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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (553)
  • 1978  (553)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (553)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the anterior medial glands of the rat nasal septum (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 147-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anterior medial glands lying in the submucosa of the rat nasal septum were studied by light and electron microscopy. The glands consist of a single long duct, which is studded with numerous solitary acinar formations connected perpendicularly to the main duct by short intercalated ducts. Proximal acini (those furthest from the stoma of the main duct) consist of typical serous cells with many dense secretory granules and an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. The most distal acini consist of cells whose major feature is the enwrapment of each mitochondrion by a cisternal profile of rough endo-plasmic reticulum. Myoepithelial cells are absent from proximal acini, but are abundant on distal acini. Intracellular nerve terminals are extremely common, particularly in distal acini. The main ducts resemble, to a degree, the striated ducts of salivary glands.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910203
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial orientation of microtubules in contractile fibroblasts in vivoThis investigation was supported in part by the Medical Research Service of the Veterans Administration, and by NIH Grant GM 24648-01. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Contracting fibrous tissues from skin wounds in pigs, and scars around silicone implants in humans, contained fibroblasts that had multiple bundles of 60-80 Å microfilaments with electron-dense bodies, features typical of contractile fibroblasts both in vivo (myofibroblasts) and in vitro. These in vivo fibroblasts contained many 220 Å diameter microtubules, which paralleled plasma membranes in the long axis of the cells. The spatial orientation of the microtubules in these myofibroblasts strongly suggests a bracing or scaffolding function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910204
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lymphatic vessels of the mammalian heartSupported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants, NIAID-10639, NHLBI-13901 AI-07348 and HE-06664 and HE-12322, HE-12777 and HE-06664. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 183-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An in situ heart lung preparation was developed to label lymphatics of the actively beating dog heart with subsequent fixation by vascular perfusion. Immediately after interstitial injections of trypan blue and colloidal carbon, a rich plexus of lymphatic vessels was visualized in the epicardium of the actively beating heart. With this method of fixation, tissue preservation is generally excellent and uniform throughout the heart. In thin sections examined with the electron microscope, lymphatic vessels are easily recognized by the content of plasma proteins which is preserved as an electron dense precipitate that is evenly dispersed throughout the lumen. An extensive plexus of thin walled lymphatic vessels is observed throughout the epicardial, myocardial and subendocardial regions. Numerous anchoring filaments are observed closely apposed to the abluminal endothelial surface which extend into the surrounding connective tissue. The distribution and ultrastructure of the cardiac lymphatic vessels are discussed in relation to their role in the removal of interstitial fluid from the heart.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910205
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface morphology of mouse and rat thymic lymphocytes: An in situ scanning electron microscopic study (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 203-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present paper deals with a scanning electron microscopic investigation which was undertaken in order to make a direct study of geometrical conformations of thymocytes, to determine the effect of external mechanical forces and finally to analyse the relation of the cell surface morphology to the differentiation and release of thymocytes into circulation. Thymocytes in situ revealed a striking polyhedral configuration with distinct edges and angles that permit a close orientation of cells in a minimum space. This conformation is probably acquired under the influence of forces in the microenvironment of the cells. The immature thymocytes in the cortex were smooth surfaced and constituted a homogeneous population with regards to surface morphology except for slight variations in the size and angles of various facets of the polyhedra. A minority of the cell population occupying the medulla, however, exhibited a departure in possessing surface undulations and stubby protuberances. Thymocytes isolated in suspension and those in postcapillary venules of thymus did not show the polyhedral shape characteristic of the cells in thymic tissue. They were always rounded, with their surfaces often exhibiting undulations or microvilli The variations observed in situ are discussed in light of external mechanical forces, cell surface characteristics and the inherent properties of differentiating thymocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910206
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sympathetic connections to the fifth and sixth cranial nervesPresented at annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists, April 1976, St. Louis. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thirty additional parasellar gross dissections and light microscopic examinations have been carried out, confirming a previous observation that the sympathetic nerve or nerves running with the carotid artery gives off a multitude of fine branches at irregular intervals on the way up, but the largest residual component joins the sixth cranial nerve and leaves to join the first division of the fifth cranial nerve. No similar fibers can be found by us to join the third or fourth cranial nerve. Based on the observations that section of the sympathetic in the neck results in a Horner's syndrome and that section of the ophthalmic artery at its point of departure from the carotid does not result in any part of Horner's syndrome nor does section of the external, internal or common carotid in the neck, it is assumed that these fibers process the functions the absence of which result in Horner's syndrome.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910207
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  • 106
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    Progenitor cells of erythroblasts: An in vitro investigation of erythropoietin-responsive cells of guinea pig bone marrowThis research was supported by US ERDA contract AT(45-2)-2225. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 135-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The experiments were designed to test whether or not erythroblast progenitor cell function could be demonstrated in a morphological cell type designated as “transitional cells.” Two cell fractions, were obtained from the bone marrow of normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. One fraction (F1) was enriched in transitional cells and contained few, if any, other cell types which could be considered as candidates for erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC). The other fraction (F2) contained undifferentiated blast cells as well as transitional cells. The effect of human urinary erythropoiesis stimulating factors (ESF) on heme synthesis was compared in these two fractions by measuring 59Fe incorporation into heme. ESF was more effective in stimulating heme synthesis in guinea pig bone marrow cells than homologous sera obtained from anemic or hypoxic animals. The majority of ERC sedimented in F2, but the stimulation index was comparable in the two fractions. It was confirmed by radioautography that the ESF reesponse in F1 was due to the generation of proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts that incorporated 55Fe. The generation of these cells in F1 was dependent on the addition of ESF to the cultures, whereas 55Fe-labeled erythroblasts were recovered from cultures of F2 not supplemented with ESF. ESF induced a proportion of transitional cells to incorporate 55Fe in both F1 and F2. Transitional cells were the only cell type in which heme synthesis was dependent on ESF. In other cells of clearly non-erythroid morphology (mononuclear phagocytes and reticular cells), 55Fe incorporation occurred independent of ESF.Although the fractionation procedure employed is unsuitable for the separation of ERC from bone marrow, it permitted the enrichment of transitional cells, a cell type defined by morphology. Radioautography with 55Fe identified a proportion of these cells as ERC in both F1 and F2 fractions of bone marrow obtained from normal and polycythemic guinea pigs. Although there may be other cell types in F2 capable of responding to ESF, the present studies show that some transitional cells function as progenitors of erythroblasts because they respond to ESF by initiation of heme synthesis and by transformation into the earliest recognizable erythroid cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910202
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  • 107
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    Erythropoietic response of hypertransfused neonatal rats suckled by anemic mothers (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 227-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twelve-day-old hypertransfused neonatal rats nursed for four days by a twice-bled mother exhibited higher 48-hour RBC-59Fe incorporation than control neonates nursed by a normal mother. Erythropoietin (Ep) in plasma of 12-day-old hypertransfused neonates suckled for four days by twice-bled mothers was initially equivalent to approximately 0.5 IU/day. This calculation was based on the observation that reticulocytosis induced in these animals was similar to that produced in neonates of the same age injected intra-peritoneally with 0.5 IU Ep for four days while nursing from normal mothers. The reticulocyte maturation curve was shifted to the left in 12-day-old hy-pertransfused neonates suckled by anemic mothers, and in 12-day-old normal neonates rendered anemic by bleeding, while nursing from normal mothers. This left-shift of the reticulocyte maturation curve was also evident in 12-day-old hypertrans fused neonates injected with Ep.Decreases in relative percentages of nucleated RBC was evident in spleens of 12-day-old neonates nursed by anemic mothers and spleens of 12-day-olds injected with Ep. Significant reduction in nucleated RBC were noted in both spleen and marrow of 12-day-old anemic neonates.These results suggest: (1) Ep, present in increased amounts in the anemic mother, is transmitted through milk to nursing neonates thereby stimulating erythropoiesis in these animals; (2) Ep may not stimulate stem cell differentiation towards the erythroid compartment but rather acts on already differentiated erythroid cells by influencing their rate of maturation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910208
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  • 108
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    Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. I. The Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli and the elephant seal Mirounga leonina (Pinnipedia: Phocidae) (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The structure, distribution, density and innervation of arteri-ovenous anastomoses (AVAs) have been compared in the skin of Weddell and elephant seals, as part of a study of the structure and function of arteriovenous anastomoses in mammals.In both genera AVAs were coiled vessels with the segmental structure typical of “epithelioid” anastomoses and possessed a dense peripheral adrenergic innervation.In both Weddell and elephant seals there was no statistically significant difference between the mean density of AVAs in body skin and flipper skin. The majority, approximately 71% of AVAs occurred superficially in the dermis, fewer (23%) occurred in the deeper dermis, and 6% were present in the thick hypodermis (blubber). The density of AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals is approximately eight times greater than that reported in other animals and the superficial position of anastomoses over the whole of the body surface is characteristic of phocid seals.When open, AVAs in Weddell and elephant seals allow maximal heat loss from the skin surface by passing large volumes of blood into the superficial veins. AVAs in seals are important in dissipation of body heat, particularly when the animals are out of the water, and the entire surface area is thermo-regulatory rather than specific regions such as the flippers.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910209
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  • 109
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910301
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  • 110
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    Arteriovenous anastomoses in the skin of seals. II. The california sea lion Zalophus californianus and the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The structure, distribution and density of arteriovenous anas-tomoses (AVAs) were studied in body and flipper skin of a California sea lion and a northern fur seal. In both animals AVAs consisted of arterial, intermediate and venous segments, and were generally larger and more tortuous in the sea lion than in the fur seal. In the sea lion the majority of AVAs (72%) occurred in the deeper region of the dermis, and the density was significantly greater in the flippers than in the body. In the northern fur seal most AVAs (76%) occurred in the superficial region of the dermis; the density of AVAs in flipper skin was significantly higher than in body skin, and the density in the hind flipper was significantly greater than in the foreflipper.Arteriovenous anastomoses are important in the regulation of body temperature in seals; when these animals are on land, AVAs function to dissipate body heat, and vascular thermoregulation occurs in the flippers but not over the general body surface. Due to differences in distribution and density, AVAs play a more significant role in thermoregulation in the northern fur seal than in the California sea lion.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910210
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  • 111
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    Spermiogenesis in Nautilus pompilius. II. Sertoli cell-spermatid junctional complexes (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A “ball and socket-like” junction between branches of the Sertoli cells and the developing spermatids is described. A cytoplasmic extension of the Sertoli cell fits into a pocket in the spermatid and has a constricted neck region. Frequently there are large multivesiculate bodies in the Sertoli cell extension and small vesicles frequently appear in the spermatid cytoplasm, in the area of the “ball and socket-like” junction. This suggests the possibility that there may be communication of materials between the two cells. The possible function of the junctions is discussed and it is concluded that they more likely have a role in nutrition than in coordination.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910211
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  • 112
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    Development of adrenergic innervation of the iris and fluorescent ganglion cells in the choroid of the chick eye (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 311-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The developing innervation of the chick eye has been studied using catecholamine histofluorescence. The innervation of the pupillary dilator by the superior cervical ganglion begins on day 13 of incubation when fluorescent axons can be seen in the ciliary zone circumscribing the dilator. On day 14 a few processes are seen to branch from this band into the dilator. The number of processes in the dilator increases on days 15 and 16. After day 16 there is a reorganization of the fibers radially accompanied by a moderate increase in the number of processes. In addition, a group of fluorescent cells can be seen in the choroid adjacent to the ciliary body. These cells are bipolar at day 9 and become multipolar by 12 days of incubation. These cells contribute to a fluorescent plexus of processes in the choroid which stops abruptly at the border of the choroid and ciliary zone. It is thought that they represent a terminal sympathetic ganglion receiving preganglionic input from the carotid nerve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910304
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  • 113
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    Specialized cell types in the human fetal small intestineSupported by Research Grant AMDD-17537 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 269-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the present study we describe the time of appearance and morphological differentiation of specialized epithelial cells in human fetal small intestine (SB). Proximal and distal SB from 36 nonviable fetuses was studied by light and electron microscopy. During the 9- to 10-week period, villi lined by simple columnar epithelium replaced the stratified epithelial lining which was two to six cell layers thick. During this transition, distinctive junctional complexes and a single secondary lumen were identified in the deeper layers of stratified epithelium, and there was evidence of cellular degeneration of some superficial cells. Oligomucous and mature goblet cells were present in both the stratified and simple columnar epithelium. Crypt formation began proximally at 10 to 11 weeks and, within a week, crypts lined by undifferentiated crypt cells (UCC) could also be identified in the distal SB. These cells resembled adult UCC's except for the presence of large aggregates of glycogen, and the absence of large adult-type secretory granules (SG) until 16 weeks. At all ages SG's were smaller and less numerous than in adults. Paneth cells appeared with crypt development at 11 to 12 weeks. Unlike adult Paneth cells their SG's were structurally heterogeneous and frequently had cores with halos of differing density. Caveolated or tuft cells with dense bundles of microfila-ments extending from microvilli into apical cytoplasm, apical granules, occasional caveolae, and a microvillus membrane denser than that of adjacent cells were identified by 16 weeks. Putative microfold (“M”) cells were seen in the distal SB of a 17-week fetus. These cells had an unusual apical border with irregular projections, many small membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm, and were in direct contact with underlying lymphoid cells. The glandular cells of Brunner's glands at 14 to 15 weeks resembled those of normal adult.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910302
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  • 114
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    Cellular responses to experimental inhibition of collagen degradation in the postpartum rat uterusSupported by USPHS Research Grant HD-09209. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 287-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Rapid collagen breakdown in the postpartum rat uterus is accompanied by rising collagenase activity (Jeffrey and Gross, '70) and a transient infiltration of the stroma by heterophils, eosinophils, monocyte-macro-phages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells (Padykula and Campbell, '76), cells usually associated with inflammatory response. This uterine catabolism is initiated soon after birth while blood estrogen and progesterone levels are low. To investigate the hormonal factors involved in regulation of this postpartum stromal differentiation, we analyzed the cytological effects of experimentally elevating progesterone and estradiol levels in the peripartum period by following the protocol of biochemical experiments that have demonstrated inhibition of collagenase activity by progesterone (Koob and Jeffrey, '74) and estradiol (Ryan and Woessner, '74).Prolonged gestation (progesterone, 10 mg/day starting on day 19 gestation) was used as a condition to prevent the prenatal drop in blood progesterone; this treatment was the most effective in blocking postpartum stromal differentiation. It preserved the state of prepartum uterine differentiation and most importantly it prevented monocytic-macrophagic conversion. Progesterone (40 mg/day) given at birth delayed but did not block stromal differentiation during the first 48 hours; by 72 hours collagen loss was extensive in both control and progesterone-treated rats and numerous macrophages were present. Estradiol (100 μg/day) given at birth caused a greater delay in stromal differentiation than progesterone given at birth; for approximately 48 hours the number of eo-sinophils, heterophils, and macrophages was less than normal. By day 3 the number and distribution of the macrophages resembled that of the day 1 control uteri. Overall these experiments indicate that the low estrogen and progesterone levels at birth are essential for normal stromal regression. Since these transient cells originate from the blood, the temporal pattern of their emigration into the uterus may be under hormonal control. Experimental disturbance of this pattern influences the course of collagen resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910303
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  • 115
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    Distribution of surface coat material on fusing neural folds of mouse embryos during neurulation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 345-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Fusing and non-fusing regions of neural folds from mouse embryos were examined during neurulation for the distribution of extracellular macromolecules (surface coats) prior to and at the time of closure. Ruthenium red staining of 10th day ICR/DUB mouse embryos was used to detect the distribution of surface coat material. Light microscopic examination of fusing and non-fusing regions in the midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord showed a consistent increase in ruthenium red positive material immediately prior to closure. Heavy deposits of positive staining material were present along apical neural fold borders and overlying ectoderm cells. This staining pattern was consistent in the three regions examined, but the pattern of initial contact between opposing neural folds differed. In mid- and hindbrain areas contact was initiated by overlying ectoderm, whereas in spinal cord regions contact was first established by neuroepithelial cells. Once contact between opposing neural folds was initiated a decrease in stainable material was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910307
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  • 116
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    A new corrosion casting technique (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 321-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A technique is described, employing polyester as the injection material, for preparing a casting of all cardiac vessels or of arteries or veins separately. This technique was used in 10 bovine and 40 fresh human hearts.The technique is simple, rapid, economical and the required equipment is available in the average laboratory. The extent of vascular penetration is controlled by the viscosity of the polyester solutions, some of which at a certain density can penetrate through the net of capillaries with an injection pressure of no more than 220 mm Hg.Our technique does not require any special handling of the heart and it makes no difference to the quality of the casting whether the blood is drained or flushed from the vessels prior to the perfusion.There is no noted shrinkage or crumbling of our specimens stored at room temperature. The heart size, configuration and the anatomical relationship of the cardiac vessels are preserved without the need for casting cardiac chambers. The injection materials are cheap, easily transported and can be stored without special care. Injection, solidification and corrosion are carried out at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910305
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  • 117
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    The effect of marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cells in vitro (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 351-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of the local anaesthetic Marcaine on muscle and non-muscle cell types was examined using an in vitro assay. Each of the cell types examined (myotubes, myoblasts, fibroblasts and liver parenchyma) expressed morphological alterations when incubated in Marcaine-medium. Myotubes were the most sensitive of the cells studied and exhibited several pronounced membrane structural changes after short incubation periods in Marcaine-medium. The toxic effects of Marcaine were irreversible and the myotubes continued to degenerate despite being placed in fresh medium. Myo-blasts and non-muscle cells, however, demonstrated a rapid recovery when removed from the Marcaine-medium. Since Marcaine is thought to compete with Ca++ for specific sites on cell membranes, it is proposed that the differential effects which were observed are dependent upon the level of calcium related activities being carried out by the cells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910308
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  • 118
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    Induction of lipid droplet accumulation in cardiac muscle cells of guinea pigs and mice: An analysis of the effects of reserpine and fasting (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 327-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Reserpine has been demonstrated in previous studies to induce the accumulation of lipid droplets in ventricular cardiac muscle cells of bats and this effect has been attributed to mediation by the sympathetic nervous system. The present study was done to evaluate the species specificity of this action of the drug. Reserpine caused lipid droplet accumulation in cardiocytes of guinea pigs and mice. However, in contrast to the action of the drug in bats, this action of reserpine in guinea pigs and mice could not be antagonized by chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine or by treatment of animals with phenoxybenzamine, atropine or hexamethonium. Like reserpine, fasting for as little as 24 hours induced lipid droplet accumulation in cardiocytes of guinea pigs and mice. This effect also could not be prevented by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine indicating that the sympathetic nervous system was not involved in its mediation. Force-feeding guinea pigs given reserpine prevented the accumulation of lipid droplets normally induced by this drug. It is concluded that the lipid droplets accumulation in the hearts of guinea pigs that follows administration of reserpine is not due to a direct cardiotoxicity of the drug but is secondary to the failure of drug-treated animals to eat. Since the autonomic nervous system appears to mediate reserpine's cardiotoxicity in bats, the species difference revealed by these experiments probably results from an underlying physiological difference in the nervous systems of these animals.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910306
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910401
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  • 120
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    Satellite cells of rat muscles as studied by freeze-fracturing (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Satellite cells in rat muscles were studied by freeze-fracturing. They were found not to be fusiform but to have several narrow projections embedded in grooves of the muscle fibre membrane. Short projections of the muscle fibre covering the outer face of the satellite cells were observed as well. In the P-face of the cell membrane of satellite cells, membrane particles and caveolae were less frequently seen than in the P-face of the muscle membrane. Thus the surface of the satellite cells looked more smooth than that of the muscle fibres. Junctions between muscle fibre and satellite cell were not found. The presence of cytoplasmic extensions of satellite cells may suggest that these cells are motile.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910309
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  • 121
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    Scanning electron microscope study of the developing trout pelvic fin bud (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 391-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The growth of the pelvic fin bud has been studied with the SEM along with the characteristics of the pseudoapical epidermal ridge which occupies the free margin of the bud. SEM revealed fluffy protuberances in many of the epidermal cells, distinguishing the fin bud territory from adjacent areas. When the pseudoapical ridge appears, all the cells show this feature but their relative number decreases and these cells, termed the “tassel cells,” are finally restricted to the base of the fin bud. This particular surface structure of the superficial cells may be unique to the fish, since it has not been heretofore reported in SEM studies of tetrapod limb bud.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910311
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  • 122
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    Morphological studies on the adrenergic innervation of white adipose tissueThis project was supported in part by grants HL-18283 from the Heart and Lung Institute and RR-00592 from the Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health. Support derived also in part from Weight Watchers Foundation, Inc. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 377-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: White adipose tissue was obtained from the mesentery, epididymis, omentum and subcutis of rats which were fed, fasted or fasted and then refed. Tissue samples were prepared using the glyoxylic acid method to detect adrenergic nerves by fluorescence histochemistry. Other tissue samples were fixed with an aldehyde solution containing sodium molybdate which is specific forcatecholamine granules in nerve terminals. Thin and serial thick sections (0.25-0.5μm) were viewed with a conventional electron microscope and with the high voltage electron microscope. With fluorescence microscopy it was found that most of the blood vessels except veins and venules were richly innervated. The most extensive branching of nerves down to the capillary level was found in the mesentery and epididymal fat of fasted-refed rats. Relatively few adipocytes appeared to be innervated. With electron microscopy, nerve terminals were found distributed with most blood vessels including capillaries, and with some adipocytes. Only 2-3% of all adipocytes were innervated by adrenergic nerves. It is suggested that in the adipose tissue sites studied the major adrenergic innervation is mainly for the supply of blood vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910310
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  • 123
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    Pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male Gorilla: Selected observations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 433-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of parts of the pelvic outlet and perineum is described in an adult male gorilla. Two previously undescribed muscles are presented: (1) The puborectalis muscle, completely separated from the levator ani, arises from the region of the symphysis and forms a sling for the rectum while it also substitutes for the perineal membrane. (2) The puboampullaris muscle, a paired smooth muscle, arises from the pubis and inserts into the rectum to elevate the rectum while additionally providing support for the urogenital viscera. The levator ani muscle is recounted to point out its lack of attachment to the pelvic viscera while allowing a hiatus in which the rectum is exposed within the perineum. The sphincter urethrae muscle is presented emphasizing its true sphincteric characteristics, its absence of lateral attachments and its similarity to man. Other muscles of the pelvis and perineum as well as urogenital viscera are described or modified where necessary. The manner in which these structures enter into the support of the pelvic viscera is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910404
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  • 124
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    Morphological and functional differentiation of the surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii in chicken (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 415-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Morphological and functional differentiation of the mucosal surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii was studied in White Leghorn chicken fetuses and newly hatched chickens. First signs of differentiation towards two types of epithelial cells appeared on the thirteenth day of incubation: The apical cells of the epithelial buds projected towards the lumen, and an increase in the number of Golgi regions was observed in the epithelial cells between the buds. On day 15 the follicle-associated epithelium contained small apically situated vacuoles, and large mucin granules appeared in the interfollicular surface epithelium. Towards the day of hatching both epithelial cell types were arranged to a monolayered or pseudostratified cylindrical epithelium. The follicle-associated epithelium had invaginations and small vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm, whereas the interfollicular surface epithelium had numerous microvilli on its apical surface and large mucin granules in the apical cytoplasm. In functional studies, endocytosis of colloidal carbon was demonstrated in four out of ten 19-day-old fetuses and in all chickens studied immediately after hatching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910403
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  • 125
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    SEM of the proximal tubule of the adult rabbit kidney (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 397-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study utilizes the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to reveal the surface morphology of proximal tubular cells and the parietal cells of Bowman's capsule of the adult rabbit nephron. To facilitate the examination of the basal surface of these cells, proximal tubules were dissected free and treated with collagenase to remove the basememt membrane. Other blocks of tissue were cryofractured to expose the lateral cell surfaces of the proximal tubules. Our investigation has shown that the lateral and basal surfaces of both the convoluted and straight segments of the proximal tubule have numerous processes. However, the arrangement and degree of branching is distinctly different in the two segments. The convoluted segment has large lateral ridges which form at the base of the microvilli and fan out to divide into lateral-basal processes. Many of the lateral-basal processes reach the basement membrane intact, interdigitating with complementary processes from adjacent cells. However, some of the lateral-basal processes branch into short, knobby projections (basal villi) which may also reach the basement membrane. Patches of basal villi are interspersed between broad regions of interdigitating lateralbasal processes. Therefore, in the convoluted segment, the lateral-basal processes form the major part of the basal cell surface. In tubular cells of the pars recta, unlike convoluted tubular cells, the majority of the ridges remain unbranched and pass directly to the basal surface where they divide into elaborate basal villi. Thus the basal surface of the pars recta cells is highly complex, appearing leaf-like, being a composite of numerous basal villi with a few lateral ridges.The basal surface of some parietal cells of Bowman's capsule have parallel ridges, which results in patches of striations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910402
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    Development of the embryonic chick otic placode. I. Light microscopic analysisThis work was supported by G. R. S. Grant R-05356 from the University of Southern California School of Medicine and NIH Grant DE 04613. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 447-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: At the 7-8 somite stage of embryonic chick development (29-31 hours of incubation), a slightly elliptical island of thickened ectoderm appears laterally on either side of the most distal constricture of the rhombencephalon at the level of the anterior intestinal portal. The appearance and extent of this auditory placode is precisely correlated with the subjacent accumulation of neural crest cells. By 33 hours of incubation, there is a distinct depression in the developing otic placode, and by 40 to 45 hours, the placode is visibly invaginated, forming an epithelial vesicle or otocyst. Carefully staged embryos were serially sectioned, and the area underlying the developing otic placode was traced with a planimeter. It was found that placode size (area 60,000 μm2) is nearly unchanged from 30 to 42 hours of development. During this time interval, the placode cells first become columnar, show nuclear orientation, and then pseudostratify. The increase in placode cell number during this time interval is not likely to be the result of localized, accelerated cell division: the population doubling time of placode cells is eight and one-half hours and the mitotic index of 2.5% is similar to that of cells in an equivalent area of adjacent, non-placode forming head ectoderm. A model of otic placode formation is proposed which suggests that by 30 hours of development, a discrete population of placode forming cells is segregated from head ectoderm. Subsequent epithelial pseudostratification results from accumulation of this dividing population within the limits of the placode.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910405
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    Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 479-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis are described for the tongue epithelium, five different regions of the alimentary canal (gut) -esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and rectum- and bone marrow in a group of BDF1 male mice. A circadian rhythm is also described for the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in the same mice. The data document for the first time in the same animals the dramatic variation in cell division encountered from one region of the gut to another. This variation is seen in the amplitudes of the rhythms as well as in the over-all 24-hour means. On the contrary, the phasings of the rhythms in the different regions of the gut are remarkably similar. In this study, where the mice were standardized to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness, the peak of the DNA-synthesis rhythm occurred around the time of transition from dark to light, and the trough around the time of transition from light to dark. The implications of these findings, and those of others, to the study of cell kinetics and to cancer chemotherapy are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910407
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    The merkel cell in the labial ridge epidermis of anuran tadpole. I. Fine structure, distribution and cytochemical studies (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 487-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The labial ridge epidermis of the anuran tadpole, which is the formative site of horny teeth, was studied with the electron microscope. The triangular epidermis covering the apex of the labial ridge was composed of horny teeth cells arranged in a columnar shape, keratinocytes, secretory epidermal cells, two kinds of non-epidermal cells and Merkel cells. Individual non-epider-mal cells were identified as neutrophils and macrophages respectively.In addition, the fine structure, distribution and cytochemistry of the Merkel cell were studied. The fine structure of Merkel cells in the labial ridge epidermis was not so different from those of other vertebrates reported previously by other workers, except for the presence of numerous glycogen particles. The presence of Merkel cells in the labial ridge epidermis was very frequent, and they were arranged in a line at a uniform level of the triangular epidermis. They were usually located in the third cell layer from the base of the epidermis.PAS and azure A stains were used on semithin epoxy sections to reveal the Merkel cells, and both stained them intensely. On the other hand, though glutaraldehyde-silver techniques and permanganate fixation were used to detect monoamines in the Merkel cells ultracytochemically, a positive reaction was observed on the pigment granules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910408
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    Development of the embryonic chick otic placode. II. Electron microscopic analysisThis work was supported by G.R.S. Grant RR-05356 from the University of Southern California School of Medicine and NIH Grant DE-04613. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 459-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The otic placode takes its origin from surface ectoderm. Prior to the arrival of neural crest cells, surface epithelial cells adjacent to the neural folds are squamous in shape and synthesize primarily interstitial bodies. However, by 26 hours of development, neural crest cells, using the undersurface of the epithelium as a substratum, migrate away from the neural tube. Cells of surface epithelium above the neural crest cells assume a columnar shape, and the amount of intercellular space between adjacent epithelial cells is consequently reduced. Placode cells show extensive interdigitation apically as they pseudostratify and invaginate, while it appears that many of the basal cells contribute components to the underlying extracellular matrix. This extracellular matrix interface between surface epithelium and neural crest cells is distinctly fibrillar and less granular than that found between ordinary head ectoderm and primary mesenchymal cells. Just prior to complete invagination as an otocyst, otic placode cells in a region near the ventrolateral wall of the hindbrain extend cell processes through discontinuities in the basal lamina and leave the otocyst. These are likely to be the cells which contribute to the formation of the acoustico-facialis ganglion. These observations support the hypothesis that the development of the otic placode is the result of a tissue interaction between surface epithelium and neural crest cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910406
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  • 130
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920101
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  • 131
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    Regional differentiation of cell junctions in the excurrent duct epithelium of the rat testis as revealed by freeze-fracture (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 503-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intercellular junctions of the excurrent duct system of the adult rat testis were studied by freeze-fracture. In the terminal segment of the seminiferous tubule, where there are no spermatogenic cells, the tight junctions of Sertoli cells consist of many parallel strands of particles. The particles of the junctions predominantly appear on the E face instead of the P face, similar to those of the seminiferous tubules reported previously. From the rete testis to the ductus deferens, the tight junctional particles or smooth strands are mainly found on the P face, and the tight junctions show anastomosing networks. In the ductuli efferentes, whose epithelial lining consists of ciliated and nonciliated cells, the tight junctions between two adjacent nonciliated cells and between nonciliated and ciliated cells are poorly developed. In the former, belt-like gap junctions are often associated with segmented tight junctions. In such area, there are tiny regions, where no junctional elements are observed. Between two ciliated cells, several strands of the tight junctions can be seen. The result of the tracer experiment suggests that the barrier of the ductuli efferentes is weak. In the epididymis, the tight junctions are well developed throughout the duct. Corresponding with the regional variation of the epi-didymal epithelium, the geometrical organization of the tight junction networks varies along the duct. In the ductus deferens, many strands of the tight junctions are scattered throughout the lateral cell surface in addition to the belt-like network of the tight junction in the adluminal area.The number of the tight junctional strands is presented graphically in the various segments of the excurrent duct of the testis.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910409
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  • 132
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    The mammalian tubuli recti: Ultrastructural study (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructure of the tubuli recti was studied in the testes of sexually mature bulls, boars, rams, goats, rabbits and rats fixed by vascular perfusion. The tubuli recti are lined with a simple epithelium that varies in height, from squamous to tall columnar according to the species and the region. The cells are characterized by extensive lateral and tortuous basal plasma membranes and a luminal border with microvilli. Tight junctions and desmosomes are found in the upper half of the lateral borders. The Golgi apparatus is sizable and associated with it are coated vesicles and may smooth vesicles concentrated towards the luminal border. A distal segment of the tubuli recti is found in bulls only and is characterized by a high epithelium which is thrown into folds giving the lumen a festooned appearance. It is suggested that the epithelial cells of the tubuli recti are involved in fluid exchange and in the removal of unwanted spermatozoa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920102
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  • 133
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    A morphological study of early cellular changes in the closure of the rabbit ductus arteriosus (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 19-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A light and transmission electron microscopic study was performed on 67 ductus arteriosus (DA) specimens from rabbits (31 days normal gestation period) ranging in age from 21 days of gestation to 4 days after birth. Some fetuses were permitted to breath before sampling, while others were not. The aorta and pulmonary trunk served as controls. The objectives of the study were to identify the earliest cellular alterations leading to closure of the DA, to study in detail the sequence of cellular changes in closure of the DA, and to correlate these observations with what is known about the physiological factors involved in closure of the DA. Changes in the architecture of the DA wall were seen as early as on the twenty-sixth day of gestation and involved the appearance of increased numbers of radially or longitudinally reoriented smooth muscle cells in the intima and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. The progress of these changes continued and intensified until the end of gestation. At that stage the inner one-half of the medial smooth muscle cells was reoriented, and the lumen was significantly reduced by a greatly expanded intima which often contained many intercellular “ghost bodies.” Very few mitoses were seen during DA closure, especially during 29 to 31 days of gestation. It is concluded that cellular changes involved in closure of the DA of the rabbit fetus begin far in advance of birth and breathing. These cellular changes are highly analogous to those which occur in the early pathogenesis of arterial intimal fibromuscular lesions. Closure of the DA, therefore, seems to afford an excellent, natural model for study of key cellular events involved in the production of arterial fibromuscular lesions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920103
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    Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys. IV. Electron microscopic studies of the seminiferous epithelium (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 41-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies were undertaken to assess the fine structural effects of vasectomy upon the rhesus monkey testis, using 27 monkeys subjected to one of three surgical techniques: control sham operation (COS), unilateral silk vasoligation (USV), or unilateral clasp vaso-occlusion (UCV). The monkeys were sacrificed from 1 to 66 weeks after surgery; tissues were fixed in glutaral-dehyde in collidine buffer and processed for electron microscopy (EM) using routine techniques. No alterations were noted in the seminiferous epithelium of any COS animal; only focal lesions were found in vasectomized animals. These changes correlated with length of time post-vasectomy, a finding consistent with earlier light microscopic studies (Heidger et al., '78). Even at the longest post-operative periods studied, spermatogenesis appeared in most animals to be normal. One animal exhibited areas in which the seminiferous epithelium consisted of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia, only. The seminiferous epithelium of approximately one-third of other animals, both on the vasectomized and contra-lateral sides, exhibited such alterations as development of extensive infoldings and duplication within the basal lamina, and presence within the basal Sertoli cell cytoplasm of late spermatids and sperm tails. These alterations were observed in both UCV and USV animals. The presence of such late germ cells in the basal Sertoli cell cytoplasm was noted by light microscopy; however, lu-minal spermiophages encountered in one animal at the light microscopic level were not detected in our EM study, which underscores the limitations of EM as a survey technique. All UCV animals developed spermatic granulomas of the vas, whereas only 3 of 13 USV animals developed such granulomas. It does not appear that the alterations exhibited by the animals in this study would necessarily dispose toward impaired spermatogenesis following vasovasostomy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920104
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    Changes in length of sarcomeres following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscleThis study wan supported by U. S. Public Health Service Grant NS-1329-01. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tenotomy of the proximal and distal tendons of the soleus muscle of female Wistar rats was performed and sarcomeric length and muscle fascicle length measured. On the first postoperative day muscle bellies were found shortened and their sarcomeric length considerably reduced. Four weeks following tenotomy, although the muscle bellies remained shortened, sar-comeric length was comparable with that of control muscles. Measurement of muscle fascicle lengths at this time showed that those of experimental muscles were nearly 50% less than those of control muscles. It was concluded from these experiments that a reduction of the number of sarcomeres in series had occurred, thus compensating for the reduced length of the muscle belly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920105
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    Morphological observations on the normal human cardiac glands (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 59-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The majority of human cardiac glands that lie immediately distal to the termination of esophageal epithelium are compound or branched tubular glands. They empty into overlying gastric pits. The glands of this region are often organized into lobule-like complexes by the surrounding connective tissue of the lamina propria. The secretory tubules contain mucous cells, parie-tal cells and endocrine cells. The mucous cell is the most common cell type observed and appears to comprise two populations. The majority are pyramidal in shape and show numerous spherical, electron-dense secretory granules. Profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum are observed scattered throughout the cytoplasm and Golgi complexes occupy a supranuclear position in relation to forming secretory granules. Morphologically this cell type appears similar to the mucous neck cell of the fundus. Secretory granules of a second mucous cell type are mottled in appearance and show an area of increased electron density near the limiting membrane. Parietal cells are observed and appear identical to those in the fundus. The large number of endocrine cells present raises questions concerning the traditional concept of the function of these particular glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920106
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920201
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    American Association of Anatomists. Proceedings of the American Association of Anatomists. Ninety-first meeting, University of British Columbia, April 3-6 1978, with list of officers and members and constitution (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 89-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920108
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  • 139
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    The site of collagen resorption in the periodontal ligament of the rodent molar (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 305-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In an attempt to determine the pattern of collagen phagocy-tosis by fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament, a stereologic investigation of the mesial root of the maxillary first molar of the rat was undertaken. The distribution of fibroblasts containing intracellular collagen fibrils was studied at the electron microscope level in the periodontal ligament along resorbing and non-resorbing surfaces of the alveolar wall. It appeared that fibroblasts with collagen-containing vacuoles were more or less randomly distributed across the width of the periodontal ligament. No major differences were observed among the alveolar, cemental and intermediate zones of the ligament. However, local variations in the occurrence of cells containing intracellular collagen fibrils may occur. A relatively high concentration of ingested collagen fibrils was seen in fibroblasts located in the direct vicinity of osteoclasts, but not in the vicinity of osteoblasts. These observations suggest that remodelling of collagen is even-ly distributed throughout the ligament, but may be influenced by local circumstances, such as the occurrence of bone resorption.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920211
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920301
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  • 141
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    Identity of a population of progenitor cells in gingival connective tissue of the mouse incisor (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the gingiva of the mouse incisor, connective tissue cells were observed which were undergoing mitosis and contained collagen fibrils enclosed in vacuoles in their cytoplasm. The presence of intracellular collagen was noted in the majority of the dividing cells. On the basis of this observation it is suggested that renewal of the fibroblast population in the gingiva occurs preferentially by division of differentiated fibroblasts rather than by division of cells with a lower degree of differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920212
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  • 142
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    A histochemical study of the microvasculature in the left and right cardiac ventricles of the dog (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Subepicardial and subendocardial arteries and arterioles in both the left and right normal canine ventricle were examined histochemically to determine their metabolic profiles. Aerobic metabolic capacity was assessed by determining the reactivities of the enzymes cytochrome oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase and NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehy-drogenase was examin̈ed to assess activity of the hexose-monophosphate-shunt. The substrate glycogen was determined as an evaluation of anaerobic metabolic capacity, while the amounts of deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid were assessed as an indication of protein synthesis. Results of the present investigation indicate that despite known hemodynamic differences, the metabolic profile of the coronary vasculature is similar in all regions of ventricular myocar-dium. Reactivities of the enzymes succinate and NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase are greater in smooth muscle of arterioles than in arteries. This suggests that arteriolar smooth muscle has a higher capacity for aerobic metabolism than does arterial smooth muscle. The greater reactivity of glycogen in arterial, than in arteriolar smooth muscle, suggests that arterial muscle is more adapted for anaerobic metabolism. Deoxyribonucleic and ribonu-cleic acids demonstrate a low reactivity in both arteries and arterioles from all regions of ventricular myocardium which conforms to the opinion that under normal conditions, coronary vasculature is quite stable with little cell proliferation. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase shows little reactivity in all myocar-dial vessels which implies a low capacity for nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920213
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    Observations on the development of the human atrioventricular node and bundleSupported by N.I.H. Grant HL07047. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 337-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This light microscopic study of the cardiac junctional tissues was based on 27 human embryos, fetuses and postnatal hearts. Evidence was presented that superficial and deep portions of the postnatal AV node were derived from two cellular primordia in the posterior wall of the common atrium at the 6-mm stage. The small right primordia was associated with the right venous valve and gave rise to the loosely organized superficial AV node that extended posteriorly to the coronary sinus ostium. A larger left primordia formed the more compact deep subdivision of the AV node located against the anulus fibrosus. In most postnatal hearts the two subdivisions are partially or completely fused to form the adult AV node. Failure of the nodal primordia to fuse during cardiogenesis may result in two separate nodal cell aggregates above the anulus. The present observations provide a rational explanation for the two AV nodal masses described in the literature and an additional specimen that is illustrated in this communication.An AV bundle was first identified in a 13-mm embryo and appeared to be derived from large clear cells of the posterior AV canal. At 25 mm the bundle formed a broad band across the top of the IV septum and continued into both ventricles. At this stage multiple cell strands penetrated the endocardial cushion to connect the AV bundle to the two nodal primordia. Failure of normal fusion between the AV node primordia and AV bundle can result in a variety of junctional anomalies including congenital heart block.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920302
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  • 144
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    Lipids and cholesterol clefts in the lacunar cells of snake skin (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 41-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The lacunar cell layer in rat snake epidermis contains many characteristic intracellular vacuoles. The lipid nature of these large round vacuoles was demonstrated by histochemical and ultrastructural investigations. Rhomboid-shaped clefts, similar to cholesterol ester clefts, were observed in proximity to the vacuoles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900105
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    Differentiation and migration of endoderm in the rat and mouse at implantationThis study was supported by grants HD 04962 and HD 10342 from the National Institue of Child Health and Human Development. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The initial differentiation of endoderm at the time of onset of implantation, and the subsequent rapid differentiation of visceral and parietal endoderm were studied in the rat and mouse. Transmission electron microscopy illustrates the reorientation and loosening of embryonic cell mass cells during implantation, as well as cytological evidence that endoderm cells have differentiated. Using scanning electron microscopy, parietal endoderm consists of individual stellate cells with numerous peripheral branching filopodia. As these cells migrate abembryonically, the rest of the embryonic cell mass becomes recom-pacted. The visceral endoderm proliferates and forms a columnar epithelium which has the cytological characteristic of an absorptive epithelium and is able to ingest exogenous proteins. Thus, by 24 hours after implantation, the two endo-dermal derivatives have assumed widely diverse shapes and different types of associations and rates of replication, and are probably performing different functions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900107
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  • 146
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    Ninety first annual session, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., April 3-6, 1978. Officers, abstracts, demonstrations (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 313-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900213
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  • 147
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900301
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  • 148
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    Development of the fetal pituitary-testicular system based on observation of leydig cells in encephalectomized, hypophysectomized and control fetal rats (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 679-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The time of onset of brain regulation of the pituitary-Leydig cell system in fetal rats was assessed by fetal encephalectomy, which allowed the pituitary to persist in situ. The effects of encephalectomy were compared with those of fetal hypophysectomy (surgical decapitation). The parameter for in terpretation of these effects was the collective volume of Leydig cells, measured by the method of Chalkley ('43). The normal increase in the collective volume of Leydig cells in fetuses encephalectomized on day 17 of gestation and autopsied on day 18 was not retarded, whereas that in decapitated fetuses of the same age was retarded. In all other one-day experimental periods (day 18-19, 19-20, 20-21, and 21-22), the increase in volume was retarded to approximately the same extent in encephalectomized as in decapitated fetuses. The collective volume of Leydig cells continued to increase to some extent without the brain until day 20, after which it ceased to increase. The results suggest that in fetal rats, the brain control of the pituitary-Leydig cell system begins to operate from day 18 of gestation, when the day following overnight mating was designated as day 1 of gestation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900305
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    Heterogeneity of the MtTW15 mammosomatotropic tumor. I. Light microscopic evaluation of cell types by means of immunocytochemistry, morphometric quantitation, fluorescence cytophotometry and radioimmunoassayThis investigation was supported in part by Grants RO1-CA17476 and RO1-AM18344 awarded by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Health, DHEW, respectively. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 719-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Large MtTW15 pituitary tumors produced 200- to 800-fold elevations in serum growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels. Female tumor hosts showed doubling in body weight, milk secretion, and a 2-fold hepatosplenomegaly. Pituitaries of host animals were reduced by about 50% in both weight and concentrations of GH and PRL. Large tumors were well-encapsulated, multinodular and showed variable amounts of necrosis and hemorrhage. Cytofluorometric analysis revealed a range of 100-fold in nuclear DNA content of tumor parenchymal cells which were chromophobic, pleomorphic and frequently mitotic. Concentrations of hormones in tumors were less than in normal pituitaries and highly variable with the ratio of GH/PRL ranging up to 30-fold within the same tumor. Immunostaining and linear scanning quantitation showed that about 50% of the tumor cells contained immunodetectable hormones. Comparison of immunostained adjacent sections showed that hormone-containing tumor cells were pleomorphic, unequally distributed within nodules, lacking in distinctive identifying morphological characteristics and that they contained GH or PRL but not both hormones simultaneously. Collectively our results show that large MtTW15 tumors are comprised of a markedly heterogeneous population of tumor cells and they suggest that the hormone-containing cells are monohormonal secreting tumor cells which can produce GH or PRL but not both hormones.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900308
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    Fenestrations in endothelium of rat liver sinusoids revisited by freeze-fractureThis work was supportd by Grants 3.553.75 and 3.120.77 from the Swiss National Sciecne Foundation. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 861-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The freeze-fracture appearance of fenestrations of sinusoidal endothelial cells has been reassessed in perfusion-fixed rat liver. Fenestrations, limited to the attenuated portions of the endothelial cell cytoplasm are usually round or oval in shape, with diameters ranging from 40-600 nm. Within a given fenestrated region, they are disposed in clusters forming sieve plates. In addition, the presence of wide, irregularly shaped openings suggest that adjacent fenestrations may coalesce and result in the larger openings. Our data thus confirm the existence of both small and large fenestrae in the endothelial wall, in contradistinction to previous studies showing only regular, medium-sized (100 nm) openings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900407
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  • 151
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910101
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  • 152
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    Autoradiographic analysis of altered glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the epiphyseal cartilage of neonatal brachymorphic mice (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice are disproportionately short in stature. Past biochemical studies on neonatal mice (Orkin et al., '76) demonstrated that epiphyseal cartilage from these mutants synthesizes glycosamino-glycans (GAG) that are undersulfated. In this study, synthesis of GAG, as determined autoradiographically with Na2 35SO4 and 3H-glucosamine was reduced in all areas of bm/bm epiphyses both in vivo and in vitro as compared to normal C57BL/6J mice. Incorporation of both isotopic precursors into GAG of the brachymorphic proliferative zone was reduced to a greater extent than in the reserve zone. In addition, incorporation of these precursors into GAG of epiphyseal cartilages in vitro, as determined biochemically, was reduced by 40%. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-leucine and 3H-proline into protein did not show differences between mutant and normal epiphyses. These results suggest that alterations in GAG synthesis in bm/bm epiphyseal growth plates are not exclusive to any one zone, but do appear to be most pronounced in the proliferative zone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910103
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    Fluoride-induced mineralization within vacuoles in maturative ameloblasts of the ratThis study was supported in part by Grant PHS DE03312 from the National Institute of Dental Research. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Dense crystalline deposits appeared within vacuoles in rat maturative ameloblasts as a result of repeated injections of sodium fluoride. The crystals assumed varied arrangements but were always observed within intracellular vacuoles. The crystals resemble those of normal enamel and resist microincineration. They are readily dissolved by decalcification and leave behind an organic framework which matches the outline of the crystals. An experimental model is presented which may be useful in further studies of calcium transport, enamel matrix absorption or digestion of cellular debris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910108
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  • 154
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    Effects of complete tail bud extirpation on early development of the posterior region of the chick embryo (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The tail bud was completely extirpated down to the yolk from 65 embryos at stages 13-17 to determine whether the posterior part of the noto-chord originates from the tail bud or from a more anterior region (i.e., prospective notochordal region). About 40% of the 44 surviving embryos developed near-normal tails, con̈taining a localized defective region beginning near the base of the tail and extending a short distance posteriorly, about 15% developed truncated, cone-shaped tails, containing a defective region beginning near the base of the tail and extending towards the tip, and about 45% developed short, ventral tail remnants, containing a localized defective region beginning near the base of the tail and extending a short distance posteriorly. The tail was absent in only one embryo. These differences were probably due primarily to variation in the amount of healing and regeneration that occurred, and were independent of the stage at which the operation took place. The tail region has a tremendous capacity for regeneration since a near-normal tail frequently developed. The location of the beginning of the defective region near the base of the tail suggests that the tail bud primarily gives rise to tail structures. All embryos had neural tube defects, about 30% developed large, midline somites within the defective region, and about 25% developed an ourenteric outgrowth. The notochord was always normal within the defective region. These results are consistent with the view that the tail bud contributes cells to the posterior part of the neural tube, but not to the notochord.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920209
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  • 155
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    A quantitative analysis of hepatic ultrastructure in rats during enhanced bile secretion (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 277-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes of rats subjected to selective biliary obstruction (SBO), wherein the biliary system draining approximately two-thirds of the liver is obstructed, were evaluated by quantitative electron microscopy or stereology. The remaining unobstructed portion of the organ compensates for this loss of bile secretion by functioning in a hyper-secretory mode. This animal model permits the comparison of hepatocellular fine structure associated with the conditions of nonsecretion and hypersecre-tion of bile with that found in normal secreting sham-operated rats. Since recent evidence suggests the presence of lobular gradients in hepatic structure and function, both centrolobular and periportal hepatocytes were examined. The low incidence of Golgi membrane profiles in high magnification electron micrographs results in a low confidence level of sampling and, thus, necessitates the application of a novel parameter for estimating the amount of Golgi complex, i.e., the Golgi-rich area.For the most part, the lobular variation in hepatic fine structure in the sham-operated animals was similar to that described by Loud ('68). However, the periportal parenchyma contained approximately twice the volume of Golgi-rich area as the centrolobular tissue. The amount of cytoplasmic lipid increased significantly in the SBO unobstructed lobes, although there were few or no changes in the other intracellular organelles or inclusions except those related to the Golgi complex. The volume of Golgi-rich area increased significantly in the centrolobular tissue of the SBO unobstructed (hypersecretory) lobes to the extent that both intralobular zones contained similar amounts of this component. These data suggest that the Golgi complex is a dynamic unit which responds to changes in hepatocellular activity and may be involved in bile secretion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920208
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  • 156
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    Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in mineralized tissues: Mechanically-stressed osteoblasts in vivo (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 363-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Previous experiments indicate that bone cells respond to external stimuli with fluctuations of cyclic nucleotide levels. The objective of this experiment was to study the response of alveolar bone to the application of tensile forces through an examination of the osteoblastic staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP. Cat canines were tipped by 80-g force for 0 to 48 hours. Fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were sectioned sagittally and stained immuno-histochemically for cAMP and cGMP. In tension sites, osteoblastic staining intensity for cAMP decreased gradually from one to three hours, and then increased by 24 hours. Intense staining for cGMP, visible in osteoblasts of all treated cats, peaked after three hours of treatment and then again at 24 hours. Generally, groups of cGMP-stained osteoblasts were found adjacent to unstained osteoblasts. The observed fluctuations in the osteoblasts staining pattern for cAMP and cGMP indicates involvement of these substances in the early response of osteoblasts to mechanical stimuli in vivo.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920304
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    Immuno-histochemical localization of cyclic nucleotides in the periodontium: Mechanically-stressed cells in vivo (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 351-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, considered to be cell proliferation regulators, have been reported to fluctuate in proliferating fibroblasts in vitro. The objectives of this experiment were to study the localization, distribution and staining patterns of these cyclic nucleotides in mechanically-stressed, proliferating periodontal fibroblasts in vivo. Cat canines were tipped by force applications for 0 to 48 hours and serial sagittal sections of fresh frozen, unfixed, undecalcified jaws were processed immuno-histochemically for the localization of cAMP and cGMP. Periodontal tension sites were studied microscopically. Fibroblastic staining for cAMP, which was localized mainly in the cell periphery, did not change appreciably as a result of tension. However, staining intensity increased one hour after the application of force, decreased after 6 hours and increased again at 24 hours. Staining for cGMP, initially covering the entire cell area, was concentrated over nuclei three hours after onset of tension, and diffused over cell periphery and cytoplasm thereafter. Intensity of staining for cGMP was maximal at 3 hours and low at 12 and 48 hours. These results demonstrate that stress-induced fibroblastic responses in vivo involve alterations in staining intensity for both cyclic nucleotides which may correspond with fluctuations of these regulators, reported to occur in vitro in various stages of the mitotic cycle. Moreover, this technique enables the identification of the involved cells in a stimulated, non-synchronized cell population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920303
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    Ultrastructure of the parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 389-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The parotid gland of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) was examined by electron microscopy. In general, the ultrastructural morphology of this gland appears similar to that described in other species. The most unusual feature of the gland is that the secretory granules of the acinar cells contain a wide variety of substructures. These substructures range from a single dense core within a homogeneous matrix to a more complex cordlike network extending throughout the granule. It is suggested that this diversity of substructures is indicative of a maturation process of the secretory granules. The intercalated ducts are secretory. The myoepithelial cells are numerous, extend throughout the gland, and are associated with the striated ducts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920306
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    Secretagogue-mediated discharge of nerve growth factor from granular tubules of male mouse submandibular glands: An immunocytochemical study (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 375-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Submandibular glands of male mice were stained for nerve growth factor by light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was present in the granules of granular tubule cells, with the immunoreactive material often concentrated at the periphery of granules. Administration of the α-adrenergic agent, phenylephrine, to animals resulted in a marked depletion of NGF-containing granules from granular tubules. Some release also occurred following administration of the β-adrenergic agent, isoproterenol. Cholinergic stimulation (pilocarpine) did not result in appreciable loss of immunoreactive granules from these cells. In vitro results were not as clear cut, immunocytochemically, as those obtained with intact animals. It is concluded that discharge of NGF from male mouse submandibular glands is mediated predominantly by α-adrenergic activation, and that this phenomenon is readily demonstrated in the intact animal.
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    Changes in the satellite cells of growing muscle following denervation (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Satellite cells exhibit a number of distinct morphological changes after denervation which appear to be a direct response to nerve section or altered functional state of the muscle fibers. These changes appear generally related to increased movement and overall activation of the cells. After longer periods of denervation many satellite cells appear to separate from their fibers and become free cells in the interstitial space. It is proposed that this mechanism provides a cellular source for the small-diameter, immature fibers dispersed throughout the muscle after two to three weeks. Although neo-formation of myofibers appears to be a feature of denervated growing muscle, an increase in total fiber population was not observed. It is suggested that in the absence of a viable nerve supply the new fibers degenerate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900212
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    The structure of the epididymis, efferent ductules and ductus deferens of the guinea pig: A light microscope studySupported by HD02344. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 659-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the guinea pig, the narrow part of the epididymis that traverses the upper pole of the testis and passes downward over the entire length of the gonad is composed exclusively of efferent ductules and the initial segment (zone I) of the epididymal duct. At the beginning of zone II, the narrow contour of zone I expands into a large globular region which lies adjacent to the caudal pole of the testis. The globular region of the guinea pig epididymis is commonly referred to as the cauda epididymidis but in the present study, examination with the light microscope reveals that it is composed of five histologically distinct zones (zones III through VII). A detailed histological analysis of the characteristics of the epithelium in the seven zones of the guinea pig epididymis and in the efferent ductules and ductus deferens was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of structure-function relationships in the epididymis of the guinea pig. It was found that each of the zones could be readily distinguished on the basis of its histological features and primarily on the basis of the appearance of the principal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900304
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    Rat adrenocortical carcinoma 494: An integrated structural, stereological, and biochemical analysisSupported by U,.S.P.H.S. Grants CA 11198 and DE-00003 and American Cancer Society Gratn IN-18N. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 703-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Snell adrenocortical tumor 494 was implanted into male Sprague-Dawley rats and recovered 7, 14, 21, 28 or 35 days following initial detection by palpation (7-10 days following transplantation). Electron microscopic, stereologic and biochemical analyses of the tumor were compared to adrenals of normal animals to serve as a baseline for further studies of the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells. Tumor cells possessed oval or elongated mitochondrial profiles with tubular cristae, one or two very large (〉 5μ) lipid droplets, abundant ribosomes and coated vesicles, and sparse rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Stereologic evaluation revealed that tumor lipid volume was 41% and mitochondrial volume 29% that of the normal adrenal controls. Tumor nuclei were 2.5 times larger than adrenocortical nuclei while cellular volumes were similar. On a net weight basis, tumor cholesterol was 55%, cholesterol ester 2.2%, and lipid phosphate 25% of respective mean values for normal adrenal glands. The tumor cholesterol: cholesterol ester ratio progressively decreased with time, but remained 18-fold greater than the normal adrenal. Plasma corticosterone levels in tumor-bearing rats were elevated 3-fold by 14 days after initial detection. The adrenals of the tumor-bearing host exhibited marked involution, the extent of which was directly related to tumor size.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900307
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  • 163
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    Ultrastructure of the harderian gland in male albino rats (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 735-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Harderian glands of adult male albino rats were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. The animals were divided into the following experimental groups: (1) castrated only, (2) castrated with testosterone replacement and (3) sham operated controls.Two types ofsecretory cells, designated as A and B, comprise the glandular epithelium and are distinguished on the basis of morphologic differences in the following cellular components:cytoplasmic secretory vacuoles, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Cell type A is more numerous and contains larger secretory vacuoles than cell type B which is characterized by the presence of large numbers of mitochondria and packet-like arrangement of SER profiles. The glandular secretion appears to be elaborated via merocrine mechanisms and consists primarily of lipids and a fibrogranular substance. The latter component may consist of porphyrin compounds.Nerve endings are found in the connective tissue interstices of the gland. Direct synapses were not observed in association with either gland cells or myoepithelial cells.Castration did not produce significant alterations in the morphology of the glandular epithelium.Results of the investigation suggest that the rat Harderian gland may serve as a useful model for the study of cellular mechanisms involved in the production of human porphyrias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900309
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  • 164
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    Gross and histological variations along the length of the rat vas deferensResearch supported USPHS Grant HD-04290. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 795-809 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology of the vas deferens of the rat and the changes that occur along its length are reported. It is shown that the organ can be divided into proximal, distal and terminal portions. Each portion is histologically unique and is situated in a different part of the body. The differences are discussed in relation to the function of the organ and their possible role in the consequences of vasectomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900403
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  • 165
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    The cingulate bridge between allocortex, isocortex and thalamus (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 783-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Fink-Heimer silver impregnation and the autoradiographic methods were used to study the fiber projections of the cingulate cortex in the squirrel monkey. It was found that this cortex provides inputs to the striatum, thalamus and several areas of isocortex. Evidence was found for a number of fiber projections (1) Fibers from the anterior limbic area were traced to the central part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, septum, dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, anterior hypothalamus and lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala. (2) Projections from the cingulate area were traced to the lateral part of the head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and to the centromedian, anterior, lateral dorsal, and lateral ventral thalamic nuclei and to medial nuclei of the base of the pons. (3) There were projections from the retrosplenial area of the anterior, lateral dorsal, dorsomedial, and posterior thalamic nuclei and lateral nuclei of the pons. These results indicate that most of the cingulate gyrus is an intermediate structure between the thalamus and overlying cortex. The anterior limbic area forms a bridge between the thalamus and other areas of the cingulate gyrus and the frontal cortex. (4) The retrosplenial area and the posterior part of the cingulate area bridge the adjacent visual sensory association cortex and pelvic areas of the sensory motor cortex, respectively. These areas of the cingulate gyrus project directly to the striatum as well as to the thalamus, structurally providing limbic system input to subcortical motor structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900402
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    Ultrastructural identification of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in notochordal extracellular matrix in vivo and in vitroAided by grants from the U.S. Public Heatlh Service (HL 17421-03S1) and from the AMerican Heart Association (76-944). (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 827-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Notochordal extracellular matrix consists of a continuous basal lamina, amorphous materials and microfibrils embedded in a ground substance of low electron density. Together they comprise the notochord sheath and are of considerable interest because of their suspected role in early embryonic tissue interactions. The notochord is particularly well-suited to morphological investigation of extracellular matrix because it is one of the few embryonic epithelia which produces ultrastructurally recognizable stroma in vitro without the advantage of a collagenous substratum. Furthermore, these matrix components produced in vitro are morphologically identical to those observed in vivo. The present study uses ruthenium red staining to demonstrate that notochordal microfibrils exhibit collagen-like cross-banding patterns both in vivo and in vitro. Collagenase and testicular hyaluronidase digestion studies designed to localize collagen and glycosaminoglycans show a reduction of microfibrillar diameters by 30-35%. Furthermore, these enzyme treatments frequently result in enhanced striations of microfibrils. When cis-hydroxyproline (a proline analog) or beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN, a lathyrogenic compound) is added to the culture medium, a similar reduction in microfibrillar diameters is seen. Moreover, increased ruthenium red-positive surface coats and large collagen fibrils are frequently present in BAPN-treated cultures, implying a stimulatory metabolic effect.We conclude that most, if not all, notochordal extracellular matrix components are composed of both collagen and glycosaminoglycans and suggest that the entire extracellular matrix should be considered a macromolecular composite which acts in concert to induce or stabilize developmental interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900405
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    Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of the effects of sublethal doses of methotrexate on the rat small intestine (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The small intestines of adult rats were examined by light and scanning-electron microscopy after sublethal doses of methotrexate were injected at 5, 3 and 1 mg, respectively, per rat per day, for three days. Methotrexate inhibited mitosis and thereby disrupted the steady state system of the epithelium. Villi and crypts progressively diminished up to about four and one-half days after the initial injection. Thereafter, recovery began and, by day 7, relatively normal morphology was restored. In the degenerative phase, the loss of crypt-villus continuum was frequently observed, the former crypts forming cyst-like structures. The columnar cells became flat and pleomorphic but epithelial continuity was maintained. Goblet cells apparently decreased in number. Paneth cells, especially in the ileum, appreciably increased in size and number. During the recovery phase, the cystic crypts apparently re-established continuity with the villus epithelium. Size and proportion of all epithelial cell types returned to normal. Scanning electron microscopy showed villus fusion and the cellular pleo-morphism and loss of microvilli during the degenerative phase. During recovery of the villi some alteration in orientation and shape remained as shown by scanning electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910102
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  • 168
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    The morphology and kinetics of spermatogonial degeneration in normal adult rats: An analysis using a simplified classification of the germinal epithelium (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 905-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The phenomena of spermatogonial degeneration have been studied in normal adult rat testes using a simplified classification of the germinal epi-thelium based upon the six types of differentiating spermatogonia. The following features distinguished this from schemes based on acrosome development. Rather than 14 stages of unequal duration, there are only six stages, five of which are of the same length. The classification starts at the beginning of spermatogenesis with A1 spermatogonia rather than at the onset of spermiogenesis. The classification is derived from actual biological events in spermatogenesis, namely generation times of spermatogonia, rather than upon arbitrary events in acrosome development. Most importantly, this new classification can be used with most types of preparations and in most experimental conditions.Examination of tubular whole mounts reveals that degeneration preferentially occurs in types A2 and A3 and to a lesser extent A4 spermatogonia, and is rarely seen in generations of A1 In or B cells. Deterioration is first manifested in clusters of cells joined by the intercellular bridges as they complete DNA synthesis and enter the G2 phase of cell cycle. It is characterized by a denser staining of the nuclear membrane, coalescence of chromatin into several pyknotic bodies, and eventual extrusion of the nuclear mass, leaving a cytoplasmic ghost. The sequential steps in degeneration may often be traced from one end of a synctial chain to the other, suggesting that the process may start with just one cell and then spread via intercellular bridges to involve all spermatogonia within the clone. Quantitatively, degeneration is a relatively constant feature of spermatogonial development. Only 25% of the theoretically possible number of pre-leptotene spermatocytes are produced from the original population of A1 spermatogonia; most of this loss is incurred during the maturation of A2 and A3 generations. While the reason for spermatogonial degeneration in the normal germinal epithe-lium remain obscure, it is proposed that the numerical ratio of A spermatogonia to Sertoli cells may be a significant limiting factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900410
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    Intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the ratSupported by NIH HL-18914, the S.W. Ohio Heart Association, and Amer. Heart Assoc., 77-1082.Presented in part at the 90th annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists, Detroit, Michigan (Reilly et al., '77). (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 55-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The intrahepatic distribution of nerves in the rat was studied using neurohistochemical and electron microscopic methods. Innervation was restricted primarily to vessels in the portal space and hilus. Both adrenergic and cholinergic fibers were observed in the adventitia of hepatic arteries, and to a lesser extent adjacent to portal veins. Some of the cholinergic fibers, however, were not contiguous with the vasculature. Near the hilus many of these fibers were associated with ganglia while peripherally some coursed into the immediately adjacent parenchyma where end bulbs abutted on hepatocytes. Ultrastructurally, scattered small nerves, devoid of neurolemma, were found contiguous with the portal lamina of hepatocytes. Nerve fibers deeper within the lobule were not seen but numerous gap junctions were observed between contiguous hepatocytes. Central and sublobular hepatic veins lacked innervation but adrenergic nerves were demonstrated in the walls of larger hepatic veins. Innervation of the biliary system was sparse. While nerves were interposed between vessels and bile ducts, such nerves tended to be associated more closely with the vasculature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910106
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  • 170
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    Alterations in hepatic fine structure after chronic exposure of rats to dexamethasone (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 73-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chronic dexamethasone (DEX) administration on hepatic ultrastructure and to correlate these changes with plasma lipoprotein levels. Electron microscopic studies were made of hepatocytes from male rats killed 1, 3 and 5 days after DEX (2 mg, twice per day) administration. Three days after treatment plasma lipoprotein levels were highest and hepatocytes contained regions of the cytosome rich in elements of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Osmiophilic particles were present in the tubules and vesicles of the SER, in the saccules and vacuoles of the Golgi complex, in secretory vesicles near the cell surface and in the space of Disse. DEX treatments also caused hepatocytes to accumulate tightly packed masses of β-particles of glycogen in some regions of the cell while other areas displayed dispersed glycogen particles that were associated with the SER. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that glucocorticoids 1. cause an elevation of plasma lipoprotein levels by in creasing hepatic synthesis and secretion of VLDL, which involves the sequential participation of the ER, the Golgi complex and exocytosis of VLDL-containing vacuoles into the space of Disse, and 2. produce a change in the nature of the association of glycogen particles with the SER membranes in response to the physiological state of the animal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920107
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  • 171
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    Formation of apical pseudopods by canine thyroid follicular cells: Induction by thyrotropin and 5-hydroxytryptamine; antagonism by reserpine (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role of biogenic amines in the activation of thyroid follicu-lar cells by thyrotropin (TSH) was studied. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was chosen as the amine to study and apical pseudopod formation, assessed by scanning electron microscopy, was used as the index of follicular cell activation. All experiments were done on dogs. TSH and 5-HT were both potent inducers of pseudopod formation. The action of TSH but not that of 5-HT was antagonized by the amine depleting drug reserpine. Reserpine depleted the thyroid of 5-HT in newborn, adolescent, and adult dogs. It is concluded that one or more biogenic amines, such as 5-HT, are probably involved in follicular cell activation by TSH.
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    Site of lodination in rat mammary gland (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ability of the mammary gland to take up and organically bind radioiodide was studied in non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating rats. Autoradiography was used to determine whether duct cells or alveolar cells are responsible for iodination in the rat mammary gland. Iodination was not detected in mammary glands from non-pregnant rats, but occurred late in the twelfth day of gestation and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. Protein-containing vacuoles in alveolar cells and casein-like proteins in milk were the major sites where iodination occurred within the gland. Milk proteins in the lumens of ductules adjacent to alveoli were also iodinated. In contrast, ducts, myoepithelial cells, fat cells, blood vessels and other histological components of the gland did not show iodinating capability. Cytochemistry was also used to identify endogenous mammary peroxidase activity in the same glands, and it was found that the presence and location of this enzyme was correlated with the ability to iodinate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920204
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    Epithelial influences on membrane bone formation in the maxilla of the embryonic chick (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In light of previous evidence that epithelial influences are required for membrane bone formation in certain instances (mandible, Tyler and Hall, '77 a,b; cranium, Benoit and Schowing, '70), the possibility that maxillary epithelium influences membrane bone formation within the maxillary mesenchyme was investigated. Intact maxillary processes, and enzymatically separated epithelial and mesenchymal components of the maxilla were obtained from embryonic chicks of three to five days of incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton ['51] stages (HH) 18-25) were grown individually as grafts on the chorioallantoic membranes of host chick embryos. The histodifferentiation of grafted intact maxillary processes was similar to that in vivo. The histodifferentiation of grafted maxillary mesenchyme depended upon the embryonic age at which the mesenchyme was isolated from its epithelium. In grafts of maxillary mesenchyme isolated from its epithelium at HH 22 or earlier stages, cartilage differentiated, but membrane bone did not form. In grafts of maxillary mesenchyme isolated from its epithelium at HH 23 or later stages, membrane bone formed in addition to cartilage. The results indicate that maxillary mesenchyme requires the presence of epithelium through HH 22 in order for membrane bone to form within the mesenchyme. Cartilage formation within the mesenchyme does not require epithelial influences during the embryonic period tested (HH 18-25). Maxillary epithelium isolated from its mesenchyme and grown as a graft became underlaid by host fibroblasts and achieved a limited degree of differentiation; the epithelium did not induce ectopic membrane bone formation within the host tissue, indicating that the presence of maxillary epithelium is not a sufficient condition for promoting membrane bone formation in normally non-osteogenic tissue.
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    PAS-lead hematoxylin as a stain for small-granule endocrine cell populations in the lungs, other pharyngeal derivatives and the gut (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 245-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Epithelial cells of the several subtypes that comprise the small-granule cell population of the respiratory system are little studied, partly because adequate silver, monoamine fluorescence and other specific light microscopical preparations have been more difficult to obtain than in the gut and other organs possessing diffuse endocrine systems. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) in combination with MacConaill-Solcia's lead hematoxylin has in our hands proven dependable for routine staining of serial 2-m̈m glycol methacrylate sections used in mapping the distributions of these cells along the airway. In lungs of mice, hamsters, kittens, and fetal rabbits, typical small-granule cells stain weakly or not at all with lead hematoxylin alone, hence are easily overlooked. PAS adds to the cytoplasm a diffuse magenta coloration; and because it is diastase-resistant, less brilliant than that of mucus but more so than bronchiolar cell secretions, and finer textured than lysosomal staining of other cells present, the effect is to highlight small-granule cells whether solitary or in clusters. Additional PAS staining of basement membranes and lead hematoxylin staining of cilia enhance the combined stain's resolving power. In thyroid gland, parafollicular cells stand out boldly against follicular elements; in small intestine, hematoxylin-positive endocrine cells are well differentiated from absorptive, mucous, and Paneth cells that surround them. Using a complementary monoamine fluorescence technique on plastic sections of lungs from control and 5-hydroxytryptophan-pretreated animals prior to staining, we can show that fluorescent epithelial cells are identical with those stained by PAS-lead hema-toxylin.
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    Filtration of circulating particles by splenic autotransplantsThls study was supported by the Chait Foundation. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine whether filtration in reconstituted perifollicular marginal zones underlies particle sequestration in regenerating spleen transplants, the distribution of IV injected particles of tantalum was examined in autografts freely transplanted into subcutaneous pouches in rats. In two to six weeks old autografts removed one to three hours after particle injection, the reconstituted marginal zones contained practically all of the sequestered tantalum. At 48 hours to-20 weeks following injection, marginal zones were largely free of particles which were distributed extracellularly throughout the red pulp. This sequential pattern of distribution conformed closely to that observed in the intact spleen.The findings indicate that a reconstituted marginal zone allows splenic autotransplants to function as simple mechanical filters. Increased demand for this activity rather than for phagocytosis may be the predominant factor regulating spleen growth.
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    Rod-shaped particles in the plasma membrane of the mitochondria-rich cell of amphibian epidermis (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A freeze-fracture study has revealed rod-shaped intramembra-nous particles on the plasma membrane P-face (cytoplasmic leaflet) of the mi-tochondria-rich cell (or flask cell) of Xenopus laevis and Rana ridibunda epidermis. Such particles have previously been found in all other mitochondria rich cells examined by this technique, namely, the MR-cell of toad bladder epi-thelium, the dark cèll of rat kidney collecting tubule, and the flask cell of Xenopus kidney collecting tubule. These particles are assumed, therefore, to be closely connected with the function of this cell type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920207
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  • 177
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    Orthogonal arrays of particles in plasma membranes of the gastric parietal cell (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Freeze-fracture of rat gastric mucosa revealed a specific set of intramembranous particles in the plasma membrane of the parietal cells. The particles were small and of square shape and formed orthogonal arrays in the P-face with corresponding orthogonal arrays of pits in the E-face. Arrays, scattered among usual globular particles, were particularly numerous at the basal pole of the cell and less concentrated on the lateral side. They were not present in the apical microvillar membrane nor in the membranes of intracellular tubulovesicles. As in other cell types in which similar arrays were described previously (e.g., astrocytes, “light” cells of the kidney collecting tubule), their presence in parietal cell membranes suggest some specialized function of these membranes not shared by plasma membranes showing only a population of globular particles. This function has yet to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920210
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    Application of an idealized model to morphometry of the mammalian tracheobronchial treeResearch supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sceinces (NIEHS) via AEC Contract AT (29-2)-1013 with Lovelace Foundation, and in part by California Air Resource Board Contract Number ARB 5-725. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative anatomical descriptions (morphometry) of the tracheobronchial airways are of importance in many applications including the preparation of successful mathematical models describing airflow patterns and deposition patterns of airborne particles in the lung. Morphometric data are also useful in studies of comparative anatomy and in describing normal and diseased states of an organ. The collection of such data is aided by the use of idealized models of airway branches of the tracheobronchial airways. Morphometric measurements from the lungs of several mammalian species are presented using a model that consists of three connected tubular segments. The morphometric model uniquely defines an identification number for each branch segment, a branching angle, an airway segment length and diameter, an inclination of a segment to gravity and the degree of alveolarization of each segment. Designed to be compatible with computerized data handling, the model is unambiguous and realistic, but flexible so that anomalous anatomical structures can be classified and noted. Morphometric data describing the variation of structure with depth in the tracheobronchial airways are presented in the form of graphical representations of anatomical measurements on replica casts of the human, dog, rat and hamster airways. These distributions describe the anatomical character of the tracheobronchial airways concisely, quantitatively, and characteristically for each species.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900202
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  • 179
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    Serous cysts of the aging guinea pig ovary. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 285-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ovarian cysts which developed spontaneously from the rete ovarii in the ovaries of guinea pigs have been examined in 1- and 2-year-old animals by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two cell types have been described, a tufted cell with numerous motile cilia and a non-tufted cell with a solitary cilium. While the non-tufted cell exhibited numerous smooth coated vesicles in its lateral and basal regions, no signs of secretion to the lumen of the cyst have been seen and occluding junctions have not been observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900211
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  • 180
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900101
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  • 181
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    Functional anatomy of lymph nodes. II. Peripheral lymph-borne mononuclear cells (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 5-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the rabbit a number of large mononuclear cells with ruffled surface membranes travel from the skin and superficial tissues of the leg, via the lymphatics, to the popliteal lymph node: they constitute 40-50% of the total cell population in the afferent lymph. About 10% of these cells are actively phagocytic when tested in vitro and about 3% are found to contain Langerhans granules.After isotopic labelling the majority of lymph-borne mononuclear cells can be detected within the regional node for at least 24 hours; most being located in the paracortex and a few in the interfollicular cortex. It is proposed that these cells, including those containing Langerhans granules, belong to the “mononuclear phagocyte system.”Possible functions of these lymph-borne cells are discussed with particular reference to antigen transport.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900103
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  • 182
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    Ultrastructural study of the nerve plexus accompanying the ovarian artery and vein in the rat (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 190 (1978), S. 47-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultrastructural characteristics of the nerve plexus that accompanies the ovarian vessels of the rat were studied. The nerve fibers were primarily unmyelinated with less than 5% myelinated. Two types of neuronal cell bodies were found along these nerves. They were located at variable distances along the nerve bundle. The first and more numerous was a larger cell type similar to the autonomic postganglionic neuron. The second and smaller cell type had granulated vesicles throughout the cytoplasm. Synapses of the axodendritic type and synapses between the neuronal cell bodies were found. Most of the synapses possessed agranular vesicles. The presence of neuronal cell bodies is an important characteristic to consider in evaluating denervation of the ovary by interruption of this nerve plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091900106
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  • 183
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    A study of the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensisThis investigation was supported by Research Grant NS 07860 from the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, USPHS. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 191 (1978), S. 69-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to investigate the structure of the papilla neglecta in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis.Situated in the posterior part of the utricle, the receptor is innervated by a branch of the posterior ampullary nerve and is covered by an extracellular membrane that exhibits a tapering extension into the orifice of the utriculo-saccular duct. The neuroepithelium contains two populations of sensory cells within a matrix of sustentacular cells; one population (non-calyceal hair cells) is supplied primarily by boutons and clublike terminals, while the other (calyceal hair cells) is served by calycine terminals that invest from one to five sensory cells. The apices of calyceal hair cells bulge into the utricular lumen and have larger diameters and ciliary counts than non-calyceal cells, but other differences are not marked. Although the bases of calyceal hair cells are deeply indented by calyceal processes, both types show similar afferent synaptic structures confined to the nuclear and infranuclear regions. Efferent terminals synapse on afferent endings and hair cells in both cases; synapses directly on calyceal hair cells lie above the calyx, just beneath the apicolateral junctional complexes. Those complexes are basically similar throughout the receptor, except that a hemispheroidal gap junction between a supporting cell and adjacent hair cell was noted in several instances. Arrays of endoplasmic reticulum and specialized mitochondria occur adjacent to aggregations of afferent synaptic vesicles in both types of sensory cell; it is suggreted that such arrays may participate in the production of the vesicles in a process involving membrane recycling similar to that at the neuromuscular junction. Differences between calycine units and the type I hair cell of mammals are discussed, and evidence that suggests an equilibratory function for the lacertilian papilla neglecta is presented.
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091910107
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  • 184
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    The influence of thyroid and testicular hormones on globule leucocytes in the rat duodenal crypt epithelium (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 407-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The globule leucocyte is a cell with a wide distribution in the digestive, respiratory, biliary, urinary and genital tract epithelia of homeotherms. It occurs in the crypts of the rat small intestine and within the epithelium on the villous bases but not on the remainder of the villi. A characteristic feature of this cell is the presence of acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, 0.5 to a few m̈m in diameter. The nucleus resembles that of intraepithelial intestinal lymphocytes. In this investigation, a quantitative study was made of the effect of thyroidectomy and/or castration on the number of globule leucocytes in the duodenal crypts of immature and adult rats. In sham-operated rats, globule leucocytes were rare, occurring with a frequency of 1 or 2 per 1,000 epithelial cells. After thyroidectomy, they increased to 14-20 per 1,000 epithelial cells. Castration did not influence the number of globule leucocytes but resulted in an increase in the number, size and acidophilia of their cytoplasmic granules. In immature rats, but not in adults, castration combined with thyroidectomy enhanced the effect of thyroidectomy, increasing globule leucocyte number to 32 per 1,000 epithelial cells.Treatment of thyroidectomized-castrates with thyroxine, initiated 38 days after operation, reduced the crypt globule leucocyte population to normal, whereas treatment with testosterone did not. Growth hormone failed to influence the elevated number of globule leucocytes in thyroidectomized rats, suggesting that this action of thyroxine was not mediated via an influence on growth hormone release.Because of their similar nuclear morphology, intraepithelial crypt lymphocytes were also counted and there was no obvious relationship in the fluctuations of these two cell populations.It is suggested that the greater number of crypt globule leucocytes in thyroid deficiency may reflect changes in the intestinal secretory immunoglobulin system and this is being investigated, beginning with a study of the distribution of IgE.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920307
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    Surface morphology of bone marrow lymphocytes. I. Scanning electron microscopy of small lymphocytes bone marrow and spleen (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 423-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cell separation techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface morphology of small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow. Lymphocyte-rich fractions and unfractionated suspensions of bone marrow and spleen cells from 9-10-week-old C3H male mice were glutaraldehyde-fixed, syringed onto gelatin-coated silver membranes, dehydrated in ethanol, infiltrated with amyl acetate, critical point dried, coated with gold-palladium and examined by SEM. High proportions of cells were retained on the membranes. Purified spleen small lymphocytes showed unimodal distribution curves for cell diameter (mode, 3.4 μm) and for number of surface microvilli (mode, 55-60). Bone marrow small lymphocytes were identified initially in lymphocyte-rich marrow fractions and in erythroblast-depleted marrow from polycythemic mice as well as in normal whole marrow. The cells resembled spleen small lymphocytes in size distribution and they showed microvilli. However, the number of visible microvilli was lower on small lymphocytes in the bone marrow (mode, 35-40) than in the spleen. While in each small lymphocyte population the total number of microvilli was greater on larger cells than on smaller ones, the density of microvilli per unit area of cell surface tended to decrease with increasing cell size. The results establish that the small lymphocytes in mouse bone marrow, mainly locally-produced immature cells, have villous surfaces, but the number of microvilli per unit cell surface area is less than that on peripheral small lymphocytes, as seen in the spleen. Neither in the bone marrow nor in the spleen are subpopulations of small lymphocytes distinguishable solely by numbers of microvilli. The findings suggest that microvilli on bone marrow small lymphocytes may undergo further development during post-mitotic maturation, surface receptor expression and migration of the cells to peripheral lymphoid tissues.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920308
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  • 186
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    Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria. XII. Studies on the mechanism of the acth-induced elongation of the half-life of rat zona fasciculata mitochondria (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The half-life of rat adrenocortical mitochondria was determined by high resolution autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectroscopy as previously described (Mazzocchi et al., '76). The results obtained by the two approaches were in good agreement. In the normal rats the half-life of adrenocortical mitochondria averaged 11 days. ACTH significantly increased mitochondrial half-life to about 16 days, and chloramphenicol significantly decreased this parameter in both untreated and ACTH-administered rats to about seven days. It is suggested that the ACTH-induced maintenance and slowing down of the degradation rate of adrenocortical mitochondria requires continuous mitochondrial DNA-dependent protein synthesis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920309
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  • 187
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920401
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    Supraependymal neurons overlying the periventricular region of the third ventricle of the guinea pig: A correlative scanning - transmission electron microscopic studySupported by NIH Grant RR 65387-13. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 441-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The frequency of occurrence, distribution and morphology of supraependymal neurons associated with the third ventricular wall of the guinea pig were investigated by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each of the specimens was located on the ciliated ventricular wall between the inferior border of the thalamus and the non-ciliated ependyma associated with the median eminence. Prominent clusters of neuronal perikaria in association with massive process bundles were observed in 7 of the 31 specimens examined. In those specimens lacking prominent neuronal networks a more diffuse array of independent nerve fibers was sometimes seen on the ependymal surface. Neuronal perikaria exhibited numerous surface protrusions and were covered by a rich meshwork of crisscrossing, varicosed fibers. Many of these cells were associated with multiple processes of varying diameters and lengths which either coursed independently over the ventricular surface or formed fasciculated bundles. As process bundles traversed the ependymal surface, individual processes branched off and either terminated within the ventricular lumen or penetrated the subjacent ependymal lining. Fibers also made contact with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements. Correlative transmission electron microscopic observations indicate that both the perikaria and processes of such supraependymal networks possess ultrastructural features characteristic of neurons. The morphological characteristics of the intraventricular neuronal networks suggest that they may be engaged in functional interactions with the cerebrospinal fluid, with adjacent supraependymal neuronal elements and with the subjacent neuropil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920310
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  • 189
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    Identification of neuro-epithelial bodies in rabbit fetal lungs by scanning electron microscopy: A correlative light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 459-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the present study, neuro-epithelial bodies (NEB) were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) within the bronchial epithelium of near-term rabbit fetuses. The surface features and topography of NEB were correlated by light and transmission electron microscopy.In SEM, the surfaces of NEB were easily visualized in smaller peripheral airways because of paucity of ciliated cells in these regions. The NEB formed crater-like pits, which were lined with microvilli and had smooth-surfaced non-ciliated cells around the rim. Stereo-pair photographs revealed that the latter cells protruded above adjacent bronchiolar mucosa. The SEM also revealed that NEB were preferentially located near or at bronchiolar bifurcations.This is the first report of the three-dimensional structure of pulmonary NEB. Their direct contact with the airway lumen, as well as their strategic location in bronchiolar mucosa, support the suggestion that they are intrapulmonary receptors and help to regulate air-flow in peripheral airways.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920311
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  • 190
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    Ultrastructure of developing alveoli. I. The role of the interstitial fibroblast (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We examined the ultrastructural features of postnatal alveolar septal formation in rats from birth to 28 days of age. At birth, the rat lung consists of large saccules with thick walls and cellular interstitium. Interstitial cells have large oval nuclei with scant cytoplasm containing few organelles and scattered lipid droplets. These cells appear to be poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells not engaged in active protein synthesis or secretion. Between 5 and 15 days of age, saccule walls thin and many new alveolar septa form. Two types of interstitial fibroblasts are present: one which appears at the tips of newly formed septa has the characteristics of a myofibroblast and appears to be engaged in synthesis and secretion of elastin; the other fibroblast appears at the base of new septa, is filled with lipid and contains few other cytoplasmic organelles. After 15 days of age, alveolar walls become thinner, few new septa form and interstitial fibroblasts begin to resemble the dormant type of fibroblasts seen at birth. Thus, the process of postnatal alveolarization of lung parenchyma involves differentiation of the interstitial fibroblast and elastogenesis. The factors which control this process, the precise role of elastogenesis in alveolar septal formation, the origin and fate of the lipid filled fibroblast and the ultimate fate of the myofibroblast remain to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920402
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  • 191
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    The surfactant system of human fetal lung organotypic cultures: Ultrastructural preservation by a lipid-carbohydrate retention method (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 481-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human fetal lung organotypic cultures consisted of epithelial elements (≃40-100 m̈m in diameter) formed by the reaggregation of single cells from a monodisperse suspension of enzymatically dissociated fetal lung. These elements, termed alveolar-like structures, were composed primarily of type II alveolar epithelial cells whose apical surfaces bordered the central lumen of the alveolar-like structure. Pulmonary surfactant secreted by the type II cells was retained within the lumen and accumulated in close association with the epithelium. These characteristics made this culture system an advantageous model for the morphological study of human pulmonary surfactant in vitro. A lipid-carbohydrate retention procedure which reduced the extraction of tissue components and thus provided improved preservation of multilamellar bodies and tubular myelin surfactant was used in an ultrastructural study of organotypically cultured surfactant. Human surfactant was observed for the first time with most of its structural components intact. In vitro human surfactant was found to be similar to in vivo rodent and non-human primate surfactant, but with certain differences. Long surfactant tubules were not observed. There were more transformed multilamellar bodies present with more foci undergoing transformation. Each focus contained fewer layers of tubular myelin surfactant than occurs in rodent surfactant. No epiphase-hypophase areas were observed, only tubular myelin surfactant. In addition, a previously unreported intrasurfactant matrix material was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920403
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    Unusual features of the nuclear envelope in human spermatogenic cellsSupported by Research Grants HD 02344 and HD 06969 and by a Public Health Service International Research Fellowship 5-FO5-TWO 2223-02 (Dr. H. Chemes). (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 493-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Different types of human germ cells show unusual features of the nuclear envelope. Spermatogonial nuclei demonstrate two kinds of modifications. The first one is a series of intranuclear flattened cisterns, parallel to each other and to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope. The second one is a nuclear envelope protrusion into the cytoplasm occupied by a double membrane-limited vesicle. Pores are found on the membrane of the vesicle facing the interior of the nucleus. In spermatocytes the nuclear pores are concentrated over certain areas and completely absent from others. In the regions where they are absent a single cytoplasmic cistern of rough endoplasmic reticulum is closely apposed to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Early modifications of the nuclear surface appear in spermatids before the attachment of the acrosomic vesicle and may indicate an active role of the nuclear envelope in the morphogenesis of the acrosome. In round spermatids nuclear pores are absent from the area which is first related to the Golgi and later covered by the acrosomal cap. Single or multiple layers of cytoplasmic annulate lamellae are closely associated with the nuclear envelope over the pore rich areas. Frequently there are intranuclear accumulations of dense material adjacent to the annulate lamellae-nuclear pore complex. The chromatoid body is usually present on the cytoplasmic side of this complex. In the elongating spermatids most annulate lamellae are free in the cytoplasm, often in relation with Golgi and chromatoid body remnants near the axial filament. Few stacks of annulate la-mellae are noted adjacent to the pore rich nuclear regions. It is suggested that the described modifications are related to an active nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920404
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    Attrition of the human leydig cell population with advancing age (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 513-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Existing evidence suggests that the aging human male experiences a gradual decline in testosterone production, a phenomenon that should be reflected in the Leydig cell population of the testis. It has been pro-posed that Leydig cells diminish in number with increasing age, but conflicting claims characterize reports on this topic. We have reinvestigated this possibility by histometric analysis of perfused testes from 25 men ranging from 18 to 87 years of age. Average single Leydig cell volume (2,943 ± 623 μm3, X S. D.) did not change significantly with increasing age (r = 0.24, P 〉 0.2), suggesting that surviving cells remain active. Total testis weight (43.5 ± 13.9 g) also did not change with age (r = 0.04, P 〉 0.5). However, both total Leydig cell volume and the absolute number of Leydig cells per individual decreased significantly as functions of age (r = -0.71, P 〈 0.002, and r = -0.61, P 〈 0.005, respectively). Analysis of the relationship between these two parameters indicates that the total volume of Leydig cell cytoplasm contained within the human testis is determined by the number of cells present. Our results show that a pair of young adult testes endowed with more than 700 million Leydig cells at 20 years of age may be expected to undergo an attrition rate of approximately 80 million cells per subsequent decade of life. Thus, Leydig cell attrition is an important correlate of declining androgen status in aging men.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920405
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    Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. I. The normal testesBy acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the right of the US. Government to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering the article. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 519-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The spermatogonial populations in ten normal adult mice were analyzed using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. The undifferentiated A spermatogonia as well as the six generations of differentiating spermatogonia were clearly identifiable on whole mounts. Description plus quantitation of these cell types revealed that they behaved in essentially the same manner as their counterparts in the rat. Single undifferentiated A cells were classified as type A stem cell spermatogonia. They were distributed throughout the seminiferous epithelium, and by periodic mitoses, maintained their stock and furnished cells which would eventually differentiate. Although initially resembling the As spermatogonia, the progeny which were destined to differentiate were classified as type Aalv spermatogonia because they were linked by cytoplas-mic bridges, and because they usually underwent one or more synchronous mitotic divisions to form short chains of aligned cells. Ultimately, division of Aal cells were no longer seen, and the cells appeared to gradually acquire the typical morphological characteristics of A1 spermatogonia; these continued to differentiate according to the well-established pattern. It was concluded that the cyclic production of cohorts of A1 cells in this manner would ensure a continual supply of spermatogonia for differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920406
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  • 195
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    Morphological and quantitative analysis of spermatogonia in mouse testes using whole mounted seminiferous tubules. II. The irradiated testesBy acceptance of this article, the publisher or recipient acknowledges the right of the U.S. Government to retain a nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright covering the article. (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 529-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In adult male mice exposed to 300 R X-irradiation, the sper-matogonial population was selectively killed except for the radioresistant type As stem cells. Type A spermatogonia were minimal two days after irradiation, when only 20% of the control population was present in stages 5-6; these were predominately single and paired undifferentiated cells. When multiple injections of 3HTdR were given between 2 and 3.5 days post-irradiation, 90-95% of these survivors in stages 4-6 became labeled. Enhanced proliferation of these stem cells, and at times when they were normally quiescent, led to restoration of all classes of spermatogonia by 11 days after irradiation.Several autoradiographic studies were undertaken to better characterize the radioresistant cells. In mice given single or multiple injections of 3HTdR prior to irradiation, there was appreciable retention of label by those type As sper-matogonia that had originally incorporated 3HTdR in stages 2-4. This labeling pattern was identical to that of the long-cycling As stem cells in nonirradiated testes. Since the long-cycling As stem cells are thought to be characterized by a prolonged G1 or “A-phase” which is known to be a highly radioresistant portion of the cell cycle, it was clear why these cells could preferentially survive irradiation doses that killed other spermatogonial types. It was proposed that following germ cell depletion, as after irradiation injury, the long-cycling As survivors could be prematurely triggered from A-phase into DNA synthesis, thereby, initiating restoration of the germ cell population.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920407
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    Effects of testosterone enanthate on the structure of the male reproductive tract of the rat (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 555-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The histology and fine structure of the testis, epididymis and sex accessory glands were studied in young adult male rats administered testosterone enanthate, 120 μg/100 g body weight, three times weekly for 4, 8, or 12 weeks. The weights of the testis and epididymis decreased, and animals treated for 11 weeks were infertile. Alterations were found in the seminiferous tubules of all rats treated for 8 or 12 weeks, including the presence of many degenerating germ cells and a-large decrease or absence of late spermatids. Study of different stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium showed that the greatest number of degenerating germ cells, step 7 spermatids and pachytene primary spermatocytes, occurred at stages VII-VIII of the cycle. Some normal appearing spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and early spermatids remained in most seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contained many lipid droplets and lysosome-like bodies, and degenerating cells were surrounded by Ser-toli cell cytoplasm. The Leydig cells of treated animals were greatly reduced in size. Sperm progressively disappeared from the lumen of the middle segment and proximal part of the terminal segment of the epididymis after treatment for 8 or 12 weeks. Changes in the middle segment also included the appearance of intraepithelial cavities containing debris, and the presence within the epithelium of phagocytic cells that resembled leukocytes. The lumen of the proximal part of the terminal segment was often collapsed, while in the distal part of the terminal segment, the lumen was filled with cellular debris and degenerating sperm. Organelles of the principal cells of the epididymal epithelium appeared to be qualitatively unaltered. The weight of the sex accessory glands remained close to normal, and the presence of normal ultrastructural features suggested that production of secretions continued.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920409
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    The effects of 5α-reduced androgens on maintenance and regeneration of prostate glands and seminal vesicles in castrated and hypophysectomized rats (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 192 (1978), S. 543-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol) and 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol (3β-diol) were studied in rats hypophysectomized and treated daily for 30 days with the steroids, starting on the day of surgery (hypophysectomized, H) or 30 days following the removal of pituitary (hypophy-sectomized regressed, HR). The ability of 3β-diol to maintain and restimulate the prostate glands and seminal vesicles of castrated (C) and castrated regressed (CR) rats, respectively, was also studied. This androgen (3βdiol) was able to maintain as well as rejuvenate to some degree the sexual accessory glands of all treatment groups. The prostate glands and seminal vesicles in both castrated experimental groups showed increased stimulation with progressively higher dosages of 3β-diol. At all dose levels, stimulation of seminal vesicles of CR rats was comparable to that of non-regressed castrates. The prostate glands, on the other hand, showed better maintenance in the higher dosage group. In H rats, the stimulation of sexual accessory glands by both androgens was not significantly different than normal controls. The seminal vesicles and prostate glands of HR rats treated with 3α-diol were well stimulated and comparable to those of H rats treated with 3α-diol. The seminal vesicles of HR rats treated with 3β-diol were also well stimulated, though not to the extent as those with 3α-diol treatment. The prostate glands of the 3β-diol treated HR rats were significantly smaller than those of the 3α-diol treatment group. However, these miniature glands were morphologically stimulated as evidenced by mitosis of parenchymal cells and accumulation of secretory products in the alveoli. This study clearly indicates that 3β-diol is biologically active and the degree of stimulation varies with the animal preparation in which the andro-gens were tested.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091920408
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    Masthead (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051550101
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    A microscopical study of the innervation of flight muscles in the tsetse fly (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 19-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology of the nervous system supplying the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of tsetse flies is described. Electron microscopical investigation of the nerves reveals that the dorsal longitudinal muscles are innervated by branches from four main axons. A detailed description of the neuromuscular junctions in the flight muscle is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051550103
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    Melanin deposits associated with the venom glands of snakes (1978)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 155 (1978), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Melanin deposits in the heads of both true vipers (Viperinae) and pit vipers (Crotalinae) are concentrated over the dorsal and dorsolateral aspects of the venom glands. This pigment may occur in any or all of six sites which include the epidermis, dermis, tissues covering the venom glands, and the interior of the glands themselves. The extreme localization of these melanin deposits suggests that they shield the venom glands from light. Calculations indicate that without such shielding the light energy penetrating the venom glands in the visible and ultraviolet portions of the solar spectrum would damage the venom-synthesizing apparatus and detoxify stored venom.Elapid and hydrophiid snakes have less dense pigment over the venom gland than vipers. Literature reports indicate that elapid venom is less sensitive to photodetoxification than is venom from vipers. Most colubrid snakes, including several with protein-secreting Duvernoy's glands, have little or no melanin associated with the glands. Venomous colubrids in the genera Ahaetulla, Dryophis, Leptophis, and Oxybelis have pigment over the glands as dense as that seen in vipers.Iridophores probably also shield venom glands from radiation. In puff adders and Gaboon vipers (Bitis) there appears to be an ontogenetic change in the shielding of the venom glands from melanocytes in young individuals to iridophores in adults.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051550105
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