielding is directly confirmed by electron microscopy on Iongitudinal sections thin enough to contain a single layer of cylinders. The yield behavior itself is treated theoretically using the composite mechanics approach. Two treatments are applied, the trad itional shear lag theory and a new random rod breaking theory In the latter case, in particular, very good agreement with experiment is found in that both the observed stress to yield and the electronmicroscopically seen fractured rod length in the yielded product are predicted.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170810
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  • 196
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    Unit cell deformation under elongational stress of oriented SIS three-block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 570-572 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A 50, 000 molecular weight SIS three-block copolymer, containing 30 percent by weight of polystyrene and, presenting the cylindrical morphology, has been oriented by a novel shearing process at high temperature. The orientation has been studied by low-angle X-ray diffraction; the intensity of the (100) reflexion of the hexagonal array has been measured as a function of the angular position of the sample with respect to the direct beam. The samples have been found to be very similar to single crystals; not only the axes of the cylinders lie parallel to the shearing direction, but also the (100) lattice-planes keep the same orientation in space throughout the whole volume of the specimen. Special probes for the mechanical tests have then been cut in the oriented material, parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the cylinders. The deformation under elongational stress of the external shape of the probes has been studied with a traveling microscope; when the cylinders are oriented perpendicular to the stress, the sample deforms elastically, the, size of the probe corresponding to the length of the cylinders remaining constant up to 200 percent deformation. Low-angle X-ray diffraction has been used to study the structural deformation under the same elongational stress; with the stress perpendicular to the cylinders, the unit cell seems to deform in an.affine way with respect to the macroscopic aspect; with the stress parallel to the cylinders, the structure is destroyed rapidly.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170813
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    Domain-boundary structure of styrene-isoprene block copolymer films cast from solutions. III. Preliminary results on spherical microdomainsPresented in part at the Intern. Rubber Congress, Tokyo, October, 1975. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 587-597 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microdomain structure of styrene-isoprene A-B type block copolymers having a nearly constant fraction of polyisoprene block segments (13 ∼ 22 wt percent) was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a function of the molecular weights of the copolymers. The styrene-rich block copolymers all have spherical microdomains of polyisoprene block segments dispersed in a matrix of polystyrene block segments. The size of the spherical domains increases with increasing molecular weight of the polyisoprene segment with a power of ca. 0.6. The thickness of the domain-boundary interphase arising from a partial mixing of the incompatible segments at the domain-boundary interface is also estimated by analyzing a systematic deviation of the SAXS intensity distribution from Porod's law at large scattering angles on the basis of the infinite slit-height approximation. The results indicate the interfacial thickness to be about 20Å and to be almost independent of the molecular weight of the block copolymers studied. The applicability of the infinite-slit height approximation in the analysis of SAXS intensity distributions at large scattering angles is also discussed in an approximate fashion.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170816
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  • 198
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    Monte Carlo studies of isolated AB block copolymer molecules (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 622-626 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent theoretical progress in understanding conformations of AB block copolymer molecules in dilute solution is reviewed. The results of the authors' own biellipsoidal smooth density model (BEM) are compared to the findings recently reported by two independent groups, for the more rigorous self-avoiding walk models with nearest neighbor interactions (SAW). The SAW results confirm the BEM conclusions for the size and shape behavior of individual blocks under changing solvent-temperature conditions. The relative orientation and separation of the blocks depend strongly, on the magnitude of AB interactions, while the individual, block parameters are much less sensitive in this respect. Parfial segregation (or partial block mixing) is the general rule rather than the exception, and is aided by the low polymer concentrations which are, found in the overlap region in dilute solutions. A unified view of homopolymers and block copolymers emerges from these models, with homopolymers being a special case of the latter group. Inherent to BEM is the arrowhead-like overall shape of the molecules, which appears to survive under most conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170820
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  • 199
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    Emulsifying properties, of block copolymers. Oil-water emulsions and microemulsions (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 634-638 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The emulsifying effect of poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) block copolymers (Cop PS-PEO) has been studied for the toluene-water system as a function of the molecular characteristics of the copolymer (composition, molecular weight, and structure). To demonstrate the surfactive properties of Cop PS-PEO, we determined the interfacial tension γi for the toluene-water system in the presence of these block copolymers. For oil/water (O/W) and water/oil (W/O) emulsions, prepared in the presence of Cop PS-PEO, we determined the phase inversion point, the particle size of the dispersed phase, the stability and the viscosity as a function of the PEO content, the molecular weight, and the structure of the block copolymers. It appeared that the best results for the emulsification are obtained with Cop PS-PEO having molecular weights less than 100, 000. Stable O/W emulsions of small particle size are preferentially prepared with di- or triblock copolymers having a PEO content of 60-80 percent. In contrast, stable W/O emulsions are obtained with diblock copolymers having a PS content of 60-80 percent. The difference in behavior between diand triblock copolymers also showed the importance of the chain conformation at the toluene-water interface. As an extension, we have shown that microemulsions can be obtained with such polymeric surfactants. Isopropanol and butylamine appeared to be efficient cosurfactants for the system water/toluene/Cop PS-PEO.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170822
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  • 200
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    Chiorosulfonated block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 652-656 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rubber-phase chlorosulforiated polystyrene-poly-(ethylene-butene-1)-polystyrene block copolymers were prepared by reaction of the block copolymer in solution with SO2 and C12. Sample compositions ranged up to 7 weight percent sulfur and 29 weight percent chlorine contents as determined by X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy. A series of chlorosulfonated derivatives of an analogue of the elastomeric midblock were prepared and analyzed in similar fashion. A comparison of dynamic mechanical and dielectric behavior of solvent cast films of the block copolymer and midblock polymer materials indicates the existence of sulfonyl chloride dipole-dipole complexes in the solid state. Further evidence for the presence of such aggregates was obtained from analysis by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It appears that polystyrene domains in the block copolymer materials hinder this aggregation up to moderate concentrations of the sulfonyl chloride group as compared with the relatively unrestrained aggregate formation in the analogue midblock materials. At high levels of substitution, the formation of dipole aggregates disrupts the integrity of the polystyrene domain structure in the block copolymer materials, resulting in a reduction in mechanical strength.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170825
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