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  • 1995-1999  (179)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • 1860-1869
  • 1999  (21)
  • 1997  (158)
  • Genetics
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA mutation at np 3243 in a family with maternally inherited diabetes mellitus (1999)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 36 (1999), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words Mitochondrial DNA ; Genetics ; Maternally inherited diabetes mellitus ; Deafness ; np 3243 mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene defects may play a role in the development of maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness (MIDD). A family from Southern Italy who showed maternal transmission of type 2 diabetes mellitus with three individuals affected is described. A 10.4 kb deletion and mutations at nucleotide positions (np) 3243, 7445 and 11778 in the mtDNA of six relatives were sought. The mitochondrial np 3243 mutation of the tRNA Leu (UUR) gene was identified in a boy affected by optic atrophy and mental retardation, as well as in his diabetic mother. No other mutations or deletions were found. Our study points out the variable phenotypic expression of the np 3243 mtDNA mutation. This may suggest the presence of other mitochondrial or nuclear mutations required to modulate the phenotype. A clinical and metabolic follow-up of all family members was necessary to understand the role of the np 3243 mutation, especially in one child affected by optic atrophy and mental retardation. Further studies will be aimed at investigating the prevalence of mutations and deletions of mtDNA in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005920050161
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AC/GT and AG/CT microsatellite repeats in peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch]: isolation, characterisation and cross-species amplification in Prunus (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the sequences of 17 primer pairs of microsatellite loci, which we have cloned and sequenced from two genomic libraries of peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] ‘Redhaven’, enriched for AC/GT and AG/CT repeats respectively. For ten of these microsatellite loci we were able to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in a segregating back-cross population; the remainder did not segregate. The polymorphism of the microsatellites was evaluated in a panel of ten peach genotypes, including true-to-type peaches, nectarines and one canning-peach. Fifteen microsatellites (88%) were polymorphic showing 2–4 alleles each. The mean heterozygosity, averaged over all loci, was 0.32 and significantly higher than that reported in the literature for isozymes and molecular markers, such as RFLPs and RAPDs. We have also assayed the cross-species transportability and found that ten microsatellite (59%) gave apparently correct amplification in all Prunus species surveyed, namely P. domestica (European plum), P. salicina (Japanese plum), P. armeniaca (apricot), P. dulcis (almond), P. persica var. vulgaris (peach), P. persica var. laevis (nectarine), P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus (sour cherry), with three of them also being amplified in Malus (apple). The remaining microsatellites gave less-extensive amplification. Because of their appreciable polymorphism and wide cross-species transportability, most of these new markers can be integrated into the linkage maps which are currently being constructed in peach, as well as in other stone fruit crops, such as almond, apricot, cherry and plum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051209
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathologie der Rhabdo- myosarkome des Kindes- und Adoleszentenalters Ein Bericht des Kindertumorregisters bei der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) (1999)
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 20 (1999), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Rhadomyosarkom ; Klassifizierung ; Immunhistochemie ; Genetik ; Prognose ; Key words Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Classification ; Immunohistochemistry ; Genetics ; Prognosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most important and a very heterogeneous group of malignant soft tissue tumors of childhood and adolescence.The two major subtypes (embryonal and alveolar) share a common myogenic differentiation, but seem to be histogenetically not related. The so-called ’International Classification of Rhabdomyosarcoma’ includes, besides the two major subtypes, the botryoid and leiomyomatous subtypes of embryonal RMS which are associated with a better prognosis and are treated less aggressively according to current protocols. In addition, the solid variant of alveolar RMS is included in the alveolar group of RMS. The identification of the various subtypes is necessary and important because the treatment with the current protocols is also related to histology. Using conventional stains and immunohistochemistry, these subtypes are distinguishable. Genetic analysis can be helpful in the demonstration of t(2;13) or t(1;13) translocations in alveolar RMS. The identification of alveolar RMS with t(1;13) translocation might become important in the future, because this type of translocation seems to be related to a better prognosis as compared to tumors with a t(2;13) translocation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Rhabdomyosarkome stellen eine heterogene Gruppe von ganz verschiedenartigen, histogenetisch wohl nicht zusammengehörenden Tumoren dar. Nach der heute verwendeten „Internationalen Klassifikation” der Rhabdomyosarkome werden neben der Unterteilung in embryonalen und alveoläre Rhabdomyossarkome auch Subtypen des embryonalen RMS identifiziert (botryoider und leiomyomatöser Subtyp), die durch eine günstigere Prognose und durch die Notwendigkeit einer weniger aggressive Therapie gekennzeichnet sind. Durch Einsatz von verschiedenen histologischen und immunhistochemischen Färbungen ist die Identifizierung der verschiedenen Typen der RMS heute möglich und auch zwingend notwendig, da die einzelnen Entitäten nach ganz unterschiedlichen Therapieprotokollen behandelt werden. Der Nachweis typischer molekulargenetischer Veränderungen kann in der Unterscheidung insbesondere von embryonalen und alveolären RMS hilfreich sein. In der Regel ist die Abgrenzung zwischen diesen beiden Entitäten auch an konventionell gefärbten Schnittpräparaten möglich. Die Identifizierung von alveolären RMS mit einer t(1;13)-Translokation könnte in Zukunft eine große Bedeutung haben, da diese genetische Veränderung möglicherweise mit einer günstigeren Prognose assoziert sein könnte als die t(2;13)-Translokation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002920050326
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 14 (1999), S. 2-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Keywords: Key words Inflammatory bowel disease ; Crohn's disease ; Ulcerative colitis ; Epidemiology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex disorders. While the exact etiology of these diseases remains unknown, recent progress in the epidemiology and genetics of IBD has clearly demonstrated both environmental and genetic factors to play a role in the development of the disease, and it is expected that some risk factors are common for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The environmental factor(s) are associated with the Western way of life in the second half of the twentieth century. Cigarette smoking is presently the best known environmental factor. However, the effect of tobacco is opposite in CD and UC. A familial history of IBD is the most important risk factor for developing the disease, suggesting a genetic predisposition to IBD. This hypothesis has recently been confirmed by the localization of at least two susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 16. These genes seem to play a role in both CD and UC. They must now to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003840050175
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetik schizophrener Störungen Neuere Konzepte und Befunde (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 955-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schizophrenie ; Genetik ; Schizophrenes Spektrum ; Kopplungsuntersuchungen ; Assoziationsuntersuchungen ; Key words Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Schizophrenia spectrum ; Linkage studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Schizophrenia is a genetic complex disease as it does not follow monogenic transmission while non-familial environmental factors have a strong additional impact. A heterogenous, continuous phenotype is transmitted in families which can now be more precisely characterized. Genes coding for proteins with presumed pathophysiological relevance are apparently not playing a major causal role. However, in the last three years several (currently seven) candidate regions have been identified in a replicable manner by linkage studies. These regions are likely to host susceptibility genes for schizophrenia, but none of them has been identified up to now. Given these findings, polygenic transmission has now become very likely. The candidate regions are currently being narrowed down by various promising techniques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Schizophrenie gehört zu den genetisch komplexen Erkrankungen, die keinem monogenen Erbgang folgen und bei denen auch nichtfamiliäre Umgebungsfaktoren eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Dabei wird intrafamiliär ein heterogener, quantitativ variierender Phänotyp übertragen, der zunehmend genauer charakterisiert werden kann. Keines der bekannten Gene mit vermuteter pathophysiologischer Relevanz spielt nach den bisherigen Erkenntnissen eine substantielle Rolle. In den vergangenen drei Jahren ist es aber erstmals durch Kopplungsuntersuchungen gelungen, mehrere replizierbare Kandidatenregionen (derzeit sieben) auf dem Genom zu identifizieren, in denen vermutlich Suszeptibilitätsgene für Schizophrenie liegen. Keines dieser Gene wurde jedoch bislang identifiziert. Mit diesen Befunden ist eine polygene Übertragung der Schizophrenie sehr wahrscheinlich geworden. Verschiedene Techniken zur Eingrenzung der Kandidatenregionen werden derzeit erfolgreich angewandt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050524
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mutation at codon 279 (N279K) in exon 10 of the Tau gene causes a tauopathy with dementia and supranuclear palsy (1999)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 98 (1999), S. 62-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Frontotemporal dementia ; Genetics ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Tauopathy ; Exon ; amplifcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recently intronic and exonic mutations in the Tau gene have been found to be associated with familial neurodegenerative syndromes characterized not only by a predominantly frontotemporal dementia but also by the presence of neurological signs consistent with the dysfunction of multiple subcortical neuronal circuitries. Among families, the symptomatology appears to vary in quality and severity in relation to the specific Tau gene mutation and often may include parkinsonism, supranuclear palsies, and/or myoclonus, in addition to dementia. We carried out molecular genetic and neuropathological studies on two patients from a French family presenting, early in their fifth decade, a cognitive impairment and supranuclear palsy followed by an akinetic rigid syndrome and dementia. The proband died severely demented 7 years after the onset of the symptoms; currently, his brother is still alive although his disease is progressing. In both patients, we found a Tau gene mutation in exon 10 at codon 279, resulting in an asparagine to lysine substitution (N279K). Neuropathologically, widespread neuronal and glial tau accumulation in the cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem nuclei as well as in the white matter were the hallmark of the disease. These deposits were shown by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, using a battery of antibodies to phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent epitopes present in multiple tau regions. In the neocortex, tau-immunopositive glial cells were more numerous than immunopositive neurons; the deeper cortical layers as well as the white matter adjacent to the cortex contained the largest amount of immunolabeled glial cells. In contrast, some brain stem nuclei contained more neurons with tau deposits than immunolabeled glial cells. The correlation of clinical, neuropathological and molecular genetic findings emphasize the phenotypic heterogeneitiy of diseases caused by Tau gene mutations. Furthermore, to test the effect of the N279K mutation and compare it with the effect of the P301L exon 10 mutation on alternative splicing of Tau exon 10, we used an exon amplification assay. Our results suggest that the N279K mutation affects splicing similar to the intronic mutations, allowing exon 10 to be incorporated more frequently in the Tau transcript.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010051052
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of potential phosphorylation sites in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 6 (1999), S. 206-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Tax ; HTLV-1 ; Trans-activation ; Phosphorylation ; Mutagenesis ; Transcription ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a phosphoprotein, however, the contribution of phosphorylation to Tax activity is unknown. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Tax occurs on serine residue(s), within one tryptic fragment, in response to 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate, in both mouse and human cells. Studies were conducted in multiple cell lines to identify the specific phosphorylated serines as a prelude to functional analysis. The phosphorylation pattern of Tax was found to be different in 293T and COS-7 cells in comparison with MT-4 and Px-1 cells. However, one tryptic fragment remained consistent in comigration analyses among all cell lines. Using selected Tax serine mutants a tryptic fragment containing a serine at residue 113 believed to be the site of phosphorylation of Tax did not comigrate with the common phosphorylated tryptic fragment. Analysis of selected Tax mutants for ability totrans-activate the cytomegalovirus promoter demonstrated mutation of serine 77 to alanine reducedtrans-activation by 90% compared to wild-type Tax. However, examination of the phosphorylation pattern of the serine 77 mutant demonstrated that it is not the site of phosphorylation. These studies demonstrate the importance of using relevant cell lines to characterize the role of phosphorylation in protein function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02255904
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlling septation in fission yeast: finding the middle, and timing it right (1999)
    Springer
    Current genetics 35 (1999), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Cytokinesis ; Kinase ; Mitosis ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Cell division ; Phosphatase ; Mutant ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a simple eukaryotic model for the study of cytokinesis. S. pombe cells are rod-shaped, grow mainly by elongation at their tips, and divide by binary fission after forming a centrally placed division septum. Analysis of mutants has begun to shed light upon how septum formation and cytokinesis are regulated both spatially and temporally. Some of the proteins involved in these events have been functionally conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, suggesting that aspects of this control will be common to all eukaryotic cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050455
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical relevance of monosomy 22q11.2 in children with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 158 (1999), S. 302-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Congenital heart disease ; Pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect ; Genetics ; Monosomy 22q11.2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of our study was to describe the prevalence and the clinical spectrum of monosomy 22q11.2 in a population of patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. We examined all 44 patients with this conotruncal cardiac malformation who presented to our institution from January 1994 until December 1997. The type of collateral lung perfusion was recorded including anomalies of the pulmonary arteries as well as facial and immunological abnormalities. Molecular-cytogenetic testing for a 22q11.2 microdeletion was performed using the probes D22S75 and cHKAD26. Statistical differences were evaluated with the Fisher's Exact Test. Monosomy 22q11.2 was present in ten children (23%) with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (group 1). The remaining 13 children (29%) with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (group 2) and all 21 children (48%) with ductus arteriosus (group 3) were negative for this microdeletion. All children in group 1 had facial anomalies, six had mild immunological abnormalities including decreased CD 4+ or CD 8+ cells. Anomalies of the pulmonary vascular bed were significantly more frequent in children of group 1 (9/10) than in children of group 2 (4/13) or group 3 (0/21). Due to these pulmonary vascular anomalies, corrective surgery had been accomplished in fewer children with monosomy 22q11.2 (none in group 1) as compared to 7/13 children in group 2 and 14/21 children in group 3. Conclusion In children with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect, monosomy 22q11.2 is preferentially associated with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. Due to the higher incidence of pulmonary arterial abnormalities, successful surgical repair will require a different therapeutic approach in most patients with this microdeletion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310051077
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linkage analysis of candidate myelin genes in familial multiple sclerosis (1999)
    Springer
    Neurogenetics 2 (1999), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1364-6753
    Keywords: Key words Multiple sclerosis ; Genetics ; Myelin basic protein ; Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ; Proteolipid protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. A complex genetic etiology is thought to underlie susceptibility to this disease. The present study was designed to analyze whether differences in genes that encode myelin proteins influence susceptibility to MS. We performed linkage analysis of MS to markers in chromosomal regions that include the genes encoding myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMGP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in a well-characterized population of 65 multiplex MS families consisting of 399 total individuals, 169 affected with MS and 102 affected sibpairs. Physical mapping data permitted placement of MAG and PLP genes on the Genethon genetic map; all other genes were mapped on the Genethon genetic map by linkage analysis. For each gene, at least one marker within the gene and/or two tightly linked flanking markers were analyzed. Marker data analysis employed a combination of genetic trait model-dependent (parametric) and model-independent linkage methods. Results indicate that MAG, MBP, OMGP, and PLP genes do not have a significant genetic effect on susceptibility to MS in this population. As MOG resides within the MHC, a potential role of the MOG gene could not be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100480050076
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of mantle cell lymphoma (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 485-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Mantle cell lymphoma ; Classification ; Pathology ; Prognosis ; Immunology ; Genetics ; Antineoplastic agents ; Combined ; Therapeutic use ; Radiotherapy ; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050545
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why is acute leukemia more common in males? A possible sex-determined risk linked to the ABO blood group genes (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 78 (1999), S. 233-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Acute leukemia ; Genetics ; Sex ; ABO Blood group
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Acute leukemia is more common in males at almost every age, and this fact remains unexplained. A study was carried out in northeast peninsular Malaysia, where the population is predominantly Malay, to examine whether there was a difference in ABO blood group distribution between males and females with acute leukemia (AL). The ABO blood groups of 109 male and 79 female patients with AL (98 ALL, 90 AML) were compared with those of 1019 controls. In the control population, 39.7% were group O. Among males with AL, 39.4% were group O, whereas among females with AL, the proportion was 24.1% (p=0.03). The same trend to a lower proportion of group O among females was seen if the group was divided into adult/pediatric or lymphoblastic/myeloblastic groups, though these differences were not statistically significant. If these findings can be confirmed, they suggest the presence of a "sex-responsive" gene near to the ABO gene locus on chromosome 9, which relatively protects group O women against AL, at least in our population. The existence of such a gene might also partly explain why acute leukemia, and possibly other childhood cancers, are more common in males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050507
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The neurofibromatoses. An overview (1999)
    Springer
    Italian journal of neurological sciences 20 (1999), S. 89-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1126-5442
    Keywords: Key words Neurofibromatosis ; Nf1 ; Nf2 ; Mosaic/segmental neurofibromatosis ; Variants ; Classification ; Neurological manifestations ; Genetics ; Childhood ; Adulthood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The last two decades have seen clinical and molecular delineation of the different forms of neurofibromatosis. Differentiation of these forms is not just an academic exercise: their natural history, management and genetic counselling are quite different. Of the numerical classifications of neurofibromatosis proposed in the past, only neurofibromatosis type 1 (Nf1) and neurofibromatosis type 2 (Nf2) are now well delineated clinically and have been shown to be distinct at the molecular level. For both forms of neurofibromatosis, patients with clinical generalised disease have been demonstrated to be mosaic at the molecular level, and features of segmental or mosaic Nf1 and Nf2 have been delineated. Other reported forms of neurofibromatosis are rarer; they include Watson syndrome, hereditary spinal neurofibromatosis, familial intestinal neurofibromatosis, autosomal dominant café-au-lait spots alone, autosomal dominant neurofibromas alone, and schwannomatosis, the latter believed to be a variant of Nf2. Further delineation is neeeded for individuals having overlapping features of Noonan's syndrome and neurofibromatosis (the so-called Noonan/neurofibromatosis syndrome) and the syndrome of “multiple naevi, multiple schwannomas and multiple vaginal leiomyomas”. In this article we review the forms of neurofibromatosis which we believe are true clinical entities. Particular attention is given to the neurological manifestations of neurofibromatosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100720050017
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to phosphofructo-1-kinase-deficiency in humans (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 77 (1999), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Diabetes ; Genetics ; Phosphofructokinase ; Glycogenosis ; NIDDM ; PFK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is usually explained as a combination of peripheral insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function. Phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK1) is a rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis, and its muscle subtype (PFK1-M) deficiency leads to an autosomal recessively inherited disorder known as glycogenosis type VII or Tarui’s disease. It was evaluated whether PFK1-M deficiency leads to NIDDM in humans. A core family of four was evaluated for PFK1-M deficiency by DNA- and enzyme-activity-analyses. All members underwent oral and intravenous glucose tolerance test (oGTT/ivgtt), as well as an insulin sensitivity test (IST) using octreotide. Results: Father (46 years, BMI 22.4 kg/m2) and older son (19 years, BMI 17.8 kg/m5) showed homozygous PFK1-M deficiency, while mother (47 years, BMI 28.4 kg/m5) and younger son (13 years, BMI 16.5 kg/m5) were shown to be heterozygously PFK1-M-deficient on enzyme activity levels. DNA analysis revealed an exon 5-missense-mutation at one allele of all four members, and an exon 22-frameshift-mutation at the other allele of the two homozygously affected individuals. By oGTT the father showed impaired glucose tolerance, and the mother clinical diabetes. By ivGTT both parents and the older son had a decreased first phase insulin secretion, and a diminished glucose disappearance rate. The IST showed marked insulin resistance in both parents and the older son, and moderate resistance in the younger son, previously not described. Conclusion: PFK1-M-deficiency leads to a metabolic state typical for early NIDDM in homozygously affected humans, especially concerning insulin resistance and loss of first phase beta-cell insulin secretion, and may contribute to the manifestation of NIDDM in a subgroup of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050311
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphisms in the glutamate transporter gene EAAT2 in European ALS patients (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 1140-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Genetics ; Glutamate transporter gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Whilst the primary pathogenic trigger is unknown in most cases, evidence is mounting to implicate a role for glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity in the disorder. Recent studies have shown reduced levels of the mainly astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in ALS motor cortex and spinal cord and multiple abnormal EAAT2 mRNA species in ALS brain tissue. One cause of the low EAAT2 levels may be that point mutations in the EAAT2 gene, EAAT2, result in an abnormal unstable protein. To test this hypothesis we analysed EAAT2 in 128 sporadic and 23 familial European ALS cases. No variants within the coding sequence of EAAT2 to affect the protein sequence nor in the consensus splice sites of the flanking intronic sequences were found in any cases, similar to findings in other reports. Frequent polymorphisms within the flanking intronic sequences of both exons 2 and 4 were seen but at similar frequencies in controls. Mechanisms other than mutations within the coding region of EAAT2 must therefore be responsible for the low levels of EAAT2 seen in most cases of ALS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050532
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early diagnosis and the clinical genetics of Alzheimer’s disease (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 246 (1999), S. 69-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Genetics ; Genetic counseling ; Predictive testing ; Diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has a significant genetic background manifested as autosomal dominant inheritance in some early-onset families and as familial risk in late-onset cases. Three genes responsible for early-onset autosomal dominant AD have been identified, and one gene, apolipoprotein E, has been confirmed as a susceptibility gene for late-onset forms of the disorder. These findings raise the possibility of genetic testing, either for early diagnosis or prediction. For early-onset autosomal dominant AD genetic testing will have a limited but useful role in confirming diagnosis in established cases and in predictive counselling for relatives; a situation analogous to that for Huntington’s disease. For late-onset AD significant problems remain to be overcome before the advances in molecular genetics have a direct clinical application
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050310
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-incompatibility in passion fruit: evidence of two locus genetic control (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 564-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Passiflora ; Self-incompatibility ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The self-incompatibility in yellow passion fruit was previously described as homomorphic sporophytic with monofactorial inheritance. Five progenies were obtained by bud-selfing. The plants of these progenies were selfed, reciprocally crossed within each progeny and crossed with known incompatible phenotypes to identify their phenotypic group. Fruit set was evaluated at the 7th day after pollination. Two progenies consisted of two self-incompatible groups, the other three formed three suck groups. The groups were identified as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6. The results provide evidence that the self-incompatibility of passion fruit is controlled by two loci, the S-gene and another, whose expression needs to be investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051105
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stylar ribonuclease assay to detect self-compatible seedlings in almond progenies (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 800-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Almond ; Compatibility ; Genetics ; Prunus dulcis ; Ribonucleases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Six almond progenies, each the product of a cross between a self-compatible and a self-incompatible parent, were analysed for stylar ribonucleases. Proteins were extracted and separated using non-equilibrium pH gradient electrofocusing (NEPHGE), and the gels were stained for ribonuclease activity. Most seedlings showed either two principal bands, interpreted as corresponding to two incompatibility alleles, or a single band. The seedlings were also bagged in the field at flowering time to determine fruit set after selfing, and some were also examined for the growth of pollen-tubes in selfed styles using UV fluorescence microscopy. With very few exceptions, those seedlings showing single-banded zymograms were found to be self-compatible according to field and microscope studies, and those with two bands were found to be self-incompatible. We conclude that the allele for self-compatibility in almond does not code for ribonuclease activity and that the ribonuclease isoenzyme assay is a convenient technique for predicting self-compatibility in segregating progenies. A novel band in two derivatives of ’Ferrastar’ was ascribed to a new incompatibility allele, S 10 .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051299
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Craniosynostosis: from a clinical description to an understanding of bone formation of the skull (1999)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 15 (1999), S. 676-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words Craniosynostosis ; Genetics ; FGFR ; Msx2 ; Development ; Skull
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The genetic studies of syndromic craniosynostoses lead to the characterisation of genes that regulate the correct development of the bones of the skull. From these studies, it appears that FGF/FGFR signalling has a crucial role in this problem. Numerous mutations affecting the genes coding for FGFR1, 2 or 3 are responsible for these syndromes. It is interesting to note that some identical mutations produced various different phenotypes, suggesting that other genes modulate the phenotypic expressivity. The other involved genes in these syndromes code for such proteins as Msx2 or Twist that interact in the cellular pathways responsible for FGF action. From these genetic studies, it is now important to establish the role of these proteins during the development of the skull. Msx2 plays a repressive role in osteogenesis, whereas FGFRs act as promoting proteins. In the near future, it will be very important to improve our understanding of these phenomena in order to test specific treatments to prevent the development of such syndromes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050457
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Division of labor in a dynamic environment: response by honeybees (Apis mellifera) to graded changes in colony pollen stores (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 46 (1999), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Pollen foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A fundamental requirement of task regulation in social groups is that it must allow colony flexibility. We tested assumptions of three task regulation models for how honeybee colonies respond to graded changes in need for a specific task, pollen foraging. We gradually changed colony pollen stores and measured behavioral and genotypic changes in the foraging population. Colonies did not respond in a graded manner, but in six of seven cases showed a stepwise change in foraging activity as pollen storage levels moved beyond a set point. Changes in colony performance resulted from changes in recruitment of new foragers to pollen collection, rather than from changes in individual foraging effort. Where we were able to track genotypic variation, increases in pollen foraging were accompanied by a corresponding increase in the genotypic diversity of pollen foragers. Our data support previous findings that genotypic variation plays an important role in task regulation. However, the stepwise change in colony behavior suggests that colony foraging flexibility is best explained by an integrated model incorporating genotypic variation in task choice, but in which colony response is amplified by social interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050607
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erbliche Ursachen und Risikofaktoren der Alzheimer-Krankheit (1999)
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 70 (1999), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Alzheimer-Krankheit ; Genetik ; Risikofaktoren ; Genetische Beratung ; Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Genetics ; Risk factors ; Genetic counseling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A multifactorial etiology underlies the majority of cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both ill-defined environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of the disease. Allele ɛ4 of ApoE is a genetic risk factor. Its presence increases the risk of developing AD. However, presence of e4 is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disease to arise. Apart from the common multifactorial forms of the disease, there are rare variants which are inherited as Mendelian traits. To date three genes are known that can be mutated in these rare forms of AD. Of these, mutations in the gene presenilin 1 on chromosome 14 are most frequent. In addition, mutations in the gene presenilin 2 on chromosome 1 and in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP on chromosome 21) occur in autosomal dominant AD. This article reviews our present knowledge of the genetics of AD and discusses its relevance for patients with AD and their relatives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Großteil der Fälle von Alzheimer-Krankheit (AK) hat eine multifaktorielle Ätiologie. Das bedeutet, bisher nicht genauer bekannte Umwelteinflüsse und genetische Faktoren spielen bei der Entwicklung der Krankheit eine wesentliche Rolle. Von seiten der Genetik unterscheidet man bei der AK gegenwärtig genetische Risikofaktroren und Mutationen. Der einzige bisher gesicherte genetische Risikofaktor ist das Allel ɛ4 des Gens für Apolipoprotein E auf Chromosom 19. Dieses Allel erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit, an der AK zu erkranken, ist jedoch weder eine notwendige noch eine hinreichende Bedingung. Neben den häufigen Formen mit multifaktorieller Ätiologie kommen seltene Varianten der Krankheit vor, die nach Mendelschen Regeln vererbt werden. Bisher sind 3 Gene bekannt, die bei diesen seltenen, in der Regel früh auftretenden und autosomal dominant vererbten Formen mutiert sein können. Am häufigsten findet sich bei den autosomal-dominanten Fällen eine Mutation im Gen präsenilin 1 auf Chromosom 14, seltener liegen Mutationen im Gen präsenilin 2 auf Chromosom 1 und im Gen des Amyloid- Vorläuferproteins auf Chromosom 21 vor. In diesem Beitrag geben wir eine Übersicht über gegenwärtige Befunde zur Genetik der AK und diskutieren die Bedeutung dieses Wissens für Patienten und deren Verwandte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001150050423
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  • 22
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    Genetics and cytology of a new genic male-sterile soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (1997)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Male sterility ; Genetics ; Callase ; Callose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and cytological studies were conducted with a new male-sterile, female-fertile soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant. This mutant was completely male sterile and was inherited as a single-recessive gene. No differences in female or male gamete transmission of the recessive allele were observed between reciprocal cross-pollinations in the F1 or F2 generations. This mutant was not allelic to any previously identified soybean genic male-sterile mutants: ms1, ms2, ms3, ms4, ms5, or ms6. No linkage was detected between sterility and flower color (W1 locus), or between sterility and pubescence color (T1 locus). Light microscopic and cytological observations of microsporogenesis in fertile and sterile anthers were conducted. The structure of microspore mother cells (MMC) in male-sterile plants was identical to the MMCs in male-fertile plants. Enzyme extraction analyses showed that there was no callase activity in male-sterile anthers, and this suggests that sterility was caused by retention of the callose walls, which normally are degraded around tetrads at the late tetrad stage. The tapetum from male-sterile anthers also showed abnormalities at the tetrad stage and later stages, which were expressed by an unusual formation of vacuoles, and by accumulation of densely staining material. At maturity, anthers from sterile plants were devoid of pollen grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970050062
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homoclinic chaos in a model of natural selection (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 35 (1997), S. 294-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Natural selection ; Homoclinic chaos ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  We modify a simple mathematical model for natural selection originally formulated by Robert M. May in 1983 by permitting one homozygote to have a larger selective advantage when rare than the other, and show that the new model exhibits dynamical chaos. We determine an open region of parameter space associated with homoclinic points, and prove that there are infinite sequences of period-doubling bifurcations along selected paths through parameter space. We also discuss the possibility of chaos arising from imbalance in the homozygote fitnesses in more realistic biological situations, beyond the constraints of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850050053
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of Interleukin 12 responsiveness: implications for disease pathogenesis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 75 (1997), S. 502-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words T helper 1/T helper 2 ; Genetics ; Interleukin 12 ; Allergy ; Autoimmunity ; Leishmania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the effect of genetic background on Th1/Th2 development. We discuss data demonstrating that genetic background is an important determinant of interleukin-12 (IL-12) responsiveness and the potential implications for disease progression in murine experimental leishmaniasis. Genetic analysis of the differential control of IL-12 responsiveness led to the identification of a controlling locus on the middle portion of murine chromosome 11. This genetic region (or its human counterpart, 5q31) has been associated with increased disease susceptibilities for several atopic, infectious, and autoimmune disorders. We discuss potential roles for genetic control of IL-12 responsiveness in the development of these diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090050135
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Hodgkin's disease: a disease of young adulthood? (1997)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 74 (1997), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Key words Hodgkin's disease ; Sex ; Age ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Familial Hodgkin's disease (FHD) is estimated to represent approximately 4.5% of all cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD). Shared environmental factors, such as Epstein-Barr virus and other viral agents, and genetic determinants have all been proposed to explain familial aggregation of HD. In order to compare the characteristic features of FHD with those of the much more common sporadic form, we reviewed 28 articles on FHD, published between 1972 and 1995, and analyzed in further detail data from 18 papers, reporting on a total of 328 patients. The male-to-female ratio of the FHD population examined was 1.5, similar to that reported for sporadic HD, and lower than the one suggested for FHD by some authors. On the other hand, a significant difference was found between sporadic and familial HD according to age at diagnosis; that is, only one major peak between 15 and 34 years was present in the group of patients with FHD. Further investigation of FHD in young adulthood may provide insight into the hypothesis of a genetic or infectious etiology of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002770050270
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extreme resistance to potato virus V in clones of Solanum tuberosum that are also resistant to potato viruses Y and A: evidence for a locus conferring broad-spectrum potyvirus resistance (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 1258-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Rysto and Ra ; Broad-spectrum resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Extreme resistance to the potato V potyvirus (PVV) was found in four potato cultivars that contain Ry genes from Solanum stoloniferum. When plants of these cultivars, were inoculated by grafting in shoot tips from PVV-infected tomato plants, necrotic symptoms developed in some cultivars, although a full hypersensitive reaction was not elicited, while other cultivars were symptomless. PVV replication was not detected in any of the inoculated plants by ELISA, an infectivity assay of leaf extracts by manual inoculation to Nicotiana benthamiana indicator plants, or by ‘return grafting’ of shoot tips taken from newly developed shoots of the potato plants to virus-free indicator plants of tomato. These methods readily detected PVV infection in inoculated plants of cv ‘Flourball’, which does not contain an Ry gene and is susceptible, and in cvs ‘Maris Piper’ and ‘Dr Macintosh’, which contain gene Nv conditioning a hypersensitive reaction to inoculation. One of the Ry-containing cultivars, ‘Barbara’, has been previously shown to contain two genes that control extreme resistance, defined as no viral replication in intact plants, to the potyviruses potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA). These genes are: Ry sto , which conditions resistance to PVY and PVA, and gene Ra, which conditions resistance to PVA only. It was found that in genotypes from a progeny of the cross ‘Barbara’ (Ry sto /Ra)בFlourball’ (ry/ra), extreme resistance to PVV segregated with gene Ry sto . It is proposed that either gene Ry sto conditions broad-spectrum extreme resistance to the distinct potyviruses PVY, PVA, and PVV or that Ry sto represents a family of genetically closely linked genes each controlling resistance to a specific virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050690
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of a unique plastid-localized heat-shock protein is genetically linked to acquired thermotolerance in wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 95 (1997), S. 834-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Stress proteins ; Heat tolerance ; Chloroplast ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have used a combination of molecular and classical genetic approaches to delineate the relationship between a specific HSP member and cell viability under heat stress. Using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat, derived from a cross of the thermotolerant cultivar ‘Mustang’ and the thermosusceptible cultivar ‘Sturdy,’ we have identified a unique HSP and a differentially expressed cDNA sequence, both related to the plastid-localized HSP26 gene family, that are closely associated with acquired thermotolerance in wheat. An isoform of HSP26 was synthesized under heat stress in all examined thermotolerant RILs and ‘Mustang’, and was absent in all examined thermosusceptible RILs and ‘Sturdy.’ Using a modified differential-display method, we have also identified a gene-specific cDNA sequence that is similar to other known members of the wheat HSP26 gene family and is selectively expressed in ‘Mustang’ and most of the examined thermotolerant RILs, but not expressed in ‘Sturdy’ and all the thermosusceptible RILs. These results suggest a genetic linkage between the acquired thermotolerance trait and the differential expression of a unique member of the HSP26 gene family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050633
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae in strawberry: the Rpf2 gene (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1092-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fragaria×ananassa ; Genetics ; Inheritance ; Red core ; Red stele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae is the causal agent of red stele (red core) root rot in strawberry (Fragaria spp.). The inheritance of resistance to one isolate of this fungus was studied in 12 segregating populations of F.×ananassa derived from crosses between four resistant cultivars (‘Climax’, ‘Redgauntlet’, ‘Siletz’, and ‘Sparkle’) and three susceptible cultivars (‘Blakemore’, ‘Glasa’, and ‘Senga’ Sengana’). The analysis clearly supports the hypothesis of a single segregating dominant resistance gene. It is proposed that this gene be designated Rpf2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050520
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  • 29
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 129 (1997), S. 15-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Naltrexone ; Alcohol ; Genetics ; Social drinkers ; Family history of alcoholism ; Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated specific subjective effects of naltrexone pretreatment or placebo during various intervals on the breath alcohol level (BAL) curve in nonalcoholic volunteers. Fifteen high-risk (social drinkers with an alcoholic father) and 14 low-risk (no alcoholic relatives in at least two generations) subjects were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of 50 mg oral naltrexone on response to a moderate dose of alcohol. Dependent measures included subjective stimulation and sedation subscales from the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) and mood subscales from the Profile of Mood States (POMS). At rising BALs, high-risk subjects showed a naltrexone-related attenuation of BAES stimulation. This effect was not evident in low-risk subjects, who directionally showed the opposite effect, although nonsignificant. For both groups, there were no significant naltrexone-related effects for BAES sedation; however, naltrexone did affect several POMS scales on alcohol response, such as decreased vigor, and increased fatigue, tension, and confusion. Confusion was significantly elevated for the high-risk group during rising BALs of the naltrexone session. The results suggest a differential response to naltrexone, based on paternal history of alcoholism and level of stimulation experienced during alcohol drinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050156
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  • 30
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetics, haloperidol-induced catalepsy and haloperidol-induced changes in acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 134 (1997), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Startle ; Prepulse inhibition ; Inbred strains ; Haloperidol ; Catalepsy ; Schizophrenia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic startle response (ASR), prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the ASR and the effects of haloperidol on the ASR and PPI were examined in C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) inbred mouse strains and their F1 and F2 progeny. The startle stimulus was a 60-ms, 110-dB, 10-kHz tone; the prepulse stimuli were 20-ms white noise bursts at 56, 68 and 80 dB against a 50-dB background presented 100-ms before the startle pulse. The B6 strain showed modest PPI (25–40%); in contrast, the D2 strain showed on average no PPI and numerous individuals showed prepulse augmentation (PPA). The F2 progeny showed an intermediate PPI; however, the extreme values ranged from 200% PPA to essentially 100% PPI. Haloperidol in dose-dependent fashion, increased PPI in both the B6 and D2 strains; the threshold dose was in the range of 0.1–0.2 mg/kg. Raclopride (0.3 mg/kg), clozapine (2 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.4 mg/kg) also increased PPI in both strains. The effects of haloperidol (0.4 mg/kg) on PPI in 140 F2 progeny were examined. For all prepulse intensities, there were highly significant (r 〉 0.80) and negative correlations between baseline PPI and the haloperidol-induced change in PPI. Thus, those animals that showed the greatest PPA showed the greatest haloperidol-induced increase in PPI. There was, however, significant variance in the haloperidol response; plots of the regression residuals showed the most and least responsive animals differed by almost 100% in effect on PPI. The F2 progeny were subsequently phenotyped for haloperidol-induced catalepsy. There was no association between the variation in effects on catalepsy and PPI. However, it was observed that those individuals with the poorest baseline PPI were catalepsy non-responsive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050434
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    Behavioral phenotypes of inbred mouse strains: implications and recommendations for molecular studies (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 107-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Mouse ; Inbred strains ; Behavior ; Genetics ; Locomotion ; Open field activity ; Learning ; Memory ; Aggression ; Parental behaviors ; Acoustic startle ; Prepulse inhibition ; Alcohol ; Nicotine ; Cocaine ; Opiates ; Haloperidol ; Diazepam ; Breeding ; Embryonic stem cell lines ; Transgenic ; Knockouts ; Null mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Choosing the best genetic strains of mice for developing a new knockout or transgenic mouse requires extensive knowledge of the endogenous traits of inbred strains. Background genes from the parental strains may interact with the mutated gene, in a manner which could severely compromise the interpretation of the mutant phenotype. The present overview summarizes the literature on a wide variety of behavioral traits for the 129, C57BL/6, DBA/2, and many other inbred strains of mice. Strain distributions are described for open field activity, learning and memory tasks, aggression, sexual and parental behaviors, acoustic startle and prepulse inhibition, and the behavioral actions of ethanol, nicotine, cocaine, opiates, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics. Using the referenced information, molecular geneticists can choose optimal parental strains of mice, and perhaps develop new embryonic stem cell progenitors, for new knockouts and transgenics to investigate gene function, and to serve as animal models in the development of novel therapeutics for human genetic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050327
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  • 32
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    The effects of cocaine on operant responding for food in several strains of mice (1997)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 132 (1997), S. 202-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Cocaine ; Operant behavior ; Genetics ; Mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The availability of numerous genetically homogenous mouse strains permits the analysis of genetic influences on behavior and also behavioral sensitivity (responsivity) to drugs of abuse. The current study was conducted to characterize discriminated operant responding for food in four inbred strains (Balb/cByJ, DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, SJL/J), an F1 Hybrid (C57BL/6×SJL), and one outbred strain (CD1) of mouse. The effect of cocaine on this operant behavior was also examined. Initially, all animals were trained to nosepoke for food on a continuous reinforcement schedule. The minimum response requirement for reinforcement was increased every 5 days until the animals were responding on an FR-15 schedule of reinforcement. All strains increased operant responding as the schedule of reinforcement was raised. However, significant differences in response rate and discrimination learning were observed among the various strains of mice. Cocaine administration reduced operant responding for food in Balb/cByJ, C57BL/6J, C57BL/6×SJL/J and CD1 mice at a dose of 15.0 mg/kg, whereas higher doses were required in DBA/2J mice (30.0 mg/kg) and SJL/J mice (56.0 mg/kg). These results suggest that operant performance and the effect of cocaine on this behavior is differentially influenced by genetic make-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050337
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  • 33
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    Preliminary report on the Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Project (1997)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 553-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease ; Crohn's disease ; Ulcerative colitis ; Genetics ; Family history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract BACKGROUND: Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown, there is increasing evidence that genetic predisposition plays a major etiologic role. To provide the framework for gene identification using a positional cloning approach, ascertainment of families with multiple affected members and careful documentation of pedigrees are essential. Objective: To report the initial findings of the IBD Genetics Project of the Mount Sinai Hospital IBD Research Unit. METHODS: All records of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease followed at the Mount Sinai Hospital IBD Unit were reviewed. A questionnaire was sent to all patients to ascertain those with a family history of IBD. Patients with a presumed family history were contacted by a research assistant, and after confirmation of diagnosis, relevant clinical information, pedigrees, and consent to contact family members were obtained. Blood for DNA and cell line preparation were collected from affected and nonaffected family members. RESULTS: Of 2,504 patients registered in the IBD database, 231 (9.2 percent) were found to have an affected family member: 96 of 964 (10 percent) with Crohn's disease (CD) and 135 of 1,540 (8.8 percent) with ulcerative colitis (UC). A mean of 2.4 family members were affected. In families in which the proband had CD, 82.3 percent had only two affected family members, 78.1 percent had only family members affected with CD, and 82.3 percent had only first-degree family members affected. In families in which the proband had UC, 70.4 percent had only two affected family members, 71.1 percent had only family members affected with UC, and 65.2 percent had only first-degree family members affected. In the 231 families, there were 103 sibling pairs: 46 percent with CD, 28 percent with UC, and 26 percent with CD/UC. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that approximately 10 percent of IBD patients have affected family members, with the rate being similar in UC and CD. Future research is directed to genome scanning and linkage analysis in this cohort of patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055377
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    Electronic Resource
    Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in pathologically proven Parkinson’s disease (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 244 (1997), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key words Parkinson’s disease ; Genetics ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To date, five single base pair changes of the mitochondrial DNA have been reported to occur either exclusively or with increased frequency in Caucasian patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and it has been postulated that these mutations might be causally related to the observed inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain function in PD. To evaluate these findings, we analysed the frequency of all five polymorphisms in 100 cases of pathologically proven cases of PD. We were either unable to detect the previously described polymorphisms in our series or found them to be present with the same frequency among controls. Our data do not support the hypothesis of an involvement of the mitochondrial DNA in the pathogenesis of PD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004150050082
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    Computerized EEG topography of normal preadolescent twins—Correlating similarity of background activity with genetic relatedness (1997)
    Springer
    Brain topography 9 (1997), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: EEG normality ; Brain topography ; Twins ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of genetic relatedness on the similarity degree of topographical EEG parameters was studied in a sample of 26 sets of monozygotic (MZ) and 46 sets of dizygotic (DZ) twins. All 144 subjects were healthy, primary school children, aged 7–15 years, 69 boys and 75 girls. Correlation coefficients were calculated for 50 quantitative EEG parameters of paired values obtained at each of 16 active electrode sites, in four groups of paired tracings: 1. MZ twins, 2. DZ twins, 3. The autocorrelated (A) group formed by correlating the spectral parameters from the same subjects in two different analyzed sequences, 4. The random (R) control group of 1200 unrelated pairs formed from DZ twin pairs. Sets of MZ twins and A group showed the highest degrees of similarity of spectral parameters over all brain areas except for significant differences only for some background features over posterior regions. In contrast, highly significant differences in topographic parameters were evident in comparison of MZ sets with DZ sets, particularly when MZ sets were compared with DZ subsets of opposite sex. Both number and degree of significant differences increased progressively in comparisons with groups 3 vs 2,1 vs 4, and 3 vs 4. The data gave strong evidence for a complex polygenic determination of normal human EEG topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01464485
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    Genetic aspects of childhood behavioral disorders (1997)
    Springer
    Child psychiatry & human development 27 (1997), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3327
    Keywords: ADHD ; Tourette Syndrome ; Genetics ; Gene Selection ; Conduct Disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The evidence is reviewed to support the concept that many disruptive, childhood and adolescent behavioral disorders including ADHD, Tourette syndrome, learning disabilities, substance abuse, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, are part of a spectrum of inter-related behaviors that have a strong genetic component, are polygenically inherited, share a number of genes in common that affect dopamine, serotonin and other neurotransmitters, and are transmitted from both parents. Some of the implications of this hypothesis in relation to diagnosis and treatment are reviewed, including the possibility that the genes involved may be increasing in frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02353694
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    Phytopathogenic Filamentous (Ashbya, Eremothecium) and Dimorphic Fungi (Holleya, Nematospora) with Needle-shaped Ascospores as New Members Within the Saccharomycetaceae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 945-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Ashbya ; Eremothecium ; Holleya ; Kluyveromyces ; Metschnikowia ; Nematospora ; Saccharomyces ; Crustaceae ; Diplopoda ; Heteroptera ; Saccharomycetaceae ; phylogeny ; taxonomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Phylogenetic relationships between species from the genera Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces and representatives of the Metschnikowiaceae (Holleya, Metschnikowia, Nematospora) including the two filamentous phytopathogenic fungi Ashbya gossypii and Eremothecium ashbyii were studied by comparing the monosaccharide pattern of purified cell walls, the ubiquinone system, the presence of dityrosine in ascospore walls, and nucleotide sequences of ribosomal DNA (complete 18S rDNA, ITS1 and ITS2 region). Based on sequence information from both ITS regions, the genera Ashbya, Eremothecium, Holleya and Nematospora are closely related and may be placed in a single genus as suggested by Kurtzman (1995; J. Industr. Microbiol. 14, 523-530). In a phylogenetic tree derived from the ITS1 and ITS2 region as well as in a tree derived from the complete 18S rDNA gene, the genus Metschnikowia remains distinct. The molecular evidence from ribosomal sequences suggests that morphology and ornamentation of ascospores as well as mycelium formation and fermentation should not be used as differentiating characters in family delimitation. Our data on cell wall sugars, ubiquinone side chains, dityrosine, and ribosomal DNA sequences support the inclusion of plant pathogenic, predominantly filamentous genera like Ashbya and Eremothecium or dimorphic genera like Holleya and Nematospora with needle-shaped ascospores within the family Saccharomycetaceae. After comparison of sequences from the complete genes of the 18S rDNA the genus Kluyveromyces appears heterogeneous. The type species of the genus, K. polysporus is congeneric with the genus Saccharomyces. The data of Cai et al. (1996; Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 542-549) and our own data suggest to conserve the genus Kluyveromyces for a clade containing K. marxianus, K. dobzhanskii, K. wickerhamii and K. aestuarii, which again can be included in the family Saccharomycetaceae. The phylogenetic age of the Metschnikowiaceae and Saccharomycetaceae will be discussed in the light of coevolution. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In vivo Mutational Analysis of Highly Conserved Amino Acid Residues of the Small Subunit Cpa1p of the Carbamylphosphate Synthetase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1021-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; carbamylphosphate synthetase ; mutational analysis ; CPA1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The role of selected amino acid residues located in the putative catalytic domain and of two conserved histidine residues within the small subunit of the carbamylphosphate synthetase (CPS) specific to the arginine biosynthesis pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied using site-directed mutagenesis to change all residues to aspartic acid. Carbamylphosphate synthesis catalysed by modified CPS was tested in vivo. The C264D, H307D and H349D mutants were unable to grow on minimal medium, indicating the importance of these three residues for efficient CPS activity, whereas, four other mutated residues located in the catalytic site (including a proline residue) do not affect the growth rate. These results in comparison to those obtained with the CPS of Escherichia coli, implicate residues Cys 264 and His 349 in the glutaminase catalytic activity, and His 307 in the binding of glutamine to the active site. Using these three defective mutants, we investigated the in vivo utilization of ammonia by CPS. C264D and H307D mutants are able to use ammonia as a substrate when provided in sufficiently high concentrations (up to 200 mm). The H349D mutant, however, did not grow even at ammonium sulfate concentrations above 400 mm, suggesting that this substitution is critical to NH3-dependent CPS activity although the ammonia binding site is presumably located within the large subunit of the enzyme. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electronic Resource
    Disruption of Six Novel Yeast Genes Reveals Three Genes Essential for Vegetative Growth and One Required for Growth at Low Temperature (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1181-1194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: gene disruption ; functional analysis ; chromosome X ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe here the construction of six deletion mutants and their basic phenotypic analysis. Six open reading frames (ORFs) from chromosome X, YJR039w, YJR041c, YJR043c, YJR046w, YJR053w and YJR065c, were disrupted by deletion cassettes with long (LFH) or short (SFH) flanking regions homologous to the target locus. The LFH deletion cassette was made by introducing into the kanMX4 marker module two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments several hundred base pairs (bp) in size homologous to the promoter and terminator regions of a given ORF. The SFH gene disruption construct was obtained by PCR amplification of the kanMX4 marker with primers providing homology to the target gene. The region of homology to mediate homologous recombination was about 70 bp. Sporulation and tetrad analysis revealed that ORFs YJR041c, YJR046w and YJR065c are essential genes. Complementation tests by corresponding cognate gene clones confirmed this observation. The non-growing haploid segregants were observed under the microscope. The yjr041cΔ haploid cells gave rise to microcolonies comprising about 20 to 50 cells. Most yjr046wΔ cells were blocked after one or two cell cycles with heterogeneous bud sizes. The yjr065cΔ cells displayed an unbudded spore or were arrested before completion of the first cell division cycle with a bud of variable size. The deduced protein of ORF YJR065c, that we named Act4, belongs to the Arp3 family of actin-related proteins. Three other ORFs, YJR039w, YJR043c and YJR053w are non-essential genes. The yjr043cΔ cells hardly grew at 15°C, indicating that this gene is required for growth at low temperature. Complementation tests confirmed that the disruption of YJR043c is responsible for this growth defect. In addition, the mating efficiency of yjr043cΔ and yjr053wΔ cells appear to be moderately a ffected. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Isolation of a putative prolyl-tRNA synthetase (CaPRS) gene from Candida albicans (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1375-1381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; prolyl tRNA synthetase ; CaPRS ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated a 4·0-kb fragment from a genomic library of Candida albicans which contained two open reading frames (ORFs). One of them is homologous to a prolyl-tRNA synthetase that catalyses the charging of a specific tRNA by proline (CaPRS). A deduced sequence of 575 amino acids representing a polypeptide of 66·2 kDa was determined. A FASTA search indicated that the CaPRSp had an overall similarity of 54·4% with the product of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORF (YER087) and 43·8% with the prolyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli (COLIPRO). Consensus Class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase sequences were identified by the PROSITE program. CaPRS was localized to chromosome R of the C. albicans genome and CaPRS DNA hybridized to a major RNA transcript of 1·7 kb under all conditions tested. The CaPRS sequence submitted to the EMBL data library is available under Accession Number U86341.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A Phylogenetic Analysis of Saccharomyces Species by the Sequence of 18S-28S rRNA Spacer Regions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1243-1250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces ; phylogeny ; ribosomal RNA ; systematics ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sequences of two internally transcribed spacer regions between 18S and 28S rRNA genes were determined to assess the phylogenetic relationship in the strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces. The sequences of S. bayanus and S. pastorianus were quite similar, but not identical. Two phylogenetic trees constructed by the neighbor-joining method showed that all the species examined were distinguished from one another. The Saccharomyces sensu stricto species: S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. paradoxus and S. pastorianus, were closely related and far from the Saccharomyces sensu lato species including S. barnetti, S. castellii, S. dairensis, S. exiguus, S. servazzii, S. spencerorum and S. unisporus, and an outlying species, S. kluyveri. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A rapid and reliable method for metabolite extraction in yeast using boiling buffered ethanol (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1347-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast metabolism ; metabolite extraction ; metabolic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A simple and reliable method for the efficient inactivation of metabolism and for quantitative metabolite extraction from yeast cells is presented. It is based on the use of a boiling solution made of 75% ethanol (volume/final volume) buffered with 70 mm-Hepes (final concentration), pH 7·5, to guarantee the stability throughout the whole procedure of a large variety of metabolites, including all glycolytic intermediates, nucleotides, pyridine nucleotides and organic acids compounds. The extraction is fast, requiring only 3 min incubation of yeast cells in the ethanol-buffered mixture maintained at 80°C. It can be carried out either directly by spraying the cells into the boiling mixture, or after quenching the whole culture in 60% methanol kept at -40°C. Extracts are subsequently concentrated by evaporation under partial vacuum and the residue is resuspended in a small volume of water. This concentration step and the use of a highly sensitive analytical method allow us to quantify metabolites in less than 10 mg dry weight cells. This method, which can be applied to other fungi, could be very helpful for the determination of true metabolites in mutants generated through the EUROFAN programme and for metabolic flux analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Functional differences among the six Saccharomyces cerevisiae tRNATrp genes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1357-1362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Suppressor tRNA ; UGA codon ; 5′-flanking sequence ; gene copy number ; fidelity of translation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid genome includes six copies of the gene encoding tRNATrp which are scattered on five chromosomes. Other, non-functional tDNATrp fragments also occur in the genome. The segments of all six genes which encode the 72-nucleotide mature tRNAas well as a 34-nucleotide intervening sequence, are identical. However, the 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences diverge virtually at the boundaries of the coding region. We have used an assay based on suppression of UGA mutations by multi-copy clones of tDNATrp to search for functional differences among these genes. Previous studies with one tDNATrp had demonstrated that moderate suppression of a UGA mutation, leu2-2, resulted from introduction of a multi-copy clone of the gene. Attempts to use this assay to select tDNATrp clones from a yeast genomic library yielded only four of the six different clones. The other two genes were amplified by PCR and cloned in pRS202, a 2 μ vector also used for the genomic library. Plasmids bearing the six tRNA genes were transformed into S. cerevisiae strain JG369.3B and scored for their ability to suppress the leu2-2 mutation as well as his4-260, another UGA marker. Two of the six tRNATrp clones were unable to suppress either marker, two evidenced weak suppression of the Leu auxotrophy, and two were able to suppress both markers. Growth rates in liquid media requiring suppression were measured for cell lines carrying each of the clones. Differences greater than 50-fold were observed in media lacking histidine. An evolutionary tree based on 5′-flanking sequence corresponds reasonably well with suppressor activity, while a similar analysis of 3′-flanking sequence does not. This suggests that the functional differences are based on divergence in the 5′-flanking sequences of the tRNATrp genes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Characterization of new proteins found by analysis of short open reading frames from the full yeast genome (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1363-1374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; short ORFs ; computational ORF verification ; ORF properties ; sequence similarity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have analysed short open reading frames (between 150 and 300 base pairs long) of the yeast genome (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with a two-step strategy. The first step selects a candidate set of open reading frames from the DNA sequence based on statistical evaluation of DNA and protein sequence properties. The second step filters the candidate set by selecting open reading frames with high similarity to other known sequences (from any organism). As a result, we report ten new predicted proteins not present in the current sequence databases. These include a new alcohol dehydrogenase, a protein probably related to the cell cycle, as well as a homolog of the prokaryotic ribosomal protein L36 likely to be a mitochondrial ribosomal protein coded in the nuclear genome. We conclude that the analysis of short open reading frames leads to biologically interesting discoveries, even though the quantitative yield of new proteins is relatively low. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Isolation and sequence of the gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase, SPE1, from Candida albicans by complementation of a spe1Δ ctrain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1383-1389 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: ornithine decarboxylase ; SPE1 gene ; Candida albicans ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The gene encoding ornithine decarboxylase, SPE1, from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans has been isolated by complementation of an ornithine decarboxylase-negative (spe1Δ) strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Four transformants, three of which contain plasmids with the SPE1 gene, were isolated by selection on polyamine-free medium. The C. albicans ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) showed high homology with other eukaryotic ODCs at both the amino acid and nucleic acid levels. The GenBank accession number for this gene is U85005. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In silicio identification of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored plasma-membrane and cell wall proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1477-1489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: GPI-anchor ; GPI-attachment site ; yeast ; Ascomycetes ; fungi ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Use of the Von Heijne algorithm allowed the identification of 686 open reading frames (ORFs) in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encode proteins with a potential N-terminal signal sequence for entering the secretory pathway. On further analysis, 51 of these proteins contain a potential glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-attachment signal. Seven additional ORFs were found to belong to this group. Upon examination of the possible GPI-attachment sites, it was found that in yeast the most probable amino acids for GPI-attachment are asparagine and glycine. In yeast, GPI-proteins are found at the cell surface, either attached to the plasma-membrane or as an intrinsic part of the cell wall. It was noted that plasma-membrane GPI-proteins possess a dibasic residue motif just before their predicted GPI-attachment site. Based on this, and on homologies between proteins, families of plasma-membrane and cell wall proteins were assigned, revealing 20 potential plasma-membrane and 38 potential cell wall proteins. For members of three plasma-membrane protein families, a function has been described. On the other hand, most of the cell wall proteins seem to be structural components of the wall, responsive to different growth conditions. The GPI-attachment site of yeast slightly differs from mammalian cells. This might be of use in the development of anti-fungal drugs. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Lys80p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previously proposed as a specific repressor of LYS genes, is a pleiotropic regulatory factor identical to Mks1p (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1337-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; LYS80gene ; α-ketoglutarate ; apparent repression ; pleiotropic factor ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an intermediate of the lysine pathway, α-aminoadipate semialdehyde (αAASA), acts as a coinducer for the transcriptional activation of LYS genes by Lys14p. The limitation of the production of this intermediate through feedback inhibition of the first step of the pathway results in apparent repression by lysine. Previously, the lys80 mutations, reducing the lysine repression and increasing the production of lysine, were interpreted as impairing a repressor of LYS genes expression. In order to understand the role of Lys80p in the control of the lysine pathway, we have analysed the effects of mutations epistatic to lys80 mutations. The effects of lys80 mutations on LYS genes expression were dependent on the integrity of the activation system (Lys14p and αAASA). The increased production of lysine in lys80 mutants appeared to result from an improvement of the metabolic flux through the pathway and was correlated to an increase of the α-ketoglutarate pool and of the level of several enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The LYS80 genes has been cloned and sequenced; it turned out to be identical to gene MKS1 cloned as a gene encoding a negative regulator of the RAS-cAMP pathway. We conclude that Lys80p is a pleiotropic regulatory factor rather than a specific repressor of LYS genes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contains two functional genes encoding the Acyl-CoA binding protein, one similar to the ACB1 gene from S. cerevisiae and one identical to the ACB1 gene from S. monacensis (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1409-1421 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: acyl-CoA binding protein ; ACB1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ; Saccharomyces monacensis ; brewing yeasts ; hybrid yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is an amphiploid, and it has previously been suggested that the genomes of S. carlsbergensis originate from S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis. We have cloned the ACB1 genes encoding the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) from S. carlsbergensis, S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis. Two genes were found in S. carlsbergensis and named ACB1 type 1 and type 2, respectively. The type 1 gene is identical to the S. cerevisiae ACB1 gene except for three substitutions, one single base pair deletion and one double base pair insertion, all located in the promoter region. The type 2 gene is completely identical to the S. monacensis ACB1 gene. These findings substantiate the notion that S. carlsbergensis is a hybrid between S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis.Both ACB1 type 1 and type 2 are actively transcribed in S. carlsbergensis and transcription is initiated at sites identical to those used for transcriptional initiation of the ACB1 genes in S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis, respectively. Two polyadenylation sites, spaced 225 bp apart, are present in the S. cerevisiae ACB1 gene. The upstream polyadenylation site is used exclusively during exponential growth, whereas both sites are utilized during later stages of growth. All sequence information is listed under EMBL Accession Numbers Y08687, Y08688, Y08689 and Y08690. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Deviant Pex3p Levels affect Normal Peroxisome Formation in Hansenula polymorpha: A Sharp Increase of the Protein Level Induces the Proliferation of Numerous, Small Protein-import Competent Peroxisomes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1449-1463 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: peroxisome biogenesis ; peroxisomal protein import ; peroxisomal membrane protein ; peroxisome proliferation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pex3p has been implicated in the biosynthesis of the peroxisomal membrane of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Here we show that in the initial stages of a sharp increase in Pex3p levels, induced in batch cultures of cells of a constructed H. polymorpha strain, which contained seven copies of PEX3 under control of the alcohol oxidase promoter (WT::PAOX.PEX37x), strongly interfered with normal peroxisome proliferation. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that in such cells numerous small peroxisomes had developed, which were absent in wild-type controls. These organelles, which contained typical peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins (alcohol oxidase, catalase, Pex3p, Pex10p and Pex14p), showed a relatively low density (1·18 g cm-3) after sucrose gradient centrifugation of WT::PAOX.PEX37x homogenates, compared to normal peroxisomes (1·23 g cm-3). We furthermore demonstrated that these early induced, small peroxisomes were protected against glucose-induced proteolytic degradation and did not fuse to form larger organelles. Remarkably, the induction of these small peroxisomes was paralleled by a partial defect in matrix protein import, reflected by the mislocalization of minor amounts of alcohol oxidase protein in the cytosol. However, when the cells were subsequently placed under conditions in which the synthesis of a new matrix enzyme (amine oxidase) was induced while simultaneously the excessive proliferation was repressed (by repression of the PAOX), amine oxidase protein was selectively incorporated into these organelles. This indicated that the small peroxisomes had regained a normal protein import capacity. Based on these results we argue that peroxisome proliferation and matrix protein import are coupled processes in H. polymorpha. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Green fluorescent protein as a reporter for the DNA damage-induced gene RAD54 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1535-1545 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA repair ; GFP ; RAD54 ; recombination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) of Aequorea victoria is now an established marker for gene expression and subcellular localization in budding yeast. Relatively high expression (greater than 2500 copies per cell) of GFP is required for direct microscopic visualization. This report provides a method for studying the expression of less highly expressed genes by the analysis of crude cell extracts - a simple and cheap alternative to the fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS). The utility of this marker is demonstrated in a study of the expression of the RAD54 gene. It is shown that the induction of the RAD54 promoter leads to the accumulation of Rad54p and of GFP and that the fluorescence induction is correctly regulated. This method should allow the screening of large numbers of novel gene disruptants for their effects on RAD54 expression and so identify trans-acting factors involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Surface Properties of Top- and Bottom-Fermenting Yeast (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 931-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: brewing yeast ; fermentation ; cell surface ; flocculation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The surface physico-chemical properties (hydrophobicity, electrophoretic mobility, chemical composition) of a large set of top- and bottom-fermenting brewing yeasts, harvested in the exponential and stationary growth phases, have been investigated. Bottom- and top-fermenting strains showed different surface properties. Top strains were generally more hydrophobic than bottom strains, due to higher surface protein concentrations. Bottom strains possessed higher surface phosphate concentrations. The different profiles of electrophoretic mobility versus pH for top and bottom strains could be explained by modelling the surface charge according to the surface chemical composition as given by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For bottom strains, the electrical properties were mainly controlled by phosphate, resulting in a low isoelectric point (pH 2 or below) and an electrophoretic mobility that did not become much more negative above pH 4. For the top strains, they were mainly determined by the balance of protonated amino- and carboxylate groups in proteins, which gave a high isoelectric point (pH 4) and an electrophoretic mobility changing greatly with pH in the range of 2 to 7. No difference in surface properties was found between flocculating and non-flocculating strains, or between cells from the exponential and stationary growth phases, even for strains where flocculation occurred during the transition from one growth phase to the other. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sequence Analysis of 203 Kilobases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome VII (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1077-1090 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; sequence ; snRNA ; SNR10 ; SNR39 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequences of five major regions from chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been determined and analysed. These regions represent 203 kilobases corresponding to approximately one-fifth of the complete yeast chromosome VII. Two fragments originate from the left arm of this chromosome. The first one of about 15·8 kb starts approximately 75 kb from the left telomere and is bordered by the SKI8 chromosomal marker. The second fragment covers the 72·6 kb region between the chromosomal markers CYH2 and ALG2. On the right chromosomal arm three regions, a 70·6 kb region between the MSB2 and the KSS1 chromosomal markers and two smaller regions dominated by the KRE11 marker and another one in the vicinity of the SER2 marker were sequenced.We found a total of 114 open reading frames (ORFs), 13 of which were completely overlapping with larger ORFs running in the opposite direction.A total of 44 yeast genes, the physiological functions of which are known, could be precisely mapped on this chromosome.Of the remaining 57 ORFs, 26 shared sequence homologies with known genes, among which were 13 other S. cerevisiae genes and five genes from other organisms. No homology with any sequence in the databases could be found for 31 ORFs.Furthermore, five Ty elements were found, one of which may not be functional due to a frame shift in its Ty1B amino acid sequence.The five chromosomal regions harboured five potential ARS elements and one sigma element together with eight tRNA genes and two snRNAs, one of which is encoded by an intron of a protein-coding gene. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Tandemly Repeated 147 bp Elements Cause Structural and Functional Variation in Divergent MAL Promoters of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1135-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; MAL6 ; divergent promoter ; repeats ; nucleosomes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied four novel MAL promoters isolated from a single strain of bakers' yeast. Within these promoters we have identified up to five tandem 147 bp repeats located between the MAL UAS region and the MALT TATA box. These repeats strongly reduce MALT (maltose permease) gene expression but only weakly reduce MALS (maltase) gene expression. Insertion of the 147 bp elements into the heterologous CYC1 promoter reduced expression when located between the CYC1 UAS and the TATA box, but not when located upstream of the UAS. We propose that these naturally occurring repeats have evolved as a mechanism to lower the level of MALT expression relative to MALS expression, thus avoiding possible toxic effects associated with over-expression from multiple copies of the permease gene. Accession numbers are: WIG1, U86359; WIG3, U86360; WIG4, U86361; WIG5, U86362. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Mapping of ure1, ure2 and ure3 Markers in Fission Yeast (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1195-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; mapping ; urease ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The following urease genes of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been mapped by induced haploidization and tetrad analysis - ure1: chromosome arm III-L; ure2 and ure3: chromosome arm I-R. The previously determined tps19-rad1 interval (11-12 cM) has been increased to 18 cM. A convenient medium for rapidly scoring the ure gene markers of fission yeast was developed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Characterization and Regulation of the Genes Encoding Ribosomal Proteins L39 and S7 of the Human Pathogen Candida albicans (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1199-1210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ribosomal proteins ; RPL39 ; RPS7 ; RPL29 ; hyphal morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genes encoding the Candida albicans ribosomal proteins L39 and S7 (RPL39, RPS7) were isolated and sequenced. From RPL39 cDNA a single intron interrupting the fifth codon in the genomic sequence could be deduced. Two homologous RPL39 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain a single intron in a conserved position. In contrast, C. albicans RPS7 was found to lack an intron, while both S. cerevisiae homologs are interrupted by single introns. The deduced L39 and S7 proteins contained 67% and 83% identical residues compared to the S. cerevisiae homologs. During hyphal induction the RPL39, RPS7 and RPL29 transcript levels increased three- to six-fold relative to ribosomal RNA, while ACT1 and RPS33 control transcripts were not regulated extensively. As suggested by unaltered transcript stabilities during hyphal induction, this regulation occurs on the transcriptional level; a conserved 18 bp palindromic sequence (5′-TTAGGGCTATAGCCCTAA-3′), which is present in the promoter regions of the RPL39 and RPS7 genes, may be involved in regulation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Expression Profiles of Transcripts from 126 Open Reading Frames in the Entire Chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Systematic Northern Analyses (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1275-1290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VI ; expression profiles ; systematic analyses ; Northern hybridization ; YFL012w ; YFR032c ; YFL059w ; YFR011c ; novel genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains 126 open reading frames (ORFs), and the functions of proteins encoded by 80 ORFs are still unknown. In this report, we have systematically examined the expression profiles of all 126 ORFs on chromosome VI under five kinds of growth conditions by quantitative Northern hybridization. A series of Northern analyses and reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions have revealed that more than 64 novel ORFs are transcribed. Two ORFs (YFL059w and YFR011c) are specifically expressed in the presence of galactose. Two ORFs (YFL012w and YFR032c) are specifically transcribed in sporulation. Six ORFs (YFL049w, YFL035c, YFL010c, YFR006w, YFR010w and YFR017c) are abundantly expressed in many growth conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular Cloning of Chromosome I DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Characterization of the 54 kb Right Terminal CDC15-FLO1-PHO11 Region (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1251-1263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome I ; yeast genome ; subtelomeric ; transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gene density near the ends of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes is much lower than on the rest of the chromosome. Non-functional gene-fragments are common and a high proportion of the sequences are repeated elsewhere in the genome. This sequence arrangement suggests that the ends of chromosomes play a structural rather than a coding role and may be analogous to the highly repeated heterochromatic DNA of higher organisms. In order to evaluate the function of the ends of S. cerevisiae chromosomes, the rightmost 54-kb of DNA from chromosome I was investigated. The region contains 16 open reading frames (ORFs) and two tRNA genes. Gene-disruption studies indicated that none of these genes are essential for growth on rich or minimal medium, mating or sporulation. In contrast to the central region where 80% of the genes are transcribed when cells are grown on rich medium, only seven ORFs and the two tRNA genes appeared to produce transcripts. Six of the transcribed ORFs were from the centromere-proximal part of the region, leaving the rightmost 35-kb with only a single sequence that is transcribed during vegetative growth. Two genes located 3 and 10-kb from the chromosome I telomere are almost identical to two genes located somewhat further from the chromosome VIII telomere. Surprisingly, the chromosome VIII copies were transcribed while the chromosome I genes were not. These results suggest that the chromosome I genes may be repressed by a natural telomere position effect. The low level of transcription, absence of essential genes as well as the repetitive nature of these sequences are consistent with their having a structural role in chromosome function. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular Characterization of the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene of Phaffia rhodozyma (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1231-1242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; gpd ; codon usage ; carotenoid ; astaxanthin ; splicing ; phylogeny ; evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD; EC1.2.1.12)-encoding gene (gpd) was isolated from a genomic library of Phaffia rhodozyma CBS 6938. Unlike some other eukaryotic organisms the gpd gene is represented by a single copy in P. rhodozyma. The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding, as well as the flanking non-coding regions was determined. The nucleotide sequence of gpd predicted six introns and a polypeptide chain of 339 amino acids. The codon usage in the gpd gene of P. rhodozyma was highly biased and was significantly different from the codon usage in other yeasts. Phylogenetic analysis of different yeasts and filamentous asco- and basidiomycetes gpd sequences indicated that the gpd gene of P. rhodozyma forms a cluster with the corresponding genes of filamentous basidiomycetes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The ALD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a cytosolic, Mg2+-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1319-1327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: aldehyde dehydrogenase ; gene cloning ; gene deletion ; protein family ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The deduced translation product of an open reading frame on the left arm of chromosome XVI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with the systematic name of YPL061w, is 500 amino acids in length and shares significant homology with aldehyde dehydrogenases. Amino acids 2 to 16 of the protein encoded by YPL061w were found to be identical to the N-terminal 15 amino acids of the purified cytosolic, Mg2+-activated acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ACDH) of S. cerevisiae. This enzyme is thought to be involved in the production of acetate from which cytosolic acetyl-CoA is then synthesized. Deletion of YPL061w was detrimental to the growth of haploid strains of yeast; an analysis of one deletion mutant revealed a maximum specific growth rate (in complex medium containing glucose) of one-third of that displayed by the wild-type strain. Mutants deleted in YPL061w were also unable to use ethanol as a carbon source. As expected, the cytosolic, Mg2+-activated ACDH activity had been lost from the mutants, although the mitochondrial, K+-activated ACDH was readily detected. YPL061w has been registered with the name of ALD6 in the Saccharomyces Genome Database and the nucleotide sequence submitted to GenBank as part of accession number U39205. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular cloning of TvDAO1, a gene encoding a D-amino acid oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1399-1408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Trigonopsis variabilis ; D-amino acid oxidase ; heterologous gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The DAO1 gene of Trigonopsis variabilis encoding a D-amino acid oxidase (EC 1.4.3.3) was isolated from genomic clones selected for their specific hybridization to synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotide probes based on regions of the enzyme that have been conserved through evolution. The nucleotide sequence of the gene predicts a protein with similarities to human, pig, rabbit, mouse and Fusarium solani D-amino acid oxidases. The open reading frame of the T. variabilis DAO1 gene was interrupted by an intron. The Dao1p sequence displays two regions, one in the N-terminal section - the FAD binding site - and the other near the C-terminal region that contains conserved signatures found in all the D-amino acid oxidases. The three C-terminal amino acids suggest that the enzyme may be located in peroxisomes. Northern blot experiments showed that no transcriptional activation occurred in the presence of D-methionine. The cDNA encoding Dao1p was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis. Both yeast species are able to synthesize a functional enzyme under the control of the GAL1 promoter. In K. lactis, up to six times more enzyme units per gram of dry weight are produced with a multicopy plasmid in comparison with the wild-type strain of T. variabilis. The yeast expression system we describe may constitute an alternative source for the production of D-amino acid oxidases at industrial level. The sequence presented here has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession Number Z50019. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Deviant Pex3p Levels affect Normal Peroxisome Formation in Hansenula polymorpha: High Steady-state Levels of the Protein fully Abolish Matrix Protein Import (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1437-1448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: peroxisome biogenesis ; peroxisomal protein import ; peroxisomal membrane protein ; PEX gene regulation ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: PEX3 encodes a 52 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), essential for peroxisome biogenesis in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The relation between Pex3p levels and peroxisome formation was studied in wild type (WT) and Δpex3 strains expressing additional copies of PEX3 under control of a substrate-inducible promoter, namely the strong alcohol oxidase (PAOX) or the weaker amine oxidase (PAMO) promoter. In glucose-grown Δpex3 cells, containing PAOX. PEX3, Pex3p was undetectable and peroxisomes were absent. After induction of these cells on methanol, peroxisomes were rapidly formed. At Pex3p levels up to 7-10 times the values observed in WT controls normal peroxisomes were present. However, at further enhanced Pex3p levels a general matrix protein import defect was observed. This phenomenon was paralleled by aberrant peroxisome assembly and the formation of numerous small vesicles. These vesicles contained Pex3p, together with other H. polymorpha PMPs, but lacked the major matrix proteins which has accumulated in the cytosol. The implications of our results on PEX3 gene regulation and functioning of the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery in H. polymorpha are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of yeast proteins using a non-linear wide range (pH 3-10) immobilized pH gradient in the first dimension; reproducibility and evidence for isoelectric focusing of alkaline (pI 〉7) proteins (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1519-1534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: proteome analysis ; 2D-PAGE ; protein identification ; protein expression ; S. cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The proteome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analysed by two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis utilizing a non-linear immobilized pH gradient (3-10) in the first-dimensional separation. Cells were labelled by [35S]methionine incorporation in the respiro-fermentative phase during exponential growth on glucose. Gels were run, visualized with phosphoimager technology and all resolved proteins automatically quantified. Proteins were well resolved over the whole pH interval, and evidence for isoelectric focusing on the basic side of the pattern was generated by sequencing of some spots, revealing the 2D positions of Tef1p, Pgk1p, Gpm1p, Tdh1p and Shm2p. Roughly 25% of the spots were resolved at the alkaline side of the pattern (pI〉7). The position reproducibility was high and in the range 1-2 mm in the x-and y-dimension, respectively. No quantitative variation was linked to a certain size or charge class of resolved proteins, and the average quantitative standard deviation was 17±11%. The obtained immobilized pH gradient based pattern could easily be compared to the old ampholine-based 2D pattern, and the previously reported identifications could thus be transferred. Our yeast pattern currently contains 43 known proteins, all identified by protein sequencing. Utilizing these identified proteins, relevant pI and Mr scales in the pattern were constructed. Normalization of the expression of identified spots by compensating for the number of methionine residues a protein contains allowed stoichiometric comparisons. The most dominant proteins under these growth conditions were Tdh3p, Fba1p, Eno2p and Tef1p/Tef2p, all being expressed at more than 500 000 copies per cell. The differential carbon source response during exponential growth on either glucose, galactose or ethanol was examined for the alkaline proteins identified by micro-sequencing in this study. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Guest Editorial: 1997 ushers in an era of yeast functional genomics (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1501-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Sequencing of a 40·5 kb Fragment Located on the Left Arm of Chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; genome sequencing ; ribosomal protein ; serine/threonine protein kinase ; transcriptional regulatory protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of a 40·5 kb DNA fragment from the left arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined and analysed. Twenty-eight open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 nucleotides were identified. Eight of them correspond to the following known yeast genes: EMP24, GCN1, SPO8, COX13, CDC55, RPS26, COX4 and LSR1, also called GTS1. Twelve ORFs are new, among them eight show homology with other genes while four have no homology with any sequence in the databases. Eight additional ORFs are internal to or partially overlapping with other ORFs. The nucleotide sequence reported here is deposited in the EMBL database under the Accession Numbers X91837 and X91489. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Yeast PIG Genes: PIG1 Encodes a Putative Type 1 Phosphatase Subunit that Interacts with the Yeast Glycogen Synthase Gsy2p (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: glycogen ; phosphatase type 1 ; targeting ; PIG1 ; PIG2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The biosynthesis of glycogen involves multiple proteins that associate with each other and the glycogen macromolecule. In efforts to understand the nature of these proteins, a two-hybrid screen was undertaken to detect proteins able to interact with Gsy2p, a major form of glycogen synthase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two positives expressed proteins derived from genes designated PIG1 and PIG2, on chromosomes XIIR and IXL respectively. PIG1 codes for a protein with 38% identity over a 230 residue segment to Gac1p, a protein thought to be a type 1 protein phosphatase targeting subunit whose loss impairs glycogen synthesis. Pig2p has 30% identity to the protein corresponding to an open reading frame, YER054, on chromosome V. Deletion of PIG1 on its own had little effect on glycogen storage but, in combination with loss of GAC1, caused a more severe glycogen-deficient phenotype than seen in gac1 mutants. This result is consistent with Pig1p being functionally related to Gac1p and we propose that Pig1p may be a type 1 phosphatase regulatory subunit. Delection of PIG2, YER054, or both genes together caused no detectable change in glycogen metabolism under the conditions tested. Gac1p, Pig1p, Pig2p and the YER054p are the only four proteins coded by the yeast genome that share a conserved segment of ∼25 residues, designated the GVNK motif, that is identifiable also in RGI, the mammalian type 1 phosphatase targeting subunit. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Sequence of a 36·7 kb Segment on the Left Arm of Chromosome IV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals 20 Non-overlapping Open Reading Frames (ORFs) Including SIT4, FAD1, NAM1, RNA11, SIR2, NAT1, PRP9, ACT2 and MPS1 and 11 New ORFs (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome IV ; genomic sequencing ; SIT4/PPH1 ; FAD1 ; NAM1/MTF2 ; RNA11 ; SIR2/MAR1 ; NAT1/AAA1 ; PRP9 ; ACT2 ; MPS1/RPK1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 36 688 bp fragment from the left arm of chromosome IV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced. Sequence analysis identified 20 complete non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 amino acids. Nine of these correspond to previously identified and sequenced genes: SIT4/PPH1, FAD1, NAM1/MTF2, RNA11, SIR2/MAR1, NAT1/AAA1, PRP9, ACT2 and MPS1/RPK1. Three ORFs show homology to previously sequenced genes. One ORF exhibits a hypothetical yabO/yceC/yfiI family signature and one has the ATP-dependent helicase signature of the DEAD and DEAH box families. Six ORFs show no appreciable homology to any proteins in the database. One of these is identical to yeast expressed sequence tags and therefore corresponds to an expressed gene. In addition, two partial ORFs and 11 ORFs that are totally internal and are not likely to be functional were detected. The sequence has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession Number Z71781. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The C-terminal Domain of Snf3p is Sufficient to Complement the Growth Defect of snf3 Null Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: SNF3 Functions in Glucose Recognition (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces ; glucose transport ; SNF3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SNF3 protein, Snf3p, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was initially thought to be a high affinity glucose transporter required for efficient catabolism of low glucose concentrations. We now report evidence suggesting that Snf3p is a regulatory protein and not a catabolic transporter. The C-terminal domain of Snf3p is able to complement the growth defect on solid media of snf3 null mutants independent of attachment to the membrane-spanning domains. However, the C-terminal domain is unable to fully restore high affinity glucose transport to a snf3 null strain. Examination of deletions of the C-terminal domain of intact SNF3 demonstrates that this region is required for both the growth and transport functions of Snf3p. Loss of the SNF3 gene leads to a long-term adaptation phenotype for cells grown in liquid medium at low substrate concentrations in the presence of the respiratory inhibitor, antimycin A. The presence of the C-terminal domain shortens the time required for adaptation in a snf3 null strain. Thus, Snf3p appears to affect ability to adapt to low substrate conditions, but does not confer an absolute defect in uptake of substrate. Taken together, these data suggest that Snf3p is a regulatory protein likely functioning in the detection of glucose. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Analysis of a 35·6 kb Region on the Right Arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome XV (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XV ; ORFs ; predictable functions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of a 35 600 bp fragment covering the PET123 region on the right arm of chromosome XV from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This region contains 19 possible open reading frames (ORFs) of which 16 are non-overlapping ORFs. Eight ORFs correspond to the SPP2, SMP3, RPB2, PDR5, NFI1, PUP1, PET123 and MTR10 loci, described previously. Two ORFs correspond to yeast homologues of genes from other organisms: O3530 is a member of the large ribosomal subunit protein L13 family and O3560 (SME1 gene) is a 94-codon ORF and is a homologue of the mammalian SmE spliceosomal core protein. Three ORFs (O3513, O3521, O3548) present significant similarities to proteins of unknown function and three ORFs (O3510, O3536, O3545) lack homology to sequences within the databases screened. The sequence has been deposited in the GenBank database under Accession Number U55020. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Genes Encoding the Transcription Factor yTAFII60, the G4p1 Protein and a Putative Glucose Transporter are Contained in a 12·3 kb DNA Fragment on the Left Arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome VII (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 85-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TAFII60 ; YB88 ; G4p1 ; glucose transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment of 12 325 base pairs from the left arm of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. Inspection of the coding capacity revealed 11 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids. Five ORFs are significantly homologous to known proteins. The region encoding ORF G2985 corresponds (100%) to the gene encoding the yeast TATA binding protein-associated factor TAFII60. The G3075 ORF is 47·8% identical to the hypothetical yeast protein YB88. G3080 shows 36·7% identity to the eel calmodulin. G3085 shows 94·9% identity with the published sequence of the quadruplex DNA binding protein G4p1. G3090 reveals 46·7% identity with the probable glucose transport protein yBR1625. The DNA sequence has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession Number X97644. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 70
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    Multidrug-Resistant Transport Proteins in Yeast: Complete Inventory and Phylogenetic Characterization of Yeast Open Reading Frames within the Major Facilitator Superfamily (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: drug resistance ; transport ; yeast ; MFS ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Screening of the complete genome sequence from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals that 28 open reading frames (ORFs) are homologous to each other and to established bacterial members of the drug-resistant subfamily of the major facilitator superfamily. The phylogenesis of these protein sequences shows that they fall into three major clusters. Cluster I contains 12 ORFs, cluster II contains ten ORFs and cluster III contains six ORFs. Hydropathy analyses indicate that in clusters II and III ORFs, 14 transmembrane spans are predicted whereas only 12 transmembrane spans are predicted in cluster I ORFs.Three ORFs that have known functions as multidrug-resistance pumps in other yeast species such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe (CAR1), Candida albicans (BMRP) or C. maltosa (CYHR), also fall into cluster I. Two S. cerevisiae ORFs of known multidrug-resistance function (ATR1, SGE1) fall into cluster II. Cluster III consists exclusively of ORFs of unknown function but binary sequence comparisons show homology to ORFs from cluster II.Analysis of the multiple alignment for these proteins leads to the identification of characteristic signature sequences for each of the three clusters. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Identification and Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cytoplasmic Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Gene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: HRE342 ; PCR ; tryptophan ; tRNA ; synthetase ; genome searching ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The enzymes that aminoacylate tRNAs have been studied extensively and can be organized into two distinct classes based on signature sequences and the position of aminoacylation. The class I enzymes have canonical HIGH and KMSKS sequences as part of a Rossman fold nucleotide-binding site. The tryptophan-specific enzymes have been placed in class I based on analysis of the cognate genes from Escherichia coli, B. stearothermophilus, B. taurus, and Homo sapiens. An unidentified open reading frame (ORF) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV, HRE342, has 46% identity with the bovine tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and possesses the appropriate signature sequences. The predicted molecular weight of the putative HRE342 protein also closely matched the expected monomer size of the S. cerevisiae enzyme. The HRE342 ORF plus about 250 bp of 5′ and 3′ flanking sequence was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned into a 2 μ based vector, and transformed into a host strain, S. cerevisiae JG369.3B. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the clone confirmed the presence of HRE342. Extracts from transformed yeast have a 30- to 100-fold increase in specific activity of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. An HRE342 locus in a diploid strain, PTY33XPTY44, was disrupted with a LEU2 insert. Sporulation and tetrad analysis of the HRE342::LEU2 strain demonstrated that HRE342 is an essential gene. We conclude that HRE342 is the S. cerevisiae gene encoding the cytoplasmic tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, WRS1. A search of the Saccharomyces Genome Database using amino acid sequences from other eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases suggests there is sufficient similarity to identify both class I and class II genes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Galactose-inducible Expression Systems in Candida maltosa using Promoters of Newly-isolated GAL1 and GAL10 Genes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: GAL genes ; expression vector ; cytochrome P-450 ; Candida maltosa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The GAL1 and GAL10 gene cluster encoding the enzymes of galactose utilization was isolated from an asporogenic yeast, Candida maltosa. The structure of the gene cluster in which both genes were divergently transcribed from the central promoter region resembled those of some other yeasts. The expression of both genes was strongly induced by galactose and repressed by glucose in the medium. Galactose-inducible expression vectors in C. maltosa were constructed on low- and high-copy number plasmids using the promoter regions of both genes. With these vectors and the β-galactosidase gene from Kluyveromyces lactis as a reporter, galactose-inducible expression was confirmed. Homologous overexpression of members of the cytochrome P-450 gene family in C. maltosa was also successful by using a high-copy-number vector under the control of these promoters. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Characterization of the rad14-2 Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Implications for the Recognition of UV Photoproducts by the Rad14 Protein (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: RAD14 ; nucleotide excision repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; damage recognition ; XPA homologue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The RAD14 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the incision step of the nucleotide excision repair process. The Rad14 protein can bind zinc, possesses a potential zinc finger DNA binding domain and has been shown to bind specifically to damaged DNA. Differences in UV sensitivity exist between a rad14 deletion strain and a putative rad14 point mutant, the point mutant being more resistant to UV than the deletion strain. Here, we confirm that the rad14 deletion strain repairs neither UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) nor endonuclease III-sensitive damage sites, whereas the point mutant cannot repair the former but can repair the latter. From this it can be inferred that the point mutant produces an altered protein product allowing recognition of endonuclease III sensitive sites but not CPDs. To investigate this, the rad14 mutant allele was sequenced. It contained two GC-AT transition mutations when compared to the wild-type RAD14 gene sequence. When the rad14 point mutant sequence is translated, alterations within the putative zinc finger binding domain are observed, with one of the cysteine residues of the zinc binding motif being replaced by tyrosine. This suggests that alterations within the zinc finger binding domain of the Rad14 protein cause changes to the damage recognition properties of the protein. The use of the Rad14 protein from the point mutant should assist in experiments investigating the in vitro binding properties of the Rad14 protein to different types of DNA damage. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Nucleotide Sequence of a 39 kb Segment of Yeast Chromosome IV: 12 New Open Reading Frames, Nine Known Genes and One Gene for Gly-tRNA (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; genome project ; chromosome IV ; GDH ; SHR3 ; UGA4 ; NHP2 ; HEM3 ; MGT1 ; SHM1 ; ASF2 ; Gly-tRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The complete nucleotide sequence of a 39 090 bp segment from the left arm of yeast chromosome IV was determined. Twenty-one open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids and a Gly-tRNA gene were discovered. Nine of the 21 ORFs (D0892, D1022, D1037, D1045, D1057, D1204, D1209, D1214, D1219) correspond to the previously sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes for the NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the secretory component (SHR3), the GABA transport protein (UGA4), the high mobility group-like protein (NHP2), the hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HEM3), the methylated DNA protein-cysteine S-methyltransferase (MGT1), a putative sugar transport protein, the Shm1 protein (SHM1) and the anti-silencing protein (ASF2). The inferred amino acid sequences of 11 ORFs show significant similarity with known proteins from various organisms, whereas the remaining ORF does not share any similarity with known proteins. The nucleotide sequence has been entered in the EMBL data Library under the Accession Number X99000.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    An 18·3 kb DNA Fragment from Yeast Chromosome VII Carries Four Unknown Open Reading Frames, the Gene for an Asn Synthetase, Remnants of Ty and Three tRNA Genes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; MEP1 ; NUP57 ; PPT1 ; asparagine synthetase ; tRNA gene ; sigma ; delta ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An 18·3 kb DNA segment from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII encompasses the previously characterized MEP1, NUP57 and PPT1 genes as well as seven new open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 residues. G6358 is an ubiquitous glutamine-dependant asparagine synthase. G6362 is a membrane protein highly homologous to a protein of unknown function in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Three ORFs (G6324, G6335 and G6365) have no significant homology with previously reported proteins or characteristic motifs. G6321 and G6359, enclosed in longer ORFs, are not likely to be coding. The segment also contains tRNA genes for Asn, Arg and Ile as well as a sigma element and two solo deltas. ORFs and genetic elements are named according to a preliminary working nomenclature. The sequence is recorded in GenBankTM/EMBL under Accession Number X83099.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Sequence of a Nearly Unclonable 22·8 kb Segment on the Left Arm of Chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals ARO2, RPL9A, TIP1, MRF1, Genes and Six New Open Reading Frames (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; genome sequencing ; chromosome VII ; long-range PCR ; clone instability ; ARO2 ; RPL9A ; TIP1 ; MRF1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of 22 803 bp on the left arm of chromosome VII was determined by polymerase chain reaction-based approaches to compensate for the unstable character of cosmid clones from this region of the chromosome. The coding density of the sequence is particularly high (more than 83%). Twelve open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp were found, two of which (at the left side) have been described previously (James et al., 1995) after sequencing of an overlapping cosmid. Four other ORFs correspond to published sequences of the known genes ARO2, RPL9A, TIP1 and MRF1. ARO2 codes for chorismate synthetase, RPL9A for protein L9 of the large ribosomal subunit and MRF1 for a mitochondrial translation release factor. The TIP1 product interacts with Sec20p and is thus involved in transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi. Five of the remaining ORFs have not been identified previously, while the sixth (YGL142c) has been partially sequenced as it lies 5′ upstream of MRF1. These six ORFs are relatively large (between 933 and 3657 nucleotides). YGL146c, YGL142c, YGL140c and YGL139w have no significant homology to any protein sequence presently available in the public databases, but show two, nine, nine and eight putative transmembrane spans, respectively. YGL144c has a serine active site signature of lipases. YGL141w has limited homology to several human proteins, one of which mediates complex formation between papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein and tumor suppressor protein p53. The sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the EMBL DNA data library under Accession Number X99960.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Fate of Glucose in Strains S288C and S173-6B of the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; glycolysis ; metabolism ; glucose ; trehalose ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intracellular metabolic flux has been investigated in two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown into stationary phase under both glucose-repressed and glucose-derepressed conditions. By employing a variety of simple methodologies (manometry, enzymatic analysis and colorimetric analysis) we have been able to identify and quantitate carbon flow from glucose without the need for isotopically labelled substrate. We can account for 88-98% (depending on strain and growth conditions) of the carbon products of glucose metabolism under both glycolytic and oxidative conditions as ethanol (27-40%), carbon dioxide (15-26%), acetate (2-3%), glycerol (5-11%), glycogen (5-13%) and trehalose (9-39%).©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Determination of the Relative Ploidy in Different Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains used for Fermentation and ‘Flor’ Film Ageing of Dry Sherry-type Wines (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 101-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; relative ploidy ; chromosomes ; aneuploidy ; flor yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The full chromosomal karyotype of six enological Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains used for fermentation and biological ageing of sherry-type wines was studied. A genetic method based on the analysis of segregation frequencies of auxotrophic markers, among random spore progeny of hybrids, constructed between laboratory and industrial wine strains (Bakalinsky and Snow, 1990) was used. This method was combined with the analysis of strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results obtained clearly indicate the presence of two, three or four copies of a chromosome in the industrial strains examined, and thus confirm that aneuploidy/polyploidy is not uncommon in these strains. In all strains examined, chromosome XIII polysomy is observed. This chromosome contains the ADH2 and ADH3 loci, that code for the ADHII and ADHIII isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase, which are involved in ethanol oxidative utilization during biological ageing of wines. Tetrad analysis for the ‘flor formation’ character suggests two possibilities: this character is either regulated by at least a digenic system, or by only one gene present on a chromosome which is, at least, disomic.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Sequence of 32 kb on the Left Arm of Yeast Chromosome XII Reveals Six Known Genes, a New Member of the Seripauperins Family and a New ABC Transporter Homologous to the Human Multidrug Resistance Protein (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XII ; sequencing ; DPS1/APS ; HSP104 ; KNS1 ; SDC25 ; SPA2 ; SSA2 ; leucine zipper ; ABC transporter ; multidrug resistance ; metal resistance ; YCF1 ; hMRP1 ; Pumilio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The analysis of a 32 kb DNA fragment from cosmid 2G12 on the left arm of chromosome XII identifies 14 open reading frames (ORFs) numbered L0948 to L1325, a new tRNA for proline, a delta remnant and two putative ARS. Six ORFs have been previously identified: HSP104, SSA2, SPA2, KNS1, DPS1/APS and SDC25. Three putative ORFs have significant homology with known proteins: L0968 is a new member of the very large ‘seripauperins’ family, comprising at least 20 yeast members; L1313 is a new ABC transporter highly homologous to the yeast cadmium resistance protein Ycf1p and to the human multidrug resistance protein hMRP1; the C-terminal part of L1325 present in our sequence is very homologous to the fruit fly abdominal segment formation protein Pumilio. Finally, two ORFs, L1201 and L1205, have weak homology with two yeast hypothetical proteins of unknown function identified by the yeast systematic sequencing genome.Since our nucleotide sequence overlaps by 11·6 kb the cosmid 2B18 sequenced by Miosga and Zimmerman (1996) on the right end, we have not reported here the analysis of the ORFs L1313, L1321 and L1325. The complete nucleotide sequence of 32,088 bp and the deduced ORFs were submitted to the EMBL database under Accession Number X97560.© 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Expression of the SUC2 Gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is Induced by Low Levels of Glucose (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: glucose ; induction ; invertase ; SUC2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: High levels of glucose repress expression of the SUC2 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have discovered that low levels of glucose are required for maximal transcription of SUC2: SUC2 expression is induced about five- to ten-fold in cells growing on low levels of glucose (0.1%) compared to cells growing on galactose or glycerol. Two pieces of evidence suggest that this low-glucose-induced expression is mediated by a repression mechanism that involves an upstream repression site in the SUC2 promoter (URSSUC2). First, deletion of the URSSUC2 results in expression of the SUC2 gene in the absence of glucose, and second the URSSUC2 mediates a six-fold repression of a reporter gene when inserted into a heterologous promoter. However, this URSSUC2-mediated repression occurs on all tested carbon sources, suggesting that this URS element acts in concert with all other promoter elements to respond to low concentrations of glucose. This repression requires the general repressor Ssn6p. SNF3, which encodes a glucose transporter that appears to be a sensor of low levels of glucose, is also required for low-glucose-induced expression of SUC2.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The Essential Schizosaccharomyces pombe gpi1+ Gene Complements a Bakers' Yeast GPI Anchoring Mutant and is Required for Efficient Cell Separation (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 139-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; fission yeast ; glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Schizosaccharomyces pombe gpi1+ gene was cloned by complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gpi1 mutant, which has temperature-sensitive defects in growth and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchoring of protein, and which is defective in vitro in the first step in GPI anchor assembly, the formation of N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphatidylinositol (GlcNAc-PI). S. pombe gpi1+ encodes a protein with 29% identity to amino acids 87-609 of the S. cerevisiae protein, and is the functional homolog of the S. cerevisiae Gpi1 protein, for it restores [3H]inositol-labelling of protein and in vitro GlcNAc-PI synthetic activity to both S. cerevisiae gpi1 and gpi1::URA3 cells. Disruption of gpi1+ is lethal. Haploid Δgpi1+::his7+ spores germinate, but proceed through no more than three rounds of cell division, many cells ceasing growth as binucleate, septate cells with thickened septa. These results indicate that GPI synthesis is an essential function in fission yeast, and suggest that GPI anchoring is also required for completion of cytokinesis. The nucleotide sequence reported will appear in the GenBank Nucleotide Sequence database under the Accession Number U77355.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Histone H1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: histone H1 ; nuclear localization ; green fluorescence protein ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The existence of histone H1 in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has long been debated. In this report we describe the presence of histone H1 in yeast. YPL127c, a gene encoding a protein with a high degree of similarity to histone H1 from other species was sequenced as part of the contribution of the Montreal Yeast Genome Sequencing Group to chromosome XVI. To reflect this similarity, the gene designation has been changed to HHO1 (Histone H One). The HHO1 gene is highly expressed as poly A+ RNA in yeast. Although deletion of this gene had no detectable effect on cell growth, viability or mating, it significantly altered the expression of β-galactosidase from a CYC1-lacZ reporter. Fluorescence observed in cells expressing a histone H1-GFP protein fusion indicated that histone H1 is localized to the nucleus.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sequence Analysis of a 37·6 kbp Cosmid Clone from the Right Arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome XII, Carrying YAP3, HOG1, SNR6, tRNA-Arg3 and 23 New Open Reading Frames, Among Which Several Homologies to Proteins Involved in Cell Division Control and to Mammalian Growth Factors and other Animal Proteins are Found (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; genome sequencing ; chromosome XII ; SNR6 ; YAP3 ; HOG1 ; ZFM1 ; FLO1 ; Arg-tRNA ; flocculation ; TPR motif ; crn ; cell cycle control ; transcriptional factor ; pseudogene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of 37 639 bp of the right arm of chromosome XII has been determined. Twenty-five open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp were detected, two of which extend into the flanking cosmids. Only two (L2931 and L2961) of the 25 ORFs correspond to previously sequenced genes (HOG1 and YAP3, respectively). Another ORF is distinct from YAP3 but shows pronounced similarity to it. About half of the remaining ORFs show similarity to other genes or display characteristic protein signatures. In particular, ORF L2952 has striking homology with the probable cell cycle control protein crn of Drosophila melanogaster. L2949 has significant similarity to the human ZFM1 (related to a potential suppressor oncogene) and mouse CW17R genes, though it lacks the carboxy-terminal oligoproline and oligoglutamine stretches encoded by these mammalian genes. The small ORF L2922 is similar to part of the much larger yeast flocculation gene FLO1. Other sequences found in the 37 639 bp fragment are one delta and one solo-sigma element, the tRNA-Arg3 gene, the small nuclear RNA gene SNR6 and three ARS consensus sequences. The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the Accession Number X89514. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Completion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome Sequence Allows Identification of KTR5, KTR6 and KTR7 and Definition of the Nine-Membered KRE2/MNT1 Mannosyltransferase Gene Family in this Organism (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: mannosyltransferase ; gene family ; protein glycosylation ; cell wall ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The KRE2/MNT1 mannosyltransferase gene family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently consists of the KRE2, YUR1, KTR1, KTR2, KTR3 and KTR4 genes. All six encode putative type II membrane proteins with a short cytoplasmic N-terminus, a membrane-spanning region and a highly conserved catalytic lumenal domain. Here we report the identification of the three remaining members of this family in the yeast genome. KTR5 corresponds to an open reading frame (ORF) of the left arm of chromosome XIV, and KTR6 and KTR7 to ORFs on the left arms of chromosomes XVI and IX respectively. The KTR5, KTR6 and KTR7 gene products are highly similar to the Kre2p/Mnt1p family members. Initial functional characterization revealed that some mutant yeast strains containing null copies of these genes displayed cell wall phenotypes. None was K1 killer toxin resistant but ktr6 and ktr7 null mutants were found to be hypersensitive and resistant, respectively, to the drug Calcofluor White. The sequences have been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Numbers Z71305; U39205; Z46728.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The DNA Sequence of Cosmid 14-13b from Chromosome XIV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals an Unusually High Number of Overlapping Open Reading Frames (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 261-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; chromosome XIV ; genome sequencing ; OMP1 ; PSU1 ; MLS1 ; RPC19 ; DBP2 ; CYB5 ; ESBP6 ; H8263 ; AF-9 ; ENL ; TFIIF ; TBF1 ; YHR117w ; YKL221w ; YHR115c ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This work is part of the effort for sequencing chromosome XIV of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cosmid 14-13b contains a 37·8 kb insert derived from a partial Sau3A digestion of the genome, cloned into the BamHI site of the vector Pou6. The strategy used for sequencing is based on the fragmentation of the whole cosmid by sonication, followed by shotgun sequencing on an Applied Biosystem DNA sequencer. The clones with inserts corresponding to the vector were identified by dot-blot hybridization, without the need of sequencing. The analysis of the DNA sequence reveals 29 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bases. Nine ORFs are internal to some other ORFs. Similarity searches against DNA and protein data banks show that six ORFs correspond to already known yeast genes (OMP1, PSU1, MLS1, RPC19, DBP2, CYB5) and one ORF matches the sequence of a putative yeast gene (ESBP6). The cosmid sequence has been submitted to the EMBL data bank under Accession Number Z69382.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 86
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    Sequence Analysis of a Near-subtelomeric 35·4 kb DNA Segment on the Right Arm of Chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Carrying the MAL1 Locus Reveals 15 Complete Open Reading Frames, Including ZUO1, BGL2 and BIO2 Genes and an ABC Transporter Gene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 251-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; genome sequencing ; chromosome VII ; multiple drug resistance ; oligomycin resistance ; maltose fermentation ; maltase ; α-glucosidase ; MAL1 ; ZUO1 ; BGL2 ; BIO2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of 35 400 bp at approximately 10 kb from the right telomere of chromosome VII was determined. The segment contains the MAL1 locus, one of the five unlinked loci sufficient for maltose utilization. Until now, each of these loci was considered to contain three genes (for regulator, permease and α-glucosidase), but a fourth gene, presumably an extra α-glucosidase gene, was found at MAL1 adjacent to the usual cluster of three genes. The two glucosidase genes are present in opposite orientation, forming an inverted repeat structure. In addition to the four genes at MAL1, there are 11 complete, non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp in the sequence presented here. A new ABC transporter gene (YGR281w), required for oligomycin resistance was found (YOR1; Katzman et al., 1995), and the previously sequenced BGL2 (YGR282c), ZUO1 (YGR285c) and BIO2 (YGR286c) genes were located. The sequence of BIO2, a biotin synthetase gene, required substantial correction and the size of Bio2p is 375, rather than 356, amino acids. Two ORFs show rather weak similarities to animal genes: YGR278w to an unknown ORF of Caenorhabditis elegans and YGR284c to the murine Surf-4, a member of a cluster of at least four housekeeping genes. The remaining five ORFs do not encode known functions, but three of these show weak to high similarities to other ORFs in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome and one (YGR280c) codes for a particularly lysine-rich protein. The nucleotide sequence has been deposited in the EMBL DNA data library under Accession Number X94332. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 87
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    Sequencing of a 9·9 kb Segment on the Right Arm of Yeast Chromosome VII Reveals Four Open Reading Frames, including PFK1, the Gene Coding for Succinyl-CoA Synthetase (β-chain) and Two ORFs Sharing Homology with ORFs of the Yeast Chromosome VIII (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; chromosome VIII ; PFK1 ; O44 protein ; β-SCS ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 9·9 kb DNA fragment from the right arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been sequenced and analysed. The sequence contains four open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 100 amino acids. One gene, PFK1, has already been cloned and sequenced and the other one is the probable yeast gene coding for the β-subunit of the succinyl-CoA synthetase. The two remaining ORFs share homology with the deduced amino acid sequence (and their physical arrangement is similar to that) of the YHR161c and YHR162w ORFs from chromosome VIII. The sequence is in the EMBL data library under Accession Numbers Z73024, Z73025, Z73026, Z73028 and Z73029.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 88
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    Analysis of the DNA Sequence of a 34 038 bp Region on the Left Arm of Yeast Chromosome XV (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome XV ; RPLA2 ; PRE6 ; MSE1 ; IFM1 ; DIS3 ; SCM2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the DNA sequence of a 34 038 bp segment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV. Subsequent analysis revealed 20 open reading frames (ORFs) longer than 300 bp and two tRNA genes. Five ORFs correspond to genes previously identified in S. cerevisiae, including RPLA2, PRE6, MSE1, IFM1 and SCM2 (TAT2, TAP2, LTG3). Two putative proteins share considerable homology with other proteins in the current data libraries. ORF O2145 shows 41·2% identity with the glycophospholipid-anchored surface glycoprotein Gas1p of S. cerevisiae and ORF O2197 has 53·2% identity to chromosome segregation protein Dis3p of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Accession Numbers for these sequences are provided in Table 1.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 89
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    Analysis of an 11·6 kb Region from the Right Arm of Chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Between the RAD2 and the MES1 Genes Reveals the Presence of Three New Genes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; RAD2 ; YKS5 ; MES1 ; protein kinase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Sequence analysis of an 11 628 bp DNA segment from the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII revealed the presence of the 5′ end of the RAD2 gene, the MES1 gene and six open reading frames (ORFs) each longer than 300 bp. Four of these ORFs are expressed genes, as indicated by transcript analysis. One of them, YGR261c, which specifies a putative β-adaptine, corresponds to gene YKS5, which has recently been identified as a suppressor of loss of casein kinase 1 function. The remaining three ORFs are new genes; of these, YGR260w encodes a protein showing similarity to the S. cerevisiae allantoate permease and YGR262c specifies a putative protein kinase. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Y07777. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 90
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    Properties and Heterologous Expression of the Glucose Transporter GHT1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: glucose transporter gene ; heterologous expression ; substrate accumulation ; transport energization ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genomic DNA of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe glucose transporter, GHT1, was obtained by complementation of the glucose transport deficient Sz. pombe strain YGS-5. Here we describe the GHT1 gene that encodes a protein of 565 amino acids with a corresponding molecular mass of 62·5 kDa. This eukaryotic glucose transporter contains 12 putative transmembrane segments and is homologous to the HXT multigene family of S. cerevisiae with several amino acid motifs of this sugar transporter family. It is also homologous to other sugar carriers from human, mouse and Escherichia coli. The function of the Ght1 protein as a glucose transporter was proved both by homologous and heterologous expression in the Sz. pombe mutant YGS-5 and in the S. cerevisiae hxt mutant RE700A, respectively. Both transformed yeast strains transported d-glucose with substrate specificity similar to that in Sz. pombe wild-type cells. Moreover, the cells of the two transformed yeast strains accumulated 2-deoxy-d-glucose, a non-metabolizable d-glucose analogue, with an efficiency similar to Sz. pombe wild-type cells. The ability of the S. cerevisiae mutant RE700A to accumulate 2DG in an ΔμH+dependent manner after transformation with GHT1 provides evidence that the Sz. pombe transporter catalyses an energy-dependent uptake of glucose. The sequence of GHT1 was deposited at EMBL, Outstation EBI, Accession Number X91218. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 91
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    Multiple Copies of PBS2, MHP1 or LRE1 Produce Glucanase Resistance and Other Cell Wall Effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 199-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: PBS2 ; MHP1 ; LRE1 ; cell wall glucan ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Five sequences were isolated by selection for multiple copy plasmids that conferred resistance to laminarinase, an enzyme that specifically degrades cell wall β(1-3) glucan linkages. Strains carrying three of these plasmids showed alterations in cell wall glucan labelling. One of these plasmids carried PBS2, a previously identified, non-essential gene which produces a variety of phenotypes and encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase analogue (Boguslawski and Polazzi, 1987). Cells carrying PBS2 at multiple copy show a small decrease in cell wall β(1-6) glucans. Measurements of β(1-3) glucan synthase activity in multi-copy PBS2 cells showed an approximate 30-45% increase in enzyme specific activity while a pbs2Δ disruption strain showed a decrease in glucan synthase activity of approximately 45% relative to control. A pbs2Δ disruption strain was laminarinase super-sensitive and super-sensitive to K1 killer toxin while a strain carrying PBS2 at multiple copy was resistant to killer toxin. A second plasmid carried a portion of the MHP1 gene which has been reported to encode a microtubule-interacting protein (Irminger-Finger et al., 1996). The MHP1 gene product is a predicted 1398 amino acid protein and only approximately 80% of the amino portion of this protein is required for laminarinase resistance. Cells carrying the amino portion of MHP1 at multiple copy show a decrease in high molecular weight cell wall β(1-6) glucans and were killer toxin resistant while a disruption strain was viable and killer toxin super-sensitive. Cells carrying this plasmid showed decreased levels of high molecular weight β(1-6) glucans and increased glucan synthase activity. The laminarinase resistance conferred by the third plasmid mapped to the previously uncharacterized YCL051W open reading frame and this gene was therefore named LRE1 (laminarinase resistance). The LRE1 gene encodes a non-essential 604 amino acid hydrophilic protein. Unexpectedly, cells carrying LRE1 at multiple copy show no alteration in cell wall glucans or glucan synthase activity. Subcloning experiments demonstrated that the production of these cell wall effects requires the presence of both LRE1 and YCL052C (PBN1), a second open reading frame present on the original plasmid. Cells carrying multiple copies of PBN1 alone show no significant alterations in cell wall glucans or glucan synthase activity, indicating that these effects require the presence of multiple copies of both genes.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 92
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    Predacious Yeasts (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; predation ; auxotrophy ; sulphate uptake ; haustorium ; necrotrophic mycoparasitism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Haustorium-mediated predation was observed in seven yeast species. Arthroascus javanensis, Botryoascus synnaedendrus, Guilliermondella selenospora, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, and three hitherto unknown species penetrate and kill other yeasts. These yeasts share an unusual requirement for organic sulphur. One isolate recovered from Australian Hibiscus was studied in detail and found to attack a broad range of prey species, including ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts as well as moulds. Predation was most effective when growth was on a solid surface and the medium was poor in complex nutrients. Organic sulphur (exemplified by methionine) was identified as a key factor. It serves as a nutritional benefit to the predator and, depending on the concentration, acts as either an inhibitor of predation or possibly a signal for detection of prey. Sampling of a yeast habitat with a medium selective for selenium-resistant yeasts indicated that auxotrophic and predacious yeasts might be more widespread than anticipated.©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 93
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    Rapid Amplification of Uncharacterized Transposon-tagged DNA Sequences from Genomic DNA (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: PCR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; transposon ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although the entire DNA sequence of the yeast genome has been determined, the functions of nearly a third of the identified genes are unknown. Recently, we described a collection of mutants, each with a transposon-tagged disruption in an essential gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identification of these essential genes and characterization of their mutant phenotypes should help assign functions to these thousands of novel genes, and since each mutation in our collection is physically marked by the uniform, unique DNA sequence of the transposable element, it should be possible to use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the DNA adjacent to the transposon. However, existing PCR methods include steps that make their use on a large scale cumbersome. In this report, we describe a semi-random, two-step PCR protocol, ST-PCR. This method is simpler and more specific than current methods, requiring only genomic DNA and two pairs of PCR primers, and involving two successive PCR reactions. Using this method, we have rapidly and easily identified the essential genes identified by several of our mutants. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 94
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    The Sequence of a 8 kb Segment on the Right Arm of Yeast Chromosome VII Identifies Four New Open Reading Frames and the Gene For yTAFII145 (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 365-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; yTAFII145 gene ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of a 8061 bp fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. Five open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 amino acids were identified. Three show similarities to the amino-acid sequence of known gene products. ORF G9374 corresponds to the gene coding for the yTAFII145 protein: a TBP-associated factor whose amino-acid sequence was previously reported (Reese et al., 1994). The remaining ORF does not display similarities to known sequences. The complete nucleotide sequence was submitted to the EMBL database (Accession Number X84098). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 95
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    DNA Sequence Analysis of a 23 002 bp DNA Fragment of the Right Arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome VII (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast genome ; genome sequencing ; chromosome VII ; QCR9 ; UBR1 ; TYS1 ; TFG1 ; HGH1 ; BUB1 ; tRNALeu3 ; tRNATrp ; tRNALys1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence of a 23 002 bp fragment located on the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. Analysis of this region revealed 14 complete open reading frames (ORFs) with more than 300 base pairs. Six of them correspond to previously known genes. G7164 is the QCR9 gene coding for subunit 9 of the cytochrome c reductase; G7168 is UBR1, encoding an ubiquitin protein ligase; G7522 is the TYS1 gene, which encodes for the tyrosyl tRNA synthetase; G7526 is TFG1, the gene coding for the RNA polymerase transcription initiation factor TFIIF (factor G); G7538 is the gene HGH1 which encodes a protein related to the mammalian HMG1 and HMG2 proteins. G7542 is the BUB1 gene which encodes a ser/thr protein kinase involved in spindle assembly during the cell cycle. One of the ORFs, G7553, shares significant homologies with the gene UTR2 from S. cerevisiae. None of the seven remaining ORFs shows similarity to any of the sequences within the public databases. Three ORFs are internal ORFs of the above-described known genes, and two small ORFs are completely contained in larger ORFs on the complementary strand, and therefore probably do not correspond to real genes. This region also contains three genes specifying tRNAs for Leu, Lys and Trp, and several LTR elements. The sequence described in this paper has been deposited in the EMBL data library under the Accession Number X99074. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 96
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    Sequence Analysis of a 10·5 kb DNA Fragment from the Yeast Chromosome VII Reveals the Presence of Three New Open Reading Frames and of a tRNAThr Gene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; genome sequencing ; GCN5 ; ENO1 ; PUP2 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the sequence analysis of a 10 531 bp DNA fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. This sequence contains five complete open reading frames (ORFs) potentially encoding proteins longer than 100 amino acids and an incomplete ORF coding for the 3′ part of the GCN5 gene (Georgakopoulos and Thireos, 1992). ORFs G9160 and G9155 correspond to the genes ENO1 (Holland et al., 1981) and PUP2 (Gergatsou et al., 1992) respectively. ORF G9165 codes for a protein which shares significant homology with known proteins present in databases (see below). The translated sequence of ORF G9170 shows 88% identity to the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase encoded by the gene 6PGD from S. cerevisiae present in the SwissProt data library (P38720). This indicates that G9170 might code for a second 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. ORF G9175 codes for a putative new member of the mitochondrial carrier family. A hypothetical tRNAThr (TGT) is also present in position 6842-6913. The complete sequence has been entered in the EMBL data library under Accession Number U00028. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 97
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    Analysis of a 17·9 kb Region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosome VII Reveals the Presence of Eight Open Reading Frames, Including BRF1 (TFIIIB70) and GCN5 Genes (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 373-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VII ; BRF1 ; MGA1 ; SOL1 ; GCN5 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the nucleotide sequence of a 17 898 bp DNA segment from the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII. This fragment begins at 482 kb from the centromere. The sequence includes the BRF1 gene, encoding TFIIIB70, the 5′ portion of the GCN5 gene, an open reading frame (ORF) previously identified as ORF MGA1, whose translation product shows similarity to heat-shock transcription factors and five new ORFs. Among these, YGR250 encodes a polypeptide that harbours a domain present in several polyA binding proteins, YGR245 is similar to a putative Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene, YGR248 shows significant similarity with three ORFs of S. cerevisiae situated on different chromosomes, while the remaining two ORFs, YGR247 and YGR251, do not show significant similarity to sequences present in databases. This sequence has been submitted to the EMBL data library under Accession Number Y07703. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 98
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    Construction of a Yeast Strain Deleted for the TRP1 Promoter and Coding Region that Enhances the Efficiency of the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Disruption Method (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 353-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: TRP1 ; one-step deletion method ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The sequence of the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was recently determined. As well as all the information concerning the structure of the chromosomes the scientific community had to deal with the discovery of dozens of new open reading frames (ORFs) of unknown function. The study of these ORFs requires the development of simple procedures that can be used on a large scale. In the framework of a European Pilot Project we have described a new approach for deleting ORFs. This method is based on transformation with a polymerase chain reaction product but is limited by the use of a strain deleted for the auxotropic marker. We present here the construction of a new recipient strain that lacks the TRP1 region and that allows a high efficiency of gene deletion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 99
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    Serine Palmitoyltransferase (scs1/lcb2) Mutants have Elevated Copy Number of the L-A dsRNA Virus (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; killer system ; double-stranded RNA ; protein modification ; sphingolipid ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The microsomal fraction isolated from serine palmitoyltransferase (lcb2/scs1) mutants is enriched in a 90 kDa protein. The protein was identified as the major coat (Gag) protein of the L-A dsRNA virus particles by partial sequencing and by its interaction with anti-Gag antibodies. The total amount of Gag in whole-cell lysates of scs1/lcb2 mutant cells is greater than in wild-type lystes indicating that the enrichment of the protein in the microsomal fraction of scs1/lcb2 mutant cells may result from increased copy number of the L-A dsRNA virus. This is supported by the finding that the mutants also have increased levels of L-A dsRNA. Altered sphingolipid synthesis in the scs1 mutant cells appears to increase the copy number of the L-A viral particles. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 100
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    The Sequence of a 54·7 kb Fragment of Yeast Chromosome XV Reveals the Presence of Two tRNAs and 24 New Open Reading Frames (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 13 (1997), S. 379-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: genomic sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; tRNALys ; tRNAPro ; SIS2 ; MLP1 ; allantoin permease ; HBS1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 54 719 bp fragment from the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XV has been sequenced from the inserts of two cosmids (pEOA213 and pEOA217). The computer analysis of this sequence has revealed the presence of eight known genes (CKA2, CYC1, ALG8, TCM1, TMP1, UFE1, RTS2 and ASE1) and four open reading frames (ORFs) with strong homologies with known yeast genes (MLP1, SIS2 and HBS1 and the allantoin permease). The characteristics of the other ORFs and of the corresponding proteins do not allow postulation of a precise function. Several have features reminiscent of cytoskeleton or motor elements (keratin-like, myosin-like) and several others have characteristics of proteins which interact with DNA (extremely basic, b-Zip structure and/or acidic domains). Two tRNAs (tRNALys and tRNAPro) have also been identified on this fragment. Many of these ORFs present similarities with ORFs located on chromosome XI, indicating some information reshuffling between the two chromosomal fragments. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL library data bank under Accession Number Z70678. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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