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  • 2020-2022
  • 1975-1979  (970)
  • 1965-1969  (387)
  • 1890-1899
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (1,237)
  • Bone
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioautographic visualization of3H-fucose incorporation into glycoprotein by osteoblasts and its deposition into bone matrix (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Glycoprotein ; Golgi ; Osteoblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The elaboration of bone matrix glycoprotein by osteoblasts of alveolar bone was investigated by radioautography after the intravenous injection of3H-fucose into young rats. At selected times after injection, animals were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion and demineralized specimens were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography. At 5 and 10 min after injection, when the blood fucose level was high, silver grains were restricted to the spheroidal and cylindrical saccules of the Golgi apparatus. At 20 min membrane-limited secretory granules were also labeled. By 35 min, the blood fucose level had dropped and silver grains were detected over the apical cortical cytoplasm, in association with secretory granules located therein. Some grains were present over osteoblast processes and the adjacent prebone matrix. By 4 h most of the silver grains had left the cell. At that time they were observed over prebone, adjacent to osteoblast processes, as well as over the prebone-bone junction where a distinct band of label was noted. In demineralized preparations an electron-dense granular material was present at the prebone-bone junction in association with collagen fibrils. These findings provide evidence that osteoblasts in alveolar bone synthesize fucose-containing glycoprotein and indicate that the addition of3H-fucose occurs in the Golgi apparatus. The glycoprotein passes to the apical cortical cytoplasm by way of membrane-limited secretory granules, is exteriorized, and accumulates at the site where prebone transforms into bone (the prebone-bone junction). Since this is also the site of the calcification front, the deposition of labeled glycoprotein may be related to the deposition of bone mineral.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441182
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone fluoride concentrations associated with fluoridated drinking water (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluoride ; Analysis ; Food ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Recently published bone fluoride values from Iowa are very high compared to earlier reports, suggesting an increase in fluoride intake. Reanalysis of the Iowa specimens shows levels one-fourth those reported by the Iowa laboratory indicating an error in the original report. Seventeen bone specimens, collected from long-term residents of Rochester, New York, drinking 1 ppm F− water, had a mean value of 2085±270 ppm F− on an ashed-weight basis. This value is not significantly different from that predicted by the data of Zipkin et al. in 1958. These data, therefore, do not support the contention that there has been an increase in fluoride intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441168
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a spectrophotometer for radiographic photodensitometry of bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 103-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Photodensitometry, X-ray ; Radiography ; Spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A conventional spectrophotometer was used to do radiographic photodensitometry of bone mass. An experiment to produce osteoporosis in guinea pigs required quantification of changes in bone mass. Lack of a densitometer necessitated finding another method for quantification. The method developed involved using industrial film in a closed X-ray system. Optical density of X-rays was then read in a spectrophotometer at nine femur locations. Highly significant correlations between optical density and femur calcium content and femur dry weight per millimeter were obtained. Histological sections from an animal with low optical density measurements confirmed bone loss by showing decreased cortical width and loss of trabecular bone. In addition to using readily available equipment, this method offers the advantage of being able to detect bone loss in specific areas of the bones. In addition, bones are left intact and can be used for other purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441227
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of paramagnetic centers in X-ray-irradiated enamel, bone, and carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: ESR ; Bone ; Enamel ; CO3-Apatite ; Paramagnetism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite, enamel, and bone were irradiated by an X-ray and investigated between 77° and 350°K by means of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The ESR spectrum of enamel irradiated at 77°K in vacuum and observed at the same temperature was almost the same as that of the carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite. The temperature dependence of signal intensities confirms a spin-energy exchange between the mineral and organic constituents in bone, but in enamel no or very little spinenergy exchange between the mineral and organic constituents. Considerable similarity among the ESR spectra of enamel, bone, and carbonate-containing apatite was obtained after X-ray irradiation in air at 300°K with both an X-band and a Q-band ESR spectrometer. The Q-band spectrum can be interpreted in terms of two paramagnetic species. One is identified as a CO 3 3− anion radical which has an axial symmetry withg factors of 2.0029 and 1.9972. The other species is found to be centered atg=2.0019.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441228
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the solid state of bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Infrared, visible light ; Bone ; Collagen ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photovoltaic effect (infrared and visible light) is observed in bone and its two major components, collagen and apatite, at room temperature. A dimunition in the magnitude of photovoltage is observed after exposure to ultraviolet light in all the cases. The drift mobility of the charge carriers is obtained by measuring I versus V relationships in sandwich samples and relating them to the permitivity of the medium. Lifetime of the injected carriers is measured in the usual way. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects are due to protonic conduction phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441215
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced sarcomas of bone (1979)
    Springer
    Skeletal radiology 4 (1979), S. 72-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2161
    Keywords: Sarcomas ; Bone ; Neoplasms ; Radiation induced
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Historically, the literature reveals that the incidence of radiation induced bone sarcomas is very low. Details related to epidemiology cannot be identified, however, because of the difficulty of identifying precisely the patient population at risk for development of the radiation induced sarcoma. The change in character of practice in cancer management with ever increasing numbers of patients receiving both radiation therapy and chemotherapy should alert physicians to the potential for increased incidence of this rare and unusual tumor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349330
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of embryonic chick tibiae in ovo and in vitro: A scanning electron microscope study (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The study describes the ultrastructure of the mineralized portion of chick tibiae from 10 days in ovo to 2 days post-hatch. At 10 days a single mineralized cylinder surrounds the diaphysis. On its outer surface columnar trabeculae join to form ridges parallel to the long axis of the bone. These ridges are covered by another cylinder and form the haversian canals. At 11 days vascular invasion of the marrow cavity occurs and resorption of the endosteal surface begins. This type of periosteal deposition and endosteal resorption is repeated during and subsequent to embryonic development. The mineralized portion of 10-day chick tibiae cultured for 2 days in modified BGJ medium was compared with 10-, 11-, and 12-day tibiae in ovo. Cultured tibiae were similar in length and calcium content to 11-day tibiae in ovo. The form of mineral deposited in ovo and in culture was the same, namely, aggregates of spherical mineral clusters. Differences in culture included the following: (a) few concentric cylinders were deposited as compared with tibiae in ovo; (b) trabeculae were not arranged in rows and ridges in culture; (c) osteocytic lacunae were restricted to bases of trabeculae rather than uniformly distributed as in ovo; and (d) the endosteal surface of tibiae in culture appeared etched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441158
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural study of the role of calcification nodules in the mineralization of woven bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone formation ; Calcification ; Calcification nodule ; EM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteolathyrism has been used as an experimental model for the study of calcification nodules during the mineralization process. Periosteal exostoses developing in osteolathyrism characteristically have spherical basophilic structures (calcification nodules) in the vicinity of developing bone spicules. In thin sections, the nodules were seen scattered between collagen fibers in the intercellular matrix. Collagen fibers did not appear to be present within the nodules but sometimes were packed just outside them. Matrix vesicles were also present in areas of early mineralization. After EDTA decalcification, the majority of the nodules consisted of a fine granular material surrounded by an electron-dense peripheral zone. The peripheral dense zone was occasionally incomplete in small nodules in areas of early mineralization. An electron-dense central area could be observed in the center of the nodules. Evidence has been presented indicating that the calcification nodules arise from smaller mineralization foci, presumably matrix vesicles. The calcification nodules enlarge to approximately 1.0 µm in size, at which point development is slowed or halted allowing the formation of the peripheral dense zone. Although coalescence of nodules was observed, this was more a random event. The further mineralization of the trabeculae was achieved by the calcification of the collagen fibers. The mineralized trabeculae reflected this pattern of nodular and collagenous calcification. It is suggested that this pattern of calcification is characteristic of rapidly developing woven bone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441162
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related changes in the density and tensile strength of human femoral cortical bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Strength ; Density ; Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to ascertain whether the intrinsic strength of human bone changes with age or not, we have determined the ultimate tensile strength and density of strips of femoral cortical bone. These femora were collected from cadavers varying in age from 13 to 97 years. The results show that both density and intrinsic strength of bone increase up to about the fourth decade of life and then decrease with age. However, the rate of decrease of strength is greater than that of density. This indicates that the density of bone is not the sole determining factor of its strength, and that some other factors play an important part.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441170
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of the perilacunar hypomineralized areas in cortical bone from patients with familial hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Rickets ; Hypophosphatemia ; Microradiography ; D-resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The perilacunar areas of low mineral density in microradiographs from cortical bone of patients with hypophosphatemic (vitamin D-resistant) rickets are not evenly distributed throughout the bone tissue. Their frequency and distribution were determined in bone from 9 patients with this disease. It was found that the lesion was more frequent in haversian bone than in interstitial bone, and along the inner circumference of growing haversian systems as compared with the outer circumference. These findings indicate that the lesion is the result of retarded mineralization, and that mineralization slowly proceeds in these areas as the bone becomes older. A relatively high frequency of the lesion was also found in osteons with an elliptical cross section along the long axis of the ellipse. The cause of the abundance of the lesion at these sites is not clear, but it is possible to explain the uneven distribution in elliptical osteons by assuming an unequal rate of bone formation in these structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441169
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of carbon dioxide and various oxygen tensions on the respiratory activity of bone (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxygen uptake ; Bone ; Oxygen tension ; Carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present study was carried out to determine the influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen tension on the respiratory activity of bone cells in mouse calvaria in vitro. Five-day-old mouse calvaria were removed aseptically and incubated individually for 1 h at 37° C in a closed reaction chamber containing 1.5 ml of tissue culture medium made up of 60% horse serum in Gey's solution containing 100 unit/ml penicillin and 100µg/ml streptomycin. Before the calvaria were added, the medium in the incubation chamber was equilibrated with 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% oxygen balanced with nitrogen. The effect of CO2 on oxygen utilization by the calvaria was determined by incubating the calvaria in a medium previously equilibrated with either 50% O2 balanced with N2 or 50% O2 and 5% CO2 balanced with N2. At each oxygen tension, the rate of oxygen utilization by the calvaria was measured polarographically by a Clark oxygen electrode. The results showed that the rate of oxygen uptake of bone increased as the oxygen tension increased and carbon dioxide stimulated significantly the rate of oxygen utilization by the bone cells. In view of the previous reports that both carbon dioxide and oxygen tension are implicated in the process of bone resorption, it is suggested that these two factors may affect bone resorption by influencing the oxygen utilization by bone cells and ultimately controlling their energy metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441180
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray diffraction of the calcified tissues inPolypterus (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: X-ray diffraction ; Hydroxyapatite ; Whitlockite ; Fish (Pisces) ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Pyrolyzed scales, fin spines, and bone from the ray-finned bony fishPolypterus (Actinopterygii) showed two mineral phases on X-ray diffraction: hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca5(PO4)3OH, and whitlockite, Ca3(PO4)2. The ratio of HA/whitlockite varied with the structure (scale, spine, bone) within each individual fish. The relative proportions of HA to whitlockite in pyrolyzed samples reflected the Ca/P ratio of the sample. Whitlockite appears after pyrolysis when the Ca/P is lower than 1.67. Among the five fish investigated, for each structure a general trend was noted. The proportion of HA relative to whitlockite increased with size (age) of the fish. Thus the smallest fish, a juvenile, exhibited a low Ca/P mineral in its calcified tissues, whereas the larger fish had progressively more HA and less whitlockite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441216
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disordered mineral metabolism produced by ketogenic diet therapy (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsant ; Ketogenic diet ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Vitamin D and mineral metabolism status was examined in five children maintained chronically on combined ketogenic diet-anticonvulsant drug therapy (KG), and the results compared to those obtained in 18 patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs alone (AD) and 15 normal controls. KG patients exhibited biochemical findings of vitamin D deficiency osteomalacia: decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and calcium concentrations, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone concentrations, decreased urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased bone mass. Although the KG and AD groups demonstrated similar reductions in serum 25OHD concentration, the KG patients exhibited a significantly greater reduction in bone mass. In response to vitamin D supplementation (5000 IU/day), mean bone mass in the KG group increased by 8.1±0.9% (P〈0.001) over a 12-month period. These results suggest that ketogenic diet and anticonvulsant drug therapy have additive deleterious effects on bone mass and that these effects are partially reversible by vitamin D treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441213
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of osteoclast activating factor from human lymphocytes on cyclic AMP concentrations in isolated mouse bone and bone cells (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone cells ; Cyclic AMP ; Osteoclast activating factor ; Lymphokine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteoclast activating factor (OAF) is a lymphokine which may participate in the pathologic destruction of bone observed in a number of disorders. In the current studies, we investigated the action of OAF on cAMP accumulation by bones and isolated bone cells in culture. OAF was shown to stimulate accumulation of cAMP in mouse cranial bones at doses between 1 and 1000 ng/ml. Stimulation of bone resorption was observed in bones treated with the same doses of OAF. In order to investigate the cell types responsible for cAMP responses to OAF, we isolated bone cells and grew them in monolayer culture. The cells were isolated by a variety of techniques which separate bone cells into two types of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-responsive populations: (a) cells derived from the periosteal regions of the bone, which also respond to calcitonin with increases in cAMP; and (b) cells derived from the matrix, which do not respond to calcitonin. OAF caused elevation of cAMP levels in both the periosteum-derived cells and the matrix-derived cells. The magnitudes and time courses of OAF effects in these populations resembled the effects previously reported for PTH in the same populations. OAF stimulated adenyl cyclase in both types of cell populations, but did not produce significant changes in cAMP phosphodiesterase activity. OAF differed from PTH in that its effects on cAMP accumulation decreased sharply at supramaximal doses in both bone and isolated cells, especially in the matrix-derived populations. Bone resorption did not decrease as markedly as did cAMP accumulation at high doses of OAF, suggesting that cAMP accumulation and resorption could be dissociated under some conditions. These results indicate that OAF has effects on cAMP production in the same cell populations as PTH, and suggest that OAF could modify not only resorption but also formation of bone in vivo. OAF may exert its effects on bone by means of cAMP-dependent mechanisms, but more data will be necessary to establish this unequivocally. The observed differences between OAF and PTH may be of relevance in the mechanism and treatment of pathologic bone destruction in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441214
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone metabolism, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin in paraplegia (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis ; Paraplegia ; Hydroxyproline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In paraplegia, osteoporosis below the neurological lesion occurs early after the spinal cord affection. The serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT), using a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of immunoreactivity, were studied in 12 paraplegic patients for 9 months following onset. Serum Ca and P levels, urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and the kinetic metabolic clearance of45Ca have also been measured. P and immunoreactive (i) CT levels were found the highest at the beginning of the observation and progressively decreased with time. Ca and iPTH serum levels varied inversely with time, the highest level of Ca and the lowest level of iPTH being recorded at the third month following the paraplegia. Mean values of Ca, iPTH, and iCT were in the normal range throughout the study. P levels were increased during the first 3 months. Hydroxyprolinuria was also high and45Ca kinetics showed increased values of Vt, Vo+, and Vu. These parameters indicate a high degree of bone turnover. The results were consistent with the assumption that PTH is not responsible for the increased resorption of bone in paraplegia. Likewise, a deficiency of CT does not seem to be responsible for this bone resorption. These endocrine modifications could be secondary to an increase in the calcium flux from bone to blood and resulting from bone destruction as attested by the increase of urinary calcium and urinary hydroxyproline excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441186
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bone maturation in the vitamin D, phosphate deficient rat and the response to acid loading (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 233-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Acidosis ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Vitamin D and phosphate deficiency were produced in rats in order (a) to evaluate the degree of bone mineral and matrix maturation using a bromoform/toluene density gradient technique; and (b) to compare the aforementioned bone maturational changes due to vitamin D and phosphate deprivation to those produced with superimposed severe acidosis. Rats were fed a diet deficient in vitamin D and phosphorus (0.2%) from 3 weeks through 7 weeks of age. To examine the additional contribution of dietary calcium, we gave one-half of the animals either a low (0.06%) or high (1.3%) calcium diet. Following the 4 weeks of vitamin D deficiency, one-half of each group was given 1.8% NH4Cl in the drinking water for 4 succeeding days to induce an acute, severe acidosis. The degree of bone maturation was quantitated via bromoformtoulene density gradient fractionation; total mineral and hydroxyproline (collagen) levels were quantitated as well. The vitamin D-deficient rats deprived of adequate dietary phosphate responded by conserving phosphorus, and as a consequence total bone phosphorus levels were maintained within that level for control rats. This conservation was independent of calcium intake but was extremely sensitive to acute acid loading, where a significant reduction in total bone phosphorus was noted. The bone maturational profile obtained from the vitamin D-phosphate deficient rats, however, revealed a significant accumulation of less mature or dense bone collagen and mineral with a corresponding decrease in the most mature or dense moieties. In contrast to the reduction of the total bone phosphorus content by acute acidosis, the skeletal collagen-mineral maturational profile was not significantly affected by the short-term systemic acidosis. The observed retardations in the bone collagen and mineral maturation of the vitamin D-deficient, phosphate-deprived state provide an additional observation which may well relate to the progressive osteopenia documented in states of chronic, mild acidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441191
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in proline synthetic and degradative enzymes during matrix-induced cartilage and bone formation (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proline ; Cartilage ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proline biosynthetic and degradative enzymes are unevenly distributed in differentiated mammalian tissues. Activities of the synthetic enzymes are relatively high in collagenous tissues, whereas activities of the degradative enzymes are high in noncollagenous tissues. In order to further characterize tissue-specific proline biosynthesis and degradation, we have determined proline enzyme activities during cartilage and bone formation induced by demineralized bone matrix. We can thus follow temporal changes in enzyme activity in a single tissue as different cell types develop. Ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase have peaks of activity which correlate with maximal type II collagen synthesis by chondrocytes. Both enzymes also are active during bone formation. In contrast, proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are present at low levels and do not change as new cell types appear. Arginase activity peaks during the first 3 days and then rapidly decreases by the time cartilage and bone formation begin. These observations further substantiate the importance of proline biosynthesis in collagenous tissues. The close correlation between ornithine aminotransferase activity and type II collagen synthesis suggests that the pathway from ornithine to proline may be especially important during formation of type II collagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441197
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noninvasive measures of bone bending rigidity in the monkey (M. nemestrina) (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Bending rigidity ; Disuse atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The in vivo bending rigidity and bone mineral content of monkey ulnae and tibiae were measured. Bending rigidity in the anteroposterior plane was measured by an impedance probe technique. Forced vibrations of the bones were induced with an electromechanical shaker, and force and velocity at the driving point were determined. The responses over the range of 100–250 Hz were utilized to compute the bending rigidity. Bone mineral content in the cross section was determined by a photon absorption technique. Seventeen male monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) weighing 6–14 kg were evaluated. Repeatability of the rigidity measures was 4%. Bone mineral content was measured with a precision of 3.5%. Bending rigidity was correlated with the mineral content of the cross section,r=0.899. Two monkeys were evaluated during prolonged hypodynamic restraint. Restraint produced regional losses of bone most obviously in the proximal tibia. Local bone mineral content declines 17 to 24% and the average bending rigidity declines 12 to 22%. Changes in bones leading to a reduction in mineral content and stiffness are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441171
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia: Alterations in mineral metabolism and response to vitamin D3 administration (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 27 (1979), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Parathyroid hormone ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parameters of mineral metabolism were examined in 6 patients with moderately severe anticonvulsant drug-induced osteomalacia. Compared to 15 matched controls, the patients exhibited significantly reduced serum calcium, inorganic phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration, reduced intestinal47Ca absorption, reduced urinary calcium and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and reduced forearm bone mass. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D3 was normal. Following 4 months of treatment with vitamin D3 (4000 units/day), serum 25-OHD concentration was increased to 3 times mean normal values and all parameters except serum iPTH, urinary calcium excretion, and forearm bone mass were returned to levels not significantly different from normal. Serum iPTH concentration was reduced by 39% (P〈0.05); 24-h urinary calcium excretion rose by 98% (P〈0.001), and forearm bone mass increased by 5.6% (P〈0.05). It is concluded that moderate-dose vitamin D3 supplementation is effective in normalizing parameters of mineral metabolism in this disorder, despite evidence of resistance to the biologic effects of vitamin D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441155
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The calciuria of increased fixed acid production in humans: Evidence against a role for parathyroid hormone and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 28 (1979), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; PTH ; 1,25(OH)2D ; Acid ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We measured mineral and acid balances, serum iPTH, urinary cAMP/creatinine, and plasma concentrations of 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D in 7 healthy adults during control conditions and during increased fixed acid production achieved either by the administration of NH4Cl (N=3) or by increased dietary protein intake (N=4). When acid production was increased, the subjects were in positive acid balance and negative Ca balance because of increased urinary Ca excretion. Serum iPTH fell slightly but urinary cAMP and the plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites did not change. We conclude that the accelerated skeletal and urinary losses of Ca that occur when fixed acid production is increased are not contributed to nor compensated for by the parathyroid-vitamin D endocrine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02441241
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The occurrence of chondroitin-6-sulphate in adult human compact bone tissue (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 169-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Compact bone tissue chondroitin sulphate, previously considered to be pure chondroitin-4-sulphate, was isolated from three adult human femoral diaphyses and digested with chondroitinase ABC. Assaying these digests by means of high performance liquid chromatography we could demonstrate that 12 to 14% of the disaccharide residues were 6-sulphated. The 4/6-ratios were also studied in chondroitin sulphate fractions of different molecular size. Slightly increasing amounts of 6-sulphated disaccharides were found with increasing size of the chondroitin sulphates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408073
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of changing hydrogen ion, carbonic acid, and bicarbonate concentrations on bone resorption in vitro (1979)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Culture ; Resorption ; Acidosis ; Alkalosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have examined the effects of H+, CO2, and HCO3 − concentrations during metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis on bone resorption in vitro. Rat fetal bones prelabeled with45CaCl2 were cultured at 2%, 5%, and 10% CO2 for up to 120 h, and the release of45Ca was measured in devitalized bones (non-cell-mediated45Ca release) and in live bones (cell-mediated45Ca release) cultured with or without PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3. Non-cell-mediated mineral loss was linearly related to H+ concentration but not to CO2 or HCO3 − concentration. This effect was observed on both labeled and stable calcium. Over a wide pH range (6.9–7.5) H+, CO2, or HCO3 − concentrations did not influence cell-mediated bone resorption in control or in PTH-and 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated cultures. However, inhibition of cell-mediated bone resorption was observed at higher or lower pH irrespective of CO2 or HCO3 − concentrations. These observations demonstrate that the bone mineral mobilizing effect of acidosis in vitro is mainly due to the effect of changing H+ concentration on devitalized bone. Effects on cell-mediated bone resorption and hormonal response were observed only at extremes of pH. The effects of H+ were independent of changes in CO2 or HCO3 − concentration and could be responsible for the negative calcium balance and increased urinary loss observed in metabolic acidosis in vivo, but do not explain the reported differences in effects on calcium metabolism between respiratory and metabolic acidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408049
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210101
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilized glucose oxidase-catalase and their deactivation in a differential-bed loop reactor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 89-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase containing catalase was immobilized with a copolymer of phenylenediamine and glutaraldehyde on pumice and titania carrier to study the enzymatic oxidation of glucose in a differential-bed loop reactor. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of limiting oxygen substrate, suggesting a strong external mass-transfer resistance for all the flow rates used. The partial pressure of oxygen was varied from 21.3 up to 202.6 kPa. The use of a differential-bed loop reactor for the determination of the active enzyme concentration in the catalyst with negligible internal pore diffusion resistance is shown. Catalyst deactivation was studied, especially with respect to the presence of catalase. It is believed that the hydrogen peroxide formed in the oxidation reaction deactivates catalase first; if an excess of catalase is present, the deactivation of glucose oxidase remains small. The mathematical model subsequently developed adequately describes the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210108
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210201
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Affinity chromatography of endoglucanase of Trichoderma viride by concanavalin A-agarose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Endoglucanase (Cx cellulase) and cellobiase are often cross-contaminated in separation procedures by ion-exchange chromatography such as DEAE-cellulose. By using concanavalin A (Con A)-agarose chromatography, Cx cellulase and cellobiase from Trichoderma viride can be separated. Cx cellulase showed affinity toward Con A, indicating a glycoprotein containing α-D-mannopyransyl and α-D-glucopyranosyl end groups or internal 2-O-D-mannopyranosyl residues in sugar moieties. This method provides a way to estimate the quantities of Cx enzyme produced by T. viride and possibly by other organisms.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210203
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological particles of given size, shape, and density for use in biological reactorsSee Refs. 1-4. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Novel biomass support particles containing growing cells have been developed for use in large-scale fermentation processes. The characteristic size of the entrapped biomass is identical to that of the physical structure of the support particle, and particles can be produced of any size, shape, and density with a wide variety of microorganisms. Use of the particles in fermentors leads to high biomass concentration independent of throughput, predetermined biomass concentrations, the use of novel types of fermentor with advantageous performance characteristics, possibilities for the optimization of advantageous diffusion effects, and new procedures for biomass recovery.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210206
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Penicillin G production by immobilized whole cells of Penicillium chrysogenum (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% acrylamide monomers (85% acrylamide and 15% N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide). Penicillin produced from glucose by the immobilized mycelium was 17% of that produced by washed mycelium. However, the activity of penicillin production of the washed mycelium decreased with repeated use. On the other hand, the activity of the immobilized mycelium increased initially and decreased gradually with repeated use. The rate of oxygen uptake of the immobilized mycelium was about 30% of that of the washed mycelium. The immobilized mycelium required oxygen for the production of penicillin.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210211
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-resolution flow-zonal centrifuge system (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210215
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial growth on hydrocarbons: Role of flocs (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 337-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210219
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved nonporous magnetic supports for immobilized enzymes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 393-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ni powders coated by deposition of TiO2 or controlled oxidation to NiO develop substantial resistance to corrosion. Chymotrypsin immobilized to these coated Ni supports shows very high stability of activity on storage. Chymotrypsin immobilized by adsorption and glutaraldehyde crosslinking was fairly rapidly eluted under operational conditions in the presence of substrate. If 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) was used to produce a covalent linkage, desorption of enzyme still occurred because of relatively unstable bonding of the silane to the oxide surface. A more stable attachment was produced by joining together many silane links with a layer of polyglutaraldehyde. The mechanism of action of APS as a coupling agent under these conditions is discussed. γ-Fe2O3, and particularly a Mn-Zn ferrite, are suitable magnetic support materials available with smaller particle sizes. Particles below 1 μm give the expected higher specific activities of immobilized enzymes.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210304
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of enzymes on activated carbon: Selection and preparation of the carbon support (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 461-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based upon its superior catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, a bituminous coal-based activated carbon was selected for investigations of pretreatment and enzyme immobilization methods. Pretreatments considered include acid washing, exposure to strong oxidizing agents, contact with concentrated peroxide solutions, nitration and amination, isothiocyanate derivatization, silanization, and stearic acid coating. Effects of these pretreatments on morphology and trace-metal content of the carbon pellets have been studied using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive analysis of x rays. Immobilization of glucoamylase by adsorption, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and covalent attachment to carbon activated by water-soluble diimide or diazotization have been examined. These different enzyme-carbon catalysts have been characterized by their enzyme loading, enzyme activity, catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition, or combinations of these measures of performance.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210308
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of β-amylase immobilized to alkylamine porous silica (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 505-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210312
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  • 34
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    Measurement of cell mass concentration with a continuous-flow viscometerPublication No. 3390 from the Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210314
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of mass-energy balance regularities in the analysis of continuous-culture data (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 575-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Material and energy balances for continuous-culture processes are described based on the facts that the heat of reaction per electron transferred to oxygen for a wide variety of organic molecules, the number of available electrons per carbon atom in biomass, and the weight fraction carbon in biomass are relatively constant. Energy requirements for growth and maintenance are investigated and related to the biomass energetic yield. The consistency of experimental data is examined using material and energy balances and the regularities identified above. When extracellular products are absent, the consistency of yield models containing separate terms for growth and maintenance may be investigated using organic substrate consumption, biomass production, oxygen consumption (or heat evolution), and carbon dioxide evolution rate data for a series of dilution rates. The consistency of continuous-culture data in the published literature is examined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210405
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes by radiation-induced polymerization of glass-forming monomers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 679-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization of Streptomyces phaerochromogenes was radiation induced polymerization of 2-hydroxylate at low temperatures. Radiation damage of the enzyme could be avoided by choosing irradiation at low temperatures. The enzymatic activity of immobilized cells increased remarkably with a decrease in the irradiation temperature of about -24°C. In constrast to the case of cell-free enzyme immobilization, the most characteristic case was that in these immobilized cells, the enzymatic activity did not decrease with repeated use even in the composite obtained at much lower monomer concentrations. Another characteristic of immobilized cells was the increase in enzymatic activity in the initial stage of repeated use, which could be attributed to the swelling effect of the polymer matrix, thereby increasing the enzymatic activity to whole cells.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210412
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Energetic efficiency of biomass and product formation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 725-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are developed that may be used to estimate the energetic efficiency of biomass production and product formation when organic substrate consumption is used for growth, maintenance, and product formation. Regularities are utilized to develop balance equations with which the energetic efficiencies of biomass production and product formation may be estimated using several different sets of measured variables. The theory is illustrated by considering the growth in continuous culture of Aspergillus nidulans, which produces melanin.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210502
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Maximization of Candida utilis cytochromes by pulse additions of ethanol to continuous cultures (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 803-820 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown with glucose as growth-limiting carbon source in batch culture, steady-state continuous culture, and non-steady-state continuous culture. High cytochrome concentrations were routinely recorded in cells harvested in the latter stages of batch culture. They were occasionally recorded in cells from imprecisely controlled steady-state cultures, but precise control of the steady-state dissolved oxygen tension stabilized the cytochromes at relatively low levels. Controlled non-steady-state continuous cultures, imposed by pulse additions of ethanol, routinely produced cells with high cytochrome concentrations. A mechanism is proposed whereby maintenance of cytochrome derepression in continuous culture is dependent upon indefinitely prolonging an “overshoot” response in gene expression.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210506
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel method for the reduction of nucleic acid in yeast protein (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 329-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210217
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  • 40
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    Association of β-glucosidase with intact cells of Thermoactinomyces (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 345-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The location of the β-glucosidase activity in a whole culture broth of the thermophilic organism Thermoactinomyces has been studied. Little β-glucosidase activity was found in the culture filtrate, while the culture solids contained the major part of the activity of the whole culture broth. The activity does not appear to be adsorbed to the culture solids; rather there is evidence that it is an intracellular soluble enzyme(s). The pH and temperature optima for a crude β-glucosidase preparation were determined to be pH 6.5 and 50-55°C. Enzyme activity studies indicate that the same enzyme(s) accounts for the β-glucosidase and the cellobiase activities. The validity of using the filter paper activity of culture filtrates from Thermoactinomyces to predict the total saccharification of cellulosic materials to glucose is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210302
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Human interferon production with diploid fibroblast cells grown on microcarriers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 433-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A variety of diploid human fibroblast lines have been successfully grown to high densities (〉106 cell/ml) on recently developed microcarriers. Interferon induction using poly I·poly C and a superinduction procedure resulted in yields greater than 10,000 units/ml with one cell line. A direct comparison of microcarrier cultures to roller bottle cultures showed equivalent interferon yields on a per cell basis and some apparent differences relating to optimum inducer concentrations and kinetics of interferon accumulation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210306
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  • 42
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    Mathematical model of cell growth and phosphatase biosynthesis in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis under phosphate limitation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 487-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate kinetics of growth and acid phosphatase formation in the batch culture of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis LAM 1068 was studied under varying degrees of phosphate limitation. The mathematical model that was developed is concerned with the time lag for exponential growth, the biphasic growth on a substrate (glucose) and its product (ethanol), sustained growth on conservative phosphate, and the derepression of acid phosphatase. The numerical calculations using appropriate parametric constants successfully described the variation in the cell mass, glucose, ethanol, and inorganic phosphate concentrations, and the enzyme activity of acid phosphatase during aerobic growth of S. carlsbergensis under five different conditions of phosphate starvation. A simulation study revealed that the optimum initial phosphate concentration in the medium giving a high productivity of acid phosphate was 2.0 mg phosphorus/g glucose liter.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210310
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  • 43
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    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210401
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  • 44
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    Pulp and paper mill solid wastes as substrates for single-cell protein production (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 561-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have investigated the upgrading of some typical pulp and paper mill solid wastes into protein-enriched animal feed using the cellulolytic fungus Chaetomium cellulolyticum. The waste residues used were six different primary clarifier sludges and a sample of tertiary centricleaner rejects. These were obtained from mills whose modes of operation spanned the range typically in present-day usage: groundwood, sulfite, semichemical, Kraft, and thermomechanical pulping, with and without bleaching. Crude protein production from the solid waste residues is compared to that obtainable from fermentation of untreated or caustic-pretreated sawdusts. Some of these waste residues, especially the Kraft pulp mill rejects, appear to be promising sources of substrate for single-cell protein production. In these preliminary findings, up to 28% dry weight crude protein content of the product has been obtained at specific growth rates of up to 0.12hr-1 on direct utilization of the wastes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210404
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Removal of diacetyl from beer by adsorbants and diacetyl reductase (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 649-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of diacetyl from beer with adsorbants like cellulose, silica gel, activated charcoal, calcium phosphate gel, anion- and cation-exchange resins, and silicylic acid black soil bed (SABSB) was attempted in comparison with the enzyme diacetyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.5). Diacetyl could be removed from beer by the adsorbants but they had undesirable effect on the beer quality such as color, pH, and alcohol levels. These adverse effects were not observed with the use of diacetyl reductase. The results favor the enzymatic removal of diacetyl from beer as a superior approach.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210409
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass recycling and species competition in continuous cultures (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 627-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A chemostat with cell feedback is analyzed for three kinds of limiting nutrient: a substrate dissolved in the inflow, a gas bubbled directly into the reactor, and light. The effects of recycle are distinct in each case, because the relationships between hydraulic detention time and nutrient inflow are different for each type of nutrient, Effluent recycle, in which the recycle stream is more dilute than the reactor, is discussed in terms of cell detention time and nutrient limitation. Results from chemostat cultures of the blue-green alga, Spirulina geitleri, demonsrtat cell feedback under light limitation. Maximum Productivity is fixed by the incident light intensity. At a particular dilution rate recycling increases or decreases productivity by taking cell density closer or further from the optimum density. Cell recycle with heterogeneous populations can change the outcome of species competition. Selective recycling of one species can reverse this outcome or stabilize coexistence by its selective effect on cell detention time. Experimental results from light-limited mixed cultures of S. geitleri and a Chlorella sp. verify this.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210408
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of growth rate on the amino acid composition of Fusarium moniliforme cultivated continuously for fungal protein production (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 707-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fusarium moniliforme was shown to be a promising fungus for microbial protein production. 1-3The fungus grows well on the aqueous extracts of carob pods, a low value agricultural product well known in the Mediterranean areas. In a previous paper2quantitative data were presented on the production of fungal protein by growing F. moniliforme on a carob aqueous extract in a continuous culture. In the present paper the amino acid profile of the biomass was determined and the resulting essential amino acid index was calculated.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210414
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactor properties of a high-speed bead mill for microbial cell rupture (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 745-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory and pilot-plant high-speed bead mills of 0.6 and 5 liter capacity and consisting of four and five impellers in series, respectively, were used to follow the batch and continuous disruption of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The mills are not scaled equivalents. Throughputs ranging from 1 × 10-6m3/sec to 12 × 10-6m3/sec for the 0.6 liter mill and from 16 × 10-6m3/sec to 100 × 10-6m3/sec for the 5 liter mill were used for continuous disruption studies. Variables studied included the effect of impeller tip speed, temperature, and packed yeast concentration (ranging from 15 to75% by weight packed yeast). Disruption kinetics, as measured by the release of soluble protein, followed a first-order rate equation, the rate constant being a function of impeller tip speed and yeast concentration. For continuous disruption studies the bead mills behaved as a series of continuous stirred-tank reactors, each impeller forming a reactor. In the smaller mill a considerable degree of backflow between the reactors was evident. For certain mixing conditions the maximum amount of releasable protein was dependent on the impeller geometry, construction material, and also the concentration of packed yeast. The relative power efficiencies of the two mills are discussed along with possible criteria for scaling of bead mills.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210503
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate at low temperatures (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 847-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzyme immobilization by radiation-induced polymerization of hydrophilic glass forming monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, was studied. Enzyme radiation damage could be sufficiently retarded at low temperatures. The immobilized enzyme activity yield was markedly higher at low temperature than at higher temperature polymerization. At low temperatures the polymerized composite had a porous structure owing to ice crystallization which depends on the monomer concentration. It was deduced that the enzyme was partially trapped on the polymer surface, partially isolated in the pore, and partially occluded inside the polymer matrix. A decrease in activity caused by enzyme leakage was observed with repeated use in enzyme reactions where the composites had a large porosity. The activity yield showed a maximum at certain optimum porosities, i.e., at optimum monomer concentrations. Continuous enzyme reaction was preferably carried out using immobilized enzyme columns.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210508
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  • 50
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of fermentor aeration capacity by a fast-response oxygen electrode in medium-air dispersions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 907-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210513
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  • 51
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    Fractionation of the proteolytic and amylolytic complex enzyme system of Streptomyces aureofaciens and some properties of fractions (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 915-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Streptomyces aureofaciens extracellular proteolytic system was split into four fractions by carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) column chromatography giving three purely caseinolytic fractions and one fraction active toward both starch and casein. The first caseinolytic and amylolytic fraction was further fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography into one purely amylolytic fraction and another showing both activities, was refractioned into four new fractions by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. These fractions were found to be heterogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, three of them acted on both starch and casein and a fourth was only caseinolytic. The second CMC fraction was further purified by CMC rechromatography to an homogeneous fraction that hydrolyzes carboxypeptidase A(EC 3.4.2.1) synthetic substrates and solubilizes elastin. It had only one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 28000 daltons, a high thermal stability in the presence of calcium ions, a pH optimum of about 6.8, and a maximal caseinolytic activity at about 50°C.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210602
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of microbial cells containing NAD-kinase (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1019-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbial cells having NAD-kinase activity, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, were immobilized by the radiation-copolymerization method under low temperature with the activity recovery of more than 80%. Compared to the native microbial cells the immobilized cells were more stable against heat and pH change. The immobilized cells were subjected to the 5 hr reaction repeatedly 20 times without any activity loss.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210607
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical model for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulose by Trichoderma (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 997-1017 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a mathematical model for the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of cellulose by Trichoderma reesei. The principal features of the model are the assumption of two forms of cellulose (crystalline and amorphous), two sugars (cellobiose and glucose), and two enzymes (cellulase and β-glucosidase). An inducer-repressor-messenger RNA mechanism is used to predict enzyme formation, and pH effects are included. The model consists of 12 ordinary differential equations for 12 state variables and contains 38 parameters. The parameters were estimated from four sets of experimental data by optimization. The results appear satisfactory, and the computer programs permit simulation of a variety of system changes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210606
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Deacylation of benzylpenicillin by immobilized penicillin acylase in a continuous four-stage stirred-tank reactor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1057-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized penicillin acylase has been used for the deacylation of benzylpenicillin at 37°C in a continuous reactor consisting of four 1 liter stirred tanks connected in series. There was good agreement between the predicted and actual conversions obtained in each tank under steady-state conditions. The operational stability of the immobilized enzyme in the tanks depended on the pH and the rate of addition and concentration of alkali needed to neutralize the acid produced during the reaction. At pH 7 with the addition of 2M NaOH, the half-life for enzyme stability was greater than 400 hr in all tanks. This was over half the value for the immobilized enzyme when stored at 37°C and pH 7.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210610
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of steam treatment on the hydrolysis of aspen by commercial enzymes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1091-1096 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210615
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol in brazil: Brief summary of the state of industry in 1977 (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1107-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a summary of present agricultural production of ethanol in Brazil. The highlights of the national program instituted in 1975 to increase production with the aim of extending automotive gasoline are described. Process descriptions are given for present plants for both cane sugar and manioc root fermentation routes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210703
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Production of high-quality edible protein from Candida yeast grown in continuous culture (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1163-1174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis NRRL Y-900 was grown in aerobic continuous culture with cane molasses as the source of the growth-limiting carbon. At 1% reducing sugar in the chemostal (10 liter working volume) feed medium, addition of Zn (25μM) to a minimal salts medium resulted in an increase in the biomass productivity of the chemostat from 1.7 to 2.6 g/liter/hr with a growth yield of 0.55 g dry biomass/g reducing sugar utilized at Dmax. On the average, the yeast biomass was 50-55% protein. At SR 〉 2% sugar, the biomass productivity was limited by the oxygen supply. With O2-supplemented aeration (at SR = 4.2%)the maximum biomass productivity Was 7.25 g/liter/hr. Aerobic ethanol production was not observed. A highquality undenatured protein fraction was isolate from the yeast homogenate by isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.5. Contaminating nucleic acid was removed as an insoluble complex by chelation with an organic cation (cetavlon). The final protein product contained about 3% RNA (DWB) and was suitable for use as a food additive.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210707
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Algal single cell protein from wastewater treatment and renovation process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1191-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Source of high-quality protein for animal feed, based upon algae recovered in the process of upgrading waste oxidation pond effluents and promising to be particularly economical, is being developed at the Technion. Unlike other types of single cell protein(SCP), the algal protein does not have to return the full production cost but only that of concentration and final processing. The balance is shared by the value of waste disposal and the reclaimed water. Whereas such systems as activated sludge require considerable mechanical energy to supply the oxygen needed for aerobically degrading organics in wastewater, oxidation ponds utilize solar energy for that purpose. The sludge obtained when their effluents are clarified consists largely of algae, bacteria, fungi, and zooplankton in relative proportions varying with operating conditions, and contains 40-60%(dry basis) high-quality protein. The high rate oxidation pond (a particularly intensive type of pond) produces on the average 34 g/m27sol;day solids, or over 100 tons/ha (hectare) annually. Two clarification routes have been found promising: centrifugation and alum flocculation followed by frothflotation. The latter route is less expensive in terms of both fixed and operating cost, and gives clarified effluent of higher quality, which can be seasonally stored with minimal eutrophication because the aluminum removes most of the phosphate from the effluent. A good product has been obtained by drum-drying the concentrate, and preliminary feeding tests have indicated that it can replace at least 1/4 of the soymeal in broiler rations and 2/3 of the fishmeal in carp feed. No ill effect of the aluminum in the product recovered by alum flocculation has been found so far a process for removing and recycling the aluminum has been developed nonetheless, in case ill effects do show up in further tests. The combined value of the benefits derived from a system centered around the high-rate oxidation pond with clarification by flocculation-flotation, in terms of waste treatment by alternative means, potable water saved, and soymeal replaced, significantly exceeds estimated cost.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210709
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  • 59
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    Electronic Resource
    Use of continuous-culture techniques for determining the growth kinetics of a celluloytic Thermoactinomyces sp. (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1277-1288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to better understand the kinetics of cellulose degradation by Thermoactinomyces sp., continuous-culture experiments were performed utilizing the various intermediates of cellulose degradation as the feed substrates. Steady-state data from the glucose runs suggest that this organism has a growth yield of 0.42 g cell/g glucose, and a specific maintenance of 0.24 g glucose/g cell/hr. The Monod equation did not seen to model the growth well, since a plot of 1/D vs. 1/S gave a maximum specific growth rate that was even lower than one of the steady-state dilution rates. A dynamic washout experiment suggested a maximum specific specific growth rate of 0.36 hr-1 and indicated that glucose is only slightly growth inhibitory as the inhibition constant, Ki, is 19 g glucose/liter. An equation for substrate concentration for washout conditions was derived. This equation predicted the transient glucose concentration relatively well. A fill-and-draw technique was investigated for determination of the growth parameters. It was not successful because of difficulties in contamination and accurately monitoring the dissolved oxygen in the small highly agitated vessel. However, the technique could be useful in studying the growth characteristics of sludge in a waste treatment system where contamination is not a worry. One could cover the medium surface and use a nonsterilizable dissolved oxygen probe of high sensitivity membrane to overcome these difficulties.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210714
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  • 60
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    Electronic Resource
    Effect of interstage mixing in multistage culture systems on continuous biomass production (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1809-1825 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The significance of the interstage mixing on important process parameters of biomass production was studied. The experiments were performed in a multistage tower fermentor and in fermentors in series. The interstage mixing effect can be evaluated under conditions of geometrical similarity, identity of oxygen transfer rate, and identity of dilution rate per stage in the individual stages of both culture systems. Candida utilis was cultivated on a synthetic medium with ethanol as the sole carbon and energy source in the concentration range 10-100 g/liter. Dilution rate, temperature, and pH in each stage of both culture systems were kept constant. It was demonstrated that in the multistage tower fermentor the definite backflow which ensures the permanent reinoculation by adapted cells significantly decreases the inhibitory effect of higher ethanol concentrations on the cell growth and on the rate of ethanol utilization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211009
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  • 61
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    Effect of PO2 on growth and physiological characteristics of Candida utilis in a multistage tower fermentor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1827-1843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the aeration gas on growth and physiological activity of the yeast Candida utilis in a multistage tower fermentor was studied. The measurements were made at steady states of continuous culture for single values of dilution rate, temperature, and pH in all stages of the fermentor and with one given ethanol concentration in the growth medium feed. The partial pressure of oxygen in the gas phase was changed in the range from 165 to 310 torr. The results revealed the existence of the upper critical value of the partial oxygen pressure in the gas phase. It was demonstrated that the upper critical value of PO2 influences not only the growth rate, biomass yield, and productivity but also the cell physiology resulting in changes of respiration activity and activity of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211010
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  • 62
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    Citric acid production from glucose. I. Growth and excretion kinetics in a stirred fermentor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2083-2092 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth and citric acid production kinetics of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica on glucose are investigated in an aerated stirred fermentor. Cellular growth first proceeds exponentially until exhaustion of ammonia in the fermentation medium. Cells then continue to grow at a reduced rate with a concomitant decrease in intracellular nitrogen content. Citric and isocitric acid production starts at the end of the growth phase. During about 80 hr excretion proceeds at a constant rate of 0.7 g/liter/hr for citric acid and 0.1 g/liter/hr for isocitric acid. The final citric and isocitric acid concentrations are 95 and 10g/liter, respectively. During acid excretion cellular respiration accounts for 60 and 35% of consumed oxygen and glucose. Both acid and CO2 production rates follow a Michaelis-Menten-type dependence on oxygen concentration with Michaelis-Menten constants of 0.9 and 0.15 mg/liter for acid and CO2 productions, respectively.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211113
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  • 63
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    Dynamic measurement of the overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient in air-sparged systems (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2125-2131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of the overall volumetric mass-transfer coefficient with the dynamic measurement technique involves modeling, parameter estimation, and experimental design. The combination and extension of previous efforts lead to some suggestions for improvements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211116
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  • 64
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    Steroid bioconversion in water-insoluble organic solvents: Δ1-Dehydrogenation by free microbial cells and by cells entrapped in hydrophilic or lipophilic gels (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2133-2145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cell suspension in a water-insoluble organic solvent (benzene: n-heptane, 1 : 1 by volume) of Nocardia rhodocrous (previously induced to synthesize steroid Δ1dehydrogenase) rapidly catalyzed the stoichiometric oxidation of 4-androstene-3,17-dione (4-AD) to androst-l,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) in the presence of phenazine methosulfate (PMS). High levels of 4-AD or PMS reduced the conversion rates. No appreciable decrease in the conversion rate was observed on adding aqueous buffer solution to the thawed ceils (up to 9.4 g water/g dry cell). The whole cells were immobilized by entrapment in a hydrophilic gel (H-gel) or a lipophilic gel (L-gel) by use of a water-soluble or water-insoluble photocrosslinkable prepolymer. The reticula of H- and L-gel matrices were impregnated with water and organic solvent, respectively. Both the H- and L-gels could convert 4-AD to ADD in the presence of PMS, the L-gel showing a slightly higher conversion rate. Various lines of evidence indicate that the limiting factor is the penetration rate of 4-AD into gel particles for the H-gel, and the penetration rate of PMS for the L-gel. The catalytic activities decreased considerably after several successive runs with the free cell suspension system, while the immobilized cells were more stable, the stability of H-gel and L-gel being almost the same.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211117
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  • 65
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    Comments on two theoretical models of enzymatic hydrolysis of polyaccharides (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2369-2371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211219
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  • 66
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    Citric acid production from glucose. II. Growth and excretion kinetics in a trickleflow fermentor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2093-2111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth and citric acid production kinetics of Saccharomycopsis lipolytica on glucose is investigated in a trickle-flow fermentor. Liquid hold-up and oxygen-transfer coefficient in the reactor column filled with cylindrical wood chips have been determined and found in agreement with chemical engineering correlations. Citric acid production starts at the end of the growth phase and proceeds at a constant specific rate of 0.025 hr-1for about 80 hr. The fermentor can then be regenerated by addition of ammonia, which induces new growth and excretion phases. Comparing the metabolic behavior of free and immobilized cells, two main kinetic differences are observed. First, the growth phase is linear with the bound cells instead of exponential in the stirred fermentor. Second, in the trickle-bed fermentor acid productivity and oxygen acid yield are reduced by 30%. Oxygen diffusional limitations, mainly in the biomass film, and alterations in bound cell metabolism are shown to be responsible of the kinetic modifications. Simple modelizations of oxygen diffusion effects are also presented to support the interpretation of the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211114
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  • 67
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    Use of ATP as an indicator of biomass concentration in the Trichoderma viride fermentation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 153-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210112
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  • 68
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    Cellulase production and ammonia metabolism in Trichoderma reesei on high levels of cellulose (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichoderma can be cultured in stirred-tank fermentors on high (8%)cellulose concentrations without increasing the salt concentration of the medium when NH4OH is used to control pH and as a nitrogen source. Approximation 90% of the ammonia consumed by the organism can be added as NH4OH. The advantage of using high concentrations of cellulose is that culture filtrates with greater cellulase activity are obtained. The advantage of a low salts medium is that unwanted solutes in the final enzyme preparation are reduced. The appearance of cellulase in the medium occurs later than net ammonia uptake so that only 20% of the final amount of cellulase has appeared when 80% of the maximum amount of ammonia has been consumed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210205
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  • 69
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    Use of an exchange filtration technique to obtain synchronous sporulation in an extended batch fermentation (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentor system with an external filtration loop has been developed to control the growth and sporulation of yeast in a single vessel. Excess growth medium, instead of being removed by centrifugation, is removed by filtration and replaced with acetate sporulation medium. The technique did give 80% sporulation after 20 hr, greatly improving the rate and degree of synchrony of sporulation and it also eliminated the contamination hazard of the conventional harvest technique, centrifugation, and resuspension of vegetative cells in sporulation medium. Furthermore it permits proper control of the environmental conditions throughout the growth, exchange, and sporulation phase. In this technique 100% recycle of biomass is achieved without any packing of the cells on the filter. This technique has wide application in the study of industrial fermentation that involves microbial differentiation such as the production of ergot alkaloids, bacitracin, and cephalosporin.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210208
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  • 70
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    Immobilization and characterization of D-amino acid oxidase (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 939-953 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimal conditions with respect to pH, concentration of glutaraldehyde and enzyme, and order of addition of enzyme and crosslinking reagent were established for the immobilization of hog kidney D-amino acid oxidase to an attapulgite support. Yields of 40 to 70% were generally attained although when low concentrations of enzyme were used yields were consistently greater than 100%. It is suggested that this is due to a dimer → monomer shift at low protein concentrations. The stability of soluble D-amino acid oxidase was dependent on the buffer in which it was stored (pyrophosphate-phosphate 〉borate 〉 Tris). Stability of immobilized enzyme was less than soluble in pyrophosphate-phosphate buffer, but storage in the presence of FAD improved stability. In addition, treatment of stored, immobilized enzyme with FAD before assay restored some of its activity. The immobilized D-amino acid oxidase was less stable to heat (50°C) than the soluble enzyme from pH 6 to 8 but was more stable above and below these values. Apparent km values for D-alanine, D-valine, and D-tryptophan decreased for the immobilized enzyme compared to the soluble.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210603
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  • 71
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    Shallow-depth sedimentation of yeast cells (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1081-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210613
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  • 72
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    Production of phenyl acetyl carbinol by yeasts (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1085-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210614
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  • 73
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    Symposium on microbial products and fermentation control (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1105-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210702
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  • 74
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    Production and surface-active properties of microbial surfactants (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1151-1162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new source of surface-active compounds produced by microbes was investigated. These biologically derived surfactants (biosurfactants) were found to be extracellular products of two newly isolated Corynebacterium species, which were gorwn on kerosene (Imperial Oil No.9). Batch-growth kinetic studies were carried out in a 14 liter fermentor and the production of biosurfactants was found to be cell growth associated. The surface tension of the whole microbial broth was reduced to a minimum of about 30 dyn/cm, as compared with the surface tension for distilled water of 72 dyn/cm. The crude biosurfactants were recovered from the cell-free broth, freeze-dried, redissolved in water, and their surface-active properties were studied. The biosurfactants reported here were found to be nontoxic and their ability to lower the surface tension of water was found to be comparable to that of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, common commercial synthetic surfactant.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210706
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  • 75
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    Biological production of methane from energy crops (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1209-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory studies at the University of Missouri-Rolla have demonstrated the feasibility of producing methane by anaerobic digestion of various of crop materials, such as grasses and corn stalks. These studies indicate that up to 6.0 f3methane are produced/b crop material destroyed. Preliminary design and economic studies of a large methane plant show that the reactors represent the largest cost item and that efforts should be concentrated on defining reaction kinetics and reactor design. A process to produce 50 M̄ f3methane/day is described, and the preliminary design and economics are analyzed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210710
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  • 76
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    On-line identification of parameters in a fermentation process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1239-1249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a fermentation process, the establishment of gas mass balances provides valuable information and allows both measurements concerning the characteristics of the biomass itself and the monitoring of a cultivation process. If the quantity and oxidation level of substances excreted into the fermentation broth are known or constant, the yield factor and the dry cell-weight production are stoichiometrically related to the quantity of CO2 evolved and to the quantity of O2 consumed. Where frequent measurements of both yield factor and dry cell-weight production are desirable or where rapid adjustment of the parameters is necessary, on-line identification of these parameters is required, An algorithm allowing the identification of the specific growth rate is presented. Moreover, this technique allows one to estimate the percent protein in the biomass during continuous culture.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210712
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  • 77
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    Continuous-flow monitoring of lactose concentration (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1251-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A specific continuous-flow analytical system for determination of lactose concentration in a liquid mixture of constituent sugars was developed and tested based on a series of enzymatic reactions. Lactose and glucose oxidase immobilized on a phenol-formaldehyde resin were employed. More detailed study was carried out based on a reaction by-product quantitatively detected by an available iodide electrode. A multichannel proportioning pump fed two independently operated analytical streams eliminating thus the background glucose interference. With a goal of lactose concentration control in a fermentation process, the system response time delay was shortened to approximately 15 min. Apart from optimization of the analytical system operating parameters, the study indicates also the major application problem areas: lactase inhibition by galactose, galactose oxidation by glucose oxidase, and a partial loss of glucose oxidase activity in a prolonged continuous-flow operation. A manual Colorimetric Procedure was employed to verify the results of the potentiometric method.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210713
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  • 78
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    Application of a bioluminescence ATP assay in brewery wastewater treatment studies (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1301-1314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The importance of having a rapid method for determining the viable biomass in activated-sludge wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) for process control and development is well recognized. The firefly bioluminescence ATP assay has been proposed for this purpose. Such an assay using partially purified firefly luciferase and synthetic firefly luciferin for the bioluminescence reaction, a liquid scintillation counter in the out-of-coincidence mode as luminescence detector, and a sludge ATP extraction technique involving dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature is described. Experiments with several pure bacteria cultures were done to demonstrate the feasibility of applying this assay to activated sludge to activated sludge WWTP investigation and control. The ATP content of samples taken from various points in a 350000 gal/day brewery activated-sludge WWTP was monitored for 4.5 months. Good linear correlation between ATP and mixed-liquor suspended solids, return sludge suspended solids, and effluent suspended solids were observed. Percentage viabilities of the various sludge samples were derived from the ATP results.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210716
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  • 79
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    Secretion of cellulase and β-glucosidase by Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 in submerged culture on different substrates (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1361-1371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Trichoderma viride ITCC-1433 produces high yields of cellulase and especially β-glucosidase when grown in submerged culture on different carbon sources. Cellulase synthesis was strongly repressed in the presence of glucose and only a low constitutive activity of β-glucosidase and carboxymethylcellulase, but no Avicelase, could be demonstrated when culturing T. viride on glucose. With carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a substrate the secretion of enzyme as well as growth depended on the degree of substitution, but in general CMC cannot be regarded either as a powerful inducer or as a carbon source. With insoluble cellulose, maximum enzyme production and activities were obtained using an alkali-treated cellulose powder. On this substrate the excretion of soluble protein into the culture broth increased and the protein concentration corresponded to cellulolytic activities.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210805
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  • 80
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    Theoretical and experimental analysis of a soluble enzyme membrane reactor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1421-1438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recently enzyme immobilization techniques have been proposed that are mainly founded on the formation of an enzyme-gel layer onto the active surface of an ultrafiltration membrane within an unstirred ultrafiltration cell. If the membrane molecular-weight cutoff is less than the enzyme molecular weight and hence such as to completely prevent enzyme permeation (once the enzyme solution has been charged into the test cell and pressure applied to the system), a time progressive increase in enzyme concentration takes place at the upstream membrane surface that can eventually lead to gelation and hence to enzyme immobilization. However, depending on the total enzyme amount fed, the maximum enzyme concentration achieved in the unsteady state could be less than the gelation level. In this situation, no immobilization occurs and the enzyme still remains in the soluble form although it is practically confined within a limited region immediately upstream the membrane and at fairly high concentrations. In this paper, the experimental conditions that allow gelling to occur are discussed together with a theoretical analysis of the soluble enzyme membrane reactor which is obtained when no gelling takes place. Such a system could be usefully employed in performing kinetic analyses at high enzyme concentration levels that are still in the soluble form.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210809
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  • 81
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    Material-balance calculations of fermentation processes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1487-1490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210816
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  • 82
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    New nonsynthetic medium for Rhizobium culture production from wastes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1507-1515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nonsynthetic medium was formulated for placement of mannitol fully by saccharified pea husk (Pisum sativum L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhoornia crassipes) with Trichoderma viride QM 9414 and molasses. Yeast extract was Partially replaced by proteolysed pea husk, water hyacinth, and mycelium of T. viride QM 9414 by boiling 4 hr with 5% (v/v) HCl. The rhizobial growth was equal in both standard yeast extract mannitol (YEM) and formulated nonsynthetic media. However, barring Rhizobium phaseoli (urid) E-6, the rhizobial counts in thenon-synthetic medium were higher then the counts in YEM medium. In the fermentor, rhizobial growth was also almost equal to YEM medium. These results indicated that costly ingredients like mannitol and yeast extract can be replaced by hydrolysates of pea husk, water hyacinth, mycelium of T. viride, and molasses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210902
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  • 83
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    Properties of penicillin amidase immobilized by copolymerization with acrylamide (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1543-1552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme preparation in a spherical granule form was obtained by copolymerization of penicillin amidase (EC 3.5.1.11) (previously modified with maleic anhydride) and acrylamide via a crosslinking agent. As compared with the native enyme, immobilized amidase is more resistant to heating, has a lower affinity to benzylpenicillin, and is less inhibited by phenylacetate. Its substrate specificity and optimum pH remain unchanged.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210904
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  • 84
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    Activated-sludge process dynamics with continuous total organic carbon and oxygen uptake measurements (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1561-1577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic responses of a bench-scale activated-sludge process to step changes and square-wave inputs in the feed flow and concentration were measured. Instrumentation permitted the continuous measurement of the oxygen uptake rate and dissolved organic carbon responses. Notable were the sensitivity of the oxygen uptake rate to process changes and the reliability of the dynamic oxygen electrode method. The responses were found to be greatly influenced by the organic loading, FS0/XV, which was incorporated into a load-dependent kinetics model. Simulations showd good agreement with experiment in the case of the square-wave disturbances. Because of the changing and complex nature of the activated sludge it was necessary to reestimate the parameter set for each run.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210906
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  • 85
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    Use of the porous teflon tubing method to measure gaseous or valatile substances dissolved in fermentation liquids (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1671-1676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210912
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  • 86
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    Degradation of ribonucleic acid by immobilized ribonuclease (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1639-1648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An immobilized enzyme (pancreatic ribonuclease bound to porous titania) was investigated for the degradation of purified yeast ribonucleic acid as a substrate. The immobilized enzyme is active and stable in the pH range 4-8. Dependence of enzymatic activity on ionic strength, pH, temperature, fluid flow rate, and substrate concentration were investigated. A cummulative fluid residence time of 6 sec is sufficient for 5% substrate conversion at 25°C and pH 7.0. The critical flow rate (i.e., the fluid flow rate necessary to remove film diffusion resistance) approximately doubles with each 10°C rise in reaction temperature. The critical flow rates obtained in this study are about 40 times greater than those obtained for a similar study on immobilized glucose oxidase. Arrhenius plots gave activation energies of -9.6 and -7.1 kcal/g mol at pH 4.6 and 7.0, respectively. The work reported herein is a bench-scale investigation of an immobilized enzyme with primary emphasis on the mass transfer and kinetic characteristics of the system. The rapid reaction rates obtainable at relatively low temperatures offfer a potential alternative method of purifying yeast single cell protein (SCP) with minimum loss of desired protein. The key questions are how such a system would react in a yeast homogenate, what conditions in such a system must be controlled, and what type of immobilized reactor should be utilized, if such further work continued to show promise.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210910
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  • 87
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    Mass-transfer effects on the rate of isomerization of D-glucose into D-fructose, catalyzed by whole-cell immobilized glucose isomerase (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1711-1724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The investigated catalyst system consists of immobilized Arthrobacter cells containing the enzyme glucose isomerase, which catalyzes the isomerization of glucose into fructose. The internal structure of the catalyst was determined from electron microscope photographs of replicas of freeze-etched catalyst. On the basis of the photographs a model for the internal structure of the catalyst was proposed. This structure was subsequently used to describe the reaction including mass-transfer effects. It appeared that under normal operating conditions the external mass-transfer rate does not influence the overall rate of reaction. The effect of internal mass-transfer resistances on the overall reaction rate can well be accounted for by the socalled porous sphere model. The intrinsic kinetics of the isomerization catalyzed by the present catalyst system can be represented by a modified Michaelis-Menten equation for a reversible one-substrate reaction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211003
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  • 88
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    Production of aflatoxin in corn by a large-scale solid-substrate fermentation process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1799-1808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Culturing of Aspergillus flavus was conducted in static flask cultures and 4 in. × 5 ft columns (containing 7-8 kg corn) to measure the effects of moisture, temperature, and air flow upon growth and the production of aflatoxin. Aflatoxin levels as high as 6200 ppb (dry basis) in 10 days were observed. Conditions were selected (ca. 20% moisture, 0.008 liter air/kg corn/min air flow with 1.5 liter/kg/min recirculated) for production of aflatoxin in 1200 bushels of corn in a 18-ft diam corrugated steel Butler storage bin for preparation of contaminated corn for animal feeding trials and for testing of an ammoniation process for decontamination of aflatoxin in corn. A target level of 1000 ppb aflatoxin was attained.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211008
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen supply on hydrogen production by cultures of anabaena cylindrica (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1855-1860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211012
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized differential specific rate equation for microbial growth (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1871-1875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211014
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potentiometric method for subatrate analysis using immobilized NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1905-1915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductases, glucose dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel over a platinum grid matrix and used as enzyme electrodes to measure their substrate concentrations in buffered aqueous solutions. The immobilized enzymes were used to oxidize their substrates in the presence of NAD+. Ferricyanide was used as the redox mediator and electroactive specific. The determinations of glucose and ethenol were utilized to demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the system. The described methodology should be readily applicable to the analysis of numerous other substrates of coenzyme-dependent oxidoreductases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211103
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ribonucleic acid removal methods on proteolytic activity and protein solubility in Candida utilis (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 1963-1980 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida utilis was grown under controlled conditions and nucleic acids were removed from whole cells and homogenates by alkaline hydrolysis techniques, en-zymatic methods, and washing with buffer. Homogenization released hydrolytic enzymes and proteolytic activity increased with incubation at elevated temperatures under acidic conditions. Slight proteolysis occurred in all incubated samples and this may contribute to protein insolubilization. Very little protein was lost during incu-bation when compared to similar processes using bakers' yeast. This can be due to lower levels of protease activities in C. utilis. Alkaline hydrolysis methods resulted in hydrolysis of some proteins and irreversible insolubilization of the protein. These methods also destroyed any residual enzymatic activities. Heat denaturation studies suggest that protein insolubilization occurs at neutral pH when heat treatments equivalent to or greater than 85° C for 15 min are used. SDS-PAGE methods were used to characterize and monitor changes in protein. Eighteen proteins and/or sub-units were present at levels of 1% or greater. Results may help to explain changesin functional properties of sample preparations which accompany RNA removal.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211106
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation of gentamicin by foaming (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2045-2059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to develop a more economical separation method and to determine the feasibility of such a method for the recovery of gentamicin from fermentation broth, a foam separation process was evaluated using a batch system. The effects of such process variable as surface-active agent, pH, collector-colligent ratio, and the gas flow rate on the separation efficiency of gentamicin were studied. Form the experimental results, the optimal operating conditions selected were: pH below 9.0, collector-to-colligent ratio of 3, and airflow rate at 0.5 vol air/vol liquid/min. Under these operation conditions, the average recovery efficiency of gentamicin was 73% when sodium dodecyl sylfate was used as a collector. A mathematical expression for the foam separation rate was derived. The theoretically predicted values of separation efficiencies agreed reasonably well with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211111
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrophobic esters of cellulose: Properties and applications in biochemical technology (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2113-2123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have investigated the utility for enzyme immobilization of several hydrophobic cellulose esters, as a function of solvent composition, extent of esterification, and enzyme. Phenoxyacetyl cellulose was also used for immobilization of rat liver microsomes, hydrophobic chromatography of proteins, and removal of Triton X-100 from protein solutions. Phenoxyacetyl groups esterified to cellulose were much less subject to enzymatic hydrolysis than soluble phenoxyacetyl esters.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211115
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211201
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convenient method for studying enzyme kinetics (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2235-2246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A convenient method for enzyme kinetic studies is introduced. The method includes identification of reaction mechanism and estimation of the associated kinetic constants with a minimum number of experiments. The application of the method is illustrated by using literature data. Factors limiting the application of this method are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211206
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recalculation of biological solids over a fixed-film biological reactor (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2323-2328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211211
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Power drawn by multiple impellers in sparged agitated vessels (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2341-2345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211214
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reusable enzyme catalysts for particulate and macromolecular reactants and fouling media (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 2365-2367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260211218
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases for the transformation of steroids in water-organic solvent systems (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: β-HSDH, 20β-HSDH, and 3α-HSDH, were immobilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose. The effect of various immobilization conditions on the activity recovery and stability were examined. The presence of cofactor during the immobilization reaction increased the activity recovery (40-60% of the total) and also led to materials highly stable in the presence of organic solvents. For example, β-HSDH maintained 60% of its original activity two months after continuous use in the water-ethyl-acetate system. Kinetic experiments showed that the increase of the apparent Km values is poor and demonstrated that the organic solvent behaves as a weak inhibitor (ki 〉 0.2M) for the substrate. The immobilized enzymes lyophilized in the presence of sucrose had full activity restored even after several months storage at room temperature. Immobilized hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were shown to be suitable for preparative transformation of steroids in water-organic solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260210104
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