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  • 1985-1989  (457)
  • 1905-1909
  • 1900-1904
  • 1985  (457)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (457)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimal conditions for solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Chaetomium cellulolyticum in laboratory-scale stationary layer fermenters were developed. The best pretreatment for wheat straw was ammonia freeze explosion, followed by steam treatment, alkali treatment, and simple autoclaving. The optimal fermentation conditions were 80% (w/w) moisture content; incubation temperature of 37°C; 2% (w/w) unwashed mycelial inoculum; aeration at 0.12 L/h/g; substrate thickness of 1 to 2 cm; and duration of three days. Technical parameters for this optimized fermentation were: degree of substance utilization, 27.2%; protein yield/substrate, 0.09 g; biomass yield/bioconverted substrate, 0.40 g; degree of bioconversion of total available sugars in the substrate, 60.5%; specific efficiency of bioconversion, 70.8%; and overall efficiency of biomass production from substrate, 42.7%. Mixed culturing of Candida utilis further increased biomass production by 20%. The best mode of fermentation was a semicontinuous fed-batch fermentation where one-half of the fermented material was removed at three-day intervals and replaced by fresh substrate. In this mode, protein production was 20% higher than in batch mode, protein productivity was maintained over 12 days, and sporulation was prevented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270104
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological removal of pyritic sulfur from coal by the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: More than 90% of initial pyritic sulfur was removed from bituminous coal samples (containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur) using the thermophilic organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Microbial desulfurization rate was improved nearly ten fold by adjusting the N/P and N/Mg ratios in the nutrient medium. Environmental conditions were optimized. The optimal values of temperature and pH were 70°C and 1.5, respectively. The influence of certain process variables (such as coal pulp density, particle size, and initial cell number density) on the rate of pyritic sulfur removal were determined. A pulp density of 20%, particle size of D¯p 〈 48 μm, and an initial cell number density of 1012 cells/g pyrite in coal were found to be optimal. The carbon dioxide enriched air did not improve the rate of pyritic sulfur removal compared to pure air at 10% pulp density of coal samples containing 2.1% pyritic sulfur. The kinetics of microbial leaching of pyritic sulfur from coal was investigated. The rate of leaching was found to be first order with respect to pyritic sulfur concentration in the reaction medium.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability and performance of mesophilic anaerobic fixed-film reactors during organic overloading (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 86-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The stability of downflow stationary fixed-film (DSFF) reactors was evaluated under extreme organic shock loads. Reactors could handle five- to sevenfold increases in organic loading and recover to normal performance in a relatively short period of time (usually 24-72 h) during treatment of well-buffered sucrose and acetic acid wastewater at 27 and 35°C. Overloading was characterized by elevated volatile-acid concentrations, decreased reactor pH, and excess biofilm sloughing. Reactors could not cope with extreme organic shocks during treatment of poorly buffered sucrose wastewater. The pH of the mixed liquor was observed to be a more important factor than the volatile-acid concentration in determining whether DSFF reactors would recover in a reasonable period of time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch is modeled by the kinetic equations presented in this paper. At the early stage of the reaction α-amylase acts as a contributor of newly formed nonreducing ends of starch molecules to glucoamylase by splitting the original starch molecules. This is expressed by the simultaneous differential equations which consist of each rate equation for α-amylase and glucoamylase. After the molecular weight of the substrate decreases to the value of about 5000, which is obtained experimentally in this work, the action of α-amylase can be neglected and the rate of formation of glucose obeys only the rate equation for glucoamylase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270308
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a two-compartment model to the wall growth of Pelobacter acidigallici under continuous culture conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of Pelobacter acidigallici on gallic acid is accompanied by biofilm formation. Steady states can be obtained at dilution rates nearly twice the maximum growth rate. A two-compartment model is presented which allows us to determine rate constants of attachment and detachment. The model is based on the assumption that the biofilm is fully penetrated by the substrate. At high dilution rates the outcome of our experiments is mainly determined by the attachment rate. The influence of the thickness of the biofilm is discussed in order to demonstrate the limitations of the model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270313
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of corn for fuel alcohol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The integration of enzyme saccharification with fermentation reduces the total time required to produce acceptable levels of ethanol. The use of a more concentrated mash (84.8 L total mash/bu corn) results in a 26.6% increase in ethanol productivity and a 21.4% increase in beer ethanol concentration compared to standard corn mash (96.6 L total mash/bu corn). Thus, the energy requirement and cost of distillation can be reduced. The addition of waste cola syrup at 30 g invert sugar/L total mash gave a 19% increase in ethanol concentration in the final beer and required only a small increase in the period of fermentation. Surplus laundry starch can replace 30-50% of the weight of corn normally used in fermentation without influencing ethanol production or the time required for fermentation. Both of these waste materials reduce the unit cost of ethanol and demonstrate the value of such substances in ethanol systems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270317
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dried calcium alginate/magnetite spheres: A new support for chromatographic separations and enzyme immobilization (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dried spheres made from an alginate solution containing magnetite particles have excellent potential as a support for enzyme immobilization and chromatographic applications. The beads were found to be much stronger than gels such as polyacrylamide and dextran, indicating that high flow rates and pressures could be used in column separations. The support withstood not only temperatures of up to 120°C, but also most pH values and common solvents. While some solutions, such as phosphate buffers, dissolved the spheres, stabilization with Tyzor TE® eliminated this problem. The physical properties of the beads include a glasslike density of 2.2 g/mL, excellent sphericity, low porosity, and a narrow size distribution. The magnetite present in the support allows the beads to be used for magnetic separations such as high gradient magnetic filtration. Their high degree of microroughness provides a large exposed surface area for enzyme and ligand binding. Mixed Actinomyces fradiae proteases and Aspergillus niger α-amylase, two enzymes representative of classes which attack large substrates, were immobilized on the bead's surface with high activity and stability. A cyanuric dye which can be used in chromatographic applications (Cibacron Blue F3GA®) was also readily coupled to the surface of this support with good yield. The support should have a wide range of applications in bioseparation and immobilized biochemical technology.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270206
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A standard formula for the determination of the initial rate of hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The integrated rate equation of Huang, originally used to describe the hydrolysis of insoluble acid treated cellulose, is shown equally applicable in describing the hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) using a dilution series of Cellulomonas sp. ATCC 21399 crude cellulase as enzyme preparation. Interpretation of the progress curves of hydrolysis of CMC according to the integrated rate equation is used to calculate a standard formula for the conversion of the rate of hydrolysis into the initial velocity of hydrolysis. The validity of the standard formula is tested, using enzyme preparations from Cellulomonas grown under varied conditions, and enzyme preparations containing purified endoglucanases from Cellulomonas.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270404
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on chemically aggregated pepsin using glutaraldehyde (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Porcine pepsin was immobilized by chemical aggregation using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional crosslinking agent. The immobilzed pepsin followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 5.3 × 10-5 M) and the yield of immobilization was 91%. The activation energy of the immobilized preparation was 90,613 cal/mol as compared to 67,532 cal/mol for native pepsin. Using acid-denatured hemoglobin and N-acetyl phenyl-alanyl-3, 5-diiodotyrosine (APDT) as substrates, the activities shown by the immobilized pepsin were, respectively, 67 and 79% that of the soluble pepsin. The immobiized pepsin showed marked stabilization against pH, temperature, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The activity of the immobilized preparation in the presence of urea was greater when hemoglobin was used as the substrate than when APDT was used as substrate. Storage of the preparation under refrigerated conditions for 160 days showed 58% retention in enzyme activity. The immobilized pepsin can be removed from the reaction mixture volume easily, retaining nearly 100% of its activity even after being used in seven consecutive assays.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270405
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The response of a nitrogen-limited chemostat culture of Escherichia coli B/r to pH and dilution rate steps (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of four pH steps and one dilution rate step are described for an ammonia-nitrogen-limited continuous culture of Escherichia coli B/r. Two of the pH steps, 6.06-5.49 and 5.96-5.60, led to prolonged transients in both cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration. The other two pH steps, 6.20-5.96 and 5.60-6.20, had almost no effect on the culture. The dilution rate step led to a sharp transition in the steady-state external pyruvate concentration. Monitoring of the external pyruvate concentration for the pH 5.96-5.60 step revealed that the transient phase continued long after the cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration returned to steady-state values. The implications for industrial and laboratory fermentations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270408
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and immobilization of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidasePart 14 in “The use of enzymes in organic synthesis.” For part 13 see M. C. R. Franssen and H. C. van der Plas, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas., 103, 99 (1984). (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aldehyde oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.1) was isolated from rabbit liver and two potential bioaffinity ligands, i.e., 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-6-methylpyridinium bromide and 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-4,6-dimethylpyridinium chloride, were tested for their applicability in a purification procedure for this enzyme. Various supports and different coupling methods were investigated for the immobilization of aldehyde oxidase. Adsorption to n-hexyl- and n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B and DEAE Sepharose 6B gave the best retention of aldehyde oxidase activity. The storage stability of free enzyme and enzyme immobilized to n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B was studied in several buffers at pH 7.8 and 9.0. This showed that the stability of immobilized enzyme was much less than that of free enzyme. The apparent operational stability of the immobilized enzyme preparation, however, improved substantially compared to soluble enzyme, although the corresponding product yield is still very poor. Coimmobilization of catalase and/or superoxide dismutase provided no significant increase of the apparent operational stability and product yield. A positive effect on both parameters was found for aldehyde oxidase-n-alkylamine Sepharose 4B preparations by increasing the amount of enzyme adsorbed per unit weight of support, whereas the productivity of these preparations remained about constant.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270409
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of cellobiose hydrolysis using cellobiase composites from Ttrichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose involves the formation of cellobiose as an intermediate. It has been found necessary1 to add cellobiase from Aspergillus niger (NOVO) to the cellobiase component of Trichoderma reesei mutant Rut C-30 (Natick) cellulase enzymes in order to obtain after 48 h complete conversion of the cellobiose formed in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. This study of the cellobiase activity of these two enzyme sources was undertaken as a first step in the formation of a kinetic model for cellulose hydrolysis that can be used in process design. In order to cover the full range of cellobiose concentrations, it was necessary to develop separate kinetic parameters for high- and low-concentration ranges of cellobiose for the enzymes from each organism. Competitive glucose inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both organisms. Substrate inhibition was observed only with the A. niger enzymes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270411
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen transfer in liquids (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the laboratory-type airlift tower reactor oxygen transfer from air in tap water and/or polyacrylamide solutions (Neuperm WF) was studied. In order to characterize the system, volumetric coefficient of oxygen transfer was determined by the gassing-out method. Two arrangements of the airlift tower reactor were compared, namely the reactor with and without motionless mixer. In addition, mean relative gas holdup and gas power output were determined for both arrangements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270416
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of hydrophobic chromatography in purification of α-amylase (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrophobic ligands were introduced onto agarose beads, and the adsorption capacity of the beads was measured. The adsorption capacity increased with increase in the carbon number of the ligand, ionic strength of the buffer solution, and temperature. Crude α-amylase was purified with these hydrophobic adsorbents and the breakthrough and elution curves were estimated based on the mass transfer theory. Under strongly hydrophobic conditions, impurities contained in crude feeds and the lack of uniformity of packing caused by aggregation of beads affected adsorption and elution behaviors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270418
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and enzymic pretreatment of corn stover to produce soluble fermentation substrates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 362-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was pretreated with various chemical agents, including sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, ethylenediamine, n-butylamine (either alone or in solution with methanol), and acetonitrile or ethanol containing hydrochloric acid. Of these chemicals, n-butylamine was the best reagent for pretreatment of corn stover, considering the degree of loss of total carbohydrate, delignification, cumulative weight loss, cumulative yield of reducing sugars per original total carbohydrate, and the potential ease of recovery and reuse of reagent. In comparison to the other reagents tested, n-butylamine (n-BA) selectively delignified corn stover. The best conditions were as follows: a 12-h presoak of about a 155 g dry wt/L slurry (1 mm average particle size) in 100% n-BA at room temperature, followed by 30 min of refluxing (86.5°C) with 40% (w/w) n-BA-distilled water solution. The cumulative yield of reducing sugars after enzymic hydrolysis was 44.5% of the original total carbohydrate and the cumulative total weight loss (dry basis) was 59%. Degradative loss of total carbohydrate during pretreatment was not detected.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270322
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose: Effect of ethanol on enzymatic saccharification of cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was confirmed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation are effective for accelerating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. In this work, the effects of ethanol on the saccharification of tissue paper by Trichoderma cellulase (Meicelase CEPB) have been investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) Saccharification was inhibited by at least 0.2M ethanol. (2) Less than 4M ethanol did not affect the enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and endoglucanase (Cx) at all. The thermal stability of endoglucanase was not also varied by ethanol. (3) It is suggested that ethanol depresses the adsorption of exoglucanase on cellulose. (4) The rate expression of saccharification of cellulose in the presense of ethanol is proposed. (5) The inhibititory effect of ethanol was found to become more significant in the later stages of the reaction than just the initial stage.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270402
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of a soluble chemically thermostabilized enzyme (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 572-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellobiase was coupled to a dialdehyde dextran by reductive alkylation in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The resulting conjugate, obtained without loss of enzymic activity, presents properties of thermoresistance largely superior to those of native enzyme: the rate of inactivation is reduced compared to that of native enzyme and its optimal temperature of activity is 70-75°C instead of 65°C. Finally the conjugate presents increased longevity when subjected to experiments of operational stability; its hydrolytic activity is maintained at 60°C in a 10% (w/v) cellobiose solution for more than 100 h whereas the native enzyme is inactivated after 45 h. The cellobiase-dextran conjugate was immobilized by covalent coupling on aminated silica by reductive alkylation in the presence of NaBH3CN. The characteristics of thermoresistance of this stabilized and immobilized conjugate were studied and compared to those of a preparation of native cellobiase immobilized on a silica support activated with glutaraldehyde. Analysis of the thermoresistance of these two cellobiase preparations clearly shows that immobilization has maintained and even enhanced their properties. In particular, the operational stability, measured at 68°C on 10% (w/v) cellobiose shows an increased longevity of the stabilized and immobilized enzyme for 120 h compared to 60 h for the native immobilized enzyme. Two successive incubations of these cellobiase derivatives show that it is possible to obtain 2.5 times more glucose with the stabilized-immobilized enzyme than with the immobilized preparation. The procedure described above enables us to prepare a thermostabilized immobilized cellobiase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270505
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanistic analysis of the inoculum requirement for the cultivation of mammalian cells on microcarriers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 585-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the cultivation of mammalian cells on microcarriers a minimum inoculum concentration is required to initiate cell attachment and subsequent cell growth. A critical cell number model has been proposed to elucidate the mechanism of the inoculum requirement. In this model it was hypothesized that after inoculation a critical number of cells per microcarrier is required for normal growth to occur; failure to acquire enough cells will impede cell growth. This critical cell number model was expressed mathematically and used to simulate cell distribution and growth on microcarriers under different cultivation conditions. By comparing the simulated growth kinetics with the experimental results, the actual critical cell number per microcarrier was identified. The critical number could be reduced by employing an improved medium for the cultivation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270507
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Malic acid production by an electrochemical reduction system combined with the use of diaphorase and methylviologen (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 596-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A regenerating reaction combined with the use of native malate dehydrogenase, native diaphorase, methylviologen, NAD, oxalacetic acid as the substrate and lipoamide as a stabilizer was carried out in the presence of electrolysis. Consequently, malic acid was efficiently produced from oxalacetic acid in the regenerating reaction. A glassy carbon bead electrode was used as a cathode. Twenty four milliamperes were passed at a rotation speed of 500 rpm, 29.8 ± 0.3°C and -1.0 V. It was found that lipoamide has a stabilizing effect on malate dehydrogenase and diaphorase. Low concentration (50 μM) of NAD was also effective for the stabilization of malate dehydrogenase. NADH regeneration activity based on malic acid production rate was 4.7 U/mg of the enzyme protein of the commercial diaphorase preparation. The current efficiency was more than 74%, compared with the theoretical yield, in the presence of enough oxalacetic acid.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270508
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of cell affinity chromatography for separation of lymphocyte subpopulations (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 603-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We describe the use of affinity chromatography for separation of cell populations that do not differ significantly with respect to gross physical properties such as size, density, or charge. Cell affinity chromatography exploits differences in cell surface macromolecules by passage of mixtures of cell populations through a column containing beads to which are attached chemical ligands with specific binding affinity for particular cell surface receptors. In this article we focus on the application of this concept to separation of mature T lymphocytes from peripheral blood. This serves as a model for the separation of these cells from bone marrow in order to prevent graft-vs.-host disease in bone marrow transplantation. However, the concept of cell affinity chromatography should find more general widespread utility in a variety of biotechnological applications. Thus, we introduce a simple theoretical framework which is necessary in order to understand the results that might be expected in any given situation. Finally, we use this theory to provide a tentative explanation for experimental observation of the effects of temperature and flowrate on the degree of separation achieved for our current pplication.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270509
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    Continuous production of ethanol from fructose by immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 613-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis were found to ferment rapidly and efficiently media containing 100 g/L fructose in a continuous reactor. A volumetric ethanol productivity of 94.8 g/L h was achieved at a substrate conversion of 75.5%. With 97% conversion of substrate the productivity was 28.4 g/L h. At fructose concentrations of 150 and 200 g/L substrate and product inhibitions limited the performance of the reactor. Ethanol production was constant over a period of 55 days.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270510
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covalent coupling of microorganisms to a cellulosic support (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 632-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for the covalent coupling of microorganisms to a solid support were investigated. Both bacteria and yeast were attached to cellulose particles using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent, although different experimental procedures were needed for the two types of microbes. This general technique for whole-cell immobilization offers an advantage over entrapment methods in that the cells are attached to the outer surface of the solid, thus eliminating the resistance of a gel to the transfer of nutrients and products. There are also indications that such immobilized cells show high productivities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270513
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation: Its measurement and microbiological basis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 660-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270516
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Filament formation and ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis in adsorbed cell bioreactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 626-631 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis immobilized on microporous ion exchange resins has previously been shown to allow the attainment of high ethanol productivities in packed-bed bioreactors. The formation of bacterial filaments after several days of continuous operation, however, had resulted in excessive pressure increases across the reactor bed. The present work examines techniques for controlling filament formation by Z. mobilis in two reactor sizes (161 mL and 7.85 L) and a feed glucose concentration of 100 g/L. By controlling the fermentation temperature at 20-25°C it has been possible to eliminate filament formation by Z. mobilis and to operate the larger bioreactor for 232 h with an ethanol productivity of 50 g/L h (based on total reactor volume). The rate of ethanol production has been shown to be very sensitive to temperature in the range 20-30°C, and it is likely that slightly higher temperatures than those used in this study will improve ethanol productivity while still permitting long-term operation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270512
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of mean cell residence time for unsteady-state activated sludge systems (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 695-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A formulation to calculate the mean cell residence time (MCRT or sludge age) of unsteady-state activated sludge systems is presented. The formulation was studied by applying it to data generated by computer simulation and to data obtained from an actual wastewater treatment plant. The computer simulation study allowed the effects of step and pulse changes in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loading, and step changes in a control variable, waste sludge flow rate, to be studied independently of each other and of other disturbances. The unsteady-state MCRT formulation (herein called the dynamic sludge age, or DSA) was found to be an improvement over the traditional steady-state calculation, both for process control, and for research into activated sludge dynamics.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270519
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Scale-down and optimization studies of the gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 711-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To simulate production-scale conditions of gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans, different experimental setups are presented in this study. From the determination of the time constants of a production-scale reactor, it can be concluded that mixing and oxygen transfer are the rate-limiting mechanisms. This results in oxygen concentration gradients which were simulated in a one-compartment reactor in which the oxygen concentration was fluctuated by a fluctuated gassing with air and nitrogen. It could be concluded that only very long periods of absence of oxygen (ca. 180 s) results in lower specific oxygen uptake rates by Gluconobacter oxydans. From scale-down studies carried out in a two-compartment system to simulate a production-scale reactor more accurately, it could be concluded that not only the residence time in the aerated part of the system is important, but the liquid flow in between the different parts of the reactor is also an essential parameter. It could also be concluded that the microorganisms are not influenced negatively by the fluctuated oxygen concentrations with respect to their maximal oxidation capacity. The two-compartment system can also be used for optimization experiments in which the “aerated” compartment was gassed with pure oxygen. From these experiments it was concluded that also a short residence of the cells at high oxygen concentrations diminished the growth and product formation rates. These experiments show the necessity of the scale-down experiments if optimization is carried out. The two-compartment system presented in this study is a very attractive tool for reliable scale-down experiments.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270521
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line estimation of mycelial cell mass concentrations with a computer-interfaced filtration probe (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 729-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with the design and operation of a filtration probe for estimating cell concentrations in fermentations involving mycelial organisms such as Penicillium chrysogenum. This device, a much improved version of one developed previously, is placed directly into the fermentor and measures the filtration properties of the fermentation broth, which are correlated to the cell concentration. The probe is connected to a computer system which enables on-line estimation of the cell concentration. Fiber-optic light guides are used in combination with a pair of light sources and receivers to detect the relative position of the filter-cake-fermentation-broth interface. The lower sensor in the filtration tube enables reliable estimation of cell mass upto about 20 g/L (dry wt), while the upper sensor yields useful measurement of the filtration properties upto a concentration of about 40 g/L (dry wt) and appears to have the potential to go even higher. Major advantages of this probe system are the ease of measurement and the on-line ability to measure very frequently, due to its nondestructive mode of operation. Thus, the probe obviates the need for manual sampling and reduces the risk of contaminating the culture. But, more significantly, it enables one to implement on-line schemes including feedback control.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270523
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  • 28
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    Electronic Resource
    Improved performance with multiple fermentors for repeated batch cultivation for non-growth-associated products (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 743-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on batch cultivation data for the production of L-glutamic acid from glucose, a comparative evaluation was made for repeated batch cultivations using one and more fermentors. The problem was formulated as maximizing the productivity of metabolic product with the specified conversion with respect to the cell age and the volume fraction used as seed for the subsequent repeated batch cultivation. Simulations were carried out with the assumption of no lag in product formation for the cases where the total operation time was specified as 200 h with reproducible batch cultivation cycles. The product production was assumed to be solely a function of product concentration. The computation results show the advantage of using more than one fermentor from the viewpoints of productivity and conversion, which will apply in general to non-growth-associated product production with delay time. In particular, three fermentors are recommended for the production of L-glutamic acid chosen as an example in this article.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270524
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous alcohol fermentation in an immobilized cell rotating disk reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 761-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing interest in alcohol fermentation over these last years because of the energy crisis has been demonstrated by an increase in scientific research. After a brief analysis of the main results of the literature in the field of alcohol fermentation reactors, the use of a new type of immobilized cell reactor [the rotating biological surface (RBS) reactor] was studied. As is well known, the RBS reactor is a form of fixed-film reactor and can be described as a dynamic trickling filter. Our experimental apparatus employed a spongy material to trap the yeast cells on the disks. The results of fermentations carried out in the RBS reactor working in batch, in continuous with cell support, and in continuous without cell support have been presented in order to compare the different productivities and to assess the performance of the RBS immobilized cell reactor. An ethanol productivity of 7.1 g/L h was achieved in the RBS-ICR at a dilution rate of 0.3 h-1, 2.5 times higher than the maximum productivity obtained in the RBS reactor without support at a lower dilution rate. The adoption of a spongy material as a cell immobilizer, combined with the use of the RBS reactor, enhances the particular advantages of both systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270602
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of chitinase production. I. Chitin hydrolysis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 769-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As part of the development of a comprehensive mathematical model for chitinase production by Serratia marcescens QMB 1466 growing on chitin, the different mass transport and kinetic steps involved during chitin hydrolysis were studied. The experimental results for the hydrolysis of chitin by a crude preparation of chitinase show a system kinetically limited by the overall rate of chitin hydrolysis. This rate is linearly related to the concentration of enzyme adsorbed on the chitin particle. Adsorbed and bulk enzyme concentration were found to be related through a Langmuir type of isotherm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270603
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of available efficiency of microbial growth on methanol and ethanol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 792-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The balances of reductivity and high-energy bonds (HEB) during microbial growth on glucose (a standard substrate), methanol, and ethanol are reported. Also, numerical values for the quantities of HEB formation in the respiratory metabolism, HEB consumption in the constructive metabolism, as well as in a number of the other intracellular processes are evaluated. Estimations of maximum cell yields by mass and energy are made during growth on methanol and ethanol with regard to peculiar features of different microbe metabolism.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270607
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of an upflow anaerobic reactor combining a sludge blanket and a filter treating sugar waste (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 800-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new hybrid reactor, the upflow blanket filter (UBF), which combined on open volume in the bottom two-thirds of the reactor for a sludge blanket and submerged plastic rings (Flexiring, Koch Inc., 235 m2/m3) in the upper one-third of the reactor volume, was studied. This UBF reactor was operated at 27°C at loading rates varying from 5 to 51 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L d with soluble sugar wastewater (2500 mg COD/L). Maximum removal rates of 34 g COD/L d and CH4 production rates of 7 vol/vol d [standard temperature and pressure (STP)] were obtained. The biomass activity was about 1.2 g COD/g volatile suspended solids per day. Conversion (based on effluent soluble COD) was over 93% with loading rates up to 26 g COD/L d. At higher loading rates conversion decreased rapidly. The packing was very efficient in retaining biomass.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270608
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of the activity in porous media of proton-generating immobilized enzymatic reactions by weak acid facilitation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In addition to the role of maintaining the pH, buffers can also facilitate the transport of H+ ions in acid-generating systems. The role of this facilitation in proton transport in porous pellets on acid-generating immobilized enzymic reactions is examined. The activity in these systems can be maximized by a proper control of facilitation, which involves the determination of the appropriate variables out of (1) the concentration of the weak acid, (2) the pH of the medium, (3) the bulk substrate concentration, and (4) the type of weak acid. Since the intrinsic activity (IA) of the immobilized enzyme is such that it exhibits an optimum with respect to the pH, a partial (optimal) removal of diffusional limitation by facilitation maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is larger than this optimum pH. A complete removal of diffusional limitations, however, maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the above optimum pH. The control of the diffusional resistance can be achieved by controlling the extent of facilitation, hence by adjusting the parameters mentioned above. Computations have been carried out to examine the effect of each of these parameters on the activity of the immobilized enzyme. It is found that when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the optimum pH of the intrinsic activity of the immobilized enzyme, there exists a lower limit on the amount of weak acid required to maximize the activity. However, an optimum amount of weak acid is required to maximize the activity when the bulk pH is higher than that optimum pH. For a given activity the amount of weak acid is minimal if the pK of the weak acid is close to the bulk pH. The effect of coupling between the proton and substrate transport on activity control is also examined and the effect of geometry on activity is evaluated for spherical, cylindrical, and flat-plate configurations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270609
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic characterization of the extracellular xylanases of Thermomonospora sp. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 832-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with characterizing the extracellular xylanases produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. Supernatant from centrifuged fermentation broth was used as a crude enzyme preparation. From pH 5.5 to pH 7.7 the temperature optimum based on a 10-min assay of activity was 80°C. The crude enzyme had a half-life of approximately 1 month when stored at 55°C at pH 6.5. The enzyme produced a mixture of xylose oligomers from xylan, with xylobiose occuring in greatest quantity on a molar basis. Only trace quantities of xylose were produced by this hydrolysis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270612
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Agitation and pressure effects on acetone-butanol fermentation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 852-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch fermentations were run at varying agitation rates and were either pressurized to 1 bar (15.2 psig) or nonpressurized. Agitation and pressure both affect the level of dissolved hydrogen gas in the media, which in turn influences solvent production. In nonpressurized fermentations volumetric productivity of butanol increased as the agitation rate decreased. While agitation had no significant effect on butanol productivity under pressurized conditions, overall butanol productivity was increased over that obtained in the nonpressurized runs. Maximum butyric acid productivity, however, was found to occur earlier and increased as agitation increased. Peak hydrogen productivity occurred simultaneously with peak butyric acid productivity. The proporation of reducing equivalents used in forming the above products was determined using a redox balance based on the fermentation stoichiometry. An inverse relationship between the final concentrations of acetone and acetoin was found in all fermentations studied. The results show that agitation and pressure are important parameters for solvent productivity in acetone-butanol fermentation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270615
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental studies of glucose oxidase immobilization on controlled pore glass (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 842-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization experiments have been performed with glucose oxidase as enzyme and controlled-pore glass of different pore sizes as support for chemical coupling. The experimental results have been analyzed for comparison with the theoretical model predictions. Analysis of the initial stage of the process gives the fundamental characteristic of the immobilization reaction. These investigations allow us to study the influence of the degree of diffusional restriction on the evolution of the immobilization process and spatial distribution of immobilized enzyme. Nonuniformly distributed concentrations have been achieved within the porous matrix, and suggestions have been made in designing such profiles by choosing appropriate experimental parameters.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270614
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  • 37
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    A new technique for the production of immobilized biocatalyst in large quantities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 870-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique is presented for the production of immobilized biocatalysts in large quantities. It consists of breaking up a jet of the biocatalyst/presupport mixture in uniform droplets by means of a resonance technique. Entrapment of yeast and plant cells in calcium alginate has been used as the model. The production capacity of the nozzles used (0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 mm exit diameters) is two orders of magnitude larger than the production capacity of the conventional techniques (maximum capacity with a 1.1-mm nozzle diameter is 24 L/h). Depending on frequency, nozzle diameter, and volumetric flow rate, the bead size varies between 1 and 2 mm, with standard deviations of 3-5% for yeast immobilization and 10-15% for plant cells. The deactivation of both yeast and plant cells is small and comparable to that found in the corresponding conventional procedures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270617
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Release of intracellularly stored 5′-phosphodiesterase with preserved plant cell viability (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 890-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270621
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  • 39
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    Biogas production in batch and semicontinuous digesters using water hyacinth (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 905-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270625
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  • 40
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    Comparison between immobilized Kluyveromyces fragilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, with respect to continuous ethanol production from concentrated whey permeate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 914-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kluyveromyces fragilis immobilized in calcium alginate gel was compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, for continuous ethanol production from whey permeate in packed-bed-type columns. Four different whey concentrations were studied, equivalent to 4.5, 10, 15, and 20% lactose, respectively. In all cases the coimmobilized preparation produced more ethanol than K. fragilis. The study went on for more than 5 weeks. K. fragilis showed a decline in activity after 20 days, while the coimmobilized preparation was stableduring the entrire investigation. Under experimental conditions theoretical yields of ethanol were obtained from 4.5 and 10% lactose substrates with the coimmobilized system. Using 15% lactose substrate, theoretical yields were only obtained when a galactose-adapted immobilized S. cerevisiae column was run in series with the coimmobilized column. Then a maximum of 71 g/L ethanol was produced with a productivity of 2.5 g/L h. The coimmobilized column alone gave a maximum ethanol concentration of 52 g/L with a productivity of 4.5 g/L h, whereas immobolized K. fragilis only produced 13 g/L ethanol with a productivity of 1.1 g/L h. It was not possible to obtain theoretical yields of ethanol from the highest substrate concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270627
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  • 41
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    Reaction kinetics of cephalexin synthesizing enzyme from Xanthomonas citri (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 953-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin from D-α-phenylglycine methyl ester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-deacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) using α-acylamino-β-lactam acylhydrolase from Xanthomonas citri, it was found that this enzyme catalyzes all three reactions including PGM hydrolysis, cephalexin synthesis, and cephalexin hydrolysis. Based on our experimental results, a mechanistic kinetic model for cephalexin synthesizing enzyme system having acyl-enzyme intermediate was proposed. From this kinetic model, the reaction rate equations for three reactions were derived, and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. A good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental results was found.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270705
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    The β-xylosidase of Thermomonospora (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 909-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with characterizing cell-bound inducible β-xylosidase produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. A crude preparation of this enzyme recovered from sonicated cells of this organism displayed high activity against paranitrophenyl-β-xylopyranoside over a pH range of 5.5-7.7. The temperature optimum, based on a 30-min assay of activity, at pH 6.5 was 70°C. The crude enzyme had a thermal half-life of approximately 1 week at 55°C and pH 6.5. Xylose inhibited the enzyme. Values of Km and Vmax are estimated from the reaction rate data as 0.82 mM and 8 U/L, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270626
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270701
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  • 44
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    Electronic Resource
    Liquid level control in an aerated continous-flow fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic liquid level control system was developed to maintain constant working volume in a continuously fed and aerated fermentor from which spent medium was continously withdrawn by microfiltration in an external recycle loop. The level control system was comprised of an admittance sensor in the fermentor and an external transmitter and controller, which together regulated the speed of a recycle pump and thus the rate of liquid withdrawal from the fermentor. During test bacterial culture the liquid level was maintained usually within ± 1% and always within ± 5%. The control system could be applied to various other types and scales of continuous-flow fermentors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270628
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical simulation of a biofilm process (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 921-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed for a fixed-film biological process (film flow over a flat plate) that describes bulk liquid transport, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics across a stagnant film, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics into the biofilm, biochemical reactions by the individual cells within the biofilm, biofilm growth, and cell density changes within the biofilm due to cellular decay. Simulation studies are presented to show how contact time and diffusion layer thickness affect process performance.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270702
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    A direct fuel cell for the production of electricity from lignin (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 972-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report describes the use of an anthraquinone mediated fuel cell for the direct production of electrical energy from sulfonated lignin and Kraft Black Liquor. The cell produces the equivalent of 1 kWh for each 2-3 lb sulfonated lignin and 5-8 lb black liquor combustibles. In the case of the sulfonated lignin, chain session occurs during the oxidation process, reducing the molecular weight from ca. 2 × 104 to less than 1000 D.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270707
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical modelling of growth and substrate conversion of Zymomonas mobilis at 30 and 35°C (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 984-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis was grown in continuous cultures at 30 and 35°C. The specific substrate consumption rates at 35°C were higher than those at 30°C. An unstructured mathematical model based on the linear equation for substrate consumption provided a statistically adequate description for cultures grown at 35°C but not for cultures grown at 30°C. A structured two-compartment model described growth and substrate consumption well at both temperatures. Some theoretical and practical aspects of the two-compartment model are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270709
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  • 48
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    Microcalorimetric study of cellulose degradation by Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A newly designed batch calorimeter was used to investigate the degradability of some celluloses having varying degrees of crystallinity. The PTC of an aerobic culture of Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 obtained revealed a diauxic growth which is attributed to the presence of hemicellulose contaminating Avicel and MN300 cellulose. The microcrystalline celluloses used were not completely utilized, whereas amorphous cellulose was easily metabolized, indicating that under the growth conditions used here, the physical structure of cellulose strongly influenced its microbial degradability. An equivalent growth yield of ca. 0.44 g/g was found with all the substrates used. The heat evolved by metabolism of 1 g cellulose was -5.86 kJ/g, a value similar to that obtained with glucose culture. The growth rate was the only variable parameter. The data obtained showed as expected that the hydrolysis product of cellulose was consumed in the same way as that of glucose and that the only limiting factor to the biodegradability of cellulose was the breakdown of the polymeric substrate. It is concluded that data obtained with glucose metabolism can be used to evaluate the extent of cellulose degradation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270711
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  • 49
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    Shear stress effects on human embryonic kidney cells in Vitro (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1021-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Human embryonic kidney cells grown as an attached, confluent monolayer on a flat substrate were subjected to steady, uniform laminar flow of medium in a specially designed chamber in which flow patterns and shear stress are accurately defined and controlled. Experiments were performed for shear stress levels ranging from 0.2 to 6.0 N/m2 with times of exposure to the shear stress ranging from 2 to 24 h. The influence of the shear field was slight at low shear stress (0.26 N/m2). Higher stress levels (0.65 N/m2 and higher) had significant effects on cell morphology, and on the post-shear release of urokinase enzyme. Still higher stress levels (2.6 N/m2 and higher) caused marked reduction in cell viability. These results may be of interest in addressing practical problems in developing commercial biosynthesis reactors.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270713
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  • 50
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    Simulation of the growth pattern of a single cell of Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1027-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model based on a previous model for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli is described which simulates cell composition, size, and shape; length of C and D periods; cell yields; and the rate of product formation of anaerobically grown cells of E. coli B/r-A on glucose-limited minimal medium. To verify the simulation results, the values of cell volume, cell content of DNA, RNA, and protein, substrate yield, ATP yield, and fermentation products for various growth rates were obtained experimentally. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. Such agreement supports a hypothesis that only those equations describing energy metabolism need to be modified and other cell functions are not grossly altered by a switch from aerobic to an aerobic growth. The model's ability to predict reasonable growth responses under anaerobic conditions by only modifying energy metabolism is a further indication of the robust nature of the description of cell physiology included in the development of the aerobic model.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270714
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    Analysis of cellulose-cellulase adsorption data: A fundamental approach (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1056-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270718
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  • 52
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    A continuous method for monitoring and controlling fermentations: Using an automated HPLC system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1060-1062 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270719
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  • 53
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    Stimulation of commercial algal biomass production by the use of geothermal water for temperature control (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1063-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270720
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  • 54
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    Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in aqueous two-phase systems. II. Semicontinuous conversion of a model substrate, solka floc BW 200 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1044-1050 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model substrate, Solka Floc BW 200, was semicontinuously hydrolyzed in an aqueous two-phase system based on crude dextran and polyethylene glycol over a period of more than 450 h. With an initial concentration of 75 g/L and intermittent addition of cellulose an average concentration of 50 g/L sugar was semicontinuously produced at dilution rates of 0.006-0.012 h-1. The conversion of substrate varied between 49 and 66%. The enzyme consumption measured as FPU/g reducing sugar (RS) produced could be reduced by a factor two when compared to a batch process since, in the aqueous two phase system investigated, the enzyme could be recycled two times.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270716
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  • 55
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    Simulation of CFSTR through development of a mathematical model for anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli cell population (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1051-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model is described that simulates a population of Escherichia coli B/r-A cells growing under anaerobic conditions. This population model is an ensemble of single-cell models. The ability of the model of predict the dynamic response of a cell population in a CFSTR to a change in feed flowrates or concentrations was investigated. With glucose as the limiting nutrient the feed concentration of glucose was shifted from 1.0 to 1.88 g/L. With a fixed concentration of glucose (1.0 g/L) step changes in residence time (4.1-1.95 h) were examined. The predicted changes of cell size distribution, substrate concentration, RNA content, and cell dry weight during the transition period compared reasonably well to those observed experiementally. We believe this model is the only model currently available that can make such predictions on an a priori basis.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270717
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  • 56
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    Improved rate of fumaric acid production by tweens® and vegetable oils in rhizopus arrhizus (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1067-1069 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270721
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  • 57
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    Separation of ethanol from ethanol - water mixture by reverse osmosis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1081-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270725
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  • 58
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    Enzyme reactor with knitted fabric made of poly(vinyl alcohol) superfine filaments (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1077-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various supports and bio-reactors have been proposed. Packed bed reactors with polymer material in granular shape are most often employed in both laboratory and industry. But they have a disadvantage related to an increase in pressure drop. We already developed filter paper composed of short cut pieces of superfine filaments (SFF). It shows high performance, but its hydrodynamic resistance increases when substrate solution passes through it. A new type of enzyme reactor equipped with knitted SFF has been proposed. In this reactor, substrate does not pass through the support but flows along the thin channel and parallel to the support. Therefore, it is able to maintain flow rate constant during a considerable period. The productivity of the reactor fairly increases by reducing the thickness of the channel because linear velocity increases with the reduction of the thickness and that contributes to the decrease in mass transfer resistance.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270724
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270801
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aromatic compounds on hemicellulose-degrading enzymes in Aspergillus japonicus (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1095-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus japonicus was grown in the presence of various aromatic compounds at 0.1 and 1 mg/mL, and extracellular xylanase and arabanase activities were measured. Some of the aromatic compounds tested, especially at the higher concentration, suppressed the appearance of hemicellulase activities, expressed as xylanase or arabanase. Vanillin at 1 mg/mL in the presence of either xylan or araban completely suppressed growth, and guaiacol and p-coumaric acid markedly inhibited the growth of A. japonicus. The effects of the aromatic compounds on the activity of crude enzyme preparations were also ascertained. In vitro arabanase activity was affected more than xylanase activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270802
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  • 61
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    A kinetic study of Saccharomyces strains: Performance at high sugar concentrations (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1108-1114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alcoholic fermentation represents a significant example of production of compounds utilizable as alternative energy sources. High ethanol concentration in the fermented wort is needed in order to reduce the energy consumption in the process of alcohol recovery. A particular Saccharomyces strain, of the oviformis species, obtained from fermented worts exhibiting high ethanol concentrations is studied and compared with a common S. cerevisiae strain in order to show its skill in fermenting very concentrated sugar solutions with an energy saving of ca. 10%.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270804
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  • 62
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    Modeling of enzyme immobilization in porous membranes (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1126-1135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with the mathematical modeling of the process of enzyme immobilization in porous membranes. During the initial period, an analytical solution is available to extract the rate constant for immobilization. Beyond this period, the model equations are solved numerically to yield the transient response of the enzyme concentration in the immobilizing solution and also the evolution of the enzyme loading profile inside the membrane. It is found that the immobilization practically ceases even through the attachment sites are still available within the membrane.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270807
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  • 63
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    Solid-state fermentation of sweet sorghum to ethanol in a rotary-drum fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1122-1125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sugar compounds present in chopped solid-sweet sorghum particles were fermented to ethanol in a rotarydrum fermentor (RDF) using an ethanol tolerant yeast strain. The influence of rotational speed of the RDF on the rate of ethanol fermentation was investigated and compared with static flask experiments. The rate of ethanol formation decreased with increasing rotational speed. The maximum rate and extent of ethanol formation were ca. 3.1 g EtOH/L h (based on expressed juice volume) and ca. 9.6 g EtOH/100 g mash, respectively, at 1 rpm rotational speed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270806
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  • 64
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    An automatic method for on-line estimation of the photosynthetic rate in open algal ponds (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1136-1145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical model for dissolved oxygen concentration in an algal minipond was used to develop a new method for estimating, on-line, the net O2 production rate (OPR) of the biological process. The method was tested experimentally and was found to provide crucial information on the vitality of the biological process and to provide an early warning of a possible forthcoming collapse of the ecosystern. It is suggested that the newly developed model and measurement method could provide investigators with useful tools for optimization of algal cultivation in the laboratory and plant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270808
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  • 65
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    Startup of anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1152-1165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the serious problems limiting the application of full-scale anaerobic fixed film processes is reactor startup. To better understand startup, studies with downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors were conducted to characterize the effects of influent concentration, support material, and surface-to-volume ratio on biofilm development and overall reactor performance. Materials with roughened surfaces gave the best startup performance and as expected increased surface area in the reactors led to more rapid increases in loading rates and higher ultimate loadings. Soluble influent COD concentrations between 5 × 103 and 2 × 104 mg/L influenced the rate of biofilm development. Lower COD concentrations resulted in faster development of the biofilm, even though ultimate loadings were not necessarily achieved as rapidly as in reactors fed higher strength wastes. No decrease in specific activity of the biofilms in each reactor was observed as the thickness of the biofilms increased to their maximum value at the ultimate loadings. The operation of reactors fed lower strength wastes was more stable than reactors receiving higher strength feeds at comparable loadings. Biofilm yield and activity, COD removals, suspended growth and activity, and other system parameters are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270810
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  • 66
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    Recycle hollow fiber enzyme reactor with flow swing (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1185-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hollow fiber enzyme reactor with pulsation developed by Kim and Chang (1983) was operated in a differential mode by recycling a substrate solution, in order to assess the efficiency of ultrafiltration swing. The rates of lactose conversion by β-galactosidase contained in the shell side of the reactor were measured to determine the effects of recirculation rate, pulsation period, and amplitude. The conversion increased with the increase of recirculation flow rate and the amplitude while variation in period affected the conversion relatively little. The maximum increase of 113% in the activity was observed in the reactor with pulsation as compared to that without pulsation. The two-compartment model well described the experimental data obtained in this study. Square-wave pulsation was theoretically more effective in increasing conversion than sine wave pulsation. However, in experimental operation the damping effect of the hollow fiber wall narrowed the difference between these two wave forms.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270813
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  • 67
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    Noninferior periodic operation of the biological reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1214-1222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal periodic operation of the biological reactor was studied from the standpoint of the two-objective programming problem. The noninferior set with respect to the cell productivity and the conversion of the substrate into the biomass was determined by use of the optimization technique due to Miele. It was shown that the noninferior set was composed in general of the repeated batch branch and the repeated fed-batch branch, which occupy the high-productivity portion and the high-conversion portion of the noninferior set, respectively. However, the latter branch disappears in the case of growth kinetics with no substrate inhibition. In addition, the extreme points of the noninferior set yielding the maximal productivity and the maximal conversion represent such operations that are equivalent to the steady-state operation (chemostat culture) and the batch operation, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270817
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  • 68
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    Experimental adaptive on-line optimization of cellular productivity of a continuous bakers' yeast culture (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1236-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An adaptive on-line optimization method that utilizes dynamic model identification has been applied to maximize the cellular productivity of a continuous bakers' yeast culture. Experiments were conducted on a sophisticated computerized fermentation system. Experimental results show that the adaptive on-line optimization method requires very little a priori information, is easy to implement, converges quickly, adapts to changes in the process, and is stable even when operational difficulties are encountered.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270820
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  • 69
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    Steady-state and transient behavior in microbial methanification: II. Mathematical modeling and verification (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1199-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) system data reported earlier1 cannot be explained by simple Monod-type substrate consumption patterns. An autoinhibition model was also ruled out because the substrate concentration range over which hysteresis was observed was much larger than such a model would predict. However, propionic and acetic acids were found to inhibit each other's conversion machineries. Since in the UASB system the biocatalyst is flocculated, it was found that a model additionally incorporating this facet of the reactor set-up could explain the steady-state data very well. Using the parameters generated from steady-state data and data from butyric acid step change,1 i.e., the entire set of parameters (Table I), a very good agreement between predicted and observed data was found. International Mathematical and Statistical Libraries (IMSL) and Upjohn's NONLIN library combined with various root-finding and integrating subroutines were used for parameter estimation. The model thus described was used to predict the response of the UASB system when acetic acid and propionic acid influent concentrations were stepped-up/down. The agreement between the predicted and observed data was found to be excellent in each case during the step-up schedule. During the step-down the data seemed to indicate that the UASB system, like any other chemostat, responded faster than predicted. This could be due to the fact that when the culture has to “gear up” part of the lag time is the time required for the cell to produce the requisite amount of enzymes. In the case of “gearing down” this time is not required and the system responds faster.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270815
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  • 70
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    Invertase activity of intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing on sugar cane molasses. I. Steady-state continuous culture tests (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1229-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the steady-state continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sugar cane blackstrap molasses under different experimental conditions, oscillatory variations of the invertase activity of the intact yeast cells were observed. The continuous morphological changes of the cells wall and of the periplasmic space affecting the interaction between invertase and sucrose molecules could be responsible by the observed oscillatory phenomena. The average invertase activity at the steady state is linearly correlated to the cell's growth rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270819
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  • 71
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    Effect of ultrasound treatment on the extraction of insulin (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1223-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Insulin production requires a prolonged extraction process. An ultrasound method of insulin extraction was developed to increase efficiency. Application of ultrasound resulted in a significant increase in the extraction process as a result of pancreas tissue dispergation, destruction of the pancreas cells, intensive mixing, separation of particles, and increase in the interphase pancreas-extractive medium. Optimal technological parameters of insulin extraction were established: ultrasound frequency, 19.5 kHz, specific intensity of ultrasound, 3.3 W/cm2; time of ultrasound exposure, 5-10 min; and influence of cavitation process. Effectiveness of insulin extraction depends on the properties of the extractive medium. Optimal conditions were pH, 1.6-1.7, concentration of alcohol, 75%, temperature of extractive mixture, 13-17°C; ratio of ground pancreas to liquid extractive medium, 1 : 3.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270818
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  • 72
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    Ethanol fermentation of raw cassava starch with Rhizopus koji in a gas circulation type fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1270-1273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies have been conducted in a gas circulation type fermentor in order to characterize the ethanol fermentation of uncooked cassava starch with Rhizopus koji. Results showed that ethanol concentration reached 13-14% (v/v) in 4-day broth, and the maximum productivity of ethanol was 2.3 g ethanol/L broth h. This productivity was about 50% compared to the productivity of a glucose-yeast system. Ethanol yield reached 83.5-72.3% of the theoretical yield for the cassava starch used. The fermentor used in the present work has been proven by experiment to be suitable for ethanol fermentation of the broth with solid substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270823
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  • 73
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    Optimization of organic solvent in multiphase biocatalysis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1258-1269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial epoxidation of propene and 1-butene was used to study some fundamental aspects of two-liquid-phase biocatalytic conversions. Introduction of a water-immiscible organic solvent phase in a free-cell suspension gave rise to a series of undesired phenomena, e.g., inactivation by the solvent, clotting of biomass, and aggregation of cells at the liquid-liquid interface. Immobilization of the cells in hydrophilic gels, e.g., calcium alginate, prevented direct cell-organic solvent contact and the related clotting and aggregation of biomass. However, the gel entrapment did not seem to provide additional protection against the organic solvent. The influence of various organic solvents on the retention of immobilized-cell activity was related to solvent properties like the polarity (as expressed by the Hildebrand solubility parameter) and the molecular size (as expressed by the molecular weight or molar volume). High activity retention was favored by a low polarity in combination with a high molecular weight. The solubility parameter also proved useful to describe the capacity of various organic solvents for oxygen and alkene oxides. This facilitated the optimization of the solvent polarity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270822
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  • 74
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270901
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  • 75
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    Regeneration of NAD(P)H by immobilized whole cells of Clostridium butyricum under hydrogen high pressure (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1277-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized whole cells of Clostridium butyricum reduced both NAD+ and NADP+ in the presence of hydrogen at a pressure of 100 atm. The NAD+ and NADP+ reduction activities were 4.45 and 4.30 U/g dry cells, respectively [U = NAD(P)H regenerated, μ mol/min]. The amount of NADH regenerated by immobilized cells increased with increasing hydrogen pressure above 10 atm. Immobilized cells (6 mg dry cells) of Cl. butyricum completely converted NAD+ (6.4 μmole) to NADH for 5 h, whereas only 60% of NAD+ were reduced by free cells. Immobilized cells retained 89% activity after the 5-h reactions were repeated 4 times. L-Alanine was continuously produced at the rate of 12.8 μmol/min g dry cells from hydrogen, ammonium, and pyruvate with immobilized Cl. butyricum-alanine dehydrogenase.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270902
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  • 76
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    Biological treatment specific for an industrial wastewater containing s-triazines (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1291-1296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mixed cultures of bacteria grew in medium containing real s-triazine wastes as nitrogen source. About 80% of the s-triazine waste could be degraded as determined by HPLC and by measurements of dissolved nitrogen. The culture required an added carbon source in order to degrade s-triazines. A temperature optimum near 40°C was observed and a salt concentration above about 4% markedly retarded growth and the degradation of s-triazines. This system was examined as a biological treatment for wastes from syntheses of s-triazines.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270904
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  • 77
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    Role of cometabolism in biological oxidation of synthetic compounds (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1306-1311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A significant portion of the total biodegradative activity toward synthetic compounds may involve cometabolism; thus, the latter represents an important type of microbial process. A mixed microbial population acclimated to highstrength industrial wastewater degraded about 90% of the organic carbon present in the wastewater. A reasonable agreement in the carbon balance provided clear evidence for the biodegradability of residual organic species. Based on the growth expression of Haldane to account for substrate inhibition, a substrate utilization model to quantify the role of cometabolism coupled with cellular maintenance is proposed. The kinetic parameters of the model have been estimated from experimental data. If the maintenance values are assumed negligible, as has been observed for wastewater systems, it is possible to quantify the magnitude of co-metabolism encountered in the biological oxidation of synthetic organic compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270906
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  • 78
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    Fermentation and recovery of the EcoRI restriction enzyme with a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1320-1327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fermentation and recovery of the EcoRl restriction endonuclease with a genetically modified Escherichia coli strain is investigated. Vast amounts of product could be obtained after cultivation in a 20-L computer-coupled pilot fermentor and purification of the recovered wet cells. It was found that in the end the product is at least inhibitory and probably lethal to the cells (the lethality has been proven with genetic experiments) so that optimum yield requires an optimized choice for the time instant of induction. Growth after induction and product formation require substantial amounts of oxygen, which must be supplied if a high population level is to be achieved. pH control may alleviate the burden of high oxygen supply. Quantitative assessment after the different purification stages indicate that approximately 15% active enzyme can be obtained from the total amount produced.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270908
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  • 79
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    A Mathematical model for ethanol production by extractive fermentation in a continuous stirred tank fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1335-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extractive fermentation is a technique that can be used to reduce the effect of end product inhibition through the use of a water-immiscible phase that removes fermentation products in situ. This has the beneficial effect of not only removing inhibitory products as they are formed (thus keeping reaction rates high) but also has the potential for reducing product recovery costs. We have chosen to examine the ethanol fermentation as a model system for end product inhibition and extractive fermentation and have developed a computer model predicting the productivity enhancement possible with this technique together with other key parameters such as extraction efficiency and residual glucose concentration. The model accommodates variable liquid flowrates entering and leaving the system, since it was found that the aqueous outlet flowrate could be up to 35% lower than the inlet flowrate during extractive fermentation of concentrated glucose feeds due to the continuous removal of ethanol from the fermentation broth by solvent extraction. The model predicts a total ethanol productivity of 82.6 g/L h if a glucose feed of 750 g/L is fermented with a solvent having a distribution coefficient of 0.5 at a solvent dilution rate of 5.0 h-1. This is more than 10 times higher than for a conventional chemostat fermentation of a 250 g/L glucose feed. The model has furthermore illustrated the possible trade-offs that exist between obtaining a high extraction efficiency and a low residual glucose concentration.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270910
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  • 80
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    Acetate inhibition of Pseudomonas putida (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1362-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To study the effect of acetate inhibition on the parameters of yield and maintenance for bacterial growth, Pseudomonas putida ATCC 23467 was grown in a minimal salts medium with acetate as the sole carbon source with limiting and with excess quantities of urea in the feed medium. The behavior of the chemostat cultures under sole acetate limitation results in low residual acetate present in the fermentation broth. These cultures can be described satisfactorily using the equation qs = D/Yg + m, i.e., the acetate is consumed only for growth and maintenance,. Those cultures in which urea was limiting or where urea was present in large excess contained significant amounts of residual acetate in the broth. For these cultures it was necessary to add a third term for acetate inhibition to the above expression.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270913
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  • 81
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    A Study of the cellulases produced by three mesophilic actinomycetes grown on bagasse as substrate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1367-1373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulases that strains of Streptomyces albogriseolus, S. nitrosporeus, and Micromonospora melanosporea produce when grown on untreated ballmilled bagasse were investigated. Optimum conditions for extracellular cellulase production and activity were determined to be growth at pH 6.7-7.4 and 25-35°C for 4-5 days and assay at pH 5.0-6.0 and 45-55°C, respectively. The endoglucanases were thermally stable at 50°C, but the Avicelases had a half-life of approximately 24 h at this temperature. Nearly half of the endoglucanases and almost all of the Avicelases were absorbed on ballmilled bagasse after 15 min incubation at 50°C. The β-glucosidases were found to be mainly intracellular or cell wall bound. These mesophilic actinomycetes concomitantly produced xylanases and β-xylosidases with cellulases that, apart from cellobiose and glucose, also release xylose from bagasse. This feature may be advantageous in the commerical application of the enzymes of mesophilic actinomycetes for the saccharification of natural cellulosic substrates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270914
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  • 82
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    Cellulase production by trichoderma harzianum in static and mixed solid-state fermentation reactors under nonaseptic conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1385-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase production from lignocellulosic materials was studied in solid-state cultivation by both static and mixed techniques under nonaseptic conditions. The effects of fermentation conditions, such as moisture content, pH, temperature, and aeration, on cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum using a mixture of wheat straw (80%) and bran (20%) were investigated. With a moisture content of 74% and a pH of 5.8., 18 IU filter paper activity and 198 IU endoglucanase activity/g initial substrate content were obtained in 66 h. The extension from static column cultivation to stirred tank reactor of 65 L capacity gave similar yields of cellulase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270917
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  • 83
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271001
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  • 84
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    Immobilization of enzyme on dimethyl-aminated nylon gels (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1403-1410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271003
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  • 85
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    Application of the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) process for treatment of complex wastewaters at low temperatures (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1411-1417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) process for the treatment of potato starch wastewater at low ambient temperatures was demonstrated by operating two 5.65-L reactors at 14°C and 20°C, respectively. The organic space loading rates achieved in these laboratory-scale reactors were 3 kg COD/m3/day at 14°C and 4-5 kg COD/m3/day at 20°C. The corresponding sludge loading rates were 0.12 kg COD/kg VSS/day at 14°C and 0.16-0.18 kg COD/kg VSS/day at 20°C.These findings are of considerable practical importance because application of anaerobic treatment at low ambient temperatures will lead to considerable savings in energy needed for operating the process. As compared with various other anaerobic wastewater treatment processes, a granular sludge upflow process represents one of the best options developed so far. Although the overall sludge yield under psychrophilic conditions is slightly higher than under optimal mesophilic conditions, this doesn't seriously hamper the operation of the process. The extra sludge yield, due to accumulation of slowly hydrolyzing substrate ingredients, was 4.75% of the COD input at 14°C and 1.22% of the COD input at 20°C.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271004
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  • 86
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    Primary particle formation in protein precipitationPresented in part at the Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, San Francisco, CA, November, 1984. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1434-1444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recovery of proteins frequently involves a precipitation step in which ease of recovery of the solid protein depends on the size and density of the solid particles. The solid particles are actually aggregates of much smaller primary particles. In this work, possible influences on the aggregates of primary particle properties are postulated. The role of precipitation conditions during precipitation of soy protein with acid or CaCl2 is determined by measurement of zeta potential and size distribution. Results are consistent with a nucleation/growth model for determination of size. There is indirect evidence that fractionation occurs at the primary particle level, although the particles are homogeneous at the aggregate level.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271007
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  • 87
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    Cellulase production by a solid state culture system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1445-1450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of cellulase using solid culture systems of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and Sporotrichum cellulophilum on wheat bran was studied. By using moisture-controlled solid culture equipment, the effect of water content of wheat bran on cell growth and cellulase production was investigated. Cellular biomass grown on solid substrate was estimated by measuring oxygen consumption rate and glucosamine content of the cells. These parameters were shown to have a good linear correlation with the specific growth rate. This reliable method of estimating the cell growth rate enabled us to simulate the enzyme production in a solid culture system by means of multiple linear regression analysis which takes into account of the water content, cell mass, and the oxygen consumption rate as variables. The cell growth and cellulase production were maximized at different water content of the medium. A high water content, 57% for T. reesei and 70% for S. cellulophilum, favored mycelial growth, while the maximum cellulase activity was obtained at a lower water content such as 50% for both fungi. It was observed that cellulase production by T. reesei depended on the culture conditions that support the optimal growth rate for the maximum enzyme production.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271008
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  • 88
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    Serial propagation of mammalian cells on microcarriers (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1466-1476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the large-scale operation of microcarrier culture to be successful, a technically feasible method for sequential inoculation is essential. Using human foreskin fibroblasts, FS-4, we have achieved this by detaching cells viably from microcarriers employing a selection pH trypsinization technique. Cells thus detached are able to reattach to microcarriers and grow normally after subsequent reinoculation into new cultures. However, after reinoculation cells attach to new microcarriers at a higher rate than to used microcarriers on which cells have previously grown. The effect of this differential cell attachment was analyzed and overcome by employing a low inoculum concentration. FS-4 cells could thus be serially propagated on microcarriers and subsequently used for β-interferon production. This technique has also been applied to the cultivation of a monkey kidney cell line, Vero. We have also shown that Vero cells directly inoculated from a seed microcarrier culture could be used for virus production.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271011
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  • 89
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    Measuring oxygen diffusion coefficients with polarographic oxygen electrodes: I. Electrolyte solutions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1495-1499 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271015
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical control of redox potential in batch cultures of Escherichia coli (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1512-1515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271018
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular equilibrium calculations based on small systems thermodynamics (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1520-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271020
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of a chemostat in which one microbial population feeds on another (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1525-1532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under certain simplifying hypotheses, a chemostat in which one microbial population feeds on another can be described by a system of three ordinary differential equations. A study is conducted to find which features of the equations are the most important to the dynamics of the system; it is found that the main influence comes from the from the particular form of the specific growth rate of the feeding population. Some conditions are derived that relate the form of the specific growth rate of the feeding population to the dynamic behaviour of the system.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271102
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between the fine structure of native cellulose and cellulose degradability by the cellulase complexes of Trichoderma reesei and Clostridium thermocellum (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1540-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The initial rate of hydrolysis of six commercially available native (type l) celluloses was determined for the crude cellulase complexes of the thermophilic anaerobic bacterium C. thermocellum and the mesophilic fungus T. reesei. These rates were then compared with certain physical features of the substrates in an attempt to determine the role of cellulose structure in its degradability. Within the substrate series tested, the Clostridium system showed a greater relative range in rate of enzymatic hydrolysis than did the Trichoderma system. Average correlation coefficients for the kinetic rates from bacterial and fungal cellulases, respectively, and the following physical parameters were obtained: relative crystallinity index (RCl) from acid hydrolysis, -0.61 and -0.85; RCl from x-ray diffraction, -0.75 and -0.89; accessibility to formylation at 4°C, + 0.49 and +0.60; nonaccessibility to formylation at 65°C, -0.40 and -0.73; fiber saturation point, + 0.83 and + 0.85. Kinetic and pore volume distribution data suggest that the rate-limiting components of both the bacterial and fungal cellulase systems are of similar size, approximately 43 Å along one axis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271104
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterogeneous denaturation of enzymes: A distributed activation energy model with nonuniform activities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1554-1563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is proposed for the denaturation of enzymes based on heterogeneous enzyme subpopulations with nonuniform initial activities and nonzero final activities. The more frequently used simple first-order deactivation model is a special case of the model corresponding to the standard deviation of Gaussian distribution of activation energies approaching zero. Parametric studies made with the model are capable of simulating the reported trends in experimental data on the thermal profile and activity time behavior of native as well as modified enzymes with a minimum number of adjustable parameters. The model predictions are found to be in good agreement with data reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271106
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory studies on the suitability of a fertilizer-tap water medium for mass culture of algae (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1572-1576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271108
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydratation of nitriles using a bacterial nitrile-hydratase immobilized on DEAE-cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1581-1585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271110
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large-scale and pH-controlled fermentation production of the tremorgenic mycotoxin verruculogen (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1586-1590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271111
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sugars in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1603-1607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271115
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced flocculation of Pachysolen tannophilus using the tower fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1608-1611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271116
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in operational stability of immobilized glucose oxidase by the use of an artifical cosubstrate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1619-1622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271119
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