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  • 1985-1989  (2,536)
  • 1987  (2,536)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,362)
  • Chemical Engineering  (726)
  • Engineering General  (448)
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  • 1985-1989  (2,536)
Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 301-317 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple method is proposed in this paper for improving the performance (accuracy and convergence) of quadratic elements. In this the physical domain of the problem, as well as the constitutive relationships, are transformed globally by implementing a suitable co-ordinate transformation, and the problem is then solved in the mapped (transformed) domain using finite elements of the mapped space following the processes of the conventional FEM.Results show that the method significantly improves the performance of quadratic elements in both two and three dimensions. The mathematical implications of mapping in this way indicate that the method can also be applied for improved performance to higher-order elements if required.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 359-373 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method for non-linear programming in general and structural optimization in particular is presented. In each step of the iterative process, a strictly convex approximating subproblem is generated and solved. The generation of these subproblems is controlled by so called ‘moving asymptotes’, which may both stabilize and speed up the convergence of the general process.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 419-445 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method of evaluating eigenvalues for any combination of the first, second and third boundary conditions of heat conduction in a plate, a solid cylinder or a hollow cylinder is described. Some general relationships between eigenvalues are derived. Based on these relationships a universal algorithm is developed. A list of a package of computer subroutines is included.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 459-469 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new algothm for the solution of two-phase fluid flow problems is presented. The algorithm consisently ensures that the evolved volume fractions are all positive and sum to unity, even in the presence of large spatial and temporal gradients of volume fraction. The momentum equations are then solved using an iterative pressure correction method. Example calculations for buoyancy driven flows, with and without phase changes, are presented.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 477-495 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new finite element solution method for the analysis of frictional contact problems is presented. The contact problem is solved by imposing geometric constraints on the pseudo equilibrium configuration, defined as a configuration at which the compatibility conditions are violated. The algorithm does not require any a priori knowledge of the pairs of contactor nodes or segments. The contact condition of sticking, slipping, rolling or tension release is determined from the relative magnitudes of the normal and tangential global nodal forces. Contact iterations are in general found to converge within one or two iterations. The analysis method is applied to selected problems to illustrate the applicability of the solution procedure.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1451-1459 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Sparse matrices composed of a central band and augmented dense rows and columns are becoming prevalent in the numerical solution of a large class of boundary and initial-value problems. A Fortran Subroutine ARROW is presented for the LU decomposition and solution of linear equation systems with such a structure. The computational speed of the program is compared in MFLOPS (millions of floating point operations per second) to the LINPACK benchmark for the solution of a dense linear system and is found to be of comparable speed on both supercomputers and minicomputers. Use of the Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS) available on most machines significantly enhances the speed of ARROW.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1509-1532 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm for stable and accurate computations of stresses in finite element thermo-elastic-plastic and creep analysis of metals is presented. The effective-stress-function algorithm solves the governing equations of the inelastic constitutive behaviour by calculating the zero of the appropriate effective-stress-function: a functional relationship which involves as unknown only the effective stress. The derivation of the effective-stress-function for thermo-elasto-plasticity conditions, including creep, for 2-D and 3-D analysis is presented, and the algorithmic steps of the stress solution are discussed. For use in the stiffness matrix a tangent material stress-strain relationship is evaluated consistent with the effective-stress-function algorithm. The solution of some demonstrative problems shows the effectiveness of the solution procedure.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1533-1540 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To solve a problem by the boundary element method requires a solution of an integral equation. By discretizing the boundary, the integral equation is reduced to a set of linear algebraic equations. If the matrix in algebraic equation is not diagonal dominant or more precisely, poorly conditioned, then the accuracy of the numerical solution becomes very sensitive to small changes in the input data. Small errors in the input data or changes in the mesh description can change the solution drastically.In this paper a scheme is described which improves the condition of the matrix. Furthermore, it also reduces the sensitivity of the condition of the matrix to changes in the mesh description. The ideas described are applicable to any boundary element formulation. However, the numerical examples are from two-dimensional elastostatics solved by the indirect version of the boundary element method.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 557-567 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When the method of lines is used for solving time-dependent partial differential equations, finite differences are commonly employed to obtain the semidiscrete equations. Usually, if the solution is expected to be smooth, symmetric difference formulae are chosen for approximating the spatial derivatives. These difference formulae are almost invariably based on Lagrange type differentiation formulae. However, if it is known in advance that periodic components of given frequency are dominating in the solution, more accurate difference formulae, based on exponentials with imaginary exponent, are available. This paper derives such formulae and presents numerical results which clearly indicate that the accuracy can be improved considerably by exploiting additional knowledge on the frequencies of the solution.
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  • 110
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1123-1155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple, shear flexible, quadrilateral plate element is developed based on the Hellinger/Reissner mixed variational principle with independently assumed displacement and stress fields. The crucial point of the selection of appropriate stress parameters is emphasized in the formulation. For this purpose, a set of guidelines is formulated based on the following considerations: (i) suppression of all kinematic deformation modes, (ii) the element has a favourable value for the constraint index in the thin plate limit, (iii) element properties are frame-invariant. For computer implementation the components of the element stiffness matrix are evaluated analytically using the symbolic manipulation package MACSYMA. The effectiveness and practical usefulness of the proposed element are demonstrated by the numerical results of a variety of problems involving thin and moderately thick plates under different loading and support conditions.
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  • 111
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1157-1171 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is recognized that there exists a vast amount of fuzzy information in both the objective and constraint functions of the optimum design of structures. Since most practical structural design problems involve several, often conflicting, objectives to be considered, a multi-objective fuzzy programming method is outlined in this work. The fuzzy constraints define a fuzzy feasible domain in the design space and each of the fuzzy objective functions defines the optimum solution by a fuzzy set of points. A method of solving a fuzzy multi-objective structural optimization problem using ordinary single-objective programming techniques is presented. The computational approach is illustrated with two numerical examples.
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1173-1185 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In most structural optimization problems the time-consuming implicit analysis must be repeated many times during the solution process. To alleviate this difficulty, the implicit analysis equations are often neglected or replaced by explicit approximations.Assuming the force method analysis formulation, optimal solutions of two problems are studied and compared:(a)The equilibrium linear programme (ELP), where only explicit equilibrium conditions are considered in the analysis model(b)The non-linear programme (NLP), where the implicit compatibility conditions are included to obtain a complete formulation.The effect of geometrical parameters on optimal solutions of both problems is investigated and geometries with particular properties are identified. The main observations that have been made are as follows:(a)Multiple optima of the ELP have been obtained for geometries where transitions in the set of active constraints at the ELP optimum occur. The NLP optimum for such a geometry might be included in the set of ELP optima.(b)Identical optimal solutions of the two problems have been found for geometries where transitions in the set of active constraints at the NLP optimum occur.The explicit ELP can be solved instead of the implicit NLP for the two classes of transition geometries.The relationships between optimal force distributions and objective function values for the two problems are studied and examples where compatibility conditions can be neglected are illustrated.
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  • 113
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1827-1840 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A recently developed recursive quadratic programming (RQP) algorithm is applied to dynamic response design problems. The algorithm incorporates updated Hessians of the Lagrange function and uses an active set strategy in which only a subset of the constraints is included in the direction finding QP subproblem. Hessian updating with dynamic response constraints presents some difficulties. The primary difficulty is that the total number of constraints and the location of time points where they have to be imposed can change from iteration to iteration. This can cause inconsistencies in Hessian updating if proper numerical procedures are not used. A numerical procedure to handle the situation is developed, implemented and evaluated. Automatic restarting procedures are necessary for proper convergence of the algorithm. The new algorithm is robust as well as more efficient than the purely linear algorithm. The active set strategy plays an important role for application to dynamic response problems. The RQP algorithms that do not use such a strategy are not applicable to this class of problems.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 763-838 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper mathematical and computational aspects of device modelling are treated. Four main subjects are discussed; the analytical model, the discretizations, the non-linear and the linear systems of equations. On the one hand the most commonly used numerical techniques are described; on the other hand several new techniques are presented. Noteworthy new techniques are the generalized upwind box scheme and the mixed variable approach. Aspects such as the choice of variables and the singularly perturbed nature of the problem are treated. Properties of the matrices involved are presented in a systematic way. Throughout the paper a standard one-dimensional diode is used to illustrate the concepts involved. Finally several realistic two-dimensional examples are given.
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 871-891 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents various ways of fitting the boundary conditions in the T-complete functions method. The authors point out the distinct advantages of the orthogonal collocation in comparison to the equidistant collocation and the integral fit. The convergence of the Collatz error measures and the conditioning of the solution matrices are investigated in detail.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1973-1992 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new algorithm for self-adaptive stress analysis is presented. The algorithm is based on h-convergence and uses the measured stress convergence rate as an error indicator. A theoretical relation between stress convergence rate and pointwise error of stresses is derived for both the 1-D and 2-D case. Some examples are presented to illustrate the behaviour of the algorithm.
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1226-1226 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1226-1226 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 975-991 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the development of an automatic design algorithm for gears. The criterion on which the design performance is assessed is the maximum tensile stress induced in the gear tooth fillet under service conditions. Starting from an initial set of design parameters the stresses in the gear tooth fillet are calculated. The maximum value of the stress is then expressed as a function of the design variables. By minimizing this function, the objective function, subject to both equality and inequality constraints a new set of design parameters, is produced. Iterative application of the analysis and minimization stages forms a sequence of non-linear optimization problems which converges to yield the optimal design.Finite element techniques employed to calculate accurately the stresses in the gear tooth are again used to compute the design derivatives. This process is very economical, owing to its efficient reuse of the factorized stiffness matrix.The algorithm is illustrated by its application to a spur gear tooth of involute profile. Both linear and non-linear forms of the objective function are used and a comparison made between the solutions obtained.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1317-1331 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The established finite difference equations to estimate one-dimensional transient heat flow in solids are the ‘classical’ form (explicit), and the Crank-Nicolson and ‘pure-implicit’ forms (both implicit). They are all based on finite difference approximation to the Fourier continuity equation. To these are now added three more explicit forms: exponential linear, exponential inverse cosine and polynomial, which are based on exact solutions to the Fourier equation. The performance of each of the six equations is tested against the exact results of a well known step excitations problem (the Groeber model). The tests consist of examining (i) finite difference errors arising from a single implementation of each form at different stages in the transient cooling process, (ii) the errors that accumulate during part or all of the cooling process (both as regards any bias that is introduced, and also a measure of variance) and (iii) the run times in executing the various forms. The nondimensional time step r was treated as the independent variable, and can be made arbitrarily large, by use of a simple time-division procedure (otherwise r 〈 ½ for use with the classical form). It is shown that having regard to both error and run time, the polynomial form appears to be the most efficient estimator.
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1367-1393 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The p-method capabilities have thus far been used only in connection with the assumed displacement model elements. When such elements are used, singular points have to be isolated by one or two layers of small elements graded in a suitable geometrical progression towards singularity. This paper presents an alternative formulation which circumvents this drawback and enables excellent solution results to be obtained with uniform FE-grids. The formulation is based on the recently presented hybrid-Trefftz FE-model and makes use of optional expansion sets for various singularities or stress concentrations. Stress concentrations due to concentrated loads are also properly accounted for. It is shown that by augmenting the order of approximation over a fixed grid of such elements rapid convergence towards the accurate solution is obtained in the most efficient way.This paper summarizes the results of a preliminary study that had been undertaken to critically evaluate the potential of the new approach as a suitable basis for subsequent developments of a fully automated adaptive process.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1417-1419 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1419-1419 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1305-1316 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conformal mapping regularizes (in the new plane) the singular stress field around the crack tip. So, conventional finite elements can be used in the transformed plane. The inverse mapping of the above elements gives another class of ‘mapped elements’. The crack-tip mapped element is a singular element. Thus, using various elements (the ‘parent elements’) in the mapped plane we obtain an infinity of singular elements, the ‘product elements’. These singular elements are introduced naturally and have no defect, as many other singular elements have.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1333-1341 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The modelling of heat transfer from a moving gaseous atmosphere by the TLM technique is described. For the case of very rapidly moving gas, results are compared with those derived from finite element analysis.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1355-1366 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Classical iterative methods when applied to the partial solution of the generalized eigenvalue problem Ax =λBx, may yield very poor convergence rates particularly when ill-conditioned problems are considered. In this paper the preconditioned conjugate gradient (CG) method via the minimization of the Rayleigh quotient and the reverse power method is employed for the partial eigenproblem. The triangular splitting preconditioners employed are obtained from an incomplete Choleski factorization and a partial Evans preconditioner. This approach can dramatically improve the convergence rate of the basic CG method and is applicable to any symmetric eigenproblem in which one of the matrices A, B is positive definite. Because of the renewed interest in CG techniques for FE work on microprocessors and parallel computers, it is believed that this improved approach to the generalized eigenvalue problem is likely to be very promising.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1343-1354 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A procedure to generate 2D meshes of triangles in a quite general fashion allowing for local and selective mesh-refinement is presented and discussed. The grid generator is based on the iterative application of 4-triangles conforming mesh-refinement algorithms for triangulations, which are also introduced in this paper. These algorithms are modified versions of those proposed in Int. j. numer. methods eng., 20, 745-756 (1984), and they can be used for global refinement of a grid, as well as for local refinement. The grid generator works in the following way: given any initial coarse triangulation which properly defines the geometry of the problem, a set of user-defined refinement subregions Ri, i = 1,2,…, N, and an associated set of tolerance parameters hi, an irregular and conforming final triangulation is automatically constructed in such a way that the diameter of all the triangles contained in Ri is smaller than hi, i= 1,2,…, N. Moreover, all angles in the final triangulation are greater than or equal to half the smallest angle in the initial, coarse one. The refinement is propagated only to assure the conformity and smoothness of the grid, and consequently, the number of involved nodes will be minimized. The refinement of the final mesh will be determined by the subregions Ri and the parameters Ni and will be essentially independent of the initial coarse grid. The 4-triangles conforming mesh-refinement algorithms are presented and their properties discussed. The implementation of these techniques is discussed and examples of the application of the grid generator are given.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1395-1416 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An unconditionally stable algorithm for the numerical integration of elastoplastic pressure-dependent constitutive relations is analysed in detail in this paper. The application of the method to plane stress problems, in which the out-of-plane strain component is not defined kinematically, is discussed. The tangent moduli resulting from this integration algorithm are obtained by consistent linearization of the elastoplastic constitutive equations. The algorithm is applied to Gurson's constitutive model, some one-dimensional problems are solved, and comparisons with exact solutions are made. The paper closes with a numerical study of the necking of an axi-symmetric specimen using Gurson's plasticity model to describe the constitutive behaviour of the material.
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1439-1450 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simplified procedure is presented for the analysis of sea water intrusion in unconfined aquifers. It involves the finite element method with a residual flow procedure which combines transformation of the salt water zone into the fresh water zone that has the same pressure distribution as that of the salt water. This procedure avoids simultaneous solutions of governing differential equations for both flow and mass transport. Numerical results are compared with laboratory observations.
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1479-1497 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The mathematical modelling of the electrodeposition phenomenon leads to a linear elliptic partial differential equation subject to non-linear mixed boundary contitions. This is complicated further by the fact that the domain under consideration is evolving with time.Owing to the nature of the mathematical model, the boundary element method is a very efficient numerical technique for the solution of such problems. The authors report their numerical simulation of the above problem which also has applications in the cathodic protection systems for corrosion prevention.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1551-1562 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method for computing the resultant magnetic field arising from a given source field in the presence of a magnetic material of variable permeability is described; in this method finite element approximations to the scalar potential of the resulting field and the magnetic susceptibility, in the region occupied by the magnetic material, are determined from the non-linear integral equation for the scalar potential and the constitutive susceptibility relation, using a collocation scheme.The method is used to compute the shielding effect of a thin rectangular plate of variable permeability on a given source field. The plate is subdivided uniformly into brick elements; the resulting translational invariance of the integrals required in the calculations is exploited to achieve major computational savings.A consequence of the thinness of the plate is that the calculation of the requisite integrals by analytic methods leads to considerable loss of accuracy by differencing; this difficulty is overcome by using a scheme which combines both analytic and quadrature techniques.The resulting system of non-linear algebraic equations is solved by Powell's hybrid method; an efficient scheme for calculating an initial approximation to the Jacobian, which utilizes the structure of the equations, is presented.The results of the calculations are discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1581-1591 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The so-called finite element-difference method introduced in References 1 and 2 yields a continuous stress field by finite difference operations and finite element interpolations. In the present paper, applications of the method to vibration problems are discussed. The inverse iteration procedure is modified for this method. Numerical results show that the accuracy of solutions depends strongly on the type of finite difference operator chosen: for reliable and accurate solutions in modal analysis problems, element internal strains must be included in the strain field used to compute nodal forces associated with element deformations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1593-1608 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: For most practical purposes, the central-difference scheme (CDS) would be ideal only if it were unconditionally stable. It is a simple and second-order scheme which is easy to implement. It does not introduce any second-order ‘diffusion’ like truncation error. However, for grid Peclet numbers larger than 2, the CDS leads to over- and under-shoots and is unstable. This paper presents a method, called CONDIF, which eliminates this undesirable feature of the CDS. It modifies the CDS by introducing a controlled amount of numerical diffusion based on the local gradients. The numerical diffusion can be adjusted to be negligibly low for most problems.CONDIF has been used to solve a number of test problems which have been widely used for comparative study of numerical schemes in the published literature. For all these problems the CONDIF results are significantly more accurate than those obtained from the hybrid scheme when the Peclet number is very high (→∞) and the flow is at large angles (→45 degrees) to the grid. In general the computational effort for CONDIF is comparable (within 20 per cent) to that for the hybrid scheme. However, in one instance the rate of convergence was found to be significantly slower.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1615-1628 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Cost effective high precision hybrid elements are presented in a hierarchical form for vibration analysis of plates. The elements are constructed by introducing computer installed hierarchical element generator algorithms which take advantage of the exact analytical treatment of the energy integrals automatically. Additional benefits accrue from: (i) the careful selection of assumed stresses and displacements satisfying finite element requirements, and maintaining the correct stiffness rank and invariance; (ii) the ability to reduce computational costs associated with various operations and the independence with respect to element geometries, which serve to build up a methodology to handle the generation of finite elements in any general purpose finite element system efficiently. Extensive numerical studies are made to predict the natural frequencies and harmonic response of plates with different boundary conditions. Accuracy of the solutions is assessed by comparison with the well established results. The noteworthy aspects of the applications are that the proposed elements are faster than those cited previously, and show a more favourable comparison to the analytical solutions for a wider range of vibration modes by maintaining rapid convergence characteristics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1741-1756 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The current state of the art of Finite Element Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics is reviewed. The aim of this review is to point out what appear currently as the main shortcomings of Finite Element Methods, so as to concentrate the efforts to remove them. The analysis of flows using Finite Elements will only be successful if all steps involved in it are optimized. Therefore, I deem it necessary to describe explicit and implicit flow solvers, unstructured multigrid methods, adaptive refinement schemes, grid generation and graphics in 3-D, the effective use of supercomputer hardware and memory, as well as the combination of structured and unstructured grids.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2087-2106 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper suggests a simple expert system frame and provides the domain knowledge for the optimal mesh design and the prediction of the error in the energy norm for the problem of plane elasticity using the hp-extension in the finite element method. The expert system monitors the progress of the analysis, guides the user through the various steps and is able to reason about its own advice. In an example the user-expert communication is shown and the superiority of the results is demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2107-2117 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A three-dimensional finite, element model for the simulation of isothermal hot forging is presented.The material behaviour is assumed to be incompressible visco-plastic (Norton-Hoff law), with the associated friction law. The velocity field is calculated with a finite element approximation using eight node hexahedral or six node prismatic elements. An explicit Euler scheme is used for time integration. Simulations of compression of a cubic block and horizontal cylinder are performed. The computed results are compared with experimental measurements made on special Plasticine.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2167-2181 
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    Notes: This paper presents an attempt to clarify further the nature of the overstiffness of thin curved structural elements. It follows the approach presented by Ashwell and co-workers1,2 who based their study on shape functions of arch elements. Such elements display the same stiff behaviour as complex shell elements but are simpler to study and understand. An examination of several discretizations for a two-dimensional curved beam-column element for linear elastic analysis of arches is performed. This examination and the numerical results obtained from these approximations provide a new interpretation of the artificial strains based on the mapping variables of shape functions. Two new methods to reduce the artificial stiffness of the element are proposed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2201-2215 
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    Notes: A Petrov - Galerkin finite element method for two and three-dimensional time dependent convection-diffusion equations is presented in the context of two space dimensions. The method involves perturbed weighting functions in the weighted residuals formulation, that are bilinear in space and quadratic in time and depend on two parameters which are calculated according to a local analysis for the one dimensional case. The perturbations to the weighting functions can be interpreted as an added local anisotropic balancing diffusion and an added dispersion in the direction of the convective motion. The effectiveness of the method is shown through several examples involving the convective and diffusive transport of scalar distributions in known velocity fields.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2273-2299 
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    Notes: In this paper we present a Legendre spectral element method for solution of multi-dimensional unsteady change-of-phase Stefan problems. The spectral element method is a high-order (p-type) finite element technique, in which the computational domain is broken up into general (curved) quadrilateral macroelements, and the solution, data and geometry are expanded within each element in terms of tensor-product Lagrangian interpolants. The discrete equations are generated by a Galerkin formulation followed by Gauss-Lobatto Legendre quadrature, for which it is shown that exponential convergence to smooth solutions is obtained as the polynomial order of fixed elements is increased. The spectral element equations are inverted by conjugate gradient iteration, in which the matrix-vector products are calculated efficiently using tensor-product sum-factorization.To solve the Stefan problem numerically, the heat equations in the liquid and solid phases are transformed to fixed domains applying an interface-local time-dependent immobilization transformation technique. The modified heat equations are discretized using finite differences in time, resulting at each time step in a Helmholtz equation in space that is solved using Legendre spectral element elliptic discretizations. The new interface position is then computed using a variationally consistent flux treatment along the phase boundary, and the solution is projected upon the corresponding updated mesh. The rapid convergence rate and stability of the method are discussed, and numerical results are presented for a one-dimensional Stefan problem using both a semi-implicit and a fully implicit time-stepping scheme. Finally, a two-dimensional Stefan problem with a complex phase boundary is solved using the semi-implicit scheme.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2241-2252 
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    Notes: A new algorithm is presented for automatically grading meshes generated over planar triangular and quadrilateral regions using parametric mappings. Rational parametric bicubic Bézier polynomials are coupled with an element density function to concentrate elements around regions of high solution gradients.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2301-2313 
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    Notes: Transverse vibrations of an axially moving (travelling in its own plane) membrane submerged in ideal fluid are analysed using the FEM. The discrete equations differ from the equations of the common coupled problem in that there appear two additional inertia terms due to the convective acceleration. The effect of the density of the element mesh, the effect of the truncation distance and the effect of various lumping techniques on the accuracy of the results are studied. The FEM-results are compared with available analytical and experimental results. The agreement seems to be rather good.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2315-2325 
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    Notes: In this paper, we extend the concept of a grading function, as introduced by Carey and Dinh2 in a one-dimensional context, to curved contours. We then apply the idea to adaptive grid redistribution for a boundary element method to solve a model boundary value problem. Numerical results are included for a potential problem to demonstrate the effect of the redistribution scheme on the solution and the geometry of the domain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2357-2366 
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    Notes: This paper presents a method for determining the second order sensitivity matrix and logarithmic sensitivity functions in the frequency domain. The procedure described is applicable to any discrete and viscously damped mechanical system.A definition of the second order logarithmic sensitivity function has been proposed. The examples shown indicate that logarithmic sensitivity functions of the second order preserve the qualitative character of first order sensitivity functions and are more sensitive to changes of system parameters. The influence of large parameter changes on second order sensitivity functions has also been investigated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2429-2430 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2413-2427 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this investigation the postbuckling response of plane frames consisting of a large number of crooked bars is achieved by means of an efficient method based on non-linear kinematic stability analysis. The entire formulation of the non-linear equilibrium equations presented in matrix form is implemented by the computer program NLSRF (Non-Linear Stability of Rod Frames). Critical loads and critical displacements are obtained through a direct computation by using the additional stability condition resulting from the vanishing of the stability determinant.The efficacy of the method proposed herein is demonstrated by a three-storey single span frame.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 497-512 
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    Notes: In an earlier paper a method for calculation of non-linear structural response was described. The method is based on an algorithm, proposed by Bergan, including simultaneous iterations in the load and displacement spaces. A method for selective damping of solution components parallel to critical eigenvectors was proposed reducing the risk for diverging equilibrium iterations.This method is, in the present paper, shown to be related to the ‘dynamic relaxation’ approach. The method has been further studied for practical problems, and especially adapted for the analysis of plate buckling. A method for variable damping is proposed, and compared to existing methods. The conclusions are that damping, based on eigenvector projection, is an efficient way to improve the stability in the iterations, and in this an alternative to other methods for choice of optimum corrections in N-R schemes. The extra computational effort is considered worth while in cases where restarts in the calculation are not desired.In the paper, suitable criteria for reformulation of the tangential relation during iterations in a step are also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 543-556 
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    Notes: Using a tanh transformation a quadrature formula for the evaluation of singular integrals is obtained. The formula has the same step length h as the formula for regular integrals derived by F. Stenger. These quadrature formulae are valid for end point singularities of any order and their error exhibits an exponential decay when the number of integrations tends to infinity.Using these formulae the solution of singular integral equations does not depend on the order of the end point singularities. Furthermore the collocation points are given by a very simple equation and, in the case of constant coefficients, by a closed-form formula.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 581-604 
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    Notes: A nine node shell element is developed by a new and more efficient mixed formulation. The new shell element formulation is based on the Hellinger-Reissner principle with independent strain and the concept of a degenerate solid shell. The new formulation is made more efficient in terms of computing time than the conventional mixed formulation by dividing the assumed strain fields into a lower order part and a higher order part. Numerical results demonstrate that the present nine node element is free of locking even for very thin plates and shells and is also kinematically stable. In fact the stiffness matrix associated with the higher order assumed strain plays the role of a stabilization matrix.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 655-655 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 635-654 
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    Notes: By combining discrete Kirchhoff theory with least-squares smoothed shape functions, an improved quadrilateral thin-plate bending element is derived. This element exhibits improved performance over an earlier DKQ element in predicting both displacements and stresses. Numerical examples are presented comparing the element with many other quadrilateral elements for standard test problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 656-658 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 662-662 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 663-677 
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    Notes: A finite prism approach for the approximate analysis of three-dimensional solids is proposed. The approach is based on a semi-algebraic assumed stress hybrid model, according to Pian's scheme. Prismatic solids with various end conditions can be analysed with a traditional matrix-displacement procedure, thus enlarging the possibilities offered by analogous compatible models.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 689-709 
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    Notes: An alternating method, in conjunction with the finite element method and an analytical solution for an elliptical flaw in an infinite solid, is used to determine the mixed mode stress intensity factors for surface flaws. This finite element alternating method leads to an inexpensive procedure for routine evaluation of accurate stress intensity factors in complex structural components containing surface flaws and subject to mixed-mode loading. A variety of numerical examples is presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 725-741 
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    Notes: A monomial treatment for solving mixed equality/inequality constrained generalized geometric programs is presented. The method is shown to be equivalent to a Newton-Raphson procedure carried out in log space on the equality constraints at the same time that a cutting plane procedure is performed on a convex region constrained within the feasible region of the inequality constraints. Known limitations of this monomial treatment are outlined and a technique for improving the efficiency of the GGP method is suggested. A discussion of how other methods of solving mixed equality/inequality constrained GGP problems compare to the monomial treatment is presented and two example problems are solved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 743-762 
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    Notes: The object of this paper is to analyse by the finite element method the dynamic responses of a flat plate subjected to various moving loads. First of all the actual continuous flat plate was replaced by a discrete system composed of isoparametric rectangular plate elements. And then the elementary and overall stiffness and mass matrices were determined and the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the flat plate were solved. Next, the Newmark direct integration method was used to find the dynamic responses of the flat plate.The effects of eccentricity, acceleration and initial velocity of the moving load, and the effect of span length were the key points of study. The dynamic behaviour of a multi-span flat plate supported by the beam members of rigid plane frames and subjected to the action of a series of moving loads (in identical or opposite directions) were also investigated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 840-842 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 843-857 
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    Notes: New requirements for finite element model convergence are defined. It is shown that the presence of constant strain states in an element is not sufficient to guarantee convergence.Numerical tests are proposed to assess convergence, direction of convergence, monotonicity of convergence, convergence rate and monotonicity of convergence rate. The proposed tests are mathematically stronger and more general than existing tests.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 319-335 
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    Notes: An adaptive procedure for the solution of the generalized linear eigenvalue problem within the hierarchical finite element method is described. The problem of finding for a given discretization, an upper limit eigenvalue that is accurate within a prescribed tolerance is especially studied. An error estimator is presented and a recomputational scheme for improved solutions is proposed. A numerical example is included.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 375-392 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a method for straightening curved interfaces arising in phase-change problems. The method works on isoparametric finite elements, performing a second transformation which maps the master element onto a new one in which the interface looks like a straight line. This allows using the current Gaussian integration technique for squares to evaluate the integrals over each phase. The method provides a better estimation of the contribution of latent heat effects to the residual vector, compared to those obtained by using the assumption that the interface is straight. Appropriate guidelines for solving the non-linear system of equations arising in this kind of problem are also given. Several numerical examples are presented to show the performance of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 447-457 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new algorithm for the solution of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation using the mixed formulation and an incomplete factorization technique is presented. The linear system obtained at each modified Newton-Raphson iteration is solved by the preconditioned conjugate residual method (PCR) using an out-of-core incomplete LU factorization as preconditioning. This factorization is performed on a matrix stored by a new static storage method called the packed skyline method. The performance of the proposed algorithm is assessed for the wall-driven cubic cavity problem using the Q1+ -P1 enriched element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 474-476 
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 513-527 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The problems of consolidation often involve unbounded continua. The most common solution is then achieved by limiting the studied area through the introduction, at finite distance, of a boundary on which adequate conditions on the field variables are imposed. In this paper mapped infinite elements are used to model the far-field solution. Spatial discretization is hence performed on the basis of both finite and infinite elements. In two examples, solutions involving finite and infinite elements are compared with known analytical solutions and it is shown that an excellent agreement can be achieved by the use of mapped infinite elements.
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 529-541 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A technique is developed and presented which improves the accuracy of the predictions for the eigenvalues of the usual first order perturbation scheme for the generalized symmetric linear algebraic eigenvalue problem. The improved method very simply replaces the usual B-norms appearing in the denominator of the expressions for the first order changes in the eigenvalues by BP-norms where BP is the perturbed B matrix. With increasing sizes for the perturbations the improved technique produces results whose accuracy approaches those of the usual second order predictions. Numerical studies are presented to support the analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 569-580 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An error analysis and an adaptive refinement scheme are developed for use with a class of least-squares finite element methods. The error indicators for the refinement procedure are based on element residuals which are calculated as part of the least-squares method. The solution scheme used in the supporting numerical studies employs an elment-by-element conjugate gradient algorithm. Consequently, storage and computation are not influenced by nodal numbering.
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1609-1609 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987) 
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  • 173
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1645-1658 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite-element discretization of a layered stratum is considered. The response to a time-harmonic load at a single node is calculated. For all practical purposes, the result is obtained in closed form in the case of two dimensions (line load) while the Fast Fourier Transform is employed in the three-dimensional problem (point load).
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 839-839 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 175
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1901-1920 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes how the theorems of structural variation may be used in finite element analysis. The efficiency of the theorems is examined and their application to structural and geotechnical problems illustrated.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1879-1900 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The problem of interest in this paper is the calculation of the motion of the solid-liquid interface and the time-dependent temperature field during solidification of a pure metal. An iterative implicit algorithm has been developed for this purpose using the boundary element method (BEM) with time-dependent Green's functions and convolution integrals.The BEM approach requires discretization of only the surface of the solidifying body. Thus, the numerical method closely follows the physics of the problems and is intuitively very appealing.The formulation and the numerical scheme presented here are general and can be applied to a broad range of moving boundary problems. Emphasis is given to two-dimensional problems. Comparison with existing semi-analytical solutions and other numerical solutions from the literature reveals that the method is fast, accurate and without major time step limitations.
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  • 177
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 893-911 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes two substepping schemes for integrating elastoplastic stress-strain relations. The schemes are designed for use in finite element plasticity calculations and solve for the stress increments assuming that the strain increments are known. Both methods are applicable to a general type of constitutive law and control the error in the integration process by adjusting the size of each substep automatically. The first method is based on the well-known modified Euler scheme, whereas the second technique employs a high order Runge-Kutta formula. The procedures outlined do not require any form of stress correction to prevent drift from the yield surface. Their utility is illustrated by analysis of typical boundary value problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1227-1227 
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1227-1227 
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1229-1231 
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1228-1228 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2039-2055 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A unified approach is presented for design sensitivity analysis of non-linear structural systems that include truss, beam, plane elastic solid and plate components. Both geometric and material non-linearities are treated. Sizing design variables, such as thickness and cross-sectional areas of components of individual members and built-up structures, are considered. A distributed parameter structural design sensitivity analysis approach is used that retains the continuum elasticity formulation throughout the derivation of design sensitivity analysis results. Using this approach and an adjoint variable method, expressions for design sensitivity in terms of design variations are derived in the continuous setting which can be evaluated numerically using analysis results of finite element analysis. Both total Lagrangian and updated Lagrangian formulations in non-linear analysis of solid mechanics are used for design sensitivity analysis. Numerical implementation of design sensitivity analysis results using existing finite element code will be presented in Part II of this paper.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2119-2141 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Bathe and co-workers'1,2 updated Lagrangian formulation is reviewed for a two-dimensional beam-column element. From this review a physical interpretation and properties are derived for the matrices of the method. A variant of Argyris and co-workers'4,5 natural concept is introduced in the updated Lagrangian formulation, and a new method to derive element matrices arises. A detailed derivation of the matrices of the twodimensional beam-column element is presented to clarify further the UL formulations. Explicit expressions for these matrices, computed with the use of symbolic manipulation,17 are also presented to illustrate the concepts discussed. Finally, numerical results are shown to compare and evaluate different methods and matrices.
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  • 184
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2237-2238 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 185
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2239-2239 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 186
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2253-2271 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper 8-node traction singular boundary elements are employed to represent displacement and traction variations in the vicinity of the crack front in three-dimensional geometries. The numerical procedure suggested for evaluating the singular integrals extending over these special elements is described. The efficiency and accuracy of the special elements and integration procedure are demonstrated by the results obtained in a simple test problem whose analytical solution is known. The interaction of two circular coplanar cracks embedded in an infinite medium under uniform tension loading is also analysed. Finally, the stress intensity factor variation computed for a semi-circular inner surface crack in a pressurized cylinder is presented.
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2343-2356 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Plate and shell finite elements based upon Mindlin plate theory and evaluated by one-point quadrature are attractive because of their effectiveness for both thick and thin shells, at minimal computing cost. However, these elements are rank-deficient and must be stabilized to obtain reliable behaviour. Methods for achieving full rank of the stiffness and for stabilizing element behaviour in static analysis and in explicit dynamic calculations exist and are quite effective. This paper addresses the remaining issue of controlling spurious modes of response in vibration analysis and implicit dynamic solutions. Several alternatives for the element mass formulation are examined in detail. We show that non-physical dynamic modes present a potential problem with most mass matrix formulations, and that spurious modes other than the familiar hourglassing motion are possible. A combination of projection methods and reduced quadrature is suggested which eliminates these deficiencies and produces accurate numerical results. The remaining techniques investigated give rise to anomalous behaviour which make them unsuitable for general use.
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  • 188
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2389-2411 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new shell element, which is free from serious locking problems and which does not possess hourglass modes, is proposed. Solutions obtained with this element exhibit good convergence and are satisfactorily insensitive to mesh distortion. The element also exhibits good convergence for plates with variable thickness. This element is based on the use of assumed covariant strains which are obtained from the covariant strain field defined with respect to the element natural co-ordinate system. Only the linear version for thin shell cases is considered. The element performance is tested by application to several standard plate and shell problems. A problem involving variable thickness is also presented.
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1461-1477 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new kind of finite element is presented in this paper which is designed to work efficiently for bodies that are either prismatic or ‘quasi-prismatic’ in shape. Quasi-prismatic shapes are those which can be obtained from prismatic shapes by mere distortion. The element which is formulated in this paper may be coupled with other types of three-dimensional elements to allow the modelling of structures which are only partially prismatic or which have prismatic shapes within them. The element allows for a variety of boundary conditions, yet yields meshes which are easy to generate. The performance of this element is evaluated by numerical experiments that compare its results with analytical solutions for a thick cylinder problem and a curved beam problem. The element has also been demonstrated on a turbine blade model.
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  • 190
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1541-1550 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In finite element computations of magnetic fields, the boundary condition n × h = 0 is usually enforced on walls made of a material ofgreat permeability. We purport here to question the validity of this approximation. It is shown how this condition stems from a suitable passage to the limit (when the ratio of permeabilities μ0/μ tends to zero), provided a condition of topological nature (‘no loops’) is fulfilled. What to do when this condition does not hold is discussed.
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  • 191
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1499-1508 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A simple formulation of a nine d.o.f plane triangle is achieved by the assumed-stress hybrid approach. The element has two translations and the rotation about a normal to the plane as d.o.f. at each node. Performance of the element is shown to be good. A device for softening overly-stiff elements is found to be effective and is suggested as a widely applicable method of improving the behaviour of hybrid elements. A particularly simple form of the element, herein called the CST Hybrid, appears to be the best performer.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1563-1579 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The development of a general curved triangular element based on an assumed displacement potential energy approach is presented for the analysis of arbitrarily laminated thick shells. The associated laminated shell theory assumes transverse inextensibility and layerwise constant shear angle. The present element is a quadratic triangle of C0-type in the curvilinear co-ordinate plane, which is then mapped onto a curved surface. Convergence of transverse displacement, moments, stresses and the effect of two Gauss quadrature schemes also form a part of the investigation. Examples of two laminated shell problems demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present element. Comparison of the present LCST (layerwise constant shear-angle theory) based solutions, with those based on the CST (constant shear-angle theory) clearly demonstrates the superiority of the former over the latter, especially in the prediction of the distribution of the surface-parallel displacements and stresses through the laminate thickness.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 1611-1613 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2071-2086 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Time periodic finite element solutions for sinusoidally excited electromagnetic field problems in moving media are presented. Solutions by the Galerkin method contain spurious oscillations when the grid Peclet number is more than one. To suppress these osillations an upwind finite element method using two different time periodic test functions is introduced. One is multiplied to second and first order space derivative terms and the other to the time derivative term. Test functions are obtained from trial functions by adding or subtracting quadratic bias functions with appropriate scaling factors. Phase differences are considered between trial functions and bias functions. For simple interpretations of the phase differences complex scaling factors are used. The proposed method is developed to give nodally exact solutions for uniform grid spacing in one dimensional problems. Based on the one dimensional results a two dimensional upwinding scheme is also derived.
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  • 195
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2143-2166 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper presents a new approach to the use of the updated Lagrangian formulation with convected systems. The development of this new method is similar to the updated Lagrangian formulation presented by Bathe et al.4 The main difference is that here the tensors are written in their components in the curvilinear convected system, while Bathe, Ramm, and Wilson employ Cartesian components. A special form of the natural approach5 is also introduced in this formulation to simplify the element computations. The matrices of a two-dimensional curved beam-column element are derived as an example of this new formulation. Finally, a numerical evaluation is performed to evaluate critically the new curved element and the method proposed here.
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  • 196
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2327-2341 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: As a first step toward developing a finite element formulation that can model coupling among extensional, bending and torsional behaviour of beams, a new method is proposed to properly represent the warping of arbitrary cross-sections. The basic approach is to introduce a small warping displacement superimposed over flat cross-sections of a shear-flexible beam in a deformed configuration. Numerical tests involving simple isotropic beams undergoing a small elastic displacement demonstrate the validity of the new approach. The present approach can be extended to composite beams as well as isotropic beams experiencing a large deflection or finite rotation.
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  • 197
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 24 (1987), S. 2367-2388 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Arch dams can be conveniently analysed by the finite element method. For dam-fluid interaction problems, the fluid domain may be more conveniently handled by the boundary element method as a substructure first before connecting to the dam substructure. The added-mass matrix calculated from the fluid domain is symmetrized and lumped first so that the banded and symmetrical characteristics of the finite element method are retained. In the boundary element formulation, a mirror image method and quadratic elements are used for computational efficiency and accuracy. The strong singular terms are handled by using a solution which satisfies the governing equation and the free surface boundary condition. Infinite boundary conditions at the upstream of the reservoir can be reasonably approximated from the fundamental solution with accurate results, if the interior pressure distribution in the fluid domain is neglected. Numerical solutions on hydrodynamic pressure distribution and the natural frequencies of the dam-reservoir system with various water levels are obtained and compared with available analytical and experiment results.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Morphology 191 (1987), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous studies have examined the isometric contraction properties of the two heads of the cat flexor carpi ulnaris acting as a single unit. In this study, the contraction properties and fiber architecture of each head of the flexor carpi ulnaris were determined separately and related to previous reports on the histochemical characteristics of this muscle. The morphology of retrograde-labeled motor nuclei for the two heads of the muscle was also examined. The humeral head had a significantly longer contraction time (48 msec) than the ulnar head (36 msec) as well as a significantly lower tetanic fusion frequency (28 Hz vs. 35 Hz). The maximum tetanic tension per gram of muscle tissue was 71% greater in the ulnar head. Motoneurons of the flexor carpi ulnaris formed a column 12 mm long and 0.5 mm wide in the center of the ventral grey in spinal segments C8 and T1. The ulnar head had α-motoneurons with greater soma diameters than those in the humeral head. The smaller soma diameter, slower contraction time, and weaker contraction in the humeral head correlate with the preponderance of oxidative-metabolic muscle fiber types found in the humeral head by other workers. These correlations suggest that the humeral head plays a major role in maintaining a sustained antigravity tension that prevents the wrist from buckling during standing.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of metamorphosis of skull and hyobranchial system in two species of neotenic salamanders reveals two different types of neoteny. Ambystoma talpoideum is completely neotenic owing to delayed metamorphosis. Notophthalmus viridescens exhibits limited neoteny as a result of incomplete metamorphosis. Morphological details of neoteny are compared to life history in both species in order to discuss the ecological morphology of the two neotenic strategies. Comparisons to Taricha granulosa, Triturus vulgaris, and Ambystoma gracile indicate that these two strategies are widely employed and may represent familial patterns.
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    Journal of Morphology 191 (1987), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using scanning electron microscopy I determined neuromast number and orientation, neuromast sensory epithelial surface area and relative position, hair cell number per neuromast, hair cell size, and stitch formation in aquatic urodeles. All aquatic salamanders examined (34 specimens, 20 species, 16 genera, nine families) had neuromasts. The basic pattern of neuromast organization was similar in all species, consisting of a single row of circumorbital (supraorbital + infraorbital) neuromasts and anteriorly along the snout two rows of nasal and three rows of maxillary neuromasts. Nasal and maxillary groups consisted of orthogonally oriented neuromasts. Variation in most parameters occured at every taxonomic level, between individuals of the same species, and even on opposite sides of the same individual. Among species, primary neuromast number ranged from 94 to 150, with plethodontids having higher numbers. Despite high intraspecific variation, neuromast number fell into a sufficiently narrow range to be useful systematically. Hair cell number per neuromast was greater in species with larger animals. Hair cell number per neuromast and number of primary neuromasts did not increase with growth. In some species primary neuromasts divided to form secondary neuromasts (together termed a stitch). Two types of stitches-transverse and longitudinal-were formed. Transverse stitches were characteristic of ambystomatids and cryptobranchids, longitudinal stitches were characteristic of proteids and salamandrids. Because transverse stitches are also characteristic of anurans, this trait may be the generalized condition in at least these two amphibian orders. With stitch formation total number of hair cells on the dorsal surface of the head of these animals can be increased over tenfold to almost 20,000. Ecologically, lentic forms tended to form transverse stitches, while lotic forms had single neuromasts in epidermal pits or longitudinal stitches in epidermal grooves. Lotic forms also tended to have more primary neuromasts and more nasal and maxillary neuromasts.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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