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  • 1980-1984  (891)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (891)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (768)
  • Ultrastructure  (122)
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  • 1980-1984  (891)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopy of the cerebral ganglionic commissure of the leech Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824) revealed numerous neurosecretory axons terminating in the neural lamella of both the inner and outer capsules, and in the neural lamella deep within the neuropile. The proximal protions of the terminals, with an investment of glial tissue, contain either numerous large homogeneously electron dense granules, or numerous large granules of varying electron density. The distal portions, often devoid of glia, display numerous infoldings, omega profiles, and electron dense focal sites, and contain numerous neurosecretory granules, small lucent vesicles, and, occasionally, acanthosomes. Statistical analysis of the size distribution and morphology of the neurosecretory granules showed that in many individual terminals the granules are not significantly different from those seen within four groups of neurosecretory cells found in the cerebral ganglion. These terminals, because of their diffuse nature, probably represent a neurohemal complex of a primitive nature. The term “intralamellar complexes” is proposed to describe the form and location of these neurosecretory terminals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 219-230 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Rat submandibular gland was dissociated by enzymatic digestion with collagenase and hyaluronidase, followed by mild mechanical shearing and filtration through a nylon mesh. The dissociated cell populations contained predominantly groups of acinar cells which maintained their acinar arrangement. The morphological and functional viability of the cells was confirmed by electron microscopic examination and a normal secretory response to β-adrenergic or cholinergic stimulation was observed. Both isoproterenol (IPR) and carbachol caused the fusion of secretory granules into large vacuoles which were also continuous with the lumen, and into which the secretory product was released. Secretion was assessed quantitatively from the incorporation of 14C-glucosamine into the acinar cells and its subsequent release into the culture medium as labelled glycoprotein. IPR stimulated secretion to 125% of untreated controls in the concentration range 5 × 10-5 to 5 × 10-7 M, and to 110% of controls at 5 × 10-8 M, after 40 min incubation. Carbachol stimulated secretion to 131% of controls at 5 × 10-5 M and to 115% at 5 × 10-6 M but had no effect at 5 × 10-7 or 5 × 10-8 M. The secretory response was blocked by the respective β-adrenergic and cholinergic antagonists, propranolol and atropine. These findings show that dissociated rat submandibular acinar cells provide a useful in vitro model for the study of mucus synthesis and secretion.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of scolopophorous organs in aquatic Heteroptera has been reported in a number of species. This study presents a morphological investigation of these sensory structures of Lethocerus (Belostomatidae) as observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Paired mesothoracic and metathoracic organs are present. Externally, each sensory structure consists of a raised sensory membrane. The distal-most portion consists of thickenings of this sensory membrane (sclerite). The receptor neurons of the mesothoracic organ are of two types - one discolopidial sensillum and 12 monoscolopidial sensilla. The former is attached to the internal wall and distal thickening of the sensory membrane, while the latter are dispersed throughout the interior and attached to the internal wall of the sensory membrane. The structure of the organs suggest that an effective stimulus could be a compression of the membrane. A discussion of possible functions (pressure reception and hearing) is included.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surface tubercles of a specialized mechanoreceptor found within the head of Elaphe obsoleta lindheimeri indicates that the tubercle consists of a craterlike structure with a peg emerging from its center. After removal of the outer keratinized layers of the epidermis, the SEM discloses a replicate tubercle on the underlying alpha keratin layer. Over 6000 tubercles were found within a single snake. The mechanoreceptors were more densely concentrated on anterior scales, and their number appears to be species specific so that they are more concentrated in snakes with smaller heads than in those with larger ones.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 265-285 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interstitial nematode Theristus caudasaliens n. sp. normally locomotes by hopping on the left side of its tail tip, a mode of locomotion that is unique among nematodes. The animal uses its caudal glands and caudal musculature to perform the hops, attaching itself momentarily between hops with the glands and executing the hops by straightening and curling the posterior part of its body.The caudal gland apparatus can be seen by electron microscopy to consist of five gland cells of two different types. Three of these cells, termed viscid glands, are involved in adhesion of the animal to substrates and produce ovoid granules with a central dense band. The other two cells are characterized by smaller, lessdense granules and presumably function in releasing the animal from substrates. The ducts of both gland types extend to the tail tip where they terminate in a common crescent-shaped space. Their secretions are released to the outside through two pores on the left side of the tail tip. There is no spinneret valve in this nematode. The muscles of the tail and of the mid-body region are developed to the same extent.The caudal gland apparatus can be compared with the duo-gland adhesive organs of other interstitial animals, but its homology with either these organs or the caudal glands of other nematodes is uncertain. Theristus caudasaliens is described as a new species.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ventral surface of the most proximal tarsomere of each mesothoracic leg of the female black fly, Simulium venustum Say, bears approximately 60 bifurcate sensilla. Externally, a sensillum appears as a hair set into an asymmetric socket and with the distal tip flattened into two flared lobes. A single pore opens into a short groove at the base of the lobes. The hair shaft is divided into two lumina, one of which contains the dendrites. Each sensillum is innervated by four neurons, the dendrites of which extend unbranched to the pore. Sensillum liquor bathes the dendritic tips and extends through the pore into the adjacent groove and across part of the lobes. A sieve-like structure exists in the pore region of many if not all sensilla. At least two sheath cells are associated with each sensillum.It is suggested that, although the bifurcate sensilla have the internal structure associated with known contact chemosensilla, they have secondarily acquired an olfactory function which is facilitated by the flattened lobes which increase the adsorptive surface area.Along each side of the bifurcate sensilla is a row of sturdy spines, each innervated by a neuron with a tubular body, a characteristic of cuticular mechanoreceptors. These spines are likely tactile sensilla.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 109
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology and cytology of dermal scales of the gymnophionans Ichthyophis kohtaoensis and Hypogeophis rostratus reveal their structure and the nature of their mineralization.Dermal scales are small flat disks set in pockets in the transverse ridges of the skin. Each pocket contains several scales of various sizes. A ring of “hypomineralization” of varying diameter may occur on scales of a particular dermal pocket but bears no relation to the diameter of these scales.Three different layers form the scales and are seen on sections perpendicular to the surface. The cells of the basal layer lie deepest. Each of the two or three more superficial fibrous layers is composed of bundles of fibres that are oriented in parallel. The orientation varies among layers. The striation of the fiber scales has a periodicity comparable to that of the surrounding dermal fibers. Squamulae form a discontinuous layer on the scale surface and are the only mineralized part of the scale. The minerals are deposited both on the collagen fibers passing from the fibrous layers into the squamulae, and in the interfibrillar spaces. Spherical concretions, either isolated or coalescent, reaching up to 1 μm, are found on the surface of the squamulae.The dermal scales of Gymnophiona present some analogies with those of evolved bony fishes. Their characteristics could make them an original model for the study of mineralization.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 67-83 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using light and electron microscopy, three hemocyte types are described in the hemolymph of the crayfish. The coagulocyte comprises 65% of the total hemocyte number and contains medium-sized cytoplasmic granules, abundant dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a highly developed Golgi complex. It rapidly undergoes cytolysis in vitro and participates in coagulation by releasing the contents of its granules to the hemolymph. The granulocyte comprises 31% of the total hemocyte number and is capable of phagocytosis. It contains large, irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and moderate amounts of non-dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. During coagulation in vitro, the cell attaches and spreads onto the substratum; this is followed by a slow intracellular granule breakdown and cytolysis. The amebocyte comprises 4% of the total hemocyte number and it is also capable of phagocytosis. It possesses small cytoplasmic granules, many vacuoles, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is distinguished from the other two cell types by being stable and motile in vitro.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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  • 111
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 85-116 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lateral cortex is the most laterally placed of the four cortical areas in snakes. Earlier studies suggest that it is composed of several subdivisions but provide no information on their organization. This paper first investigates the structure of lateral cortex in boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor), garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis), and banded water snakes (Natrix sipedon) using Nissl and Golgi preparations; and secondly examines the relation of main olfactory bulb projections to the subdivisions of lateral cortex using Fink-Heimer and electron microscopic preparations.Lateral cortex is divided on cytoarchitectonic grounds into two major parts called rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Each part is further divided into dorsal and ventral subdivisions so that lateral cortex has a total of four subdivisions: dorsal rostral lateral cortex (drL), ventral rostral lateral cortex (vrL), dorsal caudal lateral cortex (dcL) and ventral caudal lateral cortex (vcL). Systematic analyses of Golgi preparations indicate that the rostral and caudal parts each contain distinct populations of neurons. Rostral lateral cortex contains bowl cells whose dendrites arborize widely in the outer cortical layer (layer 1). The axons of some bowl cells can be traced medially into dorsal cortex, dorsomedial cortex and medial cortex. Caudal lateral cortex contains pyramidal cells whose somata occur in layers 2 and 3 and whose dendrites extend radially up to the pial surface. In addition, three populations of neurons occur in both rostral and caudal lateral cortex. Stellate cells occur in all three layers and have dendrites which arborize in all directions. Double pyramidal cells occur primarily in layer 2 and have dendrites which form two conical fields whose long axes are oriented radially. Horizontal cells occur in layer 3 and have dendrites oriented concentric with the ependyma. Fink-Heimer preparations of snakes which underwent lesions of the main olfactory bulb show that the primary olfactory projections to cortex are bilateral and restricted precisely to rostral lateral cortex. Electron microscopic degeneration experiments indicate that the olfactory bulb fibers end as terminals which have clear, spherical vesicles and asymmetric active zones. The majority are presynaptic to dendritic spines in outer layer 1.These studies establish that lateral cortex in snakes is heterogeneous and contains two major parts, each containing two subdivisions. The rostral and caudal parts have characteristic neuronal populations. Primary olfactory input is restricted to rostral lateral cortex and seems to terminate heavily on the distal dendrites of bowl cells. Axons of some of these cells leave lateral cortex, so that the rostral lateral cortex forms a direct route by which olfactory information reaches other cortical areas. The functional role of caudal lateral cortex is not clear.
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  • 112
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 157-165 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caudal neurosecretory system of the molly, Poecilia sphenops (Poeciliidae) was studied by light and electron microscopy. In this species the cell bodies form a focal nuclear group in the caudal spinal cord. The neurosecretory cells are in contact with glial elements, axon terminals, and the lumen of the central canal. The axons of the neurosecretory cells form a definitive tract, which leaves the spinal cord proper to penetrate a well defined neurohemal organ, the urophysis. The urophysis contains an abundance of neurosecretory granules within the neurosecretory axonal processes. This study is the first ultrastructural study of the caudal neurosecretory system in this family of fishes, which has been used as a neuroendocrine model. This species acclimates easily to the laboratory aquarium and may be most suitable for further studies on the effects of changes in external salinity on the caudal neurosecretory system.
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  • 113
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationships between dimensions of book lung subunits were measured and analyzed as a function of body size in diverse spiders over a body mass range of 3.4 to 3,190 mg. Book lungs are the characteristic respiratory gas exchange organs in these arachnids. Actual gas exchange occurs across numerous air-filled cuticular plates, which invaginate hemolymph sinuses within the abdomens of these animals. Characteristic linear dimensions of these air-filled compartments reflecting diffusion paths scaled to the 0.2 power of body mass and showed only a fourfold increase over the size range in the sample. This deviation from isometric scaling in the direction obtained and its numerical similarity to scaling of alveolar dimensions to body size in vertebrates was interpreted as an adaptation to reduce diffusion distances between these compartments and vascular fluids. Conversely, lengths and widths of these plates scaled to the one-third power of body mass, isometric scaling, and increased between six-and eightfold over the size range. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that respiratory gas distribution within spider lungs is achieved by convective mixing as has been recently hypothesized.
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 223-223 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 261-284 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study carried out on the posterior caeca of Orchestia in intermolt by means of light and electron microscopy shows that the diverticula of the midgut consist of two segments which are different from an anatomical point of view. The distal segment is in close relationship to the dorsal blood vessel, whereas the proximal segment, twice as long as the distal one, only touches the haemocoel. The cells of the distal segment are characterized by a brush border, some apical extrusions, a great number of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, often associated with the mitochondria, the matrix of which is clear, high activity of the Golgi complexes, and a great development of extracellular channels. All these features indicate an activity in synthesizing proteins and transport. In the proximal segment, the cells are characterized by a striated border, reduced intercellular space, and especially by a great development of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum sometimes associated with mitochondria having a dense matrix. These diverse features indicate absorption ion and water transport. From an ultrastructural point of view, the posterior caeca of Orchestia cannot be considered homologous to the Malpighian tubules. Whereas during molting the posterior caeca of Orchestia are sites of calcium storage, during intermolt they are probably involved in the processes of water and mineral regulation and excretion.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 116
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired spermathecae of Rhodnius are simple tubular out-pocketings of the common oviduct. Each consists of a short muscular proximal duct and the distal glandular region with a blind tapering end. The spermathecal wall has a cuticular intima, slender columnar epithelial cells and ensheathing longitudinal striated muscle, connective tissue, tracheoles, and nerves. Glandular epithelial cells possess an elaborate apical secretion-filled tubular inpocketing with an extensively folded plasma membrane. Laterally, cells interact by desmosomes, septate desmosomes, and extensive interdigitations. The cytoplasm is rich in longitudinally oriented microtubules associating with membrane densities along the invagination, lateral, and basal plasmalemmae. Apical concentration of mitochondria suggests their role in secretion or ion transport. The possible role of the spermathecae in maintaining the stored luminal sperm and its role in transmitting the mating stimulus is considered in light of the epithelial ultrastructure. The ultrastructure of the spermathecae of Rhodnius differs significantly from that of other insects.
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  • 117
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 65-80 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anatomical studies were conducted to characterize the source, type, and distribution of parathyroid gland innervation in European starlings. Denervation experiments demonstrated that the parathyroid glands and adjacent carotid bodies are innervated by nerve fibers originating in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve. In the parathyroid parenchyma, these fibers terminate adjacent to chief cells or near vascular smooth muscle. Vagal fibers also form synapses with catecholamine-containing glomus cells of the carotid body. Blood that first perfuses the carotid body subsequently perfuses the parathyroid parenchyma. These observations suggest that vagal innervation may influence parathyroid function in starlings either through direct chief cell innervation or through alteration of vascular perfusion. A neurohemal relationship also may exist between the carotid body and parathyroids.
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Voles and lemmings are the most successful group of graminivorous rodents, but the adaptations allowing them to enter this niche are not fully known. Dissections of the masticatory musculature of the 12 genera and subgenera of North American microtines show an increase in the potential anterior vector component and in the potential vertical vector component of these muscles relative to the molar tooth row. The result is a separation of the compressive and propulsive functions of the masticatory muscles during the power stroke of mastication. This has led to the formulation of a propalinal “swing” hypothesis which is supported by vector analyses of the musculature.
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs) of males of Tenebrio molitor is described. All cells in the secretory epithelium are long and narrow (300-400 mμ × 5 mμ). The seven types of secretory cells are distinguished from one another by the morphology of their secretory granules. Granule substructure varies from simple spheres with homogeneous electrondense contents to complex forms with thickened exterior walls or with crystalline and membranous contents. Individual cell types were mapped by staining whole glands with Oil Red O, and the cell distributions were confirmed by wax histology and ultramicroscopy. The secretions of all seven cell types form a secretory plug composed of seven layers. During mating, the secretory plug from each BAG is forced into the ejaculatory duct by contractions of a sheath of circular muscle. The mirror image plugs from symmetrical BAGs fuse and are transformed into the wall of the spermatophore.
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  • 121
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 387-387 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 123
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The present investigation describes the ultrastructural changes which occur at the surface and in the cytoplasm of developing oocytes of the lobster, Homarus americanus, during vitellogenesis. The immature oocytes showed no surface specializations of the oolemma and no pinocytotic activity was observed. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer studies showed penetration of the tracer into the perivitelline space, but no uptake by the oocytes. The surfaces of oocytes examined during vitellogenesis, when yolk protein accumulation was maximal, exhibited numerous microvilli that projected into the perivitelline space, often appearing to be embedded in the follicular cell mass. In addition, the plasma membrane of vitellogenic oocytes contained many pinocytotic pits frequently situated at the bases of microvilli. The perivitelline space was engorged with electrondense material which appeared similar to that contained in pinocytotic structures of the oocytes. Vitellogenic oocytes incubated in HRP showed uptake of tracer reaction product by the coated pits and vesicles of the oolemma. Aggregation and subsequent fusion of these vesicles into large multivesicular bodies of ingested material were also observed in vitellogenic oocytes. Animals artificially induced to undergo vitellogenesis exhibited modulations of oocyte ultrastructure similar to those of normal vitellogenesis, notably, pinocytotic incorporation of extra-oocytic material and hypertrophy of oocyte surface microvilli. This study supports the hypothesis for a dual source of yolk protein in the American lobster.
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  • 124
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The annular bands were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy in normal and hormonally bursectomized ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The four annular bands are normal lymphoid structures of 5-10 mm wide and encircle the intestine at regularly spaced position, two on each side of Meckel's diverticulum. The anterior three are well defined, complete rings whereas the posterior-most encompasses about one half of the gut circumference. The bands are characterized by prominent follicles in the tunica muscularis, submucosa, and lamina propria. In addition, large numbers of diffusely organized lymphocytes fill the lamina propria and villus cores. Each nodule possesses germinal centre activity, as revealed by the characteristic macrophage content seen in 1.0 μm sections.The bands were present in rudimentary form at hatching. Lymphoid nodules began to develop at day 3 and were morphologically mature at day 98 posthatching. When viewed in the scanning electron microscope, the mucosa of the lymphoid areas was seen to be arranged in tortuous folds, often with irregular fusions. Following hormonal bursectomy, the bands were present, although difficult to detect, and lacked distinct nodules and germinal centres. The mucosal surface still appeared irregularly folded in the SEM, but the folds were more slender with convoluted surfaces.
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  • 125
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ultrastructural analysis of the chicken glycogen body and its craniocaudal continuation areas shows a continuum of astroglial cell types. Characteristic glycogen body astroglia are confined to the classically defined body located in the chicken lumbosacral spinal cord. These are large cells which have an eccentric dark nucleus surrounded by a rim of dense cytoplasm which contains the usual complement of organelles. The remainder of the cell volume is occupied by alpha and beta glycogen particles interspersed with a flocculo-granular material continuous with the main cytoplasmic mass. Astroglial cells of continuation areas usually have a light cytoplasm and a centrally placed nucleus. They contain beta glycogen particles of varying sizes, but like the glycogen body cells, may have beta particles as large as 45 nm. Such particles, which resemble four leaf clovers in shape, are suggestive of an ordered substructure. Gliofilaments are not always conspicuous in astroglial perikarya, but large numbers of them are present in the processes. Although the continuation areas are mostly confined to gray matter regions, the contained astroglial processes exhibit circular, triangular, or cylindrical shapes and form an unpatterned mosaic. Astrocytic processes forming the glia limitans on the anterior and posterior margins of the cord often contain conspicuous amounts of glycogen. The ultrastructural identification of such large amounts of glycogen within the chicken nervous system suggests that it plays a major role in avian neural metabolism.
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  • 126
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 79-93 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: All lizard species of the subfamily Iguaninae except Amblyrynchus cristatus possess from one to eleven transverse valves in the proximal colon. Valves are of two kinds: circular (sometimes with a sphincter valve) or semilunar. Circular valves (if present) always occur proximally to semilunar valves. Intraspecific variation in the number and type of valves is small, but increase with modal number of valves. No significant ontogenetic change in number of valves could be demonstrated. Colic valves in iguanine lizards apparently evolved as simple infoldings of the medical colic wall.Comparisons are made with colic modifications occurring in other lizard families. Herbivorous species of the Scincidae, Agamidae, and Iguanidae are the only lizards known to exhibit colic partitioning, suggesting that the evolution of these structures is intimately related to the evolution of herbivory in these lizards. The potential taxonomic and phylogenetic importance of lizard colon anatomy is discussed.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired Y-organs of crustaceans control the molting process. In males of C. antennarius, these glands are opalescent, lobulated, epithelioid structures embedded in brown fatty tissue. Cells in the periphery extend processes to the connective tissue capsule, an arrangement that suggests increased surface area for metabolic exchange. The processes contain mitochondria and are tipped distally with electron dense material. The cytoplasm, scarce relative to nuclear volume, contains vesicles, polymorphic mitochondria with tubular cristae, and numerous free ribosomes, but little in way of smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complexes. Progressing from intermolt to the premolt stage, mitochondria, as well as vesicles, and electron-dense particles in peripheral processes increase somewhat in number. Also, heterochromatin masses concentrate adjacent to the nuclear envelope. Eyestalk removal, which induces premolt stages in some species, did not produce consistent change in Y-organ substructure in C. antennarius. Although evidence is accumulating that Y-organs secrete a steroid molting hormone during late intermolt-premolt, the substructure of the glands exhibits neither (a) striking changes with the molt cycle, nor (b) all the characteristics typical of vertebrate steroid hormone synthesizing glands. Nevertheless, the structural features, respectively, are consistent with biochemical evidence that Y-organs (a) rapidly take up and convert sterol precursor and secrete a product without its accumulation or change in total sterol pool size, and (b) apparently cannot synthesize the sterol precursor. Y-organ cytology closely resembles that of some vertebrate steroid hormone secreting glands in which this synthetic capacity is minimal.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 203-215 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As part of a study of ulcer formation and healing, regeneration of colonic mucosa in rats was studied following placement of a surgical lesion. Alterations in mucosubstances and connective tissue were examined and their possible significance discussed.The sequence of events in healing was: (1) The mucosa adjacent to the lesion tipped into the lesioned area. The crypts in this mucosa became lined with cells which contained no mucus and had no striated borders. Later in the experimental period, these undifferentiated cells gave rise to cells containing carboxymucins. Cells containing sulfomucin, neutral mucin, or having striated borders arose from the carboxymucin cells. (2) An epithelial ledge of undifferentiated cells migrated onto a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, fibrous interface between necrotic and living tissue in the lesion. (3) Crypt formation began with the appearance of intraepithelial anlagen. (4) Crypts lengthened by a process of epithelial-connective tissue proliferation from the base of the crypt upwards. Following completion of connective tissue regeneration, crypts formed by invading the reestablished lamina propria. (5) The first mucous cells in the ledge contained carboxymucins. As crypt formation occurred, these cells gave rise to typical columnar absorptive cells, to cells containing sulfomucins, and to cells containing neutral mucins. (6) Lengthening of crypts ceased following the appearance of a sulfated acid glycosaminoglycan - collagenous layer deep in the submucosa.
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  • 129
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 283-317 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The comparative functional anatomy of feeding in Polypterus senegalus, Lepisosteus oculatus, and Amia calva, three primitive actinopterygian fishes, was studied by high-speed cinematography (200 frames per second) synchronized with electromyographic recordings of cranial muscle activity. Several characters of the feeding mechanism have been identified as primitive for actinopterygian fishes: (1) Mandibular depression is mediated by the sternohyoideus muscle via the hyoid apparatus and mandibulohyoid ligament. (2) The obliquus inferioris and sternohyoideus muscles exhibit synchronous activity at the onset of the expansive phase of jaw movement. (3) Activity in the adductor operculi occurs in a double burst pattern - an initial burst at the onset of the expansive phase, followed by a burst after the jaws have closed. (4) A median septum divides the sternohyoideus muscle into right and left halves which are asymmetrically active during chewing and manipulation of prey. (5) Peak hyoid depression occurs only after peak gape has been reached and the hyoid apparatus remains depressed after the jaws have closed. (6) The neurocranium is elevated by the epaxial muscles during the expansive phase. (7) The adductor mandibulae complex is divided into three major sections - an anterior (suborbital) division, a medial division, and a posterolateral division.In Polypterus, the initial strike lasts from 60 to 125 msec, and no temporal overlap in muscle activity occurs between muscles active at the onset of the expansive phase (sternohyoideus, obliquus superioris, epaxial muscles) and the jaw adductors of the compressive phase. In Lepisosteus, the strike is extremely rapid, often occuring in as little as 20 msec. All cranial muscles become active within 10 msec of each other, and there is extensive overlap in muscle activity periods.Two biomechanically independent mechanisms mediate mandibular depression in Amia, and this duality in mouth-opening couplings is a shared feature of the halecostome fishes. Mandibular depression by hyoid retraction, and intermandibular musculature, consisting of an intermandibularis posterior and interhyoideus, are hypothesized to be primitive for the Teleostomi.
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  • 130
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 349-365 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Biochemical and morphological properties of the Harderian gland of the mouse were examined by combining autoradiographic, biochemical, and electron microscopic techniques. Autoradiographs show that the radioactive carbon from [U-14C]glucose injected into the abdominal cavity is completely incorporated into the acid-insoluble substances within 30 minutes. The results of chemical analysis show that the main components of this gland are glyceryl ether diesters and phospholipids. Scanning electron microscopy shows numerous lipid droplets in the secretory cells and alveolar lumina. Myoepithelial cells lie between the secretory cell base and the basement membrane and have a basket-like distribution of processes as confirmed by hydrochloric acid and collagenase digestions. Myofilaments are demonstrated in the cytoplasm. Two types of secretory cells (A and B) comprise the alveolar epithelium and can be differentiated under the electron microscope. The cytoplasm of both contains numerous vacuoles. The vacuoles are almost empty in A cells, which are a more numerous constituent of the alveolar epithelium than B cells. However, the vacuoles of the B cells contain densely osmiophilic material. In both, cell types show a merocrine mode of secretion. Unmyelinated nerve cell endings occur in the interstices of the connective tissue, and contain clear or cored vesicles.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 39-46 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The number of mucous, club, and granular cells in the epidermis, and the number of rows of subcutaneous adipose cells, as well as the thickness of the epidermis and the dermal collagen layer, have been recorded for the larval and metamorphosing stages of the anadromous parasitic lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis, and for the larval, metamorphosing, and adult stages of the nonparasitic lamprey, Lampetra planeri.In L. fluviatilis, the mucous cells predominated in all stages but were more abundant in fully metamorphosed individuals than in larvae. During metamorphosis, the number of granular cells increased continuously, whereas the club cells showed little change. Although lampreys do not feed during metamorphosis, there was an increase in the thickness of the epidermis and in the dermal collagen sheath; the latter increase probably foreshadows the increase in activity by the adults. Simultaneously, there is a reduction in the subcutaneous fat layer, which can be attributed to mobilization of lipid as an energy source.Changes similar to those just described for L. fluviatilis were also found in metamorphosing L. planeri. However, the pattern altered markedly during adult stages in this nonparasitic species. There were marked declines in the number of cells, in the thickness of the epidermis, in the width of the collagen sheath, and in the quantity of subcutaneous fat.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980) 
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  • 133
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    Journal of Morphology 164 (1980), S. 213-214 
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  • 134
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 51-63 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The marine sponge Neofibularia irata contains four different categories of siliceous spicules. These spicules are evident in the tissues as distinct bundles that act to increase the structural rigidity of the sponge. All spicules have a normal structural morphology with silica deposition around a hexagonal axial canal containing a crystalline axial filament. The megasclere strongyles are secreted in typical megasclerocytes. The sigma and raphid microscleres are secreted in individual microsclerocytes that are grouped together in parallel to form loose bundles. However, the microxea microscleres are apparently secreted in distinct tight bundles (trichodragmas) within a single cell. These cells, containing between 13 and 39 spicules, are grouped to form large packets of bundles of spicules.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 81-107 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sixty-seven specimens of the common North Atlantic asteroid, Asterias vulgaris, were collected at seasonal intervals over a 2-year period and their testes observed with both light and electron microscopy. In the germinal epithelium, a predictable series of interactions between versatile somatic cells and germinal cells is repeated annually in relation to sequential events in spermatogenesis. For example, massive proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic cells depend on the elaboration of thousands of spermatogenic columns, which are distinct cellular subdivisions of the germinal epithelium. Each fully developed column is composed of at least one somatic cell surrounded by ≍ 400 germinal cells. Such columns form only after intensive spermatogonial mitosis begins in the germinal epithelium. Single annual periods of spermatogenic proliferation and differentiation are initiated from 1 to 3 months out of phase in different individuals and overlap incompletely. Therefore, it is possible to observe testes that are entirely in the proliferative phase, entirely in the differentiative phase, or in both phases simultaneously. Detailed ultrastructural observations and preliminary autoradiographic data demonstrate that columns maintain their height for a variable period of time as germinal cells are generated near their bases, pass along their lengths, and differentiate near their tips; therefore, simultaneous proliferation and differentiation of more than one generation of germinal cells occur in the same column. Finally, formation of primary spermatocytes ceases basally, (terminating proliferation), and remaining columns degrade completely as germinal cells composing them differentiate or are phagocytized (terminating differentiation and spermatogenesis); resulting spermatozoa ultimately accumulate in the expandable lumen. It is proposed that spermatogenic columns provide the structural basis for organization of the microenvironment of small groups of spermatogenic cells (≍ 400 at a time) during proliferation and differentiation. Preliminary evidence from A. vulgaris and other species also suggests that somatic cells are temporally pluripotent and are variously involved in the formation, structure, and activities of columns, in extensive phagocytosis, and probably in contributing intrinsic (e.g., 1-methyl adenine and steroids) and mediating extrinsic (e.g., gamete shedding substance and nutrients) microenvironmental factors influential during spermatogenesis in asteroids. The prodigious spermatogenic capabilities of asteroids apparently depend on the generation of spermatogenic columns, on the progressive interaction of germinal and somatic cells before, during, and after columns form, and on the predictable effects of microenvironmental factors received and interpreted at the structural level of the spermatogenic column.
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  • 136
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 145-154 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sea anemones studied have two morphological types of muscle fiber. Types A and B are distinguishable on the basis of myofilament patterns, size of fibers, responses to fixation, and staining with methylene blue. Observation of the muscle in both resting and contracted states has shown that the two types do not result from differences in contraction state of the muscle. The fine structural characteristics distinguishing A and B fibers are similar to those which distinguish fast and slow muscle fibers in higher animals. The distribution of A and B fibers in Stomphia and Aiptasia is consistent with the distribution of fast and slow muscles in these two species. It is proposed that the A and B fibers represent two morphologically distinct kinds of smooth muscle, and that the capacity for fast and slow contraction in the muscles of Stomphia and Aiptasia, and possibly in all actinians, is due to morphological differentiation in the muscle system.
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  • 137
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 179-195 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The apico-basal distribution of lymphocytes within the epithelium covering the domes of lymphatic tissue in the wall of the rabbit appendix was investigated in single and serial sections stained either for general histology, for cytoplasmic basophilia and acidophilia, or for nonspecific esterase activity. From the base to the summit of a dome, four zones numbered proximo-distally 1-4 were distinguished. Epithelial cells migrate from base to summit, as indicated by mitotic figures in zone 1, the gradual change from cytoplasmic basophilia to acidophilia in zones 2 to 4, and visible extrusion of cells from zone 4 at the summit. Zone 1 was free of lymphocytes. Most of the lymphocytes in zone 2 were intercellular and randomly arranged, but a few in this zone were within tapered epithelial cells modified by a process extending basally to the basement membrane. Small numbers of these tapered epithelial cells also occurred in zone 3. The large clusters of ten to 12 lymphocytes that characterized zone 3 were intercellular and impinged the apical regions of epithelial cells. Serial sections at the level of the distal cluster of zone 3 showed lymphocytes located also more basally, and some of these lymphocytes appeared to be passing through the basement membrane back into the lymphoid tissue of the dome. Epithelium of zone 4 over the distal surface of a dome was largely free of lymphocytes. Apparently most infiltrating lymphocytes form intercellular clusters and then return to the subepithelial lymphatic tissue.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 225-236 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It is well established that the capacity for teeth to differentiate “in vitro” depends upon: (a) the age of the embryonic rudiments at the time of excision and (b) the number of cells within each tissue type which are capable of differentiating into organ culture. This paper studies ultrastructural aspects of tooth buds grown in vitro from lizard embryos and compares these characteristics with those observed in dental germs grown in situ in older lizard embryos. Moreover, we report the self-differentiation in vitro dental tissues from adult lizard and compare this phenomenon with the main features of a morphogenetic field. Our results suggest that approximately in the first third of gestation in L. gravenhorsti the dental buds has already acquired the capacity for self-differentiation in vitro. The ultrastuctural observations show that there are no significant differences between odontoblasts and ameloblasts in situ and in vitro. The tooth from “adult lizards,” isolated by combined microsurgical and enzymatic procedure and cultured in semisolid-liquid medium were also able to differentiate teeth. This phenomenon implies that self-differentiation is not rigidly determined, and that in these animals the tooth tissues represents a continuous morphogenetic field throughout the animal's life. This property is intrinsic, resides in the isolated tooth tissues, and is relatively independent of external factors. In addition, these studies indicate that the chick chorio-allantoic membrane and the semisolid-liquid culture medium supply the majority of the factors required for development of these tissues.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Morphology 165 (1980), S. 285-299 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neuronal projections from neuroendocrine tracts (nervi corpori cordiaci I and II) in the brains of the locust (Schistocerca vaga), cricket (Acheta domesticus), and cockroach (Periplaneta americana) were studied using reconstructions of silver-intensified cobalt chloride preparations. Collaterals from the NCC I in these species branch extensively in the dorsal protocerebral neuropile, anterior to the stalk of the corpora pedunculata and ventral to its calyces. Other fibers project from the NCC I bilaterally into the medial protocerebral neuropile, anterior to the central body, and posterior to the beta lobes. NCC II collaterals arborize in the medial, dorsal, and lateral protocerebral neuropile, their region of projection partially overlapping with that of the NCC I. Several NCC II fibers terminate in the superior arch of the central body in Acheta but not in the other two species. Tritocerebral cells filled through the NCC I branch in the medial tritocerebral neuropile in all three species, but most extensively in Schistocerca. No NCC fibers were seen to penetrate any part of the corpora pedunculata, protocerebral bridge, olfactory glomeruli, ocellar tracts, or optic lobes.These neuronal projections from the NCC I and II lie anterior to regions of branching of second-order ocellar fibers and thus provide no anatomical basis for direct ocellar input to neurosecretory cells, contrary to previous reports for orthopteroid species (Brousse-Gaury, '71a, b). However, interneurons filled from the optic lobes were found to terminate in the same region of dorsal protocerebral neuropile as NCC I and II fibers in Acheta, thus providing a possible pathway for optic input to the cerebral neuroendocrine system.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 27-36 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nerve elements described by light microscopy for the hydrozoan planula have not previously been identified ultrastructurally. This electron microscopic study confirms the presence of two distinct nerve cell types in the planula of the hydroid Pennaria tiarella. Type I nerve cells occur at the base of the ectodermal epithelium just apical to the forming foot processes of the epitheliomuscle cells. The perikaryon contains mitochondria, microtubules, neurosecretory granules, and a prominent Golgi body. Neurites rich in microtubules project from these cells and form a nerve plexus of transversely and longitudinally oriented processes throughout the length of the planula. The Type II nerve cell extends from the free surface of the planula to the mesoglea and bears a single cilium surrounded by long microvilli. The Type I and II nerve cells closely resemble the sensory-motor-interneurons and neurosensory cells of Hydra.
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  • 141
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  • 142
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 129-144 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyographic recording indicates that the sequence of muscle firing around the ilio-sacral joint is similar for three species of frogs during locomotion, despite differences in gross morphology at the articulation. The ilio-sacral musculature is most active during the take-off phase of a jump, and there is a correlation between the degree of muscle activity and height of jump. This muscle activity is involved in aligning the center of mass of the frog with the direction of the propulsive force of the jump. The firing pattern of the ilio-sacral musculature is essentially similar during swimming and jumping, and suggests that differences in medium (water vs. air) are responsible for differences in propulsive thrust in the two types of locomotion.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 155-178 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the adult mosquito is incompletely known. The objectives of this study were to investigate these features in a common species, Culiseta inornata (Williston). Preserved specimens were stained lightly with methylene blue and studied with a dissecting microscope at 70 × and lower. The sclerites of the pregenital segements are best developed in segment II. The base of segment VIII in the male is narrow and semicircular in shape. This modification aids in rotation of the terminalia. Two new names are introduced for parts of the terminalia. Apodeme of sternum 9 is proposed for atrial plate of the female. Gonocoxital apodeme is a new term for a structure in the male. Both of these structures serve for attachement of muscles. Terms preferred for parts of the male terminalia are: (1) gonocoxite and gonostylus for the clasping organ; (2) paramere for the sclerotized plates on each side of and joined to the aedeagus; (3) sternum 10 for paraprocts. Sternum 10 is used because the occurrence of true paraprocts in the Nematocera is questionable. Thirty-four muscles are illustrated, and the origin and insertion of each is described. Eighteen of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. The rotational muscles of the male terminalia were identified. The results are presented in 21 text figures.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 259-273 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Descriptions of the trunk musculature of six species representing sex genera and five families of caecilians reveal considerable variation, which may be useful in future systematic studies. The muscle units of the external muscular sheath (M. dorsalis trunci, M. subvertebralis) of caecilians are homologous with, and closely similar in position to, those of salamanders. The major difference in trunk musculature is the presence in caecilians of an additional muscle layer ventral to the M. subvertebralis. This muscle may be a neomorphic derivative from either the M. subvertebralis or the M. transversus. Unlike burrowing reptiles, which have ball-and-socket intervertebral joints, caecilians have retained the primitive amphicoelous centrum and compensate for stresses associated with burrowing by the presence of intercentral ligaments and interlocking basapophyses and subcentral keels. Association of Uraeotyphlus with the Ichthyophiidae and the validity of the Rhinatrematidae are supported by data from the trunk musculature.
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  • 145
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    Notes: The external surface of the cornea and adjacent epidermis of larvae in representative developmental stages and of adult frogs, Rana pipiens, was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface cells are polygonal, usually hexagonal, in outline and covered with microprojections. During larval development prior to metamorphic stages, neither eyelids nor Harderian glands have developed; microprojections on the corneal surface are high and branched, and cell boundaries are elevated. On the anterior portion of the cornea and on the epidermis near the eye, the surface pattern is less dense, and ciliated cells are present. During metamorphic stages, corneal cell boundaries become less prominent and the pattern of microprojections more variable and markedly different from that of larvae of earlier stages. Corneal cells have a spongy appearance, are covered by a coating material, or are characterized as light or dark based on their brightness and surface texture. As eyelids develop in metamorphic stages XX-XXI, the numbers of ciliated cells increase dramatically, both on the corneal surface and on the edges of the developing lids. In later metamorphic stages XXII-XXV, lids and Harderian glands become well-developed, and cilia are no longer observed. The adjacent epidermal surface becomes devoid of cilia but perforated by openings of cutaneous glands. Its spongy appearance is similar to that of both the cornea and neighboring epidermis of the mature frog. Changes in corneal surface features are probably metamorphic events associated with development of lids and Harderian glands and a shift from an aqueous to an air environment.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Morphology 166 (1980), S. 337-386 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three categories of dietary adaptation are recognized - faunivory, frugivory, and folivory - according to the distinctive structural and biochemical features of animal matter, fruit, and leaves respectively, and the predominance of only one in the diets of most species.Mammals subsisting mainly on animal matter have a simple stomach and colon and a long small intestine, whereas folivorous species have a complex stomach and/or an enlarged caecum and colon; mammals eating mostly fruit have an intermediate morphology, according to the nature of the fruit and their tendency to supplement this diet with either animal matter or leaves. The frugivorous group are mostly primates: 50 of the 78 mammalian species, and 117 of the 180 individuals included in this analysis are primates.Coefficients of gut differentiation, the ratio of stomach and large intestine to small intestine (by area, weight, and volume), are low in faunivores and high in folivores; the continuous spread of coefficients reflects the different degrees of adaptation to these two dietary extremes.Interspecific comparisons are developed by allowing for allometric factors. In faunivores, in which fermentation is minimal, the volume of stomach and large intestine is related to actual body size, whereas these chambers are more voluminous in larger frugivores and mid-gut fermenting folivores; fore-gut fermenters show a marked decrease in capacity with increasing body size. Surface areas for absorption are related to metabolic body size, directly so in frugivores; area for absorption is relatively less in larger faunivores and more in larger folivores, especially those with large stomachs.Indices of gut specialization are derived from these regressions by nonlinear transformation, with references to the main functional features of capacity for fermentation and surface area for absorption.These are directly comparable with the dietary index, derived from quantitative feeding data displayed on a three-dimensional graph, with all species within a crescentic path from 100% faunivory through 557ndash;80% frugivory to 100% folivory, perhaps illustrating, at least for primates, the evolutionary path from primitive insectivorous forms through three major ecological grades.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Morphology 163 (1980), S. 331-348 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The relationship of the hemipenis to the cloaca in copula and sperm storage and transport in the female oviduct were studied in Anolis carolinensis using light and scanning electron microscopy. During copulation, the hemipenis does not penetrate beyond the cloaca, but the two apical openings of the bifurcate sulcus spermaticus appose the openings of the oviducts from the cloaca. Sperm enter the sperm storage tubules between 2 and 6 hr after insemination and small amounts of sperm reach the infundibulum 6 to 24 hr following mating. Sperm storage tubules are embedded in the wall of the utero-vaginal transition, and are formed by the folding and fusion of the oviducal epithelium. The importance of the hemipenile-cloacal relationship and the role of sperm storage in the life history of A. carolinensis are discussed.
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  • 148
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrastructural studies on blood leukocytes of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, show the presence of heterophils (neutrophils), small lymphocytes, monocytes, and thrombocytes. Monocytes cannot always be distinguished from large lymphocytes. Cells resembling macrophages or transitional forms between monocytes and macrophages are occasionally seen. Blood eosinophils and basophils are not found. Thrombocytes and small lymphocytes are the most abundant leukocytes, while monocytes are the least frequently encountered leukocyte. Glycogen, present in all leukocytes, is most abundant in heterophils and least abundant in monocytes. Although monocytes are similar to heterophils in size and shape, a greater amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and fewer granules are observed in monocytes. Heterophils possess oval or elongate granules, which often contain a crystalline or striated structure; small tubules which resemble smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and cristae which traverse the long axes of the mitochondria are frequently seen. Small lymphocytes are characterized by the presence of pseudopodia, many free ribosomes, numerous large mitochondria, dictyosomes (Golgi), and long profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dictyosomes are often associated with a large zone of exclusion. Bundles of microtubules are observed near the elongated ends of thrombocytes. Deep indentations of the plasmalemma, which give the appearance of vacuoles, are also seen in thrombocytes.
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  • 149
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 150
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
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  • 151
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
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  • 152
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sea urchin coelomocytes ; motility ; filopodial formation and elongation ; ciné film analysis ; scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
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  • 153
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 167-167 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 154
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 155
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 141-157 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon guidance ; chemotaxis ; haptotaxis substrate pathways ; development ; pattern biology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients - such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) - such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
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  • 156
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 163-163 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 157
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
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  • 158
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
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  • 159
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; extracellular matrix ; collagen ; glycosaminogly cans ; collagenase ; hyaluronidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ-cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]-thymidine-labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue-like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
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  • 160
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; Drosophila ; β-ecdysterne ; differentiating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β-ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone-treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H-colchicine-binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone-treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine-binding activity, no difference between hormone-treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β-ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly-active” and “assembly-inactive” pools.
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  • 161
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 73-97 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nematodes ; muscle structure ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A search for new mutants with altered body-wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One-hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility-requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc-94 and unc-95) and four genes are sex linked (unc-96, unc-97, unc-98, and unc-99). One complementation group (unc-100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament-like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate-sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body-wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well-studied structural, contractile, and calcium-associated proteins in muscle.
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  • 162
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    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Flagellates ; Spironucleus ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure ; Systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the ultrastructure ofSpironucleus muris (syn.Hexamita muris) from spontaneously and experimentally infected normal and athymic mice. Kinetosomes and cytoskeletal fibers arranged in two-fold rotational symmetry are similar to the speciesSpironucleus elegans from amphibians. Taxonomic proposals and a possible evolutionary scheme for diplomonad genera accepted at the last International Congress of Parasitology are given. The genusHexamita should be divided into two new genera:Hexamita (usually free-living) andSpironucleus (exclusively parasitic). We consider previous descriptions of hexamitiasis in rodents as dealing with spironucleosis. We distinguish a fresh and an old cyst of the parasite on the basis of structure, light refraction, location in the host, and infectivity. The transition from a fresh to an old cyst paralles the dessication of feces. The trophozoites can damage the microvilli and penetrate into the epithelium. We explain the differences in findings concerning intestinal lesions and forms of the disease (from acute to chronic to latent) by differences in the virulence of different parasite strains and by differences in inherent host resistance.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Cestoda ; Proteocephalus tidswelli ; Ultrastructure ; Microtriches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on adultProteocephalus tidswelli revealed a marked microtrichial polymorphism. Structural and dimensional variations of microtriches between different regions of the strobila and scolex, as well as within the same region, were observed. The authors suggest that microtriches are involved in a diversity of functions, and possible functional activities are discussed.
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  • 165
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Parorchis acanthus ; Redia ; Ultrastructure ; Migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rediae ofParorchis acanthus were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of the surface related to migration through the digestive gland ofNucella lapillus. The median ventral birth papilla, ventro-lateral processes, and posterior papilliform process, of young active rediae, apparently serve to anchor the body during migration. The honeycomb-like apex of the birth papilla and ventro-lateral processes may be a strengthening device. Uniciliate sensory receptors around the mouth, on the birth papilla, and posterior terminal papilla are probably touch receptors or chemoreceptors concerned with feeding and orientation during migration. After the formation of the birth pore, and with increase in size and in the number of contained cercariae, the redia becomes less active, loses its characteristic shape, and is eventually immobile.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni ; Mother sporocyst ; Daughter sporocyst ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the mother sporocyst and the differentiation of the daughter sporocyst ofSchistosoma mansoni inBiomphalaria pfeifferi are described. The tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst, consisting of an outer layer connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies, forms extensions which enwrap the germinal cells. The parenchyma cells, in which the germinal cells were embedded before, degenerate. When daughter sporocyst embryos develop from germinal cells they are enveloped by a primitive epithelium which is formed by fusion of the extensions of the tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst. Somatic cells located peripherally in the developing daughter sporocyst expand and coalesce beneath the primitive epithelium to form the future outer layer of the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst. The primitive epithelium degenerates, the newlyformed layer looses its nuclei, and becomes connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies. Further developments in the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst include the formation of microvillus-like projections, a surface coat, spines, and a basement membrane.
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  • 167
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microsporidia ; Simuliidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During an investigation of the parasites of simuliid larvae in a defined area in Southern Germany six species of Microsporidia were found. These parasites infect larvae of six different species of Simuliidae. Using light and scanning electron microscopic techniques the microsporidians were identified asAmblyospora bracteata, Thelohania fibrata, T. varians, Pleistophora multispora, P. simulii, andP. debaisieuxi. The arrangement of membranes in the cyst as well as the surface structure of the spores are described.
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  • 168
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    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Insect salivary gland ; Trypanosoma rangeli ; Penetration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies of the mechanism of penetration of the salivary gland of the reduviid bugRhodnius prolixus byTrypanosoma rangeli showed that trypanosomes from the haemocoele penetrate the outer “membranes” of the gland flagellum foremost, disrupting the inner layers, to pass between the muscle cells to reach the gland cell basement membrane. This latter is also penetrated flagellum foremost, the parasite invaginating the gland cell plasmalemma beneath, to create a vacuole in which the trypanosome crosses the gland cells to reach the central lumen, often only losing its containing vacuole just before leaving the cell. The structure of the outer “membranes” surrounding the salivary gland appeared similar to, and often actually part of, the basement membrane of the gland cells. These outer “membranes” were found to enclose large numbers of multinuleate “giant form” trypanosomes, whose significance is as yet unknown, but could perhaps represent a stage in the life cycle of the parasite where genetic interchange could take place.
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  • 169
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Siphonaptera ; Leptomonas ; Ultrastructure ; Cysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies onLeptomonas ctenocephali ofCtenocephalides canis andLeptomonas species ofOrchopeas h. howardi andPalaeopsylla m. minor have demonstrated the presence of characteristic round and oval parasites with a regularly indented plasma membrane. Such forms were found only as unattached parasites in the lumen of the pylorus, hindgut, and rectum amongst parasites which showed a normal kinetoplastid plasmalemma. The plasmalemma indentations are regular in their distribution around the periphery of the parasite, being separated usually by a fixed number of subpellicular microtubules in each “cyst-like form”, some subpellicular microtubules are displaced from the periphery at the point where the plasmalemma is indented furthest into the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these forms meet the criteria necessary to be characterised as “cyst-like forms” despite the apparent absence of a true cyst wall.
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  • 170
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    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Intersexuality ; Pedicel of antennae ; Chironomus ; Limnomermis rosea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der normale Bau der Scolopidialorgane in den Pedicelli der Antennen vonChironomus entspricht dem vonAedes, mit Ausnahme folgender Besonderheiten: a) Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus des Organes ist ausgeprägter als beiAedes. b) Das Pedicelluslumen ist lateral und ventral größer als medial und dorsal. c) Der Bau des Geißelgelenkes ist einfacher, die innere Pedicelluswand massiv. d) Die Spangen des männlichen Pedicellus sind abwärts gebogen, die Scolopidien des proximalen Ringes setzen von oben und unten an den Spangen an, 2–4 der unteren Scolopidien jeder Spange haben größeren Durchmesser. Die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring der ♀ ist viel geringer als beiAedes. e) Das Zentralorgan ist bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich, seine Scolopidien entsprechen Typ D vonAedes (Boo und Richards 1975a, b). Bei ♂ vonC. anthracinus Zett., die vonLimnomermis rosea Hagm. parasitiert sind, entspricht der Pedicellus völlig dem normaler und parasitierter ♀ (Tabelle 1). Werden ♂ vonC. riparius Meig. oderC. luridus Str. mit dem gleichen Parasiten infiziert, so kann der Pedicellus intersex abgewandelt sein: Der Grad der distalen Einsenkung, der Bau des Flagellum-Pedicellus-Gelenkes, die Spangenzahl und die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring können offenbar alle Zwischenstufen zwischen männlicher und weiblicher Ausprägung erreichen. Der Übergang männchenähnlicher und weibchenähnlicher Bereiche in solchen Pedicelli erscheint abrupt. Die Ultramorphologie der Scolopidien bleibt vom Parasiten unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The normal morphology of the scolopidial organs in pedicels ofChironomus antennae corresponds to that ofAedes, with the following exceptions: (a) The sexual dimorphism of the organ is more pronounced than inAedes. (b) The lumen of the pedicel is larger at its lateral and ventral side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar prongs in male pedicels are directed downwards. The scolopidia of the proximal ring are attached to the upper and lower side of the prongs, 2–4 of the lower scolopidia of each prong have a greater diameter. The number of scolopidia in the proximal ring of females is much less than inAedes. (e) The central organ is identical in both sexes, its scolopidia correspond to type D ofAedes (Boo and Richards 1975 a, b). Pedicel structures inChironomus anthracinus males parasitized byLimnomermis rosea are identical to those of normal and parasitized females (Table 1). IfC. riparius orC. luridus males are parasitized by the same nematode, pedicels are often intersexual: The degree of the distal depression, construction of the flagellar articulation, number of prongs, and number of scolopidia in the proximal ring may attain all intergrades between maleness and femaleness. The transition between male- and female-like parts of the pedicel is abrupt. The ultramorphology of the scolopidia, however, is not influenced by the parasite.
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  • 171
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Starfish egg ; Cortical reaction ; Vitelline coat ; Fertilization envelope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The egg coats of a starfish (Patiria miniata) are examined before, during, and after the cortical reaction by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The unfertilized egg is closely invested by a vitelline coat about 300 μm thick, and cortical granules are scattered in the peripheral cytoplasm. After insemination, as the cortical granules undergo exocytosis, the cortical reaction sweeps over the egg surface. Much of the material ejected from the cortical granules adheres to the inner surface of the vitelline coat as a dense layer about 40 μm thick and as scattered spheres and hemispheres, each about 1 μm in diameter. Together, the vitelline coat and the adherent cortical granule material form the fertilization envelope, which becomes separated from the plasma membrane of the egg by a perivitelline space. The perivitelline space contains some flocculent material, which is too diffuse and discontinuous to be considered a hyaline layer. Possible functions of the starfish egg coats are discussed.
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  • 172
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Plasma cells ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Harderian gland ; Ultrastructure ; Birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the subepithelial layer of the Harderian gland of some birds, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, as well as granulocytes are found. These cells are often densely aggregated in the central regions of the lobules, while individual cells occur near the periphery. Pre-plasma cells form desmosome-like contacts with macrophages and junctional complexes with each other. The lymphoid cells are sometimes embedded in a dense homogeneous material, which is also found in the intercellular spaces of the secretory epithelium. The present findings are discussed with reference to immunological aspects.
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  • 173
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 133-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Atypical mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lungs of Triturus alpestris Laur. were investigated with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Dimensions of the cell bodies of pneumocytes and ciliated cells, as well as the thickness of the air-blood barrier, were determined. The lungs of the newt form two simple sacs without septa. A ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells lines the pulmonary vein and partially the pulmonary artery. The remainder of the lung surface is covered internally by respiratory epithelium consisting of one type of cell and only occasionally showing the presence of single ciliated cells. All cells, ciliated, goblet and pneumocytes, contain in their cytoplasm lamellar bodies. Multivesicular bodies and numerous vesicles of variable electron density also occur in the cytoplasm of pneumocytes. Atypical mitochondria can be found in all cell types of the lung. Fixation with addition of tannic acid reveals the surface lining film. Tubular myelin figures were not observed.
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  • 174
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 253-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory axons ; Neurosecretorygranules ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory axons and their dilatations in the pars nervosa of the human neurohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. The axons are of two different types based on their content of neurosecretory granules (NSGs): (i) NSGs of Type A are 100–300 nm, and (ii) NSGs of type B are 50–100 nm in diameter. While fibers (or axons) of type B were scarce, showing simple swellings and terminal formations, fibers of type A were ubiquitous in the human pars nervosa, exhibiting numerous dilatations with a diversity of internal structure, apparently representing the ultrastructural manifestation of intraaxonal turnover of neurohypophysial hormones. Based on the predominating aspect of their internal structure, dilatations of type A-fibers were classified into six different types, with various transitional forms: Type I is characterized by abundant NSGs; type II by prominent mitochondria; type III by abundant lysosomal bodies; type IV by an electron-lucent matrix with few organelles; type V by prominent tubuloreticular profiles; and type VI by numerous microvesicles. The functional significance of each type is discussed and a scheme of possible interrelationships between these dilatations is proposed.
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  • 175
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ameloblast ; Amelogenesis ; Human foetus ; Tooth germ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of internal enamel epithelium, preameloblasts and secretory ameloblasts in primary tooth germs (bell stage) from four human foetuses was investigated. The characteristics of the differentiation of internal enamel epithelium via preameloblasts to secretory ameloblasts are described. The internal enamel epithelium consists of a row of low differentiated prismatic cells separated from the dental papilla by a distinct even basal lamina. In the preameloblasts the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns and mitochondria increase in number, the Golgi complexes become extensive and take up a distal position, and secretory granules are formed. Furthermore, the basal lamina is removed by coated vesicles, and proximally and distally in the cells a complex of zonulae adhaerentes, terminal webs and gap junctions is formed. The secretory ameloblasts make up a layer of highly differentiated cells demonstrating typical merocrine secretion.
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  • 176
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 493-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aphids ; Scolopidia ; Sensilla ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study of aphid antennal sensilla has revealed two types of trichoid sensilla. Type I, innervated by a single neuron is mechanoreceptive; type II, innervated by three to five neurons is both mechanoreceptive and chemoreceptive with possibly a third function. Johnston's organ in the pedicel comprises a peripheral ring of scolopidia inserted into the joint with the flagellum; two non-peripheral groups of scolopidia lie in the lumen with attachment points in the wall of the third segment. The fine structure of a campaniform sensillum on the pedicel is described together with two homologous and previously unknown sense organs at the joint between the fifth and sixth antennal segments. An unusually placed scolopidium in the lumen of the sixth segment has also been found. The function of this scolopidium is unknown but Johnston's organ, the campaniform sensillum and joint receptors are suggested to act as antennal proprioceptors.
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  • 177
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enameloid ; Lophius ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray analysis ; Electron diffraction ; Electron microprobe analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La microscopie électronique à transmission, la microscopie électronique à balayage, la diffraction X, la diffraction électronique et l'analyse par microsonde ont prouvé l'existence d'un émailoïde, ultrastructuralement et chimiquement différent de la dentine, chez la baudroie. La microscopie électronique à balayage et la microscopie électronique à transmission ont mis en évidence un chapeau d'émailoïde, d'environ 50 μm d'épaisseur, et une couche fine (1 μm) d'émailoïde du collet. L'émailoïde du collet, dont l'ultrastructure différente de celle de la dentine a été mise en évidence en microscopie électronique à transmission et en microscopie électronique à balayage, apparaît, après analyse par microsonde, moins minéralisé que le chapeau. Le chapeau d'émailoïde diffère de la dentine par (i) sa densité aux électrons en microscopie électronique à transmission; (ii) sa structure perpendiculaire à celle de la dentine sous-jacente, visible en microscopie électronique à transmission et en microscopie électronique à balayage et confirmée par la diffraction électronique, qui montre une orientation préférentielle des cristaux; (iii) son contenu en fluor plus élevé, qui diminue progressivement de l'apex à la jonction avec la dentine et chute brutalement au-dessous de cette jonction; (iv) sa teneur plus basse en magnésium. Les auteurs proposent que soit établie une classification des émailoïdes analogue à celle des dentines et dans laquelle l'émailoïde de Sélaciens constituerait un standard de référence.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural and chemical differences between mature enameloid and dentine in the teleost fish Lophius were demonstrated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron diffraction analysis and electron microprobe analysis. An enameloid cap (about 50 μm thick) and a thin layer (1 μm thick) of collar enameloid were revealed in the scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopes. Collar enameloid, structurally different from dentine both in SEM and TEM, proved to be less mineralized than the cap as revealed by electron microprobe analysis. The enameloid cap was seen to differ from dentine by (i) its electron density in TEM; (ii) the structural arrangement perpendicular to the underlying dentine, observed in SEM and TEM and corroborated by electron diffraction data, which showed a preferred orientation of enameloid crystallites; (iii) its higher F content decreasing gradually from the apex of the tooth to the junction with dentine and falling suddenly below this junction; and (iv) its lower Mg content. Establishment of a classification of enameloids is proposed, similar to that for dentines, in which selachian enameloid would be a reference standard.
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  • 178
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Perivascular space ; Pericytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascular and perivascular regions of the human neurohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. The abluminal basement membrane, perivascular space, luminal basement membrane and endothelium are interposed between the neural parenchyma and the blood stream. The capillaries are fenestrated, with pores measuring 30 to 50 nm in diameter. The perivascular and intercellular spaces form prominent networks that penetrate between rows of neurohypophysial parenchymal cells. The perivascular space contains pericytes, histiocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells, with ultrastructural features typical of each cell type. No transitional forms between histiocytes and pericytes were observed. A schema for the extracellular flow of neurohypophysial hormones through the sinusoidal and perivascular spaces is proposed, suggesting an important role for the pituicytes and their intercellular junctions in the control of hormone release.
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  • 179
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte ; Fetus ; Mole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes in the fetal mole (Talpa europaea) was examined and compared with that in the adult mole. The parenchyma of the fetal pineal gland consists primarily of pinealocytes with very few dispersed “glial” cells. Three different morphological types of pinealocytes (I, II and III) were observed. Pinealocytes of types I and II, homologous to the rudimentary photoreceptor cells of lacertilians and birds, were commonly found, especially around the pineal lumen, which is still present in the fetus. These results support the concept of the phylogenetic origin of mammalian pinealocytes from the pineal photoreceptor cells of the non-mammalian vertebrates. Considering their synthetic/secretory activity, the pinealocytes of the mole fetus are characterized by the presence of accumulations of proteinaceous material (APM) in the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER). Two types of APM were also found. One type shows a paracrystalline organization as described in the adult mole. In the fetus, however, the paracrystalline-organized APM occur only infrequently. A progressive transformation, via an increase in size or fusion of vacuoles containing material originating from the cisternae of the GER in APM, free of a paracrystalline structure, has been observed. Granular vesicles (GV) originating from the Golgi saccules were rarely observed. Sometimes GV and APM were found to be present in the same cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 441-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Planarian ; Configuration of flame cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial flame cell of the freshwater planarian Bdellocephala brunnea was studied by electron microscopy. This basketlike cell with luminal cilia and fenestrae is known as a cyrtocyte. Careful examination revealed the actual continuity of the fenestrae over the surface of the cell and the microvillous nature of thin cytoplasmic rods composing the fenestrae. On the basis of these findings, a new interpretation was given for the threedimensional configuration of a single cell: this cell is essentially stellate in shape, with several irregular cytoplasmic processes adjoining one another, thus bearing a basic resemblance to the podocyte of a mammalian renal corpuscle. The cytoplasmic features strongly suggest its great capability of reabsorbing substances from the filtrate and of carrying out intracellular digestion. Some additional structural specialization of the fenestra, serving for enlargement of the filtration surface, was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 451-458 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Planarian ; Regional differentiation of tubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic electron microscopic investigation was undertaken to elucidate the regional differentiation of the protonephridial tubules of the freshwater planarian Bdellocephala brunnea. The excretory system consists of many independent protonephridia, each made up of the repeatedly branching “proximal tubules,” and highly tortuous “distal tubule.” The proximal tubules are composed of a simple ciliated epithelium except in the trunk which lacks ciliation. The cytoplasmic features of the ciliated cell closely resemble those of the flame cell, indicating highly active protein reabsorption by pinocytosis. Pinocytosis seems also active in the trunk of the proximal tubules and in the distal tubule, resulting in cytoplasmic vesicles of typical appearance. Salient features of the distal tubule cell are the increased density of the cytoplasmic matrix and the presence of many basal compartments of cytoplasm with mitochondria, a pattern common to many epithelia with osmoregulatory function. The morphology and possible functions of the planarian protonephridium are discussed in comparison with the vertebrate nephron.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ticks ; Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Muscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peripheral nerve axons synapse with somatic muscle fibres in the tropical bont tick Amblyomma variegatum. Each fibre is innervated by numerous terminals; some of the axons synapse more than once. The nerve terminals on coxal muscle fibres contain agranular electron lucent vesicles 50 to 58 nm in size and have the specialised synaptic membranes characteristic of chemically transmitting nerve-muscle junctions. Some of the terminals on trochanteral muscle fibres additionally contain larger vesicles (90 nm) with electron dense cores, suggesting that these junctions operate with a different kind of neurotransmitter.
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal region ; Opossum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal region of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, two types of cells predominate: 1) pinealocytes, and 2) fibrous astrocytes. Pinealocytes are characterized by the presence of prominent Golgi bodies, numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles, sensory cilia (9+0), vesicle-crowned rods, and condensation of a material that was always associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, two other cell types are occasionally seen. These include 1) neuron-like cells, and 2) darker staining cells of unknown identity. The endoplasmic reticulum of the darker staining cells is typically expanded and filled with an amorphous substance. Although the pineal region is small in size, the present findings suggest that pinealocytes in this species are metabolically active cells displaying a secretory function. Moreover, the presence of sensory cilia (9+0) and vesicle-crowned rods indicates that pinealocytes of the opossum are phylogenetically related to the photoreceptor cells found in the pineal organ of lower vertebrates.
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  • 184
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 123-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Previtellogenic oocytes ; Marine teleost ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sequential cytological events at the onset of previtellogenesis were studied in oocytes from 12 μm to 70 μm in diameter of golden grey mullet. The main cytological changes observed (increase in size of cell, nucleus, nucleolus and increase in number of nucleoli, RNP particles, “nuage” and mitochondria) provide evidence for important synthetic processes in an early preparatory phase of oocyte development. Somatic cells (pre-follicle, follicle and thecal) are also described.
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  • 185
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    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure ; Neurophysin ; Lizard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei of the lizard Liolaemus cyanogaster c. were studied by use of histochemical, immunocyto-chemical and electron microscopic methods. The immunofluorescence staining for neurophysin was applied to methacrylate-embedded material before and after treatment of the sections with urea and trypsin. Pseudoisocyanine was applied to sections previously used for immunocytochemistry. The ultrastructural study showed that the SON and PVN neurons possess neurosecretory granules (nsg), distributed throughout the perikaryon, and large (2 to 12 μm) electron-dense droplets located within dilatations of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Whereas the perikaryon (nsg) and the secretory droplets are stainable with pseudoisocyanine, only the former displays immunoreactivity for neurophysin. However, after treating the sections with urea and trypsin, the same secretory droplets become immunoreactive. It is suggested that the secretory droplets are sites of storage for the precursor of neurophysin, and that the tryptic digestion either triggers its conversion into neurophysin or exposes its immunoreactive sites. Based on the ultrastructure and the histochemical behavior of the secretory droplets, it is also postulated that they contain, in addition to peptides, a glycoprotein component.
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 499-509 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Granulocytes ; Lymphoid cells ; Ultrastructure ; Cloaca ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Motile cells (mast cells, granulocytes, lymphoid cells) are described in the mucosa of the cloacal urodaeum and proctodaeum of the female domestic fowl. Diffuse lymphoid tissue with lymphatic nodules occurs in the urodaeum at the ureteral ostium. Small local aggregations of lymphoid tissue can be observed in the mucosa of the proctodaeum. Cells originating from these sites penetrate the basal lamina of the epithelium and are then found between the epithelial cells. In the subepithelial layers the motile cells sometimes are in contact with each other. Mast cells (tissue basophils) form contact zones, resembling desmosomes or half desmosomes, with smooth muscle cells. In the mast cells three types of granules can be distinguished. Their ultrastructure is discussed in comparison with that in similar cells of the guinea pig.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars intermedia ; Stellate cell ; Macrophage ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to study further the stellate cell and its functions, the ultrastructure of this cell type in the neurointermediate lobe of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, was examined in both organ and dissociated-cell culture. The cytoplasmic activity of stellate cells from neurointermediate lobes incubated 3 1/2 or 5 1/2 h was greater than that of those in vivo. Mitochondria and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments were numerous, in addition to prominent, well-developed Golgi complexes with associated vesicles. The most striking ultrastructural feature was the presence of phagocytic vacuoles that contain cellular debris. The stellate cells were seen to form cytoplasmic processes that phagocytosed this extracellular debris identifiable as belonging to the secretory cells of the pars intermedia. The stellate cells from the dissociated-cell preparations were also seen to contain debris within phagocytic vacuoles. In those neurointermediate lobes transplanted for 3 1/2 to 4 days into the anterior chamber of the eye, the stellate cells demonstrated similar phagocytic ability, but the phagocytic vacuoles contained material that seemed to be at a later stage of degradation. In all three of these conditions, the stellate cells were not seen to release this cellular debris nor were they seen to undergo cell division. These glial-like stellate cells of the pars intermedia acted as macrophages in all three of these experiments. There is now, therefore, a need to determine under what conditions, if any, these stellate cells function in vivo as macrophages.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 197-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycogen ; Degeneration ; Ascidian ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degeneration is observed in cells of the pyloric gland of Dendrodoa grossularia in which glycogen storage occurs. The ultrastructure of four phases of the degeneration cycle is described. Natural senescence seems to be the cause of the degeneration. Glycogen storage might be the result of metabolic disturbance, but its presence reveals the importance of glycogen in the function of the organ. The role of the pyloric gland is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Cold ; Ultrastructure ; β-receptor ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopic studies on the mouse pineal gland were done to elucidate the mechanism of the response of the granulated vesicles in pinealocytes to acute cold exposure. An increase in the number of the granulated vesicles in the mouse pinealocytes occurs following administration of isoproterenol and this increase is prevented by pretreatment with the βadrenergic blocking agent, propranolol. In addition, a numerical increase of the granulated vesicles in response to acute cold exposure is abolished in mice pretreated with propranolol or in adrenalectomized animals. The results suggest that catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla, but not from sympathetic nerve endings, may cause the response of the granulated vesicles to cold by way of β-receptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 371-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lobula complex ; Visual interneurons ; Ultrastructure ; Cobalt-impregnations ; Electron microscopy ; Diptera (Calliphora erythrocephala)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of three classes of cobalt-filled and silver-intensified visual interneurons in the lobula complex of the blowfly Calliphora (Col A cells, horizontal cells and vertical cells) was studied electron microscopically. The Col A cells are regularly spaced, columnar, small field neurons of the lobula, which constitute a plexus of arborizations at the posterior surface of the neuropil and the axons of which terminate in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. They show postsynaptic specializations in the distal layer of their lobula-arborizations and additional presynaptic sites in a more proximal layer; their axon terminals are presynaptic to large descending neurons projecting into the thoracic ganglion. The horizontal and vertical cells are giant tangential neurons, the arborizations of which cover the anterior and posterior surface of the lobula plate, respectively, and which terminate in the perioesophageal region of the protocerebrum. Both classes of these giant neurons were found to be postsynaptic in the lobula plate and pre- and postsynaptic at their axon terminals and axon collaterals. The significance of these findings with respect to the functional properties of the neurons investigated is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 507-510 
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    Keywords: Pancreatic B-cell ; Tubuloampullar structures ; Rough endoplasmic reticulum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Unusual aggregations of ampullar dilated tubules (tubuloampullar structures, TAS) were observed in pancreatic B-cells of rats and in one case of human malignant insulinoma. The TAS were invariably associated with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, but lacked ribosomes. They were frequently seen to be closely associated with the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, TAS were located mainly in degranulated areas of B-cells.
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  • 192
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Teleostei ; Syngnathidae ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparative ultrastructural study was made of the pineal organ of two related species of the Syngnathidae, the pipefish, Syngnathus acus, and the seahorse, Hippocampus hudsonius. Both species have a relatively small pineal organ, which ultrastructurally shows several similarities with the pineal of other teleosts. In the pineal organ of Syngnathus acus, the photoreceptor cells have well-developed outer segments consisting of about 15 to 60 saccules. The pineal supporting cells are characterized by the presence of numerous myeloid bodies. In Hippocampus hudsonius the pineal outer segments are scarce and poorly developed; generally, they show not more than 20 saccules. The apical parts of the supporting cells contain dense-core vesicles with a diameter varying from 100 to 180 nm. Corresponding vesicles were not observed in the pineal organ of Syngnathus acus. Arguments are presented for the suggestion that the pineal organ of the Syngnathidae, in spite of its relatively small size, still has a functional significance. In Syngnathus acus, light reaching the pineal organ directly might have a regulating effect on pineal activity. In Hippocampus hudsonius, however, light acting directly on the pineal organ appears to have minor effect on pineal function.
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  • 193
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 329-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomach ; Innervation ; Myenteric plexus ; Guinea-pig ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the vesicle-containing axon profiles in the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach was studied in specimens fixed by vascular perfusion and in specimens fixed by immersion in cold fixative after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine. Three major types of vesicle-containing axon profile were identified in the ganglia: 1. Profiles containing numerous small, mainly spherical vesicles and only limited numbers of large dense-cored vesicles. In perfusion-fixed specimens, the small vesicles in these profiles were all clear. In specimens fixed by immersion after incubation in 5-hydroxydopamine, the profiles could be divided into three types: a) profiles containing small clear vesicles; b) profiles containing small dense-cored vesicles; c) profiles in which the small vesicles contained a peripheral rim of dense material. In these profiles, large vesicles which contained dense cores were rare. The mean diameter of the vesicles in the profiles was also significantly higher than in the profiles containing small clear vesicles. 5. Profiles containing flattened membrane-bounded structures. Reconstructions prepared from serial sections suggested that these structures represented sections through networks of smooth endoplasmic reticulum-like tubules rather than flattened vesicles. 6. Profiles containing many large dense-cored vesicles and few small clear vesicles. In perfusion-fixed specimens, the diameter of the dense-cored vesicles in these profiles was significantly higher than in the type 1 profiles. Type 1 a and type 1 c profiles were much more numerous than either type 2 or type 3 profiles, and type 1 b profiles were few. Synaptic junctions were found in association only with type 1 a profiles. Type 1 a and type 1 b profiles resembled cholinergic and adrenergic axon terminals. The remaining profiles may represent the terminals of different forms of peptidergic axon or of other as yet unidentified types of axon.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carbonic anhydrase ; Ultrastructure ; Shell formation ; Ionic regulation ; Lymnaea stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of carbonic anhydrase (CA) was investigated with the cobalt-bicarbonate method in three epithelia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In the epidermis a selective population of “positive cells” was observed. In these cells, CA is confined to the apical and to small parts of the lateral plasma membrane. In cells of the outer mantle epithelium, CA is localized in the lateral and basal parts of the plasma membrane. In cells of the ureter, CA was found apically as well as basally. The localization of CA is discussed in relation to the different functions of the epidermis (electrolyte uptake), mantle (HCO 3 − secretion, calcification) and ureter (electrolyte uptake, acid-base regulation).
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  • 195
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eyespots ; Photoreceptor ; Chemoreceptor ; Turbellaria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The eyespots of Microstomum lineare were studied by electron microscopy, light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Each eyespot consists of two ciliary photoreceptor cells shielded by pigment cells and additional sensory cells. The photoreceptor cells are characterized by a distal intracellular cavity lined with 50–100 interwoven cilia. The other sensory cells are of two ultrastructurally different types, one with long cilia predominating and the other with balloonlike cilia. The pigment cells, which envelop processes of the sensory cells, contain pigment vacuoles varying in size and content and give a bright red fluorescence by the Falck-Hillarp method. The eyespots are suggested to perform a dual function as photoreceptors and chemoreceptors. The evolutionary significance of ciliary photoreceptors in Turbellaria is discussed.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myocardial cells ; Ultrastructure ; Differentiation ; T-tubule formation ; Opossum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cardiac muscle cells in the right ventricle of the postnatal opposum were studied ultrastructurally, with particular attention to the developmental stage of T-tubule formation. Animals ranging from 5.5cm (day 29 of postnatal life) to 41 cm (young adult) in body length were used. Typical T-tubules were first recognized in a few myocardial cells of the 7.5cm (day 43) opossum. T-tubules increased in number as cardiac muscle cells continued to differentiate until 22cm in body length (about 105 days after birth). At this stage of development most of the T-tubules were completely established. The general mode of differentiation and development of cardiac muscle cells appeared essentially the same as in other mammals.
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  • 197
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sympathetic ganglion ; Teleost ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to compare the structure of a teleost sympathetic ganglion with those of other vertebrates, light, fluorescence histochemical and electron microscopy were carried out on the coeliac ganglion of the scorpion fish, Myoxocephalus scorpius. In common with studies on other vertebrates, fluorescence histochemistry distinguished two cell types: a) principal neurones which exhibited low levels of specific catecholamine fluorescence and comprise the majority of neurones in the ganglia, and b) smaller intensely fluorescent cells, some of which had processes tens of micrometers long. With the electron microscope, the principal cells were seen to make axodendritic and axosomatic synapses with axons containing mainly 30 nm agranular vesicles at the synaptic site while in other vertebrates usually only one or other synaptic association is present. Both the somata and the processes of intensely fluorescent cells contain 300–600 nm diameter vesicles many of which have electron dense cores. These cells are also innervated by axons containing 30 nm agranular vesicles.
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  • 198
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic ribbons ; Pineal organ ; Goldfish ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic ribbons in the pineal organ of the goldfish were examined electron microscopically with particular attention to their topography. These structures were formed of parallel membranes, which were poorly preserved with OsO4 fixation and could be extracted from thin sections with pronase indicating their proteinaceous nature. Synaptic ribbons were closely apposed to the plasma membrane bordering dendrites of ganglion cells, but were also related to processes of both photoreceptor and supportive cells. Their close proximity to invaginations of the plasma membrane and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum suggest that they are involved in the turnover of cytoplasmic membranes. Tubular and spherical organelles of unknown function are also described.
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  • 199
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 359-369 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Acidophilic cell ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Salmo trutta L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Acidophilic cells occur in the epidermis of several species of salmonid fish, although their abundance fluctuates considerably between individuals within the same population and at different times during the life cycle. The histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of an acidophilic, granular celltype in the epidermis of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., is described. At the light microscope level this cell type is easily distinguished from the large, mucus-secreting, epidermal goblet cells by its acidophilic, proteinaceous secretion. At the ultrastructural level this secretion consists of membrane-bound granules formed by the very active Golgi region. It is argued that the acidophilic, granular cell is not a transformed blood cell but constitutes a normal epidermal component of the brown trout. Possible roles of this cell in the function(s) of the epidermis are discussed.
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  • 200
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 435-445 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Mechanoreceptor ; Skin ; Reptile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histological and ultrastructural organisation of the epidermal sensory organs in Amphibolurus barbatus has been described with respect to their position and possible functions. The sensory organs, located at the scale's edge, are most numerous in scales of the dorsal surface of the head. Most other scales of the body surface have two receptors located laterally to the spine or keel of the scale. In the imbricate scales of the ventral body region, the receptors lie just beneath the reinforced scale lip. Scanning electron microscopy has revealed the surface of the organ to be a crater lacking any surface projections. These sensory organs have a dermal papilla consisting of a nerve plexus and loose connective tissue. The nerve fibres arising from the plexus, pass to the epidermal columnar cells, where some form nerve terminals at the base of the cells, while others pass between them to form nerve terminals embedded in a superficial layer of cuboidal cells. The superficial terminals are held against the overlying α keratin by masses of tonofilaments. The β keratin is thickened to form a collar around the periphery of the organ but is only about 0.5 μm thick immediately above it. Mechanical deformation of the scale's spine or reinforced scale lip may initiate stimulation of the nerve terminals described.
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