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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (743)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (743)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (654)
  • Rat  (88)
  • Nuclear reactions
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Material
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984  (743)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic organization of snake lateral cortex (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 85-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral cortex is the most laterally placed of the four cortical areas in snakes. Earlier studies suggest that it is composed of several subdivisions but provide no information on their organization. This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor), garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), and banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon) using Nissl and Golgi preparations; and secondly examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions of lateral cortex using Fink-Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.Lateral cortex is divided on cytoarchitectonic grounds into two major parts called rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Each part is further divided into dorsal and ventral subdivisions so that lateral cortex has a total of four subdivisions: dorsal rostral lateral cortex (drL), ventral rostral lateral cortex (vrL), dorsal caudal lateral cortex (dcL) and ventral caudal lateral cortex (vcL). Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that the rostral and caudal parts each contain distinct populations of neurons. Rostral lateral cortex contains bowl cells whose dendrites arborize widely in the outer cortical layer (layer 1). The axons of some bowl cells can be traced medially into dorsal cortex, dorsomedial cortex and medial cortex. Caudal lateral cortex contains pyramidal cells whose somata occur in layers 2 and 3 and whose dendrites extend radially up to the pial surface. In addition, three populations of neurons occur in both rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Stellate cells occur in all three layers and have dendrites which arborize in all directions. Double pyramidal cells occur primarily in layer 2 and have dendrites which form two conical fields whose long axes are oriented radially. Horizontal cells occur in layer 3 and have dendrites oriented concentric with the ependyma. Fink-Heimer preparations of snakes which underwent lesions of the main olfactory bulb show that the primary olfactory projections to cortex are bilateral and restricted precisely to rostral lateral cortex. Electron microscopic degeneration experiments indicate that the olfactory bulb fibers end as terminals which have clear, spherical vesicles and asymmetric active zones. The majority are presynaptic to dendritic spines in outer layer 1.These studies establish that lateral cortex in snakes is heterogeneous and contains two major parts, each containing two subdivisions. The rostral and caudal parts have characteristic neuronal populations. Primary olfactory input is restricted to rostral lateral cortex and seems to terminate heavily on the distal dendrites of bowl cells. Axons of some of these cells leave lateral cortex, so that the rostral lateral cortex forms a direct route by which olfactory information reaches other cortical areas. The functional role of caudal lateral cortex is not clear.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650108
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The caudal neurosecretory system of Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal neurosecretory system of the molly, Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) was studied by light and electron microscopy. In this species the cell bodies form a focal nuclear group in the caudal spinal cord. The neurosecretory cells are in contact with glial elements, axon terminals, and the lumen of the central canal. The axons of the neurosecretory cells form a definitive tract, which leaves the spinal cord proper to penetrate a well defined neurohemal organ, the urophysis. The urophysis contains an abundance of neurosecretory granules within the neurosecretory axonal processes. This study is the first ultrastructural study of the caudal neurosecretory system in this family of fishes, which has been used as a neuroendocrine model. This species acclimates easily to the laboratory aquarium and may be most suitable for further studies on the effects of changes in external salinity on the caudal neurosecretory system.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650204
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scaling of subunit structures in book lungs of spiders (Araneae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between dimensions of book lung subunits were measured and analyzed as a function of body size in diverse spiders over a body mass range of 3.4 to 3,190 mg. Book lungs are the characteristic respiratory gas exchange organs in these arachnids. Actual gas exchange occurs across numerous air-filled cuticular plates, which invaginate hemolymph sinuses within the abdomens of these animals. Characteristic linear dimensions of these air-filled compartments reflecting diffusion paths scaled to the 0.2 power of body mass and showed only a fourfold increase over the size range in the sample. This deviation from isometric scaling in the direction obtained and its numerical similarity to scaling of alveolar dimensions to body size in vertebrates was interpreted as an adaptation to reduce diffusion distances between these compartments and vascular fluids. Conversely, lengths and widths of these plates scaled to the one-third power of body mass, isometric scaling, and increased between six-and eightfold over the size range. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that respiratory gas distribution within spider lungs is achieved by convective mixing as has been recently hypothesized.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650205
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Erratum (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 223-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650209
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure of the midgut posterior caeca in the crustacean Orchestia in intermolt: Recognition of two distinct segments (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 261-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study carried out on the posterior caeca of Orchestia in intermolt by means of light and electron microscopy shows that the diverticula of the midgut consist of two segments which are different from an anatomical point of view. The distal segment is in close relationship to the dorsal blood vessel, whereas the proximal segment, twice as long as the distal one, only touches the haemocoel. The cells of the distal segment are characterized by a brush border, some apical extrusions, a great number of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, often associated with the mitochondria, the matrix of which is clear, high activity of the Golgi complexes, and a great development of extracellular channels. All these features indicate an activity in synthesizing proteins and transport. In the proximal segment, the cells are characterized by a striated border, reduced intercellular space, and especially by a great development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum sometimes associated with mitochondria having a dense matrix. These diverse features indicate absorption ion and water transport. From an ultrastructural point of view, the posterior caeca of Orchestia cannot be considered homologous to the Malpighian tubules. Whereas during molting the posterior caeca of Orchestia are sites of calcium storage, during intermolt they are probably involved in the processes of water and mineral regulation and excretion.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650305
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  • 106
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    Electronic Resource
    Spermathecal ultrastructure of the insect Rhodnius prolixus stal (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired spermathecae of Rhodnius are simple tubular out-pocketings of the common oviduct. Each consists of a short muscular proximal duct and the distal glandular region with a blind tapering end. The spermathecal wall has a cuticular intima, slender columnar epithelial cells and ensheathing longitudinal striated muscle, connective tissue, tracheoles, and nerves. Glandular epithelial cells possess an elaborate apical secretion-filled tubular inpocketing with an extensively folded plasma membrane. Laterally, cells interact by desmosomes, septate desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations. The cytoplasm is rich in longitudinally oriented microtubules associating with membrane densities along the invagination, lateral, and basal plasmalemmae. Apical concentration of mitochondria suggests their role in secretion or ion transport. The possible role of the spermathecae in maintaining the stored luminal sperm and its role in transmitting the mating stimulus is considered in light of the epithelial ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of the spermathecae of Rhodnius differs significantly from that of other insects.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660102
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innervation of the parathyroid in the european starling (Sturnus vulgaris) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 65-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the source, type, and distribution of parathyroid gland innervation in European starlings. Denervation experiments demonstrated that the parathyroid glands and adjacent carotid bodies are innervated by nerve fibers originating in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve. In the parathyroid parenchyma, these fibers terminate adjacent to chief cells or near vascular smooth muscle. Vagal fibers also form synapses with catecholamine-containing glomus cells of the carotid body. Blood that first perfuses the carotid body subsequently perfuses the parathyroid parenchyma. These observations suggest that vagal innervation may influence parathyroid function in starlings either through direct chief cell innervation or through alteration of vascular perfusion. A neurohemal relationship also may exist between the carotid body and parathyroids.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660106
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional morphology of the masticatory musculature of the rodent subfamily microtinae (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 205-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Voles and lemmings are the most successful group of graminivorous rodents, but the adaptations allowing them to enter this niche are not fully known. Dissections of the masticatory musculature of the 12 genera and subgenera of North American microtines show an increase in the potential anterior vector component and in the potential vertical vector component of these muscles relative to the molar tooth row. The result is a separation of the compressive and propulsive functions of the masticatory muscles during the power stroke of mastication. This has led to the formulation of a propalinal “swing” hypothesis which is supported by vector analyses of the musculature.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650208
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650301
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytodiffrentiation in the accessory glands of Tenebrio molitor. VI. A congruent map of cells and their secretions in the layered elastic product of the male bean-shaped gland (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 289-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs) of males of Tenebrio molitor is described. All cells in the secretory epithelium are long and narrow (300-400 mμ × 5 mμ). The seven types of secretory cells are distinguished from one another by the morphology of their secretory granules. Granule substructure varies from simple spheres with homogeneous electrondense contents to complex forms with thickened exterior walls or with crystalline and membranous contents. Individual cell types were mapped by staining whole glands with Oil Red O, and the cell distributions were confirmed by wax histology and ultramicroscopy. The secretions of all seven cell types form a secretory plug composed of seven layers. During mating, the secretory plug from each BAG is forced into the ejaculatory duct by contractions of a sheath of circular muscle. The mirror image plugs from symmetrical BAGs fuse and are transformed into the wall of the spermatophore.
    Additional Material: 69 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660304
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  • 111
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    Announcement and call for papers. International conference on factors and mechanisms influencing bone growth (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 387-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660307
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630101
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  • 113
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    Structural modulation of the surface and cytoplasm of oocytes during vitellogenesis in the lobster, Homarus americanus. An electron microscope-protein tracer study (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present investigation describes the ultrastructural changes which occur at the surface and in the cytoplasm of developing oocytes of the lobster, Homarus americanus, during vitellogenesis. The immature oocytes showed no surface specializations of the oolemma and no pinocytotic activity was observed. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer studies showed penetration of the tracer into the perivitelline space, but no uptake by the oocytes. The surfaces of oocytes examined during vitellogenesis, when yolk protein accumulation was maximal, exhibited numerous microvilli that projected into the perivitelline space, often appearing to be embedded in the follicular cell mass. In addition, the plasma membrane of vitellogenic oocytes contained many pinocytotic pits frequently situated at the bases of microvilli. The perivitelline space was engorged with electrondense material which appeared similar to that contained in pinocytotic structures of the oocytes. Vitellogenic oocytes incubated in HRP showed uptake of tracer reaction product by the coated pits and vesicles of the oolemma. Aggregation and subsequent fusion of these vesicles into large multivesicular bodies of ingested material were also observed in vitellogenic oocytes. Animals artificially induced to undergo vitellogenesis exhibited modulations of oocyte ultrastructure similar to those of normal vitellogenesis, notably, pinocytotic incorporation of extra-oocytic material and hypertrophy of oocyte surface microvilli. This study supports the hypothesis for a dual source of yolk protein in the American lobster.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630104
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  • 114
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    Annular bands of lymphoid tissue in the intestine of the mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The annular bands were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in normal and hormonally bursectomized ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The four annular bands are normal lymphoid structures of 5-10 mm wide and encircle the intestine at regularly spaced position, two on each side of Meckel's diverticulum. The anterior three are well defined, complete rings whereas the posterior-most encompasses about one half of the gut circumference. The bands are characterized by prominent follicles in the tunica muscularis, submucosa, and lamina propria. In addition, large numbers of diffusely organized lymphocytes fill the lamina propria and villus cores. Each nodule possesses germinal centre activity, as revealed by the characteristic macrophage content seen in 1.0 μm sections.The bands were present in rudimentary form at hatching. Lymphoid nodules began to develop at day 3 and were morphologically mature at day 98 posthatching. When viewed in the scanning electron microscope, the mucosa of the lymphoid areas was seen to be arranged in tortuous folds, often with irregular fusions. Following hormonal bursectomy, the bands were present, although difficult to detect, and lacked distinct nodules and germinal centres. The mucosal surface still appeared irregularly folded in the SEM, but the folds were more slender with convoluted surfaces.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630102
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  • 115
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    An ultrastructural study of the craniocaudal continuation of the glycogen body (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 45-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ultrastructural analysis of the chicken glycogen body and its craniocaudal continuation areas shows a continuum of astroglial cell types. Characteristic glycogen body astroglia are confined to the classically defined body located in the chicken lumbosacral spinal cord. These are large cells which have an eccentric dark nucleus surrounded by a rim of dense cytoplasm which contains the usual complement of organelles. The remainder of the cell volume is occupied by alpha and beta glycogen particles interspersed with a flocculo-granular material continuous with the main cytoplasmic mass. Astroglial cells of continuation areas usually have a light cytoplasm and a centrally placed nucleus. They contain beta glycogen particles of varying sizes, but like the glycogen body cells, may have beta particles as large as 45 nm. Such particles, which resemble four leaf clovers in shape, are suggestive of an ordered substructure. Gliofilaments are not always conspicuous in astroglial perikarya, but large numbers of them are present in the processes. Although the continuation areas are mostly confined to gray matter regions, the contained astroglial processes exhibit circular, triangular, or cylindrical shapes and form an unpatterned mosaic. Astrocytic processes forming the glia limitans on the anterior and posterior margins of the cord often contain conspicuous amounts of glycogen. The ultrastructural identification of such large amounts of glycogen within the chicken nervous system suggests that it plays a major role in avian neural metabolism.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630107
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  • 116
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    Colic modifications in iguanine lizards (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 79-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: All lizard species of the subfamily Iguaninae except Amblyrynchus cristatus possess from one to eleven transverse valves in the proximal colon. Valves are of two kinds: circular (sometimes with a sphincter valve) or semilunar. Circular valves (if present) always occur proximally to semilunar valves. Intraspecific variation in the number and type of valves is small, but increase with modal number of valves. No significant ontogenetic change in number of valves could be demonstrated. Colic valves in iguanine lizards apparently evolved as simple infoldings of the medical colic wall.Comparisons are made with colic modifications occurring in other lizard families. Herbivorous species of the Scincidae, Agamidae, and Iguanidae are the only lizards known to exhibit colic partitioning, suggesting that the evolution of these structures is intimately related to the evolution of herbivory in these lizards. The potential taxonomic and phylogenetic importance of lizard colon anatomy is discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630110
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  • 117
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    Ultrastructure of the y-organs of Cancer antennarius in normal and de-eyestalked crabs (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired Y-organs of crustaceans control the molting process. In males of C. antennarius, these glands are opalescent, lobulated, epithelioid structures embedded in brown fatty tissue. Cells in the periphery extend processes to the connective tissue capsule, an arrangement that suggests increased surface area for metabolic exchange. The processes contain mitochondria and are tipped distally with electron dense material. The cytoplasm, scarce relative to nuclear volume, contains vesicles, polymorphic mitochondria with tubular cristae, and numerous free ribosomes, but little in way of smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complexes. Progressing from intermolt to the premolt stage, mitochondria, as well as vesicles, and electron-dense particles in peripheral processes increase somewhat in number. Also, heterochromatin masses concentrate adjacent to the nuclear envelope. Eyestalk removal, which induces premolt stages in some species, did not produce consistent change in Y-organ substructure in C. antennarius. Although evidence is accumulating that Y-organs secrete a steroid molting hormone during late intermolt-premolt, the substructure of the glands exhibits neither (a) striking changes with the molt cycle, nor (b) all the characteristics typical of vertebrate steroid hormone synthesizing glands. Nevertheless, the structural features, respectively, are consistent with biochemical evidence that Y-organs (a) rapidly take up and convert sterol precursor and secrete a product without its accumulation or change in total sterol pool size, and (b) apparently cannot synthesize the sterol precursor. Y-organ cytology closely resembles that of some vertebrate steroid hormone secreting glands in which this synthetic capacity is minimal.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630205
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  • 118
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    Regeneration of colonic mucosa in the rat (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As part of a study of ulcer formation and healing, regeneration of colonic mucosa in rats was studied following placement of a surgical lesion. Alterations in mucosubstances and connective tissue were examined and their possible significance discussed.The sequence of events in healing was: (1) The mucosa adjacent to the lesion tipped into the lesioned area. The crypts in this mucosa became lined with cells which contained no mucus and had no striated borders. Later in the experimental period, these undifferentiated cells gave rise to cells containing carboxymucins. Cells containing sulfomucin, neutral mucin, or having striated borders arose from the carboxymucin cells. (2) An epithelial ledge of undifferentiated cells migrated onto a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, fibrous interface between necrotic and living tissue in the lesion. (3) Crypt formation began with the appearance of intraepithelial anlagen. (4) Crypts lengthened by a process of epithelial-connective tissue proliferation from the base of the crypt upwards. Following completion of connective tissue regeneration, crypts formed by invading the reestablished lamina propria. (5) The first mucous cells in the ledge contained carboxymucins. As crypt formation occurred, these cells gave rise to typical columnar absorptive cells, to cells containing sulfomucins, and to cells containing neutral mucins. (6) Lengthening of crypts ceased following the appearance of a sulfated acid glycosaminoglycan - collagenous layer deep in the submucosa.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630208
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  • 119
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    Evolution of the feeding mechanism in primitive actionopterygian fishes: A functional anatomical analysis of Polypterus, Lepisosteus, and Amia (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 283-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The comparative functional anatomy of feeding in Polypterus senegalus, Lepisosteus oculatus, and Amia calva, three primitive actinopterygian fishes, was studied by high-speed cinematography (200 frames per second) synchronized with electromyographic recordings of cranial muscle activity. Several characters of the feeding mechanism have been identified as primitive for actinopterygian fishes: (1) Mandibular depression is mediated by the sternohyoideus muscle via the hyoid apparatus and mandibulohyoid ligament. (2) The obliquus inferioris and sternohyoideus muscles exhibit synchronous activity at the onset of the expansive phase of jaw movement. (3) Activity in the adductor operculi occurs in a double burst pattern - an initial burst at the onset of the expansive phase, followed by a burst after the jaws have closed. (4) A median septum divides the sternohyoideus muscle into right and left halves which are asymmetrically active during chewing and manipulation of prey. (5) Peak hyoid depression occurs only after peak gape has been reached and the hyoid apparatus remains depressed after the jaws have closed. (6) The neurocranium is elevated by the epaxial muscles during the expansive phase. (7) The adductor mandibulae complex is divided into three major sections - an anterior (suborbital) division, a medial division, and a posterolateral division.In Polypterus, the initial strike lasts from 60 to 125 msec, and no temporal overlap in muscle activity occurs between muscles active at the onset of the expansive phase (sternohyoideus, obliquus superioris, epaxial muscles) and the jaw adductors of the compressive phase. In Lepisosteus, the strike is extremely rapid, often occuring in as little as 20 msec. All cranial muscles become active within 10 msec of each other, and there is extensive overlap in muscle activity periods.Two biomechanically independent mechanisms mediate mandibular depression in Amia, and this duality in mouth-opening couplings is a shared feature of the halecostome fishes. Mandibular depression by hyoid retraction, and intermandibular musculature, consisting of an intermandibularis posterior and interhyoideus, are hypothesized to be primitive for the Teleostomi.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    An autoradiographic, biochemical, and morphological study of the harderian gland of the mouse (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 349-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Biochemical and morphological properties of the Harderian gland of the mouse were examined by combining autoradiographic, biochemical, and electron microscopic techniques. Autoradiographs show that the radioactive carbon from [U-14C]glucose injected into the abdominal cavity is completely incorporated into the acid-insoluble substances within 30 minutes. The results of chemical analysis show that the main components of this gland are glyceryl ether diesters and phospholipids. Scanning electron microscopy shows numerous lipid droplets in the secretory cells and alveolar lumina. Myoepithelial cells lie between the secretory cell base and the basement membrane and have a basket-like distribution of processes as confirmed by hydrochloric acid and collagenase digestions. Myofilaments are demonstrated in the cytoplasm. Two types of secretory cells (A and B) comprise the alveolar epithelium and can be differentiated under the electron microscope. The cytoplasm of both contains numerous vacuoles. The vacuoles are almost empty in A cells, which are a more numerous constituent of the alveolar epithelium than B cells. However, the vacuoles of the B cells contain densely osmiophilic material. In both, cell types show a merocrine mode of secretion. Unmyelinated nerve cell endings occur in the interstices of the connective tissue, and contain clear or cored vesicles.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630308
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    Quantitative studies on the skin of the paired species of lampreys, Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and Lampetra planeri (BLOCH) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The number of mucous, club, and granular cells in the epidermis, and the number of rows of subcutaneous adipose cells, as well as the thickness of the epidermis and the dermal collagen layer, have been recorded for the larval and metamorphosing stages of the anadromous parasitic lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, and for the larval, metamorphosing, and adult stages of the nonparasitic lamprey, Lampetra planeri.In L. fluviatilis, the mucous cells predominated in all stages but were more abundant in fully metamorphosed individuals than in larvae. During metamorphosis, the number of granular cells increased continuously, whereas the club cells showed little change. Although lampreys do not feed during metamorphosis, there was an increase in the thickness of the epidermis and in the dermal collagen sheath; the latter increase probably foreshadows the increase in activity by the adults. Simultaneously, there is a reduction in the subcutaneous fat layer, which can be attributed to mobilization of lipid as an energy source.Changes similar to those just described for L. fluviatilis were also found in metamorphosing L. planeri. However, the pattern altered markedly during adult stages in this nonparasitic species. There were marked declines in the number of cells, in the thickness of the epidermis, in the width of the collagen sheath, and in the quantity of subcutaneous fat.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640201
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 213-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640207
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  • 124
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    Ultrastructure of siliceous spicules and microsclerocytes in the marine sponge Neofibularia irata N. SP. (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The marine sponge Neofibularia irata contains four different categories of siliceous spicules. These spicules are evident in the tissues as distinct bundles that act to increase the structural rigidity of the sponge. All spicules have a normal structural morphology with silica deposition around a hexagonal axial canal containing a crystalline axial filament. The megasclere strongyles are secreted in typical megasclerocytes. The sigma and raphid microscleres are secreted in individual microsclerocytes that are grouped together in parallel to form loose bundles. However, the microxea microscleres are apparently secreted in distinct tight bundles (trichodragmas) within a single cell. These cells, containing between 13 and 39 spicules, are grouped to form large packets of bundles of spicules.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    Spermatogenic columns, somatic cells, and the microenvironment of germinal cells in the testes of asteroids (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 81-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sixty-seven specimens of the common North Atlantic asteroid, Asterias vulgaris, were collected at seasonal intervals over a 2-year period and their testes observed with both light and electron microscopy. In the germinal epithelium, a predictable series of interactions between versatile somatic cells and germinal cells is repeated annually in relation to sequential events in spermatogenesis. For example, massive proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic cells depend on the elaboration of thousands of spermatogenic columns, which are distinct cellular subdivisions of the germinal epithelium. Each fully developed column is composed of at least one somatic cell surrounded by ≍ 400 germinal cells. Such columns form only after intensive spermatogonial mitosis begins in the germinal epithelium. Single annual periods of spermatogenic proliferation and differentiation are initiated from 1 to 3 months out of phase in different individuals and overlap incompletely. Therefore, it is possible to observe testes that are entirely in the proliferative phase, entirely in the differentiative phase, or in both phases simultaneously. Detailed ultrastructural observations and preliminary autoradiographic data demonstrate that columns maintain their height for a variable period of time as germinal cells are generated near their bases, pass along their lengths, and differentiate near their tips; therefore, simultaneous proliferation and differentiation of more than one generation of germinal cells occur in the same column. Finally, formation of primary spermatocytes ceases basally, (terminating proliferation), and remaining columns degrade completely as germinal cells composing them differentiate or are phagocytized (terminating differentiation and spermatogenesis); resulting spermatozoa ultimately accumulate in the expandable lumen. It is proposed that spermatogenic columns provide the structural basis for organization of the microenvironment of small groups of spermatogenic cells (≍ 400 at a time) during proliferation and differentiation. Preliminary evidence from A. vulgaris and other species also suggests that somatic cells are temporally pluripotent and are variously involved in the formation, structure, and activities of columns, in extensive phagocytosis, and probably in contributing intrinsic (e.g., 1-methyl adenine and steroids) and mediating extrinsic (e.g., gamete shedding substance and nutrients) microenvironmental factors influential during spermatogenesis in asteroids. The prodigious spermatogenic capabilities of asteroids apparently depend on the generation of spermatogenic columns, on the progressive interaction of germinal and somatic cells before, during, and after columns form, and on the predictable effects of microenvironmental factors received and interpreted at the structural level of the spermatogenic column.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    Ultrastructural study of two kinds of muscle in sea anemones: The existence of fast and slow muscles (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sea anemones studied have two morphological types of muscle fiber. Types A and B are distinguishable on the basis of myofilament patterns, size of fibers, responses to fixation, and staining with methylene blue. Observation of the muscle in both resting and contracted states has shown that the two types do not result from differences in contraction state of the muscle. The fine structural characteristics distinguishing A and B fibers are similar to those which distinguish fast and slow muscle fibers in higher animals. The distribution of A and B fibers in Stomphia and Aiptasia is consistent with the distribution of fast and slow muscles in these two species. It is proposed that the A and B fibers represent two morphologically distinct kinds of smooth muscle, and that the capacity for fast and slow contraction in the muscles of Stomphia and Aiptasia, and possibly in all actinians, is due to morphological differentiation in the muscle system.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660203
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    Lymphocyte positions in the dome epithelium of the rabbit appendix (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 179-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The apico-basal distribution of lymphocytes within the epithelium covering the domes of lymphatic tissue in the wall of the rabbit appendix was investigated in single and serial sections stained either for general histology, for cytoplasmic basophilia and acidophilia, or for nonspecific esterase activity. From the base to the summit of a dome, four zones numbered proximo-distally 1-4 were distinguished. Epithelial cells migrate from base to summit, as indicated by mitotic figures in zone 1, the gradual change from cytoplasmic basophilia to acidophilia in zones 2 to 4, and visible extrusion of cells from zone 4 at the summit. Zone 1 was free of lymphocytes. Most of the lymphocytes in zone 2 were intercellular and randomly arranged, but a few in this zone were within tapered epithelial cells modified by a process extending basally to the basement membrane. Small numbers of these tapered epithelial cells also occurred in zone 3. The large clusters of ten to 12 lymphocytes that characterized zone 3 were intercellular and impinged the apical regions of epithelial cells. Serial sections at the level of the distal cluster of zone 3 showed lymphocytes located also more basally, and some of these lymphocytes appeared to be passing through the basement membrane back into the lymphoid tissue of the dome. Epithelium of zone 4 over the distal surface of a dome was largely free of lymphocytes. Apparently most infiltrating lymphocytes form intercellular clusters and then return to the subepithelial lymphatic tissue.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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    In vitro differentiation of tooth buds from embryos and adult lizards (L. gravenhorsti): An ultrastructural comparison (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 225-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It is well established that the capacity for teeth to differentiate “in vitro” depends upon: (a) the age of the embryonic rudiments at the time of excision and (b) the number of cells within each tissue type which are capable of differentiating into organ culture. This paper studies ultrastructural aspects of tooth buds grown in vitro from lizard embryos and compares these characteristics with those observed in dental germs grown in situ in older lizard embryos. Moreover, we report the self-differentiation in vitro dental tissues from adult lizard and compare this phenomenon with the main features of a morphogenetic field. Our results suggest that approximately in the first third of gestation in L. gravenhorsti the dental buds has already acquired the capacity for self-differentiation in vitro. The ultrastuctural observations show that there are no significant differences between odontoblasts and ameloblasts in situ and in vitro. The tooth from “adult lizards,” isolated by combined microsurgical and enzymatic procedure and cultured in semisolid-liquid medium were also able to differentiate teeth. This phenomenon implies that self-differentiation is not rigidly determined, and that in these animals the tooth tissues represents a continuous morphogenetic field throughout the animal's life. This property is intrinsic, resides in the isolated tooth tissues, and is relatively independent of external factors. In addition, these studies indicate that the chick chorio-allantoic membrane and the semisolid-liquid culture medium supply the majority of the factors required for development of these tissues.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051650302
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    The projection of neuroendocrine fibers (NCC I and II) in the brains of three orthopteroid insects (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neuronal projections from neuroendocrine tracts (nervi corpori cordiaci I and II) in the brains of the locust (Schistocerca vaga), cricket (Acheta domesticus), and cockroach (Periplaneta americana) were studied using reconstructions of silver-intensified cobalt chloride preparations. Collaterals from the NCC I in these species branch extensively in the dorsal protocerebral neuropile, anterior to the stalk of the corpora pedunculata and ventral to its calyces. Other fibers project from the NCC I bilaterally into the medial protocerebral neuropile, anterior to the central body, and posterior to the beta lobes. NCC II collaterals arborize in the medial, dorsal, and lateral protocerebral neuropile, their region of projection partially overlapping with that of the NCC I. Several NCC II fibers terminate in the superior arch of the central body in Acheta but not in the other two species. Tritocerebral cells filled through the NCC I branch in the medial tritocerebral neuropile in all three species, but most extensively in Schistocerca. No NCC fibers were seen to penetrate any part of the corpora pedunculata, protocerebral bridge, olfactory glomeruli, ocellar tracts, or optic lobes.These neuronal projections from the NCC I and II lie anterior to regions of branching of second-order ocellar fibers and thus provide no anatomical basis for direct ocellar input to neurosecretory cells, contrary to previous reports for orthopteroid species (Brousse-Gaury, '71a, b). However, interneurons filled from the optic lobes were found to terminate in the same region of dorsal protocerebral neuropile as NCC I and II fibers in Acheta, thus providing a possible pathway for optic input to the cerebral neuroendocrine system.
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    Nerve elements in the planula of the hydrozoan Pennaria tiarella (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nerve elements described by light microscopy for the hydrozoan planula have not previously been identified ultrastructurally. This electron microscopic study confirms the presence of two distinct nerve cell types in the planula of the hydroid Pennaria tiarella. Type I nerve cells occur at the base of the ectodermal epithelium just apical to the forming foot processes of the epitheliomuscle cells. The perikaryon contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurosecretory granules, and a prominent Golgi body. Neurites rich in microtubules project from these cells and form a nerve plexus of transversely and longitudinally oriented processes throughout the length of the planula. The Type II nerve cell extends from the free surface of the planula to the mesoglea and bears a single cilium surrounded by long microvilli. The Type I and II nerve cells closely resemble the sensory-motor-interneurons and neurosensory cells of Hydra.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051660201
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    Muscle activity at the ilio-sacral articulation of frogs (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 129-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyographic recording indicates that the sequence of muscle firing around the ilio-sacral joint is similar for three species of frogs during locomotion, despite differences in gross morphology at the articulation. The ilio-sacral musculature is most active during the take-off phase of a jump, and there is a correlation between the degree of muscle activity and height of jump. This muscle activity is involved in aligning the center of mass of the frog with the direction of the propulsive force of the jump. The firing pattern of the ilio-sacral musculature is essentially similar during swimming and jumping, and suggests that differences in medium (water vs. air) are responsible for differences in propulsive thrust in the two types of locomotion.
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    Morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera: Culicidae) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 155-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the adult mosquito is incompletely known. The objectives of this study were to investigate these features in a common species, Culiseta inornata (Williston). Preserved specimens were stained lightly with methylene blue and studied with a dissecting microscope at 70 × and lower. The sclerites of the pregenital segements are best developed in segment II. The base of segment VIII in the male is narrow and semicircular in shape. This modification aids in rotation of the terminalia. Two new names are introduced for parts of the terminalia. Apodeme of sternum 9 is proposed for atrial plate of the female. Gonocoxital apodeme is a new term for a structure in the male. Both of these structures serve for attachement of muscles. Terms preferred for parts of the male terminalia are: (1) gonocoxite and gonostylus for the clasping organ; (2) paramere for the sclerotized plates on each side of and joined to the aedeagus; (3) sternum 10 for paraprocts. Sternum 10 is used because the occurrence of true paraprocts in the Nematocera is questionable. Thirty-four muscles are illustrated, and the origin and insertion of each is described. Eighteen of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. The rotational muscles of the male terminalia were identified. The results are presented in 21 text figures.
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    The trunk musculature of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 259-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptions of the trunk musculature of six species representing sex genera and five families of caecilians reveal considerable variation, which may be useful in future systematic studies. The muscle units of the external muscular sheath (M. dorsalis trunci, M. subvertebralis) of caecilians are homologous with, and closely similar in position to, those of salamanders. The major difference in trunk musculature is the presence in caecilians of an additional muscle layer ventral to the M. subvertebralis. This muscle may be a neomorphic derivative from either the M. subvertebralis or the M. transversus. Unlike burrowing reptiles, which have ball-and-socket intervertebral joints, caecilians have retained the primitive amphicoelous centrum and compensate for stresses associated with burrowing by the presence of intercentral ligaments and interlocking basapophyses and subcentral keels. Association of Uraeotyphlus with the Ichthyophiidae and the validity of the Rhinatrematidae are supported by data from the trunk musculature.
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    Surface ultrastructure of the cornea and adjacent epidermis during metamorphosis of Rana pipiens A scanning electron microscopic study (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 323-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external surface of the cornea and adjacent epidermis of larvae in representative developmental stages and of adult frogs, Rana pipiens, was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface cells are polygonal, usually hexagonal, in outline and covered with microprojections. During larval development prior to metamorphic stages, neither eyelids nor Harderian glands have developed; microprojections on the corneal surface are high and branched, and cell boundaries are elevated. On the anterior portion of the cornea and on the epidermis near the eye, the surface pattern is less dense, and ciliated cells are present. During metamorphic stages, corneal cell boundaries become less prominent and the pattern of microprojections more variable and markedly different from that of larvae of earlier stages. Corneal cells have a spongy appearance, are covered by a coating material, or are characterized as light or dark based on their brightness and surface texture. As eyelids develop in metamorphic stages XX-XXI, the numbers of ciliated cells increase dramatically, both on the corneal surface and on the edges of the developing lids. In later metamorphic stages XXII-XXV, lids and Harderian glands become well-developed, and cilia are no longer observed. The adjacent epidermal surface becomes devoid of cilia but perforated by openings of cutaneous glands. Its spongy appearance is similar to that of both the cornea and neighboring epidermis of the mature frog. Changes in corneal surface features are probably metamorphic events associated with development of lids and Harderian glands and a shift from an aqueous to an air environment.
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    Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in primates: Comparisons with other mammals in relation to diet (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 337-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three categories of dietary adaptation are recognized - faunivory, frugivory, and folivory - according to the distinctive structural and biochemical features of animal matter, fruit, and leaves respectively, and the predominance of only one in the diets of most species.Mammals subsisting mainly on animal matter have a simple stomach and colon and a long small intestine, whereas folivorous species have a complex stomach and/or an enlarged caecum and colon; mammals eating mostly fruit have an intermediate morphology, according to the nature of the fruit and their tendency to supplement this diet with either animal matter or leaves. The frugivorous group are mostly primates: 50 of the 78 mammalian species, and 117 of the 180 individuals included in this analysis are primates.Coefficients of gut differentiation, the ratio of stomach and large intestine to small intestine (by area, weight, and volume), are low in faunivores and high in folivores; the continuous spread of coefficients reflects the different degrees of adaptation to these two dietary extremes.Interspecific comparisons are developed by allowing for allometric factors. In faunivores, in which fermentation is minimal, the volume of stomach and large intestine is related to actual body size, whereas these chambers are more voluminous in larger frugivores and mid-gut fermenting folivores; fore-gut fermenters show a marked decrease in capacity with increasing body size. Surface areas for absorption are related to metabolic body size, directly so in frugivores; area for absorption is relatively less in larger faunivores and more in larger folivores, especially those with large stomachs.Indices of gut specialization are derived from these regressions by nonlinear transformation, with references to the main functional features of capacity for fermentation and surface area for absorption.These are directly comparable with the dietary index, derived from quantitative feeding data displayed on a three-dimensional graph, with all species within a crescentic path from 100% faunivory through 557ndash;80% frugivory to 100% folivory, perhaps illustrating, at least for primates, the evolutionary path from primitive insectivorous forms through three major ecological grades.
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  • 137
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    Sperm transfer and storage in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 331-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in Anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. During copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. Sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infundibulum 6 to 24 hr following mating. Sperm storage tubules are embedded in the wall of the utero-vaginal transition, and are formed by the folding and fusion of the oviducal epithelium. The importance of the hemipenile-cloacal relationship and the role of sperm storage in the life history of A. carolinensis are discussed.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051630307
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  • 138
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    An ultrastructural study of the leukocytes of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies on blood leukocytes of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, show the presence of heterophils (neutrophils), small lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. Monocytes cannot always be distinguished from large lymphocytes. Cells resembling macrophages or transitional forms between monocytes and macrophages are occasionally seen. Blood eosinophils and basophils are not found. Thrombocytes and small lymphocytes are the most abundant leukocytes, while monocytes are the least frequently encountered leukocyte. Glycogen, present in all leukocytes, is most abundant in heterophils and least abundant in monocytes. Although monocytes are similar to heterophils in size and shape, a greater amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and fewer granules are observed in monocytes. Heterophils possess oval or elongate granules, which often contain a crystalline or striated structure; small tubules which resemble smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and cristae which traverse the long axes of the mitochondria are frequently seen. Small lymphocytes are characterized by the presence of pseudopodia, many free ribosomes, numerous large mitochondria, dictyosomes (Golgi), and long profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dictyosomes are often associated with a large zone of exclusion. Bundles of microtubules are observed near the elongated ends of thrombocytes. Deep indentations of the plasmalemma, which give the appearance of vacuoles, are also seen in thrombocytes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051640102
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  • 139
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010101
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  • 140
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    Control by calcium of the contractility of Labyrinthula slimeways and of the translocation of Labyrinthula cells (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010103
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  • 141
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    Tubulin nucleation and assembly in mitotic cells: Evidence for nucleic acids in kinetochores and centrosomes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
    Additional Material: 45 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010102
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  • 142
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    The formation and elongation of filopodia during transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sea urchin coelomocytes ; motility ; filopodial formation and elongation ; ciné film analysis ; scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010110
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  • 143
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    Statement of purpose (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 167-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010114
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  • 144
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    Meeting report (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 159-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010112
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  • 145
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    Invited review: Guidance cue patterns and cell migration in muiticeliuiar organisms (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon guidance ; chemotaxis ; haptotaxis substrate pathways ; development ; pattern biology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients - such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) - such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010111
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  • 146
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    Announcement (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 163-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010113
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  • 147
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    Redistribution of actin and fascin in sea urchin eggs after fertilization (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010104
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  • 148
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    Physarum myosin light chain binds calcium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010106
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  • 149
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    The role of the extracellular matrix in cell motility in fibroblast aggregates (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 99-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; extracellular matrix ; collagen ; glycosaminogly cans ; collagenase ; hyaluronidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ-cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]-thymidine-labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue-like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010108
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  • 150
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    Tubulin content and synthesis in differentiating drosophila cells in culture (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 113-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; Drosophila ; β-ecdysterne ; differentiating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β-ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone-treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H-colchicine-binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone-treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine-binding activity, no difference between hormone-treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β-ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly-active” and “assembly-inactive” pools.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010109
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  • 151
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    Identification of genetic elements associated with muscle structure in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 73-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nematodes ; muscle structure ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A search for new mutants with altered body-wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One-hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility-requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc-94 and unc-95) and four genes are sex linked (unc-96, unc-97, unc-98, and unc-99). One complementation group (unc-100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament-like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate-sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body-wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well-studied structural, contractile, and calcium-associated proteins in muscle.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010107
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  • 152
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    An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during anaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010105
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  • 153
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    An intermittent somatostatin-immunoreactivity in the cortex and basal ganglia of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Cortical cells and fibers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, somatostatinpositive structures were observed in the cortex of the rat. These structures, including cells and fibers, are widely distributed in all cortical laminae and are also found in the basal ganglia. The positive results were obtained exclusively in two groups of animals sacrificed during two different months of two subsequent years. The reason for this variability in the immunocytochemical stainability of cortical structures remains enigmatic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234691
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  • 154
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    Architecture of normal pancreas as revealed by retrograde injection (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 445-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Rat ; Architecture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The architecture of the pancreas was revealed by retrograde injection of the pancreatic ductal system of normal rats with a silicone rubber compound, and subsequent study of the preparation by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The injected material became associated with both ducts and “acinar” areas. Examination of these specimens suggests that the arrangement of the exocrine pancreas is that of a complexly curving and branching system of tubules which anastomose and end blindly. This architecture, which is not that of a true acinar gland, provides a rational basis for the understanding of the simple dedifferentiative changes that accompany pancreatic carcinogenesis, and which have been generally interpreted as representing ductular proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232285
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  • 155
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    Electron microscopic immunocytochemical investigation on the postnatal development of the vasopressin system in the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 453-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin system ; Postnatal development ; Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural results indicate that, in the rat, the vasopressin-synthesizing perikarya of the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) attain a certain degree of maturity earlier than those of the paraventricular nucleus (NPV). In the neonate rat, the stainability of the nuclear areas is very weak; in the perikarya of the NSO a few labeled granules can be found, whereas the perikarya of the NPV often display only a labeled Golgi area, the cytoplasm being devoid of granules. At the end of the first (NSO) and the second (NPV) postnatal weeks, the filling of the neurosecretory granules with vasopressin is inhomogeneous with irregular spots of reaction product distributed on the granules. This feature is less obvious during the following week and has nearly disappeared after the third and fourth postnatal weeks. Already in the neonate two types of vasopressin-positive fibers are observed in the median eminence, characterized by the different diameters of their granules and by their typical location in the internal and the external pericapillary contact zone. Especially in one and two week-old animals, in the internal zone of the median eminence and, to a lesser degree in the neural lobe, the immunocytochemical reaction product is deposited on an axonal tubular network. Judging from the presence of very few vasopressin-negative fibers in the neural lobe of the neonate, the development of the oxytocin system appears to be delayed. A characteristic relationship between pituicytes and the neurosecretory fibers can be observed during the first two postnatal weeks. After the third postnatal week the immunocytochemical features of the vasopressin system correspond approximately to that in adult rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232286
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  • 156
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the cleft of the rat pituitary (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface changes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the lining of the pituitary cleft was carried out in normal, lactating, castrated, adrenalectomized, and cyproterone-treated adult rats. Four cell types could be differentiated in the posterior wall in control and experimental animals: (1) cells with a smooth surface, (2) cells with microvilli located at the cellular borders, (3) ciliated cells, and (4) cells with evenly distributed microvilli. The anterior wall showed mainly cells with few microvilli located at their margins, and clusters of ciliated cells. In normal, and more frequently in experimental animals, the anterior wall showed shriveled cells, and variously sized cavities. Colloid appeared either as a network of finely granular material or as compact bodies adhering to the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that a compact component of the colloid is derived at least in part from degraded cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233614
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  • 157
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    Presence of AVT-, α-MSH-, LHRH- and somatostatin-like compounds in the rat pineal gland and their relationship with the UMO5R pineal fraction (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 341-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: AVT ; LHRH ; α-MSH ; Somatostatin ; Pineal Gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé En utilisant des anticorps contre l'AVT, l'α-MSH, le LHRH et la somatostatine, des cellules épiphysaires du Rat ont été immunocytochimiquement colorées. Tous ces anticorps colorent les mêmes cellules. Ces cellules réagissent également quand un anticorps est utilisé contre la fraction épiphysaire UMO5R, fraction qui est douée de propriétés antigonadotropiques in vivo. Il a également été montré que le nombre des cellules immunoréactives était plus important dans la pinéale du jeune rat que dans celle de l'adulte. La comparaison des résultats obtenus avec différents anticorps et l'étude des propriétés de ces anticorps aprés absorption sur différents peptides ou sur différentes fractions épiphysaires, a permis de conclure que les réactions obtenues dans la pinéale du rat n'étaient que la conséquence d'une réaction croisée de ces anticorps avec une/des substance(s) inconnue(s) synthétisée(s) par la pinéale elle-même. La nature endocrine possible de cette substance qui serait chimiquement apparenté aux fractions épiphysaires Mouton UMO5R et Prot. 4, est discutée. Drs. B.L. Baker (Ann Arbor, Mich., USA), M.P. Dubois (Nouzilly, France), J. De Mey (Beerse, Belgium), J.D. Fernstrom (Cambridge, Mass., USA.), H. Goos (Utrecht, The Netherlands), B. Kerdelhué (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and A.G.E. Pearse (London, U.K.) are also acknowledged for their gifts of various antibodies
    Notes: Summary Using antibodies against AVT, α-MSH, LHRH and somatostatin, immunoreactive cells were detected in the rat pineal gland. All of these antibodies stain the same cells, which also react immunocytochemically when an antibody against the UMO5R sheep pineal fraction, a fraction that presents antigonadotropic properties in vivo, is used. Relatively more immunoreactive cells are present in the pineals of young rats than in the pineals of adult animals. Comparison of the results obtained with different potent antibodies against each of the peptides, and a study of the staining properties of the antibodies in the pineal after solid phase adsorption to different peptides or to different sheep pineal fractions, led to the proposal that the immunoreactivity found in the rat pineal is not due to the presence of AVT, α-MSH, LHRH or somatostatin, but to a cross-reaction of each of these antibodies with (an) unidentified compound(s). This compound is synthetized in the pineal gland, as was demonstrated using cultured pineals. The UMO5R and the Prot. 4 fractions of the sheep pineal seem to be chemically related to this unknown compound, the possible endocrine nature of which is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237964
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    Stimulation-depletion of serotonin and noradrenaline from vesicles of sympathetic nerves in the pineal gland of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 13-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic nerves ; Synaptic vesicles ; Noradrenaline ; Serotonin ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland of the rat receives a rich nervous supply originating from the superior cervical ganglia. These fibers contain serotonin in addition to their neurotransmitter, noradrenaline. Cytochemical studies at the ultrastructural level have shown that both amines are present in the cores of the granular vesicles that are characteristic of these nerves. It is presently shown that the bilateral electrical stimulation of the preganglionic fibers innervating the ganglia markedly reduces the number of small sites reacting cytochemically for both noradrenaline and serotonin, these sites corresponding to the cores of small granular vesicles, while the larger reactive sites (cores of large vesicles) remain unaltered. The vesicles are retained in nerve terminals after stimulation, as observed in conventionally processed tissues, although with altered sizes and shapes. Apart from these cytochemical and structural changes, nerve stimulation also reduces the endogenous noradrenaline content of the pineal gland. Thus, both noradrenaline and serotonin are released from their storage sites in pineal sympathetic nerves after electrical stimulation in vivo. This suggests the possibility that several substances with presumed transmitter or modulatory functions might be simultaneously released by nerve impulses from a given nerve terminal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239325
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  • 159
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    Organ culture of the islets of Langerhans from young and senescent rats (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 429-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet of Langerhans ; Aging ; Insulin-secreting cells ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The B-cells of the endocrine pancreas constitute an adequate model for in vitro study of the aging process in highly differentiated cells. In the present study, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans from young and senescent rats were cultured up to 28 days. The response of the B-cells to the stimulatory conditions of the culture medium involved the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Correlated data from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and insulin radioimmunoassay show that the differentiation and function of senescent B-cells are maintained in culture, as it has been proven for the B-cells of younger animals. On the other hand, signs of cytological deficiency not directly concerned with the specific function of B-cells were observed: abnormal mitochondria and lysosomes are more numerous in the senescent B-cells. The proliferative capacity of the B-cells of aged rats is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224618
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  • 160
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    Dynamics of the transganglionic movement of horseradish peroxidase in primary sensory neurons (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 479-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Horseradish peroxidase ; Primary afferent neurons ; Axonal transport ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transport in primary sensory neurons were studied in rats by demonstration of the reaction product in spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, dorsal roots and in the spinal cord at different survival times after application of the enzyme to the transected sciatic nerve and to the spinal cord. Using tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen according to Mesulam (1978), transganglionic transport of HRP was shown in both the disto-proximal direction after peripheral application, and proximo-distal direction after central application. Significant differences in staining intensity between the central and peripheral processes of primary sensory neurons were found after all survival times used in this study. After peripheral application the number of labeled axons and the staining intensity were higher in spinal nerves than in dorsal roots; an inverse situation occurred after central application. These differences as well as the time sequences in staining of different parts of primary sensory neurons suggest that HRP applied to a peripheral nerve and to the spinal cord, respectively, enters the perikarya of spinal ganglion cells in any case before continuing its movement in a cellulifugal direction. Lysosomal degradation of the major portion of the applied HRP is supposed. However, in the post-perikaryal portion of a considerable number of neurons HRP-transport still occurs to a varying extent, thus resulting in labeling of nerve endings. In some neurons a post-perikaryal transport could not be detected light microscopically. The transport rates differ: the calculated transport rate of disto-proximal, cellulipetal movement in the fastest transporting neurons was 7.5 mm/h, that of the disto-proximal cellulifugal movement 2.5 to 3 mm/h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224621
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  • 161
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    Changes of the caecal villi during postnatal development in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villus ; Caecum ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The villi of the caecal mucosa in postnatal rats were studied using both scanning electron and light microscopy. On the day of birth, numerous villi of various sizes and shapes were present on the caecal mucosa. After the 5th day, the villi decreased very rapidly in length and in number. A strong constriction was observed at the basal region of the caecal villi. During postnatal days 5 ∼ 9 the villi probably separated and disappeared from the caecal mucosa. No villi were observed in rats that were over 10 days of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234875
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  • 162
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    Hypothalamo-hypophysial function following the lesion of tanycytes in the median eminence of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tanycytes ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Rat ; Serum LH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid to the adenohypophysis by the tanycytes of the median eminence was examined in male rats. Electron microscopy revealed that all ependymal cells including the tanycytes disappear or degenerate in rats subjected to electric cauterization of the ependymal layer lining the third ventricle. However, the granular axons in the palisade layer of the median eminence remain intact. In rats subjected to electric lesion, no significant change was found in either the serum-LH level or in the weight of the adenohypophysis, testes, adrenal and thyroid glands. It is concluded that the tanycytes do not participate in the hypothalamic regulation of hypophysial function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237628
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  • 163
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    Immunohistochemical study of the LHRH-synthesizing neuron system of aged female rats (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 499-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH perikarya ; Aging ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The LHRH-synthesizing neuron system was studied in young proestrous and old female rats, and in aged ovariectomized or reserpine-treated females. The medial preoptic area and septal region of old animals contains more LHRH positive perikarya compared to that of young proestrous rats. Reserpine treatment moderately increases the number of immunostainable LHRH cells, while ovariectomy is ineffective in this respect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234761
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  • 164
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    Luliberin and somatostatin fiber-terminals in the subfornical organ of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luliberin (LRF)-terminals ; Somatostatin-terminals ; Subfornical organ ; Neurohemal regions ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of light- and electron- microscopic immunocytochemistry, somatostatin- and luliberin (LRF)-positive fibers can be demonstrated in the rat subfornical organ (SFO). Each of the neurohormones has a specific location: LRF in the lateral parts of the organ, and somatostatin in the center of the posterior zone. Common to both neurohormone-containing fibers is the pattern in which they reach the organ as well as the fact that their terminals are located in the perivascular spaces of fenestrated vessels, i.e., within the limited neurohemal regions of the organ. Since injection of India ink of different colors demonstrates that the capillary bed of the SFO is connected with the central capillaries of the choroid plexus, the question arises as to whether the neurohormones released in the area of the SFO influence the choroid plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232139
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  • 165
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    Morphological investigation of the deep pineal of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Deep pineal ; Pineal complex ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results presented here reveal that in adult Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats the pineal gland represents a complex rather than a single organ. Regularly one can distinguish (i) pineal tissue in the intercommissural region as a deep pineal, (ii) a superficial pineal, which represents the major part of the pineal complex, and (iii) nearly always a parenchymal stalk of variable length. The volume of the deep pineal with the adjacent parenchymal stalk exhibits great interindividual variation. It amounts to 127±39×105 μm3 (mean ±standard deviation). The histological appearance of the deep and superficial pineal tissue is fairly similar. The intrinsic cells of the deep and superficial pineal differ in nuances only. Karyometry reveals that the nuclear volumes of the intrinsic cells of the deep pineal are very variable ranging from 90–450 μm3, with a mean value of 207 μm3. The changes over a period of 24 h reach statistical significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237616
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  • 166
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    Investigations on the turnover of adrenocortical mitochondria (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Zona glomerulosa ; Angiotensin II ; Mitochondria ; Stereology ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of a chronic treatment with angiotensin II (up to 15 consecutive days) on the mitochondria of the rat zona glomerulosa cells were investigated by electron microscopic and stereological methods. Angiotensin induced a significant increase in the volume of the mitochondrial compartment. Up to the 3rd day of treatment this was due only to the hypertrophy of the organelles, and from the 3rd to the 15th day exclusively to mitochondrial proliferation. The hypothesis that angiotensin controls the growth and proliferation of rat zona glomerulosa mitochondria is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237620
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  • 167
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    Circadian morphometric variation in gastric parietal cell populations of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parietal cell ; Stomach ; Circadian rhythm ; Morphometry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric parietal cells of rats maintained under standardized conditions and fed ad libitum were examined by electron microscopy at 6 time points of the 24-h day. Morphometric determinations were made on 4 cell characteristics. The volume density of secretory canaliculi was maximal at the mid-dark sampling point and decreased during the light phase; a secondary peak was seen 1 h before the onset of darkness. The surface density of microvesicles and RER fluctuated inversely with the pattern displayed by secretory canaliculi. The number of multivesicular bodies per cytoplasmic area exhibited a single peak, 1 h after the onset of darkness. It was further noted that parietal cells in the necks and bases of glands differed morphologically and that their organelle populations varied at individual circadian rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233733
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  • 168
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    Neurohormones in the intercellular clefts and in glia-like cells of the rat brain (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 251-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Luliberin (LRF) ; Intercellular clefts (brain) ; Immunoreactive glia-like cells ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the aid of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry following the application of antisera against somatostatin and luliberin (LRF), a labeling of the intercellular clefts in different areas of the brain was observed. This labeling is especially conspicuous near the basal pole of the cuboidal ependymal cells, but is also generally present in all regions containing neurohormone-producing perikarya or their processes (for example, the preoptic area, the basal ganglia and the cortex). Furthermore, in all these regions displaying labeled intercellular clefts, glialike cells and sparsely ciliated ependymal cells are found, the secondary lysosomes of which exhibit an immunoreactivity resembling that observed in the intercellular clefts. As sources of the immunoreactive material the following possibilities are discussed: (i) perikarya producing somatostatin or LRF, situated in the wall of the third ventricle and sending fibers between the cuboidal ependymal cells, (ii) hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic projections of both peptidergic systems, and (iii) in the case of somatostatin, immunoreactive perikarya in the cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236448
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  • 169
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    The adsorptive and transport capacity of tanycytes during the perinatal period of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 493-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Rat ; Tanycytes ; Transport ; Ontogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transport of ferritin and horseradish peroxidase from the 3rd ventricle to the median eminence was examined in rats during the perinatal life, the time when functional interrelations between hypothalamus and hypophysis are established. Protein tracers injected into the lateral ventricle are adsorbed on the apical surface of the tanycyte, mainly on its protrusions or in indentations. On the 18th day of prenatal life a few small bleblike protrusions are observed. After birth microvilli appear. In time their concentration increases to result in an increase of adsorbed substances. They are taken up by smooth and coated pinocytotic vesicles and transported to the basal portion of the cell or to the intercellular space bypassing junctional complexes. In addition to pinocytotic vesicles protein tracers fill channels of smooth ER or Golgi complex and multivesicular bodies illustrating a process probably involved in metabolic or secretory processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234403
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  • 170
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    Localization and neurophysiological properties of motoneurones of the M. triceps surae of the rat after retrograde labelling with evans blue (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Motoneurones ; Triceps surae muscle ; Retrograde labelling (Evans blue) ; Excitability ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evans blue was injected into either the medial and lateral gastrocnemius or the soleus muscle of adult albino rats to mark retrogradely the corresponding motoneurones in the spinal cord. The labelled motoneurones were identified by the red fluorescence of their perikarya in the ventral horn of segments L4–L6. In addition, a monosynaptic reflex action potential was recorded only in the ventral roots L4–L6 after stimulation of the nerves to the medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle. Excitability and reflex latencies of labelled and unlabelled motoneurones of segments L4–L6 as well as the conduction velocities of their axons were measured. Apart from a small but statistically nonsignificant increase in excitability, no functional differences were found between labelled and control neurones. Thus, retrograde labelling of motoneurones with Evans blue prior to performing electrophysiological experiments has the advantage that the marked motoneurones can be identified under the fluorescence microscope without the need of additional staining or fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234034
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  • 171
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    Functional difference between “classical” neurosecretory material and vasopressin-like substances of the outer layer of the median eminence (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 257-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CRF ; Vasopressin ; Adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In female Wistar rats the influence of adrenalectomy and NaCl administration on the amount of “classical” neurosecretory material (cNSM) in the supraoptico-hypophysial system and on vasopressin-like substance-containing granules (vlG) in the outer layer of the median eminence has been studied. In conjunction with appropriate sodium replacement, adrenalectomy induces an increase in the amount of vlG but does not alter the amount of cNSM. Administration of hypertonic saline diminishes cNSM but has no or only little influence on the amount of vlG. From the findings it is concluded that cNSM and vlG, in spite of their identical histochemical and immunohistochemical properties, have different functions. The functional significance of the vlG is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233960
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  • 172
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    Two types of luliberin-immunoreactive perikarya in the preoptic area of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 443-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRF-immunoreactive perikarya ; Preoptic area ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary At the light microscopic level, following immunostaining with a single antiserum against luliberin (LRF), two types of hormone-producing perikarya in the preoptic area are demonstrated. The two cell types differ in their morphological features: a bipolar, smooth-contoured cell type can be differentiated from an irregularly contoured unipolar type. Intermediate forms between both cell types occurring in the same area are not observed. Electron microscopically, both cell types contain labeled granules of similar size and immunoreactivity. It is dicussed whether the uneven surface of the one cell type is due to areas of synaptic contacts, and whether both cell types are integrated in different neuronal and functional circuits. Moreover, at the ultrastructural level, from the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya a further positively stained cell type, probably a glial cell, can be differentiated. The specific labeling of the latter is caused by its content of immunoreactive lysosomal bodies. Differentiation between the labeled glial cells and the irregularly contoured LRF-producing perikarya is not possible at the light microscopic level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236509
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  • 173
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    Differing immunoreactivities of somatostatin in the cortex and the hypothalamus of the rat (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin immunoreactivity ; Cortex ; Hypothalamus ; Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using an antibody against somatostatin (antiserum “F”), two somatostatin-immunoreactive systems, (i) a hypothalamic and (ii) an extrahypothalamic cortical system, are demonstrated in the rat. Another antiserum raised against somatostatin (antiserum “BS 102”) stains only the axons but not the perikarya of the hypothalamic system; the cortical somatostatin system does not react with this antiserum. The electron microscopic findings do not allow decision whether the above-mentioned hypothalamic and cortical neurons possess a common prohormonal form of somatostatin, immunoreactive only with antiserum “F”. They show, however, that the granules in both neuronal systems differ considerably; in the cortical neurons they measure approximately 65 nm in diameter, in the hypothalamic neurons 90–120 nm in diameter. Thus, both somatostatin systems are different and independent from one another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236510
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  • 174
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    Ascending projections of the dorsal column in a garter snake (thamnophis siritalis): A degeneration study (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ascending axons in the dorsal column of garter snakes were examined following hemisection of the spinal cord at segment levels 2, 3, 4, 11, 13, and 31. After postoperative survival periods of 11 to 28 days, sections of the spinal cord and brain were processed with a silver method to demonstrate degenerated axons and preterminals.The study demonstrated that most ascending degenerated axons are located in the outer half of the dorsal column. The somatotopic pattern of ascending fibers is evident, whereby dorsomedial fibers are primarily of caudal origin and the more dorsolateral axons are from rostral cord segments. Rostral to segment 31, all spinal segments appear to project to a strip of dorsal column adjacent to the dorsal median septum. From the septum, axons descend to terminate somatotopically on cells of the nucleus of Bischoff located caudal to the obex of the medulla.Dorsal column degeneration ascends to the level of the dorsal column nuclei, where most fibers terminate. Degeneration from caudal cord segments terminates on caudo-medial cells of the dorsal column nuclei, while rostral cord segments project to rostro-lateral cells. The dorsal column nuclei consist of an expanded lateral part between tractus descendens trigemini and the vago-solitary complex, and a contiguous, thin medial lamina of cells dorsal and medial to the vagal nuclei. The somatotopic pattern of degeneration in the dorsal column nuclei, probably of dorsal root origin, follows the mammalian organization, which suggests that the garter snake has primitive nuclei gracilis and cuneatus. Other terminal sites of degenerating fibers, although probably of spinal gray origin, are nucleus commissura infima, nucleus descendens vestibuli, and area postrema.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960105
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  • 175
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    Addenda (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 172-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960207
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  • 176
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    The origin of the extrinsic adrenergic innervation to the rat ovary (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cutting the suspensory ligament reduced the ovarian content of norepinephrine (NE) to less than half that of controls and only a few blood vessels had perivascular fibers and an occasional nerve remained in the interstitial gland. Cutting the ovarian plexus had a less drastic, but similar effect on the ovarian content of NE and on the pattern of ovarian adrenergic nerves. Cutting both the suspensory ligament and ovarian plexus eliminated visualization of ovarian adrenergic nerves, but some ovarian NE was still measurable. Fluorescence and electron microscopic studies of the suspensory liagament revealed a large adrenergic nerve embedded in smooth muscle of the ligament. The nerve was also acetylcholinesterase-positive. Cutting the celiac plexus or incising a small nerve lateral to the plexus and medial to the origin of the suspensory ligament, had the same effect on the ovarian adrenergic nerves as cutting the suspensory ligament. It is concluded that the extrinsic adrenergic nerves to the rat ovary reach the organ by two routes: one via the nerve in the suspensory ligament (superior ovarian nerve), and one via the traditionally described ovarian plexus along the ovarian artery.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960106
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    Gap junctions between cells of bone marrow: An ultrastructural study using tannic acid (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 101-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In bone marrow of the mouse perfused with fixative containing tannic acid and glutaraldehyde, gap junctions were observed between certain cell types. Gap junctions were seen between adjacent reticular cells, between adjacent macrophages, and between macrophages and reticular cells. Macrophages formed gap junctions with immature neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and erythroblasts. Often a single macrophage had gap junctions with neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and monocytic cells; these blood cells varied from immature to nearly mature forms. In contrast, the macrophages associated with erythroblasts had gap junctions only with erythroblasts and all the erythroblasts were in the same developmental stage. The possible role of the gap junctions in differentiation and mobilization of marrow cells is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960110
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  • 178
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    Genesis, ultrastructure and cytochemical study of the cat eosinophil (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eosinophils from cat bone marrow and peripheral blood were studied by electron microscopy and cytochemical procedures. The maturation of eosinophils and formation of typical granules were described. Contrary to the accepted opinion that the core of animal's eosinophilic specific granules have a crystal-like structure, our observations revealed that the core has a myelin-like cylindrical appearance, whose layered formation proceeds from the inside outwards.Electron microscopic observations revealed that localization of reaction product to potassium pyroantimonate and phosphotungstic acid and to acid phosphatase activity was similar to that of eosinophils of man and other animals. Antimonate deposits and acid phosphatase activity were detected between the layers of the myelin-like structure of the core. Eosinophil granules failed to yield a positive reaction for peroxidase activity. The secretory activity of the eosinophil is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960202
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  • 179
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    A freeze-fracture study of intercellular junctions between various kinds of epithelial cells surrounding common endolymphatic space in the hearing organ of the chick (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 129-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Intercellular junctions between various epithelial cells in the hearing organ (basilar papilla) of the chick were studied with the freeze-fracture technique. The effects of hypertonic solutions on the intercellular junctions were also examined.The basilar papilla of the chick is primarily composed of hair cells and supporting cells in the neuroepithelium, specialized columnar cells (TMC) which attach to the tectorial membrane, and light cells (LC) and dark cells (DC) in the tegmentum vasculosum. All of these epithelial cells surround a common endolymphatic space. The tight junctions between hair and supporting cells, and those between adjacent supporting cells in the neuroepithelium are 0.1-0.3 μm in depth and display the usual network of branching and anastomosing strands of shared intramembrane proteins. The tight junctions in the tegmentum vasculosum have the same structure as in the neuroepithelium. In contrast, the tight junctions between the TMCs are extremely well developed: They are 1-2 μm in depth. In freeze-fracture replicas, they appear as a fingerprint pattern of unbranched parallel particulate strands, running both parallel and perpendicular to the cell surface. After exposure to hypertonic solutions, all the epithelial cells are shrunken and intercellular spaces are expanded; all tight junctions, however, are intact.Thus, tight junctions in the basilar papillae are resistant to dissociation by hypertonic solutions. The usual zonulae occuludentes in the neuropithelium and tegmentum vasculosum are thought to prevent diffusion of endolymph through the intercellular spaces of epithelial cells. However, the tight junctions on the TMCs may function not only as a diffusion barrier, but also provide structural support to the cells anchoring the tectorial membrane which receives mechanical forces induced by the vibration of the basilar membrane.Extensive gap junctions are found between all the supporting cells (supporting cells in the neuroepithelium, TMCs, and LCs in the tegmentum vasculosum) surrounding the endolymphatic space.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960203
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  • 180
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    Ultrastructural effects of riboflavin deficiency on rat hepatic mitochondria (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hepatic mitochondria of rats fed a riboflavin-deficient diet were examined by electron microscopy. Discoidal mitochondria with elongated cristae increased in frequency from day 4 to day 12 of the test diet. At day 22, sheaves of closely packed cristae were present in many otherwise typical mitochondria. At day 53, numerous cupshaped mitochondria appeared; these often nested one inside the other. From this day onward, the mitochondria showed a tendency towards increasing size. By day 82, some had a diameter greater than 8 μm. These and other, smaller mitochondria often contained extremely prominent matrix granules. The production by riboflavin-deficiency of giant mitochondria in the rat liver appears to be unrelated to their capacity to carry out oxidative metabolism.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960209
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  • 181
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    Dynamic histomorphometry of alveolar bone remodeling in the adult rat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Alveolar bone normally undergoes remodeling on one side of the socket and modeling on the opposite side as the tooth migrates at a rate of 6.7 μm per day. Periodontal ligament width, however, remains constant. Because of this very high turnover rate, this bone is a good model to study bone modeling and remodeling activities. This study was undertaken in order to measure the different cellular events occurring during tooth migration along the alveolar bone of the rat. The histomorphometric measurements performed on this model permitted us to calculate the duration of each phase of the remodeling cycle, i.e., resorption lasts about 1.5 days and reversal about 3.5 days. Since the duration of the forming phase is about 1 day (Guyomard and Baron, ′74), the total duration of each remodeling cycle is about 6 days. This time is very short compared to 60-120 days in adult human trabecular bone. Additionally, in this model each osteoclast resorbs 2-4 times its own volume of bone per day. Based on this knowledge, it will be possible to measure accurately the effects of experimental conditions on bone cells and bone remodeling in this rat alveolar bone model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960210
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  • 182
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960301
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  • 183
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    Morphometry of tubular bodies in endothelial cells in normal, stable isolated perfused, and edematous dog lungs (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The volume densities and dimensions of tubular bodies (Weibel-Palade bodies) in dog pulmonary capillary endothelial cells were examined by means of stratified random sampling and electron microscopic morphometry. The mean volume density of tubular bodies in normal (control) lungs was 0.43 ± 0.29%. The mean volume densities of tubular bodies in stable, isolated lungs perfused for 1/2 hour, 1 hour, and 2 hours and in lungs made edematous by increasing hydrostatic pressure or by decreasing oncotic pressure did not vary significantly from that of normal lungs. The mean thickness of the endothelium measured at the middle of the tubular bodies of normal dog lungs was nearly twice the mean thickness of the overall capillary endothelial cell sample. The mean endothelial thickness across tubular bodies from stable and from edematous isolated perfused lungs did not differ significantly from that of the control group. The mean width of tubular bodies from normal dog lungs was 0.25 ± 0.06 μm and the mean length was 0.81 ± 0.61 μm. The mean widths and lengths of tubular bodies from stable and from edematous isolated perfused dog lung endothelial cells did not differ statistically from those of normal dog lungs. Thirty percent of the tubular bodies in the sample were found to be adjacent to a mitochondrion in the same plane of section. Tubular bodies contained both tightly packed and loosely grouped tubules. It is concluded that the tubular bodies in canine pulmonary endothelial cells remain stable during the perfusion of isolated lungs and in oncotic and hydrostatic edema of isolated perfused lungs.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960305
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  • 184
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    Developing innervation of the chick heart: A histofluorescence and light microscopic study of sympathetic innervation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The available descriptions of the development of sympathetic innervation of the chick heart conflict with the known sympathetic innervation of the adult chicken heart. The adult heart is innervated by bilateral sympathetic cardiac nerves originating from the first thoracic sympathetic ganglia. These nerves travel lateral and anterior to the lung and join the vagi just before entering the pericardium along the great vessels. Using catecholamine histofluorescence techniques and silver preparations, we have observed the development of the sympathetic cardiac nerves. The sympathetic cardiac nerves arise from the first thoracic sympathetic ganglia on the 7th day of incubation. They grow lateral and then ventral to the developing lungs to join the vagi, and are found in the bulbar region of the heart and atrium on the 10th day of incubation. Fluorescent cells without processes mark the course of the sympathetic cardiac nerves and are present in the bulbar region on the 10th day and thereafter. Sympathetic ganglion cells lose their fluorescence between day 8 and day 16 of incubation. This is presumably due to dilution of the transmitter in the rapidly increasing volume of cytoplasm in the sprouting neurons. Small intensely fluorescent (SIF) and adrenal medullary cells do not undergo a diminution of fluorescence during this period. SIF cells appear well differentiated at 16 days.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960309
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  • 185
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    American association of anatomists. Pages 51A-100A (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. A51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960314
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  • 186
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960401
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  • 187
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    Ultrastructural evidence for seasonal changes in pinealocytes of the 13-lined ground squirrel, spermophilus tridecemlineatus: A qualitative and quantitative study (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 387-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of pinealocytes in the hibernating ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, was found to vary both qualitatively and quantitatively according to the season in which the animals were sacrificed. Ultrastructural features of pinealocytes from fall (prehibernation) and winter (hibernation) periods, when the animals were sexually quiescent, included: (1) arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum into flattened stacks or concentric rings (formations which have been implicated in antigonadotropic activity of the pineal); (2) condensations of a fine granular material; and (3) dilation of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies with an increased number of Golgi associated vesicles. Moreover, there was an apparent increase in the number of dense-cored vesicles and microtubules in pinealocytes of winter animals. These findings indicate that a circannual rhythm in pinealocyte ultrastructure occurs in this species and further suggest that cellular activity is seasonal.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960404
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  • 188
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    The effects of chronic hypoxia on the myocardial cell of normotensive and hypertensive rats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 196 (1980), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Myocardial cellular and subcellular adaptations associated with chronic hypoxia were determined in 16 week old male normotensive Wistar-Kyoto, spontaneously hypertensive and aortic constricted rats. The animals were exposed to six weeks of hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 6,100 (m), and their glutaraldehyde perfuse-fixed hearts compared to normoxic controls.Exposure to hypoxia abolished the hypertension associated with the spontaneously hypertensive and aortic constricted groups and reduced the mean heart rate in all three hypoxic groups. The magnitude of hypertrophy was significant and comparable in all three groups, based on heart weight and left ventricular fiber diameter measurements. While capillary density was significantly reduced in the spontaneously hypertensive and aortic constricted rats, exposure to hypoxia facilitated an absolute increase in the number of capillaries of the hypoxic spontaneously hypertensive and aortic constricted rats. In the hypoxic control group, the capillary density was maintained despite a 20% increase in the muscle fiber diameter, indicating a proliferation of the capillary bed in proportion to the increase in muscle mass. The myocytes in all hypoxic groups were characterized by deep invaginations of the cell membrane and an increase in the number of pinocytotic vesicles. Stereological analyses of the myocytes revealed a statistically significant decrease in the mitochondria/myofibril volume ratio in animals with pressure overload. This ratio was not significantly altered when the animals were subjected to chronic hypoxia. However, there was an increase in the number of mitochondrial profiles and a decrease in the size of individual profiles in all hypoxic groups when compared to the control group.These findings suggest that cardiac hypertrophy associated with chronic hypobaric hypoxia, unlike hypertrophy due to pressure overload, is associated with a number of structural adaptations which may aid the heart in functioning in the hypoxic environment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091960407
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  • 189
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    Deformities in the head region of late spermatids of hypophysectomized-hormone-treated rats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Testosterone capsules implanted in hypophysectomized rats prevented tubulobulbar complexes from forming in many late spermatids. These spermatids also displayed an accumulation of cytoplasm (swelling) in the perinuclear region of the head. Other spermatids with normal or near-normal numbers of tubulobulbar complexes showed a typical perinuclear space. The results indicate, but do not prove, that development of tubulobulbar complexes (and their subsequent phagocytosis) is essential for the normal elimination of cytoplasm that takes place prior to sperm release.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970103
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  • 190
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    The stereoscanning electron microscopy and ultrastructural histochemistry of the avian and reptilian surfactant systems: Indian dove, desert spiny and taiwan golden skink lizards (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Lung tissues from the Indian dove, Scardafella inca, desert spiny lizard, Sceloporus magister, and the Taiwan golden skink lizard, Mabuya aurates, were studied by transmission electron microscopy utilizing ruthenium red as a carbohydrate stain and with the so-called lipid-carbohydrate retention procedures to elucidate the morphology of the surfactant systems. Stereoscopic scanning electron microscopic procedures were utilized for a comparative anatomical study of these three species, and the results were compared with the rat and frog in the companion article. The avian lung tissues demonstrated several peculiarities. The ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchus had cytoplasmic ciliated projections between the boundaries of mucus secreting cells. The discrete morphology of the main bronchus, secondary bronchi, parabronchi, and the air capillaries, and their three-dimensional morphologic perspective were elucidated. The skink illustrated an arrangement of primary, secondary, and tertiary septa, with elaborate tertiary septal pits, similar to the amphibian. All septa contained a solid connective tissue core. The desert lizard was similar to the skink except the tertiary septal pits were rudimentary. All three species had a modified great alveolar pneumocyte and a laminated surfactant which included a carbohydrate matrix material between layered phospholipid-based membranes. The ruthenium red additionally stained the homogeneous surface-lining material. A comparative analysis of the surfactant systems of these three species with each other, and with the rodent and amphibian in the companion article, were discussed in terms of phylogenetic origin.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970106
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  • 191
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    Immunocytochemical analysis of prolactin production by monolayer cultures of GH3 rat anterior pituitary tumor cells: II. Variation in prolactin content of individual cell colonies, and dynamics of stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 163-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The preceeding report (Hoyt and Tashjian, '80) correlates immunocytochemical localizations and mean prolactin concentrations in GH3 monolayers maximally stimulated with TRH; the present does so over the duration of TRH treatment. Low density seeding produced numerous discrete GH3 cell colonies. Cultures were harvested ½, 4, 12, 24, 72, and 144 hr after administration of TRH (50 ng/ml) or saline (control). All cells (42,658 total) in at least 10 microscopic fields/monolayer, 1 cell colony/field, were classed as unstained, heavily (H), moderately (M), or weakly (W) stained for prolactin. In controls, colonies contained 51-91 prolactin-positive cells/100 of population. Colonies with few positive cells had many more W than M cells, and the reverse was true in those with many positive cells. In all colonies, the effect of TRH was biphasic. Initial (0-4 hr) release of prolactin was overlapped, beginning at 3-4 hr, by a progressive increase of intracellular hormone. After 144 hr, the prolactin content of treated cultures had increased to 190% of control, and prolactin-positive cells were more numerous (114% of control). These increases were lower than those reported in the preceeding paper after 48 hr of TRH treatment, when intracellular prolactin equalled 450% of control and positive cells equalled 129% of control. These inconsistencies reflect differences in the control level of prolactin production rather than in the absolute effects of TRH, which were virtually identical in the successive experiments. We conclude that: (1) TRH acts to alter hormone production in cells already making prolactin; (2) TRH increases somewhat the number of prolactin-containing cells; (3) the relative contribution of such “new” cells to increased hormone output depends on the basal level of prolactin production, which differs among individual GH3 cell colonies and varies over time in culture. This diversity does not diminish the usefulness of GH3 cells as biochemical models of hormone biosynthesis. It does hinder their valid morphological evaluation, which apparently must be controlled as carefully as biochemical experiments and should include immunocytochemical localizations, at least for the hormone at issue.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970206
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  • 192
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    Isolation, culture and characterization of epithelial cells derived from rat ventral prostate (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 239-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Epithelial-cell enriched primary cultures have been established from rat ventral prostate (RVP). Minced ventral prostates were dissociated with 0.5% collagenase in F12K tissue culture medium containing 1% fetal bovine serum. This treatment resulted in the gradual removal of stromal elements from the base of the epithelial cells. After 60 minutes of digestion the aggregates of epithelial cells were washed and plated at high density in F12K plus 10% horse serum. After 48 hours in vitro the unattached cells were removed from the culture dishes, washed, and reinoculated into new culture vessels containing fresh medium. After 96 hours in vitro, the aggregates had attached to the culture vessels and spread out to yield discrete patches of epithelial cells. By 144 hours in vitro the patches of cells had grown and coalesced to form a semi-confluent monolayer of epithelial cells. Ultrastructural examination of these cultures indicated that adjacent cells were joined by desmosomes and tight junctions and had formed “lumen-like structures” into which projected microvilli. In addition, the cells contained secretory granules and tonofilaments, giving them a morphological appearance similar to prostate epithelial cells in the intact organ. The primary cultures also retained histochemical activities for acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, and succinic dehydrogenase that were similar to the intact organ.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970212
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  • 193
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    A new organic solvent for use in the clearing of tissues. I. Soft tissue histology (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 283-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histosol is a non-flammable solvent mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons with a flash point of 124°F (T.C.C.). It has a lower vapor pressure and evaporation rate than other organic solvents, such as xylene, routinely used as clearing and deparaffinizing agents. Although both xylene and Histosol clear and deparaffinize soft organ tissues effectively in the preparation of permanently mounted stained slides, Histosol appears, in many instances, to be the choice solvent: tissues are easier to section; cell bordrs and cell surface modifications are most distinct; cytoplasmic eosinophilia is more vivid; and nuclear detail is improved. Of prime importance, Histosol is a safer and more efficient solvent for use in histological and pathological laboratories.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970302
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  • 194
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    Sequential development and tissue organization in whole mouse embryos cultured from blastocyst to early somite stage (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 317-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The development of mouse embryos in culture from the implantation to the head-fold stage was sequentially examined. Our goal was to compare the morphology of embryos grown in vitro to those developed in vivo, published in standard texts, and to delineate the stages involved in the process of tissue differentiation and organization. Mouse blastocysts (stage 6) were collected at 3.5 days p.c. and cultured. Attachment of the blastocysts occurred on the second day of culture (stage 8). Following the collapse of the blastocyst endoderm cells began to migrate and to encircle the inner cell mass. At 2 days in culture the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm became distinguishable and the proamniotic cavity appeared (stage 9). Egg cylinders began to project above the substrate at 2.5 days in culture (stage 10) and to progress through the stages observed in vivo. At 4 days a posterior amniotic fold began to form (stage 11) and was followed at 5 days by the formation of the chorion, the appearance of mesoderm, exocoelom, and head fold (stage 12). At 6 days in culture the embryo had differentiated longitudinally and developed an allantois, blood islands, Reichert's membrane, head process, and primitive streak. At 7 days somites as well as the neural fold and heart were observed (stage 14) and were followed by further differentiation at 8 days (stage 15). These observations indicate that apparently normal embryo development can be maintained in vitro through the early stages of organogenesis, thus providing a unique opportunity for investigating the regulation of early mammalian development.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970306
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  • 195
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    Quantitative cell changes and vascularisation in the early corpus luteum of the pregnant rat (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Early corpora lutea (CL) of the rat were histologically examined on Day 1, 2, 4, and 6 of gestation. Measurements were taken of total volume and of the number of luteal and endothelial cells in one CL of both ovaries of five rats at each stage examined. CL volume increased over the 6 days from --0.76 to 1.39μl and peripheral plasma progesterone levels from 8.1 to 33.2 ng/ml. The number of luteal cells per CL (range 303,000 to 37,000) did not significantly change, and there was no evidence of mitosis or death amongst these cells. Luteal cell volume increased from 1.74 to 3.49 pl and nuclear volume from 0.25 to 0.38 pl, the former being the major cause of CL growth. The CL appeared to be richly vascularized, even on Day 1, and the number of endothelial cells per CL (range 289,000 to 354,000) remained relatively constant over the period examined.It was concluded that the number of luteal cells per CL is determined prior to or around ovulation in the rat and that subsequent growth of the CL is due to hypertrophy and not hyperplasia.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970311
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  • 196
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    Rat ovarian mast cells: Distribution and cyclic changes (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 197 (1980), S. 489-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Numerous tissue mast cells are present in the ovarian medulla and hilus and in the oviduct of rats. In the medulla, most of these mast cells are in the connective tissue of the stroma near blood and lymphatic vessels. During proestrus, many of the medullary mast cells totally degranulate and thus are not visible histochemically; they then regranulate during estrus. In contrast, the number of stainable mast cells in the ovarian hilus and oviduct does not change during the estrous cycle. Histofluorometric methods demonstrate that mast cells in the ovarian medulla and hilus, as well as the oviduct, contain histamine. In addition, the lining of small blood vessles in the ovarian medulla contains histamine. Thus, mast cell and blood vessel histamine secretion may play a role in ovarian function.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091970410
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  • 197
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    Lung development and the pulmonary surfactant system: Hormonal influences (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effect of hormones on developmental events is not a new area of scientific investigation. However, in the last decade, the developing lung has been the focus of an increasing amount of basic and applied research. Inadequate development of the newborn's respiratory system precludes extrauterine existence; indeed, such respiratory inadequacy has been a leading cause of death in premature infants. Tremendous strides have been made in understanding the basic cell biology of the developing lung. Much has been learned about the source, composition, and function of pulmonary surfactant, a surface-active material produced by the lung and essential to alveolar stability. Deficient stores of this material is a major etiologic factor in the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS). This fact, coupled with observations that certain hormones can accelerate lung development and the consequent availability of adequate stores of pulmonary surfactant, has led to a large body of literature dealing with the effects of hormones (and other agents) on lung development. It is the purpose of this literature review (1) to discuss the various kinds of investigations which have linked surfactant synthesis to the type II pulmonary epithelial cell; and (2) to review the current status of research dealing with the effects of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormons on lung maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980103
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  • 198
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    Craniofacial, occlusal, and masticatory anatomy in bats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skull measurements from ten anatomically and behaviorally diverse genera of bats show marked variation in positioning of the face upon the cranium but a relative stability of the site of the mandibular fossa. Factors associated with maintaining occlusion in bats which exhibit dorsally-inclined maxillary toothrows include dorsally angulated mandibular bodies and elevated condyles. Detailed comparisons are made between the generalized morphology of Myotis lucifugus and anatomical extremes represented by Rhinolophus lepidus, Mormoops megalophylla, and Pteropus giganteus. In these four bats, masticatory movements of the teeth and temporomandibular joints, despite marked interspecific variation, appear to relate to a common pattern. The beginning of jaw opening is important for maximal occlusal shear, particularly in Pteropus. Observed differences in the histology of the temporomandibular joints reflect postulated differences of pressure patterns within them. Differences in skeletal and dental morphology, together with variations in size and orientation of masticatory muscles, could account for known and postulated differences in the four respective chewing patterns, with no major variation from the known muscle firing sequences of Myotis lucifugus. Basic patterns of interaction between central nervous system and masticatory musculature would therefore appear to have undergone minimal modification. This accords with the concept that neural control of mastication is a relatively conservative mechanism; as such, it would appear to have imposed significant limitation upon adaptive change in bats.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980107
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  • 199
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    Ultrastructure of the chondrocytes and extracellular matrix of the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The Swarm chondrosarcoma, a transplantable tumor maintained in rats, has a structure similar to hyaline cartilage. The extracellular matrix contains narrow, banded collagen fibrils and proteoglycan matrix granules. The cells are filled with organelles typically involved in synthesis and secretion, including an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, a large Golgi apparatus dispersed throughout the cell, and secretory vacuoles which fill directly from Golgi saccules. There is only one class of secretory vacuoles, suggesting that the secretory products, collagen and proteoglycan, are packaged and secreted together. The cells also contain unusual endoplasmic reticulum, many coated vesicles and multivesicular bodies, and abnormal mitochondria. The large amount of tissue available from the tumor, and its characterization biochemically (Choi et al., '71; Oegema et al., '75) and morphologically as cartilage, make the tumor valuable as a model tissue for studies of synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix materials.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980202
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  • 200
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    Phenobarbital-induced alterations of the rat adrenal cortex (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 198 (1980), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine the morpholic changes in adrenocortices induced by chronic phenobarbital therapy, the male rats were orally administered the drug daily for varying periods up to three months. Fine structural changes attributable to the drug included mitochondrial pleomorphism and cavitation, loss of cholesterol ester clefts, reorganization of intracellular lipid, hypertrophy of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum and a juxtapositioning of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lipid droplets - all suggestive of an actively secreting cortex. The digitonin-glutaraldehyde reaction suggested an active translocation of free cholesterol from lipid droplets to the mitochondria and agranular endoplasmic reticulum following phenobarbital treatment. Phenobarbital appears to stimulate corticosteroidogenesis due in large part to enhanced hepatic corticoid metabolizing enzymes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091980108
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