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  • 1990-1994  (1,703)
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  • 1991  (1,703)
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  • 1990-1994  (1,703)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 417-434 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Factor analysis ; Power density distribution ; Chromatography ; Absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Evaluation of the results of factor analysis of sets of spectroscopically detected chromatograms is carried out by examining the shapes of the abstract factors. This is done either by visual inspection or by analysis of the power density spectra produced from them. Owing to constraints imposed by the column function and the spectroscopic instrument function, the information content of the chromatograms necessarily occurs at low spatial frequencies. As a consequence, it appears as relatively broad features in the abstract chromatograms and as a peak in the low-frequency region of the corresponding power density plot. On the basis of examination of the power density distribution, a well-defined distinction is made between primary and secondary abstract factors. The major uncertainty encountered in determining the number of chemical components appears to arise from effects of contaminants in reagents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 104
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 435-453 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Class-modelling methods ; Potential functions ; Pattern recognition ; Discriminant analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A probabilistic and distribution-free class-modelling technique is developed from potential function discriminant analysis. In the multidimensional space of variables the class boundary is built either by the sample percentile of the probability density estimated by means of potential functions, or by the estimate of the ‘equivalent’ determinant of the variance-covariance matrix. The equivalent determinant is that of a hypothetical multivariate normal distribution whose mean probability density was obtained by potential functions. The bases of this modelling rule are evaluated by means of Monte Carlo experiments. The results on four datasets are used to measure the performances of this method, which equal and sometimes exceed the performances of parametric class-modelling methods based on linear and quadratic discriminant analysis which were used for comparison.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 105
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 455-465 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Correspondence analysis ; Cluster analysis ; Optimization ; Eigenanalysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carey et al. utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze frequency shift data obtained from piezoelectric sensors formed by coating quartz crystals with 27 different GC stationary phases and tested using 14 analytes. The objective of the analysis was to determine an optimal reduced set of coatings for detection of the analytes. The results were correlated with those obtained from cluster analysis. In this paper the data are re-analyzed using correspondence analysis (CA). The advantage of using CA include a symmetric treatment of sensor coatings and analytes and better identification of the representation of the analytes in terms of the detection components. The results obtained by the conjunctive use of PCA, a varimax rotation and cluster analysis were obtained by CA.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 106
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 467-486 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Expert system ; Neural network ; Fuzzy entropy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fuzzy multivariate rule-building expert system (FuRES) has been devised which also functions as a minimal neural network. This system builds rules from training sets of data that use feature transformation in their antecedents. The rules are constructed using the ID3 algorithm with a fuzzy expression of classification entropy. The rules are optimal with respect to fuzziness and can accommodate overlapped and underlapped clusters of data. The FuRES algorithm combines the benefits obtained from simulated annealing and gradient optimization, which provide robustness and efficiency respectively. FuRES classification trees support OR logic in their inference. The system automatically generates meaningful and consistent certainty factors during rule construction. Unlike other neural networks, FuRES uses local processing which furnishes qualitative information in the rule structure of its classification trees and variable loadings of the weight vectors.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 107
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Calibration ; Locally linear models ; Discrimination ; Optimality ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A calibration situation is considered where the calibration data are split into subsets with good linear relationship between y and x within each group. Different strategies for good prediction in this case are proposed. Modifications for collinear data are considered and a simple simulated data set is used for illustration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 110
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 503-521 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Antagonism ; Bounded ordinal scale ; Herbicide interaction ; Inter block comparisons ; Non-parametric ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of interactions among bioactive compounds are often difficult to interpret unambiguously. A priori assumptions about the nature of such interactions can seriously distort analysis of the data. By applying a rank order analysis appropriate to the naturally ordinal scale of response to xenobiotic insult, several co-herbicides were successfully identified from among numerous candidates in an experiment involving multiple blocks, rates and species. Moreover, underlying herbicide interactions were substantiated and identified which were not apparent by more traditional parametric analysis.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 537-543 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 523-536 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Measurement errors ; Method comparison ; Mean square successive difference ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Comparison of methods is a technique often used for investigation of systematic errors of measurement methods. As concerns the design and analysis of such comparisons, much variety of opinion and practice exists. In one approach a few specimens are measured several times by different operators in different laboratories (reproducibility conditions) and in another approach several specimens are measured on one or a few occasions by one operator in the same laboratory (repeatability conditions). In this paper a model for the error structure of measurements is formulated and it is emphasized that one has to distinguish between two types of systematic errors: the first type depends only on the level of the measured quantity and the second type is specific for the separate specimens. On the basis of this model the information which can be obtained from the different designs of method comparisons is discussed. A new approach for the analysis of method comparisons with many specimens is also proposed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Averaging ; Median ; Outliers ; Regression ; Residuals ; Robustness ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this tutorial we first illustrate the effect of outliers on classical statistics such as the sample average. This motivates the use of robust techniques. For univariate data the sample median is a robust estimator of location, and the dispersion can also be estimated robustly. The resulting ‘z-scores’ are well suited to detect outliers. The sample median can be generalized to very large data sets, which is useful for robust ‘averaging’ of curves or images. For multivariate data a robust regression procedure is described. Its standardized residuals allow us to identify the outliers. Finally, a survey of related approaches is given. (This review overlaps with earlier work by the same author, which appeared elsewhere.)
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 21-35 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Wronskian determinant ; Multicomponent systems ; Derivative spectroscopy ; Spline functions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of Wronskian determinants in the study of multicomponent systems is proposed. The general theory is presented and applied to the spectrophotometric determination of the number of linearly independent components-absorbers. A detailed study of a two-component system is presented and analysed. Numerical methods for smoothing and differentiation of digitized spectra via cubic splines are used.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 69-69 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 118
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 119
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. i 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 120
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 71-71 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 121
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Deconvolution ; Gold's ratio ; Iterative deconvolution ; Chromatographic deconvolution ; Peak restoration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper will consider the use of an iterative ratio technique called Gold's ratio method as an alternative to iterative constrained deconvolution methods for the restoration of overlapped and noisy chromatograpic peaks. The study will consist of first describing the technique and then evaluating its performance with respect to Jansson's deconvolution procedure. A Hewlett-Packard 5890A gas chromatograph will be used to generate most of the test data. The evaluation criteria will include convergence rates, peak area errors and variances, retention time variances and noise performance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 73-84 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Optimization ; Technological process ; COMPLEX algorithm ; ANTICOMPLEX algorithm ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new program, named ANTICOMPLEX, has been specially written for searching the optimum conditions of a technological process. The algorithm is based on an iterative procedure with, at each step, a random sampling for a better exploration of the hyperspace of the parameters. Since the process is considered as a ‘black box’, the program operates by successive reductions of the variation domains with a strategy derived from some function optimization (COMPLEX). This approach is very flexible and the experimenter can stop the investigation at any series of experiments according to the desired accuracy for the optimum region. This program has been successfully tested on several real processes. This paper gives a complete description of the approach together with two illustrations on simulated processes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 124
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 117-119 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 125
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate images ; Principal component regression ; Multivariate image regression ; Regression model ; Predicted image(s) ; Prediction quality scatter plot ; Visual diagnostic tools ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Regression between two blocks (usually called ‘dependent’ or Y and ‘independent’ or X) of data is a very important scientific and data-analytical tool. Regression on multivariate images is possible and constitutes a meaningful addition to existing univariate and multivariate techniques of image analysis. The regression can be used as a modeling tool or for prediction. The form of the regression equation chosen is dependent upon problem specification and information at hand. This paper describes the use of principal component regression (PCR). Both model building and prediction are presented for continuous Y-variables. The final goal is to supply new image material that can be used for visual inspection on a screen. Also, visual tools for diagnosis of model and prediction are provided, often based on derived image material. Examples of modeling and prediction are given for six channels in a seven-channel satellite image.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 126
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 127
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 49-65 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Calibration ; Cluster analysis ; Local linearity ; Mahalanobis distance ; Residual distance ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The topic of the present paper is the splitting of calibration data into subgroups with improved linearity in each group. The method proposed is based on a criterion which is a weighted average of a Mahalanobis distance and a squared regression residual. The algorithm used to find the solution is based on fuzzy clustering. Two examples are given to illustrate the theory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 129
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Optimization ; Simulated annealing ; Calibration ; Experimental design ; Multicomponent analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Generalized simulated annealing (GSA) is an optimization procedure for locating the global optimum (maximum or minimum) of multidimenisonal continuous functions. GSA has been modified for optimization of discrete functions. Selection of calibration samples from an existing set defines discrete optimization and GSA is used to select optimal sets of calibration samples for specific analysis samples. The procedure is applied to near-infrared spectra. When compared to using the complete set of 37 calibration samples, concentration prediction errors were reduced 50%-100% by using select sets of two to seven calibration samples. Additionally, GSA was able to improve a poorly designed experiment. GSA devised augmented experimental designs such that the overall experimental design (original plus augmented) was more orthogonal than the original.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 68-69 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 67-67 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 132
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemometrics ; Systems theory ; Experimental design ; Multivariate analysis ; Measurement science ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemometrics is defined as the application of mathematical and statistical methods to chemical systems. Systems theory is seen to be useful for organizing and categorizing the inputs to and outputs from chemical systems. Advances in measurement science in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly in analytical chemistry, created a need for a multivariate approach to data analysis. Early chemometrics emphasized the use of structure-finding methods for existing data sets. In many instances, data sets can be obtained from designed experiments. Such data sets are more likely to contain the desired information and the data can usually be acquired at less cost. Renewed interest in statistical process control will provide many new, more robust data sets in the future.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Kalman filter ; Chemometrics ; 5-Br-PADAP ; Metallic ions ; Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the simultaneous determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and cadmium by spectrophotometry and the Kalman filter method. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) react with 5-bromo-2-(2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyl pyridinium bromide (CPB) to form five different coloured ternary complexes. The absorption curves of these complexes overlap severely in the scanning range 500-620 nm. The Kalman filter algorithm is successfully applied to resolve the overlapped absorption curves and therefore makes the simultaneous determination of these metallic ions possible without tedious pretreatment. The proposed method is applied to analyse the titled elements in synthetic samples and in environmental samples such as hair, fingernail and river water samples with satisfactory results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 201-209 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; Step function ; Additive model ; Transformation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An additive model is used to express the observed value of a sample characteristic as the sum of the true sample characteristic and a value of the data collection error, commonly known as experimental error. The data uncertainty of the experimental results (or of a survey data set) is defined as the expected squared error. The expected squarred error may change with the sample characteristic, e.g. the error moment could be concentration-dependent. The relationship between the error variance and the analyte concentration may not be very distinct. In such a case the data transformation to stabilize the error moments may not be appropriate. A step function is proposed as an alternative way to represent the second moment of the error. The data uncertainty is defined as the weighted average of the step values of the second raw moment of the error, using the appropriate proportions of the routine samples as weights. The data uncertainties associated with the different data collection stages were evaluated by using regional soil survey data.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Chemometrics 5 (1991), S. 211-225 
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Shot noise ; Expectation-maximization ; Regression ; Deconvolution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple algorithm for deconvolution and regression of shot-noise-limited data is illustrated in this paper. The algorithm is easily adapted to almost any model and converges to the global optimum. Multiple-component spectrum regression, spectrum deconvolution and smoothing examples are used to illustrate the algorithm. The algorithm and a method for determining uncertainties in the parameters based on the Fisher information matrix are given and illustrated with three examples. An experimental example of spectrograph grating order compensation of a diode array solar spectroradiometer is given to illustrate the use of this technique in environmental analysis. The major advantages of the EM algorithm are found to be its stability, simplicity, conservation of data magnitude and guaranteed convergence.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 136
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 126-126 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 137
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 117-122 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microcolumn liquid chromatography ; Cyclodextrin stationary phase ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Isomeric compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Preparative-grade bonded β- and γ-cyclodextrin stationary phases were used as the packing material of liquid chromato-graphic analytical microcolumns. Although the resulting columns are characterized by relatively low efficiency, the high selectivity of the cyclodextrin phases nevertheless allows their successful use for the separation of different classes of isomeric compounds that are difficult to resolve on conventional LC stationary phases. Examples of baseline (or almost baseline) separations of a number of isomeric compounds, including isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are presented to demonstrate the analytical potential of such columns. Retention behavior of the separated isomers is discussed based on the structure of the solute molecule and the possibility of its inclusion into the molecular cavity of cyclodextrin stationary phases.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 138
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 18-24 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Dual-column analysis ; Pesticide analysis ; Organochlorine pesticides ; Temperature optimization ; Flow optimization ; Resolution mapping ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An approach is described for optimizing chromatographic conditions for dual-column analysis of U.S. EPA Method 608 pesticides. Sample throughput for environmental analysis of pesticides can be increased by performing the screening and confirmation analyses at the same time. This requires simultaneous injection, separation, and detection in a GC with dual inlets, columns, and detectors. Resolution maps for flow rate and temperature relationships of poorly resolved peak pairs for 5%-phenyl methyl silicone and 7%-cyanopropyl 7%-phenyl methyl silicone capillary columns are presented. Resolution of target pesticides on the 5%-phenyl methyl silicone column was much more sensitive to changes in flow and temperature-ramp rates than was the 7%-cyanopropyl 7%-phenyl methyl silicone column. Optimal conditions resulted in a run time of approximately 20 min.
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  • 139
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 10-14 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Capillary zone electrophoresis ; HPCE ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The performance of an integrated capillary electrophoresis system with a novel split-flow sample injection mechanism and special high sensitivity UV absorbance detector is described. Sample introduction into the capillary is accomplished with a standard HPLC-type microliter syringe. The injected sample is divided proportionally between the separation capillary and an adjustable splitvent. The volume of sample introduced into the capillary can be manipulated by varying the length or the i.d. of the splitvent tubing; or the volume of sample injected. Data are presented showing reproducibility of retention time, peak height, and peak area; minimum detectability; and operation at short UV wavelengths.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 140
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 200-203 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Temperature control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have investigated the influence of capillary temperature on migration time and peak area and have evaluated different cooling systems. It was found that for applied voltages below 15 kV (i.e. those most frequently used) temperature control effectively improves peak area reproducibility but has less effect on migration time.
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  • 141
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 212-214 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Uncoated precolumn ; Water-resistant deactivation ; Coupled LC-GC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 65-67 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Electroosmotic flow ; Silylation ; Amphoteric bonded phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 143
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 144
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 145
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High speed capillary GC ; Metal capillary cold traps ; Thermal decomposition of analytes ; Effect of carrier gas ; Quantitative analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Thermal decomposition of some hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds in metal capillary tubes used in an inlet system for high speed gas chromatography has been investigated. The metal tube is cooled to about -75°C by a flow of cold nitrogen gas in order to focus a vapor sample cryogenically. A capacitive discharge power supply is then used to heat the metal tube resistively in order to revaporize the sample and introduce it to the separation column as a plug 5-10 ms wide. The effects of tube temperature, tube material, sample vapor residence time, and type of carrier gas on thermal cracking are described. Use of a copper-nickel alloy tube resulted in less cracking than either pure platinum or pure nickel. Cracking is more significant with hydrogen as carrier gas than with helium. Cracking also increases with increasing sample residence time in the hot tube. Quantitative sample injection with minimum decomposition can be obtained for a variety of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 146
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary zone electrophoresis ; Micellar solution ; Metal complexes ; Acetylacetonates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electrically neutral acetylacetonato complexes of chromium(III), cobalt(III), rhodium(III), and platinum(II) (or palladium(II)) have been separated successfully by capillary zone electrophoresis in a micellar solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The distribution coefficient of each metal complex between the SDS micelle and the aqueous solution surrounding the micelle was calculated from the capacity factor. A linear log-log relationship was found between the distribution coefficient and the partition coefficient of the complex between dodecane and water. The linear relationship was effectively used for prediction of both the distribution coefficients and the migration times of other metal complexes, such as palladium(II) acetylacetonate and chromium(III) 3-methyl acetylacetonate.
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  • 147
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Enantiomeric resolution ; Permethylated cyclodextrins ; Chromatographic behavior ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chromatographic separation of racemic mixtures of volatile compounds by 2,3,6-trimethyl-α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins is discussed. Columns were prepared by mixing the derivatized cyclodextrin with OV-1701 or hydroxy-terminated OV-1701 (OV-1701-OH) following Schurig's method [1]. About 130 racemates with widely differing structures were used to test the performances of 2,3,6-permethylated-α, β- and, γ-cyclodextrins mixed with the polysiloxane polymers in different ratios. The influence of the different types of cyclodextrin on racemate separation is shown, and some phenomena which might be helpful in the elucidation of the chromatographic behavior involved are also described. The influence both of the percentage of cyclodextrin in the polysiloxane, and of the operating conditions (carrier gas, flow rate, and temperature) in the separation of flavor and fragrance racemates is also evaluated.
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  • 148
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 269-272 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography ; Two-stage pyrolyzer ; Thermal desorption and pyrolysis ; Analysis of plasticizers and remaining polymer ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new vertical microfurnace-type pyrolyzer for thermal desorption and/or pyrolysis-gas chromatography has been developed. The pyrolyzer consists of two independent temperature-controlled ovens.Initially, in the desorption process, a sample cup containing the polymeric sample of interest is inserted into an oven at 300°C; the sample is then re-positioned at the upper part of the pyrolyzer where the temperature is maintained at room temperature. The resulting vaporized components such as residual solvents and additives give a desorption chromatogram. The relative peak intensities of desorbed plasticizers in acrylonitrile butadiene-rubber gave a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 2%.Subsequently, pyrolysis of the remaining polymer is conducted by dropping the sample cup into the second, pyrolyzing, oven at 55°C; at this stage the pyrogram is recorded.The resulting two chromatograms of desorbed components and pyrolysis products make it easier to characterize the polymer formulation than the complicated pyrogram obtained by an ordinary, single-step pyrolysis.
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  • 149
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 417-419 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography ; Capillary electrophoresis ; Benzothiazole sulfenamides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 150
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 347-351 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; Semi micro packed columns ; Micro packed columns ; Fraction collection ; On-line coupling of SFC to FABMS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 151
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 351-357 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Flat capillary tubing ; Immunoglobulin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Static headspace analysis ; Gas chromatography ; Isobaric headspace extraction ; MHE method ; Distribution coefficient ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 537-541 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary SFC ; Packed column SFC ; Capillary SFC-MS ; Controlled drugs ; Modified mobile phase generation ; Negative temperature programming ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multi-component mixtures of controlled drugs, drug impurities, and adulterants have been analyzed by capillary SFC-FID, packed column SFC-UV, and capillary SFC-MS. Isocratic packed column SFC has been performed with binary and ternary mobile phases using a single syringe pump. The combination of capillary SFC and double focusing MS is described with reference to MS source pressures and the spectra obtained. The use of negative temperature programming in SFC is described.
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  • 154
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 530-536 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Heptakis(2-O-methyl-3,6-di-O-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextrin ; Mixed cyclodextrin derivatives ; Phenoxypropionic acid herbicides ; Polychlorinated pesticides ; Enantiomer separation of chlordane ; Organophosphorus pesticides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The enantiomers of phenoxypropionic acid type herbicides have been resolved by capillary gas chromatography employing modified cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases. Excellent separations were obtained with columns containing a 1:1 mixture of per-O-pentylated and per-O-methylated γ-cyclodextrin.The enantiomers of the methyl esters of mecoprop and dichlorprop were also resolved on octakis(3-O-butyryl-2,6-di-O-pentyl)-γ-cyclodextrin. On this phase the order of elution of the enantiomers was temperature-dependent, the elution order being reversed as the temperature passed through the isoenantioselective temperature. This is the first time such behavior has been observed with cyclodextrin derivatives.The enantiomers of the polychlorinated polycyclic pesticides cis- and trans-chlordane, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, and three chiral organophosphorus pesticides could be resolved using selectively derivatized cyclodextrin derivatives.
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  • 155
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 566-566 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 156
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 696-698 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micro HPLC ; Phenylurea herbicides ; Food analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 157
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 699-701 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Derivatization ; Trimethylsilyl bromide ; Alkyl lysophospholipids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 158
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 159
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 708-708 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 160
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 709-709 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 161
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 713-717 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Off-line LC preseparation ; Trace analysis ; Aromatic compounds in an n-alkane matrix ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The possibilities and difficulties of trace analysis of highly complex organic mixtures has been demonstrated by the analysis of traces of numerous aromatic substances in an n-alkane matrix with a boiling point range of 151-270°C. Single column high resolution capillary gas chromatography (under optimized conditions) was performed after an off-line LC preseparation step which had been evaluated using a model mixture.Gas chromatographic quantitation of the 191 aromatic compounds identified was performed with an internal standard; following splitless injection and separation on a polydimethyl-siloxane column under temperature-programmed conditions the compounds were detected by flame ionization. The response factors of aromatic hydrocarbons at trace levels were verified and the precision and reproducibility both of the GC determination and the overall analysis, including preseparation, were studied.Percentage by weight of individual aromatic compounds (mainly alkylbenzenes, indanes, naphthalenes, and acenaphthenes) was in the range 10-3 to 10-6.
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  • 162
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 718-723 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thick film capillary traps ; Electroantennographic detection (EAD) ; Chemical communication ; Semiochemicals ; Pheromones ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Insect pheromones and other insect semiochemicals have been concentrated in capillary traps for thermal desorption and gas chromatographic separation. Whereas highly volatile compounds are not quantitatively retained by traps short enough to enable thermal desorption in the injector, quantitative trapping is possible on longer fused silica traps. Short traps coated with a 145 μm film of a polysiloxane were used for the quantitative determination of the constituents of a dung beetle attractant. By means of a “living detector” with the antenna of an insect as sensing element the compounds eluting from a gas chromatographic column, were screened for possible semiochemical activity.
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  • 163
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 729-737 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High resolution capillary gas chromatography (HRGC) ; Hydrocarbon-type analysis ; Gasoline and naphtha ; Precolumn sulfonation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A slightly modified, commercially available high resolution capillary gas chromatograph and a PC-based data processing system running proprietary software (“PONA”) have been employed in the development of a system for petroleum type analysis which would be equivalent or superior to the FIA (fluorescent indicator adsorption) method in terms of ease of use and the speed, variety, and accuracy of the analytical data produced.The system is capable of performing identification and quantitation of most of the individual components in a complex gasoline sample consisting of more than 230 components and can report weight percentage and/or volume percentage for each component as well as types by carbon number (e.g., isoparaffins, normal paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatic compounds) within a ca. 70 minute analysis cycle.Precolumn sulfonation to trap olefins and aromatic compounds has been used as an complementary technique to the basic mass spectrometric identification of components of interest. The estimation of correction factors for weight percentage (or volume percentage) calculation are also discussed. Comparisons are made between this system and others, and the results indicate that the proposed method supersedes the conventional method employing FIA.
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  • 164
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 639-642 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Analysis of additives ; Polymer ; Polyolefins ; Petroleum resin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 165
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 633-635 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) ; Dynamic extraction ; Static extraction ; Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ; Capillary gas chromatography (CGC) ; CGC-MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 795-801 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography ; Ionic compounds ; Hop bitter acids ; pH Effects ; Temperature effects ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Successful separation of the six major hop bitter compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography depends critically on precise pH control. Any factor which can affect the actual in-column pH must, therefore, also be carefully controlled: it has been found that temperature-induced changes of the buffer pH can cause loss of resolution and even reversals in elution order. The pH level at which the effects occur suggests that the pKa values of the analytes are modified by the micellar medium.
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  • 167
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 785-794 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; (SFC) ; Packed capillary HPLC ; Sulfur-selective detection ; Ozone-based sulfur chemiluminescence detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sensitive detection of sulfur-containing analytes is of interest in many industrial applications; selective detection is also desirable since these compounds are usually present at trace levels in difficult matrixes. The purpose of this article is to review the use of the Sievers® ozone-based sulfur chemiluminescence detector, and its coupling with gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Detection limits, linearity, response factors, and selectivity are discussed for each of these techniques. Critical operational parameters for the SCD are also described. The use of other sulfur selective detectors for SFC and HPLC is also briefly summarized.
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  • 168
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 808-810 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC ; Streptomycin ; Maltol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The antibiotic streptomycin can be reliably quantitated in injectable pharmaceuticals by GC. The manipulations are not difficult, and total analysis time for duplicate samples is less than twenty minutes.Reaction of the drug with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution generates maltol, which is extracted into chloroform prior to silylation. The silyl ether of maltol is then assayed, using naphthalene as internal standard. Duplicate analyses of twenty pharmaceutical samples showed a relative standard deviation of ±1.3%.
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  • 169
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 811-815 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Two-channel capillary GC ; Solid phase extraction ; Retention index monitoring ; Chemical warfare agents ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solid phase extraction with commercial C-18 cartridges has been applied to the analysis of some well known chemical warfare agents in water samples. Different sample pretreatment and cartridge conditioning procedures, and different extraction solvents were tested to study the optimum conditions for efficient extraction and recovery of the compounds of interest. The eluates were analyzed with a two-channel gas chromatograph equipped with an autosampler and a retention index monitoring system.The suitability of this technique for real samples is discussed: the rapid hydrolysis of many of the compounds studied and the poor recoveries of the polar degradation products are practical limitations of the method.
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  • 170
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 824-828 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Temperature programming ; Retention index ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Numerous reports have appeared on the determination of temperature programmed retention indexes in gas chromatography and although chromatographic variables should be completely consistent with published data if such indexes are to be of use, the reproduction of such rigorous parameters is quite difficult. This report presents an approximate method for using published values of temperature programmed retention indexes in isothermal chromatography.In general, the temperature dependence of the isothermal retention indexes of a number of compounds can be expressed as a series of oblique lines on a plot with retention index as the abscissa and temperature as the ordinate; the elution order of the compounds at a given, isothermal, temperature is then indicated by the points at which the compounds' oblique lines cut the horizontal line corresponding to the temperature of interest.In linear temperature programmed chromatography, the horizontal line representing isothermal operation becomes, to a first approximation, a sloping line with a gradient corresponding to the programming rate: this has been verified experimentally and may be valid over a wide range of temperatures. This line can be used to predict isothermal retention indexes for use in qualitative analysis.
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  • 171
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 73-74 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 172
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 79-82 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Multipurpose sample injector ; Curie-point desorption ; Curie-point pyrolyzer ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A Curie-point headspace sampler (CPHS) equipped with a purge and trap sampler has been developed for use with capillary gas chromatography. The new system can handle a variety of samples, including gases, liquids, and solids, and can also be used as a pyrolyzer.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHH) ; Purge and trap technique ; Automated system ; Rainwater ; Ambient air ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An automated system employing a purge and trap technique with capillary gas chromatography and electron-capture detection (ECD) has been developed for the analysis of trace levels of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and applied to the determination of the compounds in environmental samples such as rainwater and ambient air. The operation of the method, its application to environmental samples, and the results obtained are described. Use of the system ensured good chromatographic resolution and high accuracy, even with trace levels of the compounds.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 174
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 123-125 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column technology ; LC-like packed capillary columns ; Hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary columns of 0.3-0.35 mm internal diameter and 0.3-7.7 m length, packed with 3 to 30 μm octadecylsilica stationary phases as used for liquid chromatography, were applied to gas chromatographic separation of low boiling hydrocarbons. Van Deemter plots for these columns showed the optimum column efficiency to occur at linear velocities of 4-5 cm/s. A short column was applied to the rapid separation of components of a natural gas and impurities in standard gases, while a long column was applied to the separation of complex mixtures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 175
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 176
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; SFC ; Mass spectrometry ; MS ; SFC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A summary of the recent advances in SFC/MS is included in this review. Interface designs are described as well as the key control variables. Finally, future developments in SFC/MS are predicted.
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  • 177
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 178
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Equilibrium headspace analysis ; Instrumental conversion ; Food and agricultural product analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; Oligonucleotides ; Nucleic acids ; Comparison of HPCE and HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High resolution separations of nucleic acids have been performed using high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Electropherograms showing HPCE separations of single and double stranded DNA are presented and compared with HPLC separations. Single base resolution of poly(dA) oligonucleotides in the size range of 12 to 60-mers was achieved in 35 min using HPCE. Plate numbers for HPCE are in the hundreds of thousands and reproducibility is about 1-2 % (RSD). In comparison with HPLC separations, the resolution of nucleic acids obtained using HPCE is much better than that using HPLC, while reproducibility of HPCE is comparable with that of HPLC.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 180
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Cyclodextrin stationary phases ; Dilution of cyclodextrins ; Chiral resolution ; Glass capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 210-211 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Flame ionization detection ; Metal diisobutyldithiocarbamate chelates ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 217-217 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 183
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 218-218 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 184
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 215-216 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Thermospray ionization ; Combination with a magnetic sector mass spectrometer ; Vaporizer ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 186
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 221-221 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 187
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 229-229 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 188
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 225-229 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: FTIR spectrometry ; Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Trace Identification ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results described in this paper demonstrate that Identifiable FTIR spectra of components separated by gas, supercritical fluid, and liquid chromatography can be measured in real time using a common approach. The sensitivity of each Interface is comparable with that obtained by interfacing the corresponding technique with a bench-top mass spectrometer. The combination of these two spectroscopic techniques should lead to an even more powerful means of Identification of volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile components of mixtures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 230-234 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Countercurrent chromatography ; Natural products ; Fractionation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The biologically active pricipals in nature are frequently present as only a few parts per million of complex mixtures of non-volatile components and often have limited stability. Their isolation often requires the application of all available techniques, such as adsorption chromatography, ion exchange procedures, size exclusion techniques, and solvent partition methods consistent with their physical properties and stability. The process of countercurret chromatography is essentially liquid-liquid chromatography in which the stationary liquid bed is retained in the column by a force field rather than by a solid supporting matrix. Adsorption effects are thereby eliminated. The technique is particularly advantageous in the preparative separation of milligram to gram quantities of polar and labile organic compounds and bio-particulate materials such as cells and cell fragments. Virtually any twophase solvent system, either aqueous or non-aqueous may be employed. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) provides a convenlent alternative to adsorption chromatography for fractionation of natural products or other complex mixtures. In some cases, this high resolution method offers advantages with regard to the avoidance of contamination from solid adsorbents, versatility, and relatively inexpensive operation. The article covers some of the applications, selection of solvents, and advantages of CCC.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Formaldehyde emissions ; Methanol emissions ; Urea-formaldehyde coatings ; Volatile organic content ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A quick and accurate capillary GC-MS method based on dynamic headspace analysis has been developed for elucidating the curing chemistry and evaluating the degree of curing of new high performance coatings. This method quantitatively analyzes volatile reaction products, particularly formaldehyde and methanol, evolved from these coatings during curing. The reaction volatiles are cryogenically trapped, and then chromatographed with deuterated formaldehyde and methanol as internal standards. The relative standard deviations of the method are 3-6% and 1-2% for determinations of formaldehyde and methanol, respectively.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 191
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microbore liquid chromatography ; Packing materials ; Mixed functional phase silica ; Meet serum injection assay ; Drug analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 412-416 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Pyrolysis ; Mass spectrometry ; Fourier transform infrared detector ; Atomic emission detector ; Polymer analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Volatile pyrolysates of a methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymer (MBS) have been analyzed using a capillary gas chromatograph equipped with a Fourier transform infrared detector in tandem with a mass selective detector, and a gas chromatograph-atomic emission detector system.Among the volatile compounds observed were monomers used for synthesis of the polymer. Numerous oligomers of higher boiling point were also found; identification of these could be used to give structural information about the parent polymer.Combining information from these techniques was found to be extremely useful for the analysis of polymer pyrolysis products. In characterizing each compound it was found particularly helpful to juxtapose feature-specific chromatograms (e.g., single ion monitoring from the mass-selective detector and the selected wavelength chromatography from the infrared detector).
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 420-422 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microcolumn chromatofocusing ; Size exclusion chromatography ; Disposable microcolumn ; Myoglobin ; Photodiode-array detection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 194
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 425-425 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 195
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 426-428 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 196
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 343-344 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas liquid chromatography, GLC ; Vitamin E isomers ; Cholesterol ; Heptafluorobutyryl derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line GC-UV ; On-the-fly scanning ; Chlorobenzene ; Dichlorobenzenes ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 363-364 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 199
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 361-362 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioseparation of α-Pinene ; Chiral mobile phase additive ; Cyclodextrins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 14 (1991), S. 362-362 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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