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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Vorbemerkung Beim Schreiben dieses Artikels, der auf Veränderungen der Kommunikations- und Publikationstechniken und ihre Bedeutung hinweist, ist uns mehr als je zuvor bewusst geworden, wie beschränkt das Medium Papier ist. Es gibt z. B. keine Hyperlinks, durch die man unmittelbar das Erwähnte erleben oder überprüfen kann. Ein schneller Wechsel vom Wort zum Bild, zum Ton oder Video ist nicht möglich. Wer will schon lange URLs abtippen und Medienbrüche erleiden? Wir haben uns daher entschlossen, eine textidentische Version dieses Artikels mit allen URLs – sie liegt Ihnen hier vor – elektronisch anzubieten und in der für die "Gegenworte" (BBAW) gekürzten Fassung nur durch [URL] anzudeuten, dass der Leser an dieser Stelle einfach in der elektronischen Version einen Klick ins Internet machen sollte. Und damit sind wir bereits mitten im Thema.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Zwischen dem Bibliotheksverbund Bayern (BVB) und dem Kooperativen Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) besteht seit Ende 2007 eine Strategische Allianz, die auf zwei Säulen beruht: einer langfristigen Entwicklungspartnerschaft einerseits und der Kooperation im Dienstleistungsbereich mit der Integration der Verbundkataloge andererseits. Ende 2008 wurde das erste Entwicklungsprojekt "Literaturverwaltungsprogramme" abgeschlossen, dessen Ergebnisse in dieser Handreichung in Form von Handlungsempfehlungen für Bibliotheken vorgestellt werden. Ziel des Projekts war es, den Datenaustausch zwischen den Bibliotheks- und Verbundkatalogen des BVB und KOBV und gängigen Literaturverwaltungsprogrammen zu optimieren. Neben Handlungsempfehlungen für die Implementierung neuer Exportschnittstellen und die Verbesserung bestehender Exportmöglichkeiten werden Hinweise auf verbesserte Nutzerführung gegeben. Die Empfehlungen beziehen sich vorwiegend auf den Datenaustausch zwischen den Bibliothekssystemen Aleph 500, MetaLib und WebOPAC/InfoGuide und den Literaturverwaltungsprogrammen Citavi, EndNote, RefWorks und Zotero.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Gemeinsame Web-Auftritte zu organisieren, die sich über mehrere Institutionen und Fachgebiete erstrecken, ist eine anspruchsvolle und faszinierende Aufgabe, die auf verschiedene Weise gelingen, aber auch scheitern kann. Wer sich daran versucht, tut gut daran, sich über bestimmte Prinzipien und technische Mittel zu informieren, die das fortgeschrittene Web ihm heute bietet. Das Internet, das World Wide Web und das moderne Web 2.0 sind in einer fast zwanzig Jahre dauernden Kollaboration einer globalen Gemeinschaft von Entwicklern und Anwendern entstanden. Es enthält heute eine Fülle sofort einsetzbarer Komponenten, von der „Benutzerdefinierten Google-Suche Beta“ mit Google‘s PageRanking auf ausgewählten Web-Seiten bis hin zum automatisierten Web-Server mit Content-Management für das „Mitmach-Web“. Der Artikel stellt nur eine kleine Auswahl solcher Lösungen vor und macht den Versuch, einige Prinzipien des Web 2.0 so herauszuarbeiten, dass die notwendige Kommunikation zwischen Managern, Technikern, Redakteuren und Organisatoren in der kleinen Kollaboration unterstützt wird. „Kleine Kollaboration“ bedeutet hier, dass es nicht um die globale Vernetzung von technischen Großgeräten der e-Science gehen soll, auch nicht um die Super-Suchmaschine in Europa, sondern um die Unterstützung der Zusammenarbeit und Kommunikation von Wissenschaftlern und Museumsfachleuten mit Ihren Nutzern.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Im Kooperativen Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) wird für die automatisierte Fernleihe der Zentrale-Fernleihserver (ZFL-Server) der Firma Sisis eingesetzt. Die Software ist in der KOBV-Zentrale installiert. Der ZFL-Server dient im KOBV sowohl für die Bestellung von Monographien als auch für die Bestellung von Aufsatzkopien aus Zeitschriften. Prinzipiell gibt es zwei Verfahren, mit denen sich Bibliotheken an der automatisierten Fernleihe beteiligen können: das E-Mail-Verfahren und das SLNP-Verfahren. Auf beide wird im Handbuch eingegangen. Die automatisierte Fernleihe wurde im KOBV eingeführt, um die Fernleihe für die Benutzer zu beschleunigen, das Verfahren für die Bibliotheksmitarbeiter zu vereinfachen und den Arbeitsaufwand zu reduzieren. Sie basiert darauf, dass eine Bestellung anhand eines gefundenen Treffers ausgelöst wird – d.h. die bibliographischen Daten sind bereits verifiziert und in einem Katalog nachgewiesen. Anschließend wird die Bestellung über den ZFL-Server automatisch ausgeführt und verwaltet – sowohl in der regionalen KOBV-Fernleihe als auch in der verbundübergreifenden Fernleihe mit den deutschen Bibliotheksverbünden. Der ZFL-Server besteht aus verschiedenen technischen Komponenten. Eine dieser Komponenten ist das Bibliothekskonto, eine Internetanwendung, in der die Bestellverwaltung des ZFL-Servers für die Bibliotheksbediensteten transparent abläuft. Dazu hat jede Bibliothek im Bibliothekskonto eine eigene, Passwort-geschützte Dienstoberfläche. Im Laufe des Jahres 2009 hat die KOBV-Zentrale das Bibliothekskonto grundlegend überarbeitet; die neue Version wurde im September 2009 freigegeben. Neben der Überabeitung des Interfaces – so wird den Bibliotheken auf der Startseite nun eine Übersicht ihrer laufenden Bestellungen angezeigt und dient als direkter Einstieg in die Bearbeitung – wurde das Bibliothekskonto um folgende Funktionen erweitert: Bestellung zurücklegen (HOLD), Vormerkungen, Bestellungen zur Anfrage, Abbruch des Leitweges (auch verbundübergreifend), erweiterte Kommentarfunktion, Bestellnummernsuche in allen Verbünden. Das Handbuch, das die Vorgänge der Bestellverwaltung im Bibliothekskonto beschreibt, wurde in der nun vorliegenden 3. Auflage um die Beschreibung der neuen Funktionen ergänzt. An dieser Stelle ein Dank an die Kolleginnen und Kollegen aus den KOBV-Bibliotheken – Frau Bruske (UB der Freien Universität Berlin), Frau Ebert (UB der Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder)), Frau Preuß (UB der Technischen Universität Berlin) und Herrn Ringmayer (Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin) – für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bei der Entwicklung der neuen Funktionen.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: The Cooperative Library Network Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), Germany, addresses the problem of how to integrate resources found outside the library and library holdings into a single discovery tool. It presents a solution that uses open source technology to develop a next-generation catalog interface called the Library Search Engine. This pilot project was launched in 2007 with the library of Albert Einstein Science Park, Potsdam. The idea was to design and develop a fast and convenient search tool, integrating local holdings (books, journals, journal articles) as well as relevant scientific subject information such as open access publications and bibliographies.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-02-15
    Description: Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken sind Vermittler von digitalen Medieninhalten. Sie müssen ihren Nutzern einen Zugang zu ihnen ermöglichen. Digitales Rechte Management (DRM), eingesetzt von den Verlagen, soll Nutzung und Zugang kontrollieren. Bibliotheken stehen DRM daher misstrauisch gegenüber, da dieses als Gefahr für die Wissenschaft und ihre (digitalen) Bibliotheken gesehen wird. Nur eine effektive Auseinandersetzung der wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken mit der jeweiligen Politik der Verlage und den Verfahrensweisen bei DRM ermöglicht es ihnen, ihre Rolle als Vermittler und 'Gedächtnis der Menschheit' auch weiterhin erfolgreich wahrnehmen zu können. Unbestritten ist, dass DRM in seiner restriktiven Form die tägliche Arbeit der Bibliotheken erschwert. Deshalb müssen sie sich aktiv an der Standardisierung, der Entwicklung von Nutzungskonzepten und der Gestaltung der Rahmenbedingungen beteiligen.
    Description: Academic libraries are mediators of digital content. They have to ensure access for their patrons. Digital Rights Management (DRM), used by publishers, should control access and usage. Libraries mistrust DRM, because it is seen as a danger to scholarship, sciences and their (digital) libraries. Libraries only can persist as the 'archive of all human knowledge' if they start an effective controversy about the publishers' policies and if they know how DRM works. It is uncontentious that the restrictive form of DRM will complicate the everyday work of libraries. Therefore they have to engage in the prozess of standardization, in the development of concepts of usage and in the definition of general conditions of DRM.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We study performance and scaling of the Berlin Quantum Chromodynamics Program (BQCD) on the SGI Altix 4700 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ). We employ different communication methods (MPI, MPI with two OpenMP threads per process, as well as the shmem library) and run the MPI version on the two types of nodes of that machine. For comparison with other machines we made performance measurements on an IBM p690 cluster and a Cray XT4.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von Remeshing-Verfahren um die Berücksichtigung von nicht-mannigfaltigen Dreiecksvernetzungen und Merkmalskantenzügen erweitert. Die betrachteten Verfahren arbeiten im Wesentlichen lokal. Daher können die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Erweiterungen, die nicht-mannigfaltige Kantenzüge und Merkmalskantenzüge betreffen, separat beschrieben werden. Dabei wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, beide Arten von besonderen Kantenzügen aufgrund ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten einheitlich zu behandeln. Dieser besteht zum einen darin, eine Korrespondenz zwischen Kantenzügen auf der Eingabe- und der Ausgabefläche zu erhalten, indem die Remeshing-Operationen auf den Kantenzügen in entsprechend eingeschränkter Weise verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird beschrieben, wie die Abtastdichte der Kantenzüge dynamisch an die Abtastdichte der Umgebung angepasst werden kann, um für weitgehende Isotropie in der Nähe von Merkmalskantenzügen zu sorgen.
    Description: A unified approach for consistent remeshing of arbitrary non-manifold triangle meshes with additional user-defined feature lines is presented. The method is based on local operations only and produces meshes of high regularity and triangle quality while preserving the geometry as well as topology of the feature lines as well as the input mesh.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces a novel streamline seeding technique based on dual streamlines that are orthogonal to the vector field, instead of tangential. The greedy algorithm presented here produces a net of orthogonal streamlines that is iteratively refined resulting in good domain coverage and a high degree of continuity and uniformity. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient, and it naturally extends to curved surfaces.
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie zur Platzierung von Stromlinien vorgestellt. Hierzu werden zusätzliche duale Stromlinien verwendet, die --im Gegensatz zur üblichen Definition-- orthogonal zum Vektorfeld verlaufen. Der vorgestellte Greedy-Algorithmus berechnet ein Netz aus orthogonalen Stromlinien, welches iterativ verfeinert wird, was zu einer guten Abdeckung der Domäne und einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung der Stromlinien führt. Es handelt sich um einen einfach zu implementierenden und effizienten Algorithmus, der direkt auf gekrümmten Oberflächen anwendbar ist.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In dieser Diplomarbeit wird untersucht, wie auf der Basis von Literaturreferenzen ein Zitationsgraph durch ein automatisches Verfahren aufgebaut werden kann. Zur Lösung des Problems werden Probabilistische Relationale Modelle herangezogen. Eine problemspezifische Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es, dass bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zitationsgraphen mit Hilfe eines Inferenzverfahrens aufgelöst werden können. Zur Evaluierung des Verfahren werden Experimente auf dem Cora-Datensatz durchgeführt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Wissenschaftler sind an qualitativ hochwertiger Information interessiert, selten an Informationsversorgung selbst. Es ist ihnen in Fragen der Organisation meistens egal, von welchem Versorger sie das Material, das sie benötigen, bekommen. Sie wollen einfach nur alles, was sie brauchen, jederzeit, überall, sofort und möglichst kostengünstig oder gar kostenlos haben. Im Prinzip ist das möglich. Seit mindestens zehn Jahren werden so gut wie alle wissenschaftlichen Dokumente (Artikel, Messdaten,…) elektronisch erstellt. Eigentlich bräuchte man diese nur ins Internet zu stellen, und damit wäre alles verfügbar. Irgendwie funktioniert diese einfache Idee nicht so richtig, obwohl viele Anstrengungen von den verschiedensten Einrichtungen und Individuen unternommen werden, z. B. durch Open-Access-Bemühungen. Was sind die Gründe dafür? Die Fortschritte beim schnellen Zugriff auf Information im Internet sind atemberaubend (siehe Google), dennoch ist der zielgerichtete Zugriff auf wissenschaftlich relevante Information weiterhin nur oberflächlich vorhanden. Die Hindernisse sind vielfältiger Natur: Bequemlichkeit und Unwissen der Autoren, Gewohnheiten der Nutzer und Informationsvermittler, Barrieren durch Copyrights und Verlagsstrategien, Eitelkeiten. In diesem Artikel werden einige der Probleme erläutert, die dem Traum des Aufbaus der wissenschaftlichen Universalbibliothek entgegenstehen. Gleichzeitig wird skizziert, wie man auf dem Weg zur Verwirklichung des Traums ein Stück vorankommen und wie die zukünftige wissenschaftliche Informationsversorgung gestaltet werden kann.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Diplomarbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The diploma thesis presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexity.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Bereits seit den siebziger Jahren katalogisieren Bibliotheken arbeitsteilig in Verbünden. Allerdings macht die Kooperation bislang oftmals an den Grenzen traditionell gewachsener Verbundstrukturen halt. Das ist ein Grund dafür, dass in Deutschland und Österreich das gleiche Buch im schlimmsten Fall an zahlreichen Stellen gleichzeitig katalogisiert wird, ohne dass der eine von der Arbeit des anderen profitiert. In dem folgenden Report werden erstmals konkrete Schritte beschrieben, die eine verteilte Katalogisierung über Verbundgrenzen hinweg verbessern. Dazu gehören Vereinbarungen für die Indexierung und die Suche über Z39.50, Regeln für gegenseitige Datenlieferungen und nicht zuletzt die Einführung einer eindeutigen Identifikationsnummer, die die erstkatalogisierende Institution vergibt. Der vorliegende Artikel ist ein vorläufiger Zwischenbericht der von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbundsysteme eingesetzten Arbeitsgruppe „Kooperative Neukatalogisierung“.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Arbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The report presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexit
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Berlin als Stadtstaat ist Kommune und Land der Bundesrepublik zugleich und Standort vieler renommier-ter Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen. In enger Zusammenarbeit der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen mit dem IT-Dienstleistungszentrum Berlin (ITDZ, ehemals Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik), der für die Behörden Berlins zuständigen Einrichtung, wurde seit 1993 ein landeseigenes Glasfasernetz mit einer derzeitigen Länge von 856 km Glasfaserkabel (je Kabel bis zu 144 Einzelfasern) zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Wissenschaft und Verwaltung errichtet und weiter ausgebaut. 1994 erfolgte der offizielle Start des Berliner Wissenschaftsnetzes BRAIN (Berlin Research Area Information Network), als durch einen Beschluss des Senats von Berlin die Nutzung des landeseigenen Glasfasernetzes durch die Wissen-schaftseinrichtungen festgeschrieben wurde. Bereits 1995 wurden durch die Wissenschaftseinrichtungen auf diesem Glasfasernetz die ersten sieben Anschlüsse in ATM-Technik (Classical BRAIN-ATM) in Betrieb genommen, 1999 wurden anschließend auch erste Strecken in Ethernet-Technik (Classical BRAIN-GE) betrieben. Diese heterogenen Netze mit unterschiedlichen Netzgeräten wurden dezentral von den Netzadministratoren der beteiligten Einrichtungen nach globalen Absprachen betreut. Die dezentrale Administration erschwerte das Management und die Erweiterungen der Gesamtnetze. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Erfahrungen vereinbarten die Berliner Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, ein technisch neues Verbundnetz in Gigabit-Ethernet-Technik mit einheitlichen Geräten und einem zentralen Netzwerkmana-gement aufzubauen und zu betreiben. Seit November 2003 betreibt BRAIN auf dem landeseignen Glasfasernetz ein auf MPLS-Technik basie-rendes Gigabit-Ethernet-Netz, das „BRAIN-Verbundnetz“, mit den Diensten LAN-to-LAN-Kopplung der Einrichtungen, regionaler IP-Verkehr, Übergang zum Verwaltungsnetz und WiN-Backup. Das BRAIN-Verbundnetz löste die dezentral betreuten Vorläufernetze komplett ab. Von den derzeit 27 BRAIN-Teilnehmern nutzen 24 Einrichtungen an 53 in der Stadt verteilten Standorten die Dienste des BRAIN-Verbundnetzes, 18 Standorte sind mit 1000 Mbit/s und 35 Standorte mit 100 Mbit/s angeschlossen. Für verteilte Standorte einer Einrichtung besteht zudem die Möglichkeit, diese über dedizierte Fasern oder Bandbreiten miteinander zu vernetzen. Seit dem 2. Quartal 2007 wird im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts der Nutzen eines zentral gemanagten Fibre Channel-Netzwerks "BRAIN-SAN" ermittelt, um Möglichkeiten einer verteilten Datenhaltung der Berliner Hochschulen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen zu schaf-fen. Zusätzlich zu den vorgenannten Diensten nutzt der DFN-Verein die BRAIN-Struktur für die Verbindun-gen der X-WiN-Kernnetzknoten in Berlin und Potsdam untereinander und für Zugangsleitungen zu den Anwendern. Mit Stand 2007 nutzt das Berliner Wissenschaftsnetz BRAIN vom landeigenen Glasfasernetz 2100 km Einzelfasern und verbindet insgesamt 43 Einrichtungen (BRAIN-Teilnehmer und DFN-Anwender) aus Wissenschaft, Bildung und Kultur mit 129 Standorten. Der Betrieb von BRAIN wird im wesentlichen durch seine Nutzer finanziert. Das Land Berlin trägt aller-dings pauschal die überwiegenden Kosten für die Wartung des Glasfasernetzes, soweit es vom ITDZ be-reit gestellt wird. Zentrales Planungs- und Steuerungsorgan für BRAIN ist die von der Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wis-senschaft und Forschung eingerichtete BRAIN-Planungsgruppe. Sie besteht aus Mitarbeitern der Rechen-zentren der drei Berliner Universitäten und des ZIB. Nach außen wird BRAIN in rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht treuhänderisch vom ZIB vertreten, die BRAIN-Geschäftsstelle befindet sich ebenfalls im ZIB.
    Description: Berlin as a city state is both local authority and federal state of the Federal Republic, as well as a location of many renowned institutions of research and culture. In close cooperation of the institutions of research with the IT service centre Berlin (ITDZ, the former Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik) - which is the appropriate facility for the authorities of Berlin - a glass fibre network of a total extension of 856 kilome-tres of fibre optics (144 fibres each cable optic) for the common use of research and administration has been established and advanced since 1993. In 1994, when a resolution of the Senate of Berlin laid down the use of the appropriate fibre networks by the research facilities, this was the official beginning of the Berlin Research Area Information Network (BRAIN). The first seven interfaces in this fibre network in ATM technology (Classical BRAIN-ATM) were already established by the research facilities in 1995. In 1999, first systems run in Ethernet technology (Classical BRAIN-GE). These heterogeneous networks with different interfaces have been supported locally by the network administrators of the research facili-ties following global agreements. Management and advancement of the overall networks were encum-bered by these local administrations. Based on the existing experience, Berlin's research facilities agreed on the building and advancement of a technically new integrated network in gigabit Ethernet technology with standardised facilities and a centrally managed network. Since November 2003 the Berlin Research Area Information Network established a Gigabit Ethernet - called “BRAIN Integrated Network” - based on MPLS technology, including LAN to LAN linking of the facilities, local IP traffic, interface to the administration's network and WIN back-up. This BRAIN Inte-grated Network has completely replaced the locally administered predecessor networks. 24 of 27 BRAIN participants use the services of the BRAIN Integrated Network on 53 locations spread all over the city. 18 locations are connected with 1000 Mbit/s and 35 locations with 100 Mbit/s. Moreover, spread locations of a single facility have the possibililty to communicate by dedicated fibres or bandwidths. From the 2nd quarter 2007 within the scope of a pilot scheme, the advantage of a centrally administered fibre channel network "BRAIN-SAN" will be determined in order to accomplish possibilities of a spread data manage-ment of Berlin's universities and research facilities. In addition to the aforementioned services the DFN association makes use of BRAIN's structure for the connection of the X-WiN-core network nodes in Berlin and Potsdam und for access pathways to the us-ers. As from 2007, Berlin's research network BRAIN uses 2100 kilometres of single fibres from the country's fibre glass network and connects a total of 43 facilities (BRAIN participants and DFN users) from re-search, education and culture with 129 locations. The operations of BRAIN are funded basically by its users. However, the country of Berlin bears most of the costs for the maintenance of the glass fibre network, as far as it is provided by ITDZ. Central planning and steering body for BRAIN is the BRAIN planning group, which has been arranged by the administration of the Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. It consists of staff from the computing centres of Berlin's three universities and of ZIB. BRAIN is represented legally and economically on a trust basis by the ZIB, where the BRAIN office is located also.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: For medical diagnosis, visualization, and model-based therapy planning three-dimensional geometric reconstructions of individual anatomical structures are often indispensable. Computer-assisted, model-based planning procedures typically cover specific modifications of “virtual anatomy” as well as numeric simulations of associated phenomena, like e.g. mechanical loads, fluid dynamics, or diffusion processes, in order to evaluate a potential therapeutic outcome. Since internal anatomical structures cannot be measured optically or mechanically in vivo, three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic image data remains the method of choice. In this work the process chain of individual anatomy reconstruction is described which consists of segmentation of medical image data, geometrical reconstruction of all relevant tissue interfaces, up to the generation of geometric approximations (boundary surfaces and volumetric meshes) of three-dimensional anatomy being suited for finite element analysis. All results presented herein are generated with amira ® – a highly interactive software system for 3D data analysis, visualization and geometry reconstruction.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces novel internal and external memory algorithms for computing voxel skeletons of massive voxel objects with complex network-like architecture and for converting these voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry, that is triangle meshes and piecewise straight lines. The presented techniques help to tackle the challenge of visualizing and analyzing 3d images of increasing size and complexity, which are becoming more and more important in, for example, biological and medical research. Section 2.3.1 contributes to the theoretical foundations of thinning algorithms with a discussion of homotopic thinning in the grid cell model. The grid cell model explicitly represents a cell complex built of faces, edges, and vertices shared between voxels. A characterization of pairs of cells to be deleted is much simpler than characterizations of simple voxels were before. The grid cell model resolves topologically unclear voxel configurations at junctions and locked voxel configurations causing, for example, interior voxels in sets of non-simple voxels. A general conclusion is that the grid cell model is superior to indecomposable voxels for algorithms that need detailed control of topology. Section 2.3.2 introduces a noise-insensitive measure based on the geodesic distance along the boundary to compute two-dimensional skeletons. The measure is able to retain thin object structures if they are geometrically important while ignoring noise on the object's boundary. This combination of properties is not known of other measures. The measure is also used to guide erosion in a thinning process from the boundary towards lines centered within plate-like structures. Geodesic distance based quantities seem to be well suited to robustly identify one- and two-dimensional skeletons. Chapter 6 applies the method to visualization of bone micro-architecture. Chapter 3 describes a novel geometry generation scheme for representing voxel skeletons, which retracts voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry per dual cube. The generated triangle meshes and graphs provide a link to geometry processing and efficient rendering of voxel skeletons. The scheme creates non-closed surfaces with boundaries, which contain fewer triangles than a representation of voxel skeletons using closed surfaces like small cubes or iso-surfaces. A conclusion is that thinking specifically about voxel skeleton configurations instead of generic voxel configurations helps to deal with the topological implications. The geometry generation is one foundation of the applications presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 5 presents a novel external memory algorithm for distance ordered homotopic thinning. The presented method extends known algorithms for computing chamfer distance transformations and thinning to execute I/O-efficiently when input is larger than the available main memory. The applied block-wise decomposition schemes are quite simple. Yet it was necessary to carefully analyze effects of block boundaries to devise globally correct external memory variants of known algorithms. In general, doing so is superior to naive block-wise processing ignoring boundary effects. Chapter 6 applies the algorithms in a novel method based on confocal microscopy for quantitative study of micro-vascular networks in the field of microcirculation.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit führt I/O-effiziente Algorithmen und Standard-Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Voxel-Skeletten aus großen Voxel-Objekten mit komplexer, netzwerkartiger Struktur und zur Umwandlung solcher Voxel-Skelette in stückweise-lineare Geometrie ein. Die vorgestellten Techniken werden zur Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer drei-dimensionaler Bilddaten, beispielsweise aus Biologie und Medizin, eingesetzt. Abschnitt 2.3.1 leistet mit der Diskussion von topologischem Thinning im Grid-Cell-Modell einen Beitrag zu den theoretischen Grundlagen von Thinning-Algorithmen. Im Grid-Cell-Modell wird ein Voxel-Objekt als Zellkomplex dargestellt, der aus den Ecken, Kanten, Flächen und den eingeschlossenen Volumina der Voxel gebildet wird. Topologisch unklare Situationen an Verzweigungen und blockierte Voxel-Kombinationen werden aufgelöst. Die Charakterisierung von Zellpaaren, die im Thinning-Prozess entfernt werden dürfen, ist einfacher als bekannte Charakterisierungen von so genannten "Simple Voxels". Eine wesentliche Schlussfolgerung ist, dass das Grid-Cell-Modell atomaren Voxeln überlegen ist, wenn Algorithmen detaillierte Kontrolle über Topologie benötigen. Abschnitt 2.3.2 präsentiert ein rauschunempfindliches Maß, das den geodätischen Abstand entlang der Oberfläche verwendet, um zweidimensionale Skelette zu berechnen, welche dünne, aber geometrisch bedeutsame, Strukturen des Objekts rauschunempfindlich abbilden. Das Maß wird im weiteren mit Thinning kombiniert, um die Erosion von Voxeln auf Linien zuzusteuern, die zentriert in plattenförmigen Strukturen liegen. Maße, die auf dem geodätischen Abstand aufbauen, scheinen sehr geeignet zu sein, um ein- und zwei-dimensionale Skelette bei vorhandenem Rauschen zu identifizieren. Eine theoretische Begründung für diese Beobachtung steht noch aus. In Abschnitt 6 werden die diskutierten Methoden zur Visualisierung von Knochenfeinstruktur eingesetzt. Abschnitt 3 beschreibt eine Methode, um Voxel-Skelette durch kontrollierte Retraktion in eine stückweise-lineare geometrische Darstellung umzuwandeln, die als Eingabe für Geometrieverarbeitung und effizientes Rendering von Voxel-Skeletten dient. Es zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Betrachtung der topologischen Eigenschaften eines Voxel-Skeletts einer Betrachtung von allgemeinen Voxel-Konfigurationen für die Umwandlung zu einer geometrischen Darstellung überlegen ist. Die diskutierte Methode bildet die Grundlage für die Anwendungen, die in Abschnitt 6 diskutiert werden. Abschnitt 5 führt einen I/O-effizienten Algorithmus für Thinning ein. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert bekannte Algorithmen zur Berechung von Chamfer-Distanztransformationen und Thinning so, dass diese effizient ausführbar sind, wenn die Eingabedaten den verfügbaren Hauptspeicher übersteigen. Der Einfluss der Blockgrenzen auf die Algorithmen wurde analysiert, um global korrekte Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse ist einer naiven Zerlegung, die die Einflüsse von Blockgrenzen vernachlässigt, überlegen. In Abschnitt 6 wird, aufbauend auf den I/O-effizienten Algorithmen, ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Mikrogefäßnetzwerken diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: One crucial step in virtual drug design is the identification of new lead structures with respect to a pharmacological target molecule. The search for new lead structures is often done with the help of a pharmacophore, which carries the essential structural as well as physico-chemical properties that a molecule needs to have in order to bind to the target molecule. In the absence of the target molecule, such a pharmacophore can be established by comparison of a set of active compounds. In order to identify their common features,a multiple alignment of all or most of the active compounds is necessary. Moreover, since the “outer shape” of the molecules plays a major role in the interaction between drug and target, an alignment algorithm aiming at the identification of common binding properties needs to consider the molecule’s “outer shape”, which can be approximated by the solvent excluded surface. In this thesis, we present a new approach to molecular surface alignment based on a discrete representation of shape as well as physico-chemical properties by points distributed on the solvent excluded surface. We propose a new method to distribute points regularly on a surface w.r.t. a smoothly varying point density given on that surface. Since the point distribution algorithm is not restricted to molecular surfaces, it might also be of interest for other applications. For the computation of pairwise surface alignments, we extend an existing point matching scheme to surface points, and we develop an efficient data structure speeding up the computation by a factor of three. Moreover, we present an approach to compute multiple alignments from pairwise alignments, which is able to handle a large number of surface points. All algorithms are evaluated on two sets of molecules: eight thermolysin inhibitors and seven HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we compare the results obtained from surface alignment with the results obtained by applying an atom alignment approach.
    Description: Die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen (lead structures) zur Entwicklung optimierter Wirkstoffe ist ein äußerst wichtiger Schritt in der virtuellen Wirkstoffentwicklung (virtual drug design). Die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen wird oft mit Hilfe eines Pharmakophor-Modells durchgeführt, welches die wichtigsten strukturellen wie auch physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften eines bindenden Moleküls in sich vereint. Ist das Zielmolekül (target) nicht bekannt, kann das Pharmakophor-Modell mit Hilfe des Vergleiches aktiver Moleküle erstellt werden. Hier ist insbesondere die gleichzeitige Überlagerung (multiple alignment) aller oder nahezu aller Moleküle notwendig. Da bei der Interaktion zweier Moleküle die "äußere Form" der Moleküle eine besondere Rolle spielt, sollte diese von jedem Überlagerungsalgorithmus, der sich mit der Identifizierung von Bindungseigenschaften befasst, berücksichtigt werden. Dabei kann die "äußere Form" durch eine bestimmte Art von molekularer Oberfläche approximiert werden, die man als solvent excluded surface bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Überlagerung molekularer Oberflächen dar, der auf einer diskreten Repräsentation sowohl der Form als auch der molekularen Eigenschaften mittels Punkten beruht. Um die Punkte auf der molekularen Oberfläche möglichst regulär entsprechend einer gegebenen Punktdichte zu verteilen, entwickeln wir eine neue Methode. Diese Methode ist nicht auf Moleküloberflächen beschränkt und könnte daher auch für andere Anwendungen von Interesse sein. Basierend auf einem bekannten Point-Matching Verfahren entwickeln wir einen Point-Matching Algorithmus für Oberflächenpunkte. Dazu erarbeiten wir u.a. eine effiziente Datenstruktur, die den Algorithmus um einen Faktor von drei beschleunigt. Darüberhinaus stellen wir einen Ansatz vor, der Mehrfachüberlagerungen (multiple alignments) aus paarweisen Überlagerungen berechnet. Die Herausforderung besteht hierbei vor allem in der großen Anzahl von Punkten, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen werden an zwei Gruppen von Molekülen evaluiert, wobei die erste Gruppe aus acht Thermolysin Inhibitoren besteht, die zweite aus sieben HIV-1 Protease Inhibitoren. Darüberhinaus vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse der Oberflächenüberlagerung mit denen einer Atommittelpunktüberlagerung.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Im Kooperativen Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV) wird für die Online-Fernleihe der Zentrale-Fernleihserver (ZFL-Server) der Firma Sisis eingesetzt. Die Software ist in der KOBV-Zentrale installiert. Der ZFL-Server dient im KOBV sowohl für die Bestellung von Monographien als auch für die Bestellung von Aufsatzkopien aus Zeitschriften. Prinzipiell gibt es zwei Verfahren, mit denen sich Bibliotheken an der Online-Fernleihe beteiligen können: das E-Mail-Verfahren und das SLNP-Verfahren. Auf beide wird im Handbuch eingegangen. Die Online-Fernleihe wurde im KOBV eingeführt, um die Fernleihe für die Benutzer zu beschleunigen, das Verfahren für die Bibliotheksmitarbeiter zu vereinfachen und den Arbeitsaufwand zu reduzieren. Sie basiert darauf, dass eine Bestellung anhand eines gefundenen Treffers ausgelöst wird – d.h. die bibliographischen Daten sind bereits verifiziert und in einem Katalog nachgewiesen. Anschließend werden die Fernleihbestellungen über den ZFL-Server automatisch ausgeführt und verwaltet – sowohl in der regionalen KOBV-Fernleihe als auch in der verbundübergreifenden Fernleihe mit den deutschen Bibliotheksverbünden. Der ZFL-Server besteht aus verschiedenen technischen Komponenten. Eine dieser Komponenten ist das Bibliothekskonto, eine Internetanwendung, in der die Bestellverwaltung des ZFL-Servers für die Bibliotheksbediensteten transparent gemacht wird. Sowohl für die aktive als auch für die passive Fernleihe ist im Bibliothekskonto der Status der Bearbeitung zu jedem Zeitpunkt ersichtlich, z.B. in welcher Bibliothek sich die Bestellung gerade befindet, wann sie dort eingegangen ist und wann sie weggeschickt wurde, ob mit positivem oder negativem Ergebnis. Das Bibliothekskonto ist damit für die Bibliothek ein komfortables Instrument zum Überwachen der Fernleihbestellungen, in dem sie zudem – falls notwendig – in den Bestellvorgang eingreifen kann. Dazu hat jede Bibliothek im Bibliothekskonto eine eigene, Passwort-geschützte Dienstoberfläche. Das vorliegende Handbuch beschreibt die Vorgänge der Bestellverwaltung im Bibliothekskonto. Es richtet sich an Bibliotheksmitarbeiter, die sich mit den einzelnen Arbeitsschritten der Online-Fernleihe vertraut machen wollen. Darüber hinaus ist es zum Nachschlagen gedacht, wenn sich in der täglichen Arbeit Unklarheiten ergeben.
    Keywords: ddc:020
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of electrophoresis experiments on aqueous solutions of native and thermally denatured DNA are reported. A significant decrease of the electrophoretic mobility has been observed following thermal denaturation, which under suitable conditions gives rise to a resolution into two peaks of 1 : 1 mixtures in the electrophoretic pattern. This result is entirely consistent with the previously reported increase of the activity coefficient of sodium counterions following thermal denaturation. The hypothesis that thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA induces a large decrease of charge density on the macroion which has been ascribed to the population of more extended conformations of the chains in the disordered region of the molecule is therefore further confirmed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the depolymerization of native dextran in dilute hydrochloric acid at different temperatures has been followed by measurements of M̄w, M̄n, [η], 〈ρ2〉1/2, and S. The data allow the correlation of the various parameters of the total hydrolyzate at various degrees of depolymerization. At a first approximation the results conform to a random splitting of a statistical, branched polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The γ-ethyl-L-glutamate NCA polymerization initiated by di-n-butyl and di-isopropyl amine was studied. The experimental kinetic curves show an autocatalytic portion with 25-30% conversion, followed by a pseudo first-order region which extends up to at least 85-90%. In this linear region, the reaction order appears to be 0.5 in initiator with both amines. High degrees of polymerization and high reaction rates were observed. These results are similar to those obtained in the γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA polymerization initiated by sodium methoxide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric constant and the electric birefringence of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate in ethylene dichloride-dichloroacetic acid mixtures have been measured as functions of the solvent composition. These properties undergo a marked decrease with the addition of a small amount of dichloroacetic acid, as well as an abrupt change accompanying the helix-coil transition in the vicinity of 75 vol.-% dichloroacetic acid. The former is attributed to the apparent diminution of the dipole moment of helical poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate molecule, which may be due to the protonation of terminal amide groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA initiated by n-hexylamine in DMF proceeds with two successive propagation rates whose ratio is about 1.5. The onset of the increase in rate of propagation occurred at a DPn of 7-14, which was independent of initiator to anhydride ratio and anhydride concentration and not a result of anhydride impurities. The increase in rate is likely a result of a conformational change in the polymer at a DPn of 7-14.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The NCAs of the N-benzyl derivatives of β-alanine, β-DL-aminobutyric acid, and β-DL-aminoisobutyric acid (nonplanar six-membered rings) were prepared by reacting the corresponding N-chloroformyl derivatives, obtained on reaction of the N-benzyl amino acids with phosgene, with triethylamine. Contrary to the others, the NCA of N-benzyl-β-alanine polymerized readily on heating in vacuo or in solution, using n-hexylamine or methanolic sodium methoxide as initiators. With n-hexylamine the molecular weights of the polymers obtained in benzene, dioxan, and dimethylsulfoxide, were in accordance with DP = [NCA]/[Initiator], as was found with conventional five-membered ring NCAs of α-amino acids. With sodium methoxide initiation, DPs of the polymers obtained were smaller than the (NCA)/[Initiator] ratio, contrary to what was found previously with α-amino acid NCAs. The possibility that stereochemical factors are responsible for the differences in polymerization activity of various. N-alkyl β as well as α amino acid NCAs is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 37
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrophoretic mobility of DNA in the presence of tetramethylammonium and alkali metal ion chlorides has been studied as a function of ionic strength. Each cation exhibits a characteristic behavior in accord with the idea that the order of inter-action with DNA is Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 K+ 〉 TMA+. The application of theories of the electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes is discussed, leading to an attempt to calculate the fractional charge per DNA phosphorus from the mobility data. Over the range 0.05-0.4M a constant and unique value of the DNA charge is obtained in the presence of each cation. Values of the zeta potential and of the friction factor per monomer unit are also calculated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 135-146 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple quantitative theory of inactivation of transforming DNA has been formulated. It is based on the idea that genetic recombination of the molecule of transforming DNA with the bacterial genome is possible only, from the point mutation of the gene up to the nearest hit or point of damage on the corresponding DNA molecule. Our data and the data of other authors on the kinetics of inactivation by HNO2 or U.V. light or both are consistent with these theoretical predictions. Theoretical predictions were made concerning the extent of reactivation by fusion mid annealing of damaged DNA with a diluting genetically inactive DNA. These estimates have been reasonably confirmed by our experimental results.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to study the effect of glucose substitution on the sedimentation velocities of the T-even phage DNA's, T2 and T2*, and T6 and T6* bacteriophages were grown with H3and P32 labeling. Zone sedimentation of the DNA's isolated from these phagea showed that the glucosylated DNA's from both T2 and T6 sediment faster than the nonglucosylated molecules. Nonglucosylated DNA from TG and T2 phages sedimented with the same velocity, suggesting that the molecules of these phages are of the same length.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We report a simple method for measuring partial specific volumes, of polymers in dilute solutions with an accuracy of 3 parts per thousand. This method has been applied to 7 polypeptides in 4 organic solvents. The residue volumes deduced from these data are compared to those calculated by a differential method. The discrepancy is generally of the order of 1.5%.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the formation of the three-strand poly (A + 2U) complex is accompanied by a decrease in optical absorbance at 280 mμ, while the format ion of poly (A + U) is not. This difference makes it possible to demonstrate that in dilute solutions (∼10-4 monomolar), a 1 : 1 mixture of poly A and poly U always forms poly (A + U) at room temperature. At higher temperatures in solutions containing more than about 0.2M sodium ion, poly (A + U) is converted to poly (A + 2U) and free poly A. These results are consistent with the observations reported by Miles and Frazier, using infrared absorption spectra, at much higher polymer concentrations. It is concluded that most of the physicochemical studies of 1 : 1 mixtures of poly A and poly U in dilute aqueous solution refer to the two-stranded species.A simple thermodynamic analysis is developed to explain the two- to three-strand conversion, and with the use of a “phase diagram” showing conditions of stability of the various poly A-poly U structures as a function of salt and temperature, it is possible to estimate the value of the enthalpy of formation of poly (A + 2U).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 337-347 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a chromatographic technique, the adsorption of the polyribonucleotides s-RNA and poly-A provided with tri-n-butylammonium ions from an aqueous solution on to the surface of polymeric hydrocarbon granules has been demonstrated. The aqueous solution from which adsorption takes place is the aqueous phase which results on agitating together n-butanol (100), water (130), tri-n-butylamine (10), n-butyl ether (10), and glacial acetic acid (2.5) (parts by volume). Microporous polyethylene granules, microporous fluorinated polyethylene granules, and solid grains of polyethylene powder have been employed as adsorbents. The adsorbed polyribonucleotides could be eluted by aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, urea, or triethylammonium acetate. s-RXA with tri-n-butylammonium counterions could also be adsorbed on polymethacrylic acid in tri-n-butylammonium form and eluted therefrom with aqueous urea solutions. It is considered that the adsorption from aqueous solution of polyribonucleotides with tri-n-butylammonium counterions on polymeric hydrocarbon surfaces is mediated by hydrophobic bond formation. Van der Waals forces may also contribute to the bonding. It is suggested that studies on the adsorption of polynucleotides provided with counterions: possessing nonpolar groups at an aqueous solution-polymeric hydrocarbon interlace may permit the elaboration of experimental systems to serve as models for the evaluation of the role of hydrophobic and van der Waals bonding forces in the interaction of polynucleotides with cell membrane surfaces.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 395-398 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 361-380 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA's) extracted from several biological sources have been studied by means of the flow dichroism method, using the transparent coaxial cylinder apparatus. This study has two purposes: (1) to make clear the hydrodynamic behavior of the DNA chain, and the regularity in the orientation of purine and phrimidine bases about the molecular axis; and (2) to develop this particular flow dichroism method as an established device for the study of chain regularity of DNA and other chain polymers. The velocity gradient dependence of dichroism agrees well, to a first approximation, with the behavior of a model of a hydrodynamically equivalent ellipsoid in revolution. Differences between theoretical and empirical curves have been tentatively ascribed to the flexibility of the chain under consideration. Two kinds of data, 1 lie rotary diffusion coefficient and internal dichroism, have been evaluated by a graphical device in which the double logarithmic plots of reduced dichroism and velocity gradient of flow are compared with the theoretical curve. The data obtained have shown good reproducibility for DNA samples prepared by the same method from the same biological source. However, a remarkable difference in internal dichroism and rotary diffusion constant has been observed between DNA groups of different biological origin. The difference may be caused by fragmentation of DNA during the deproteinization procedure, bill the possibility that some of these differences originate in the biological source of the DNA cannot be denied. Orientation of purine and phrimidine bases in aqueous solution is found to be quite regular in direction, as predicted by the Watson-Crick model. Dichroic spectra have shown that the direction of the oscillator dipole corresponding to the 260 mμ absorption band has a different angular relationship to the helical axis than the oscillator dipole for the 220 mμ band.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 381-393 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the super helical structure of synthetic polypeptides, such as poly-γ-benzyl-D (or L)-glutamate (PBDG or PBLG) was carried out. The PEG was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF). The solution was either allowed to remain at room temperature for a long time or poured into some fatty acid, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, or caprylic acid. Whether the polymer precipitated slowly or rapidly depended upon the aging of the solution or the nature of the acid used. The precipitated gels revealed the coiled coil fibrils, but the feature and degree of coiling varied, depending upon the length of aging or the nature of the acid used for precipitation. After a short aging of the solution, there was no helical structure in the gels. After long aging, very fine-coiled coil macrofibrils or small spindle-like fibrils were obtained. The macrofibrils consisted of the spindle-like fibrils which in turn consisted of microfibrils (diam. 60-70A.). When using the fatty acid precipitation very fine to medium fine super helices were obtained. Extremely fine super helices were obtained in propionic acid. In these gels the PBG chains have an α-helical conformation. When PMLG-DCA solution was stored for a long time, another type of precipitation was obtained, one giving evidence of so-called cross-β crystallization and no coiled coil fibrils. The precipitation of cross-β fibrils was obtained when the concentration of the solution was above 8%.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 49
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 2 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 399-413 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Titration studies of the 1 : 1 helical polynucleotide complex of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid reveal that these two polymers form a complex when the polycytidylic acid is protonated near pH 3. Sedimentation studies show that the protonated complex also has a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. However, the protonated complex is more stable than the unprotonated neutral complex as judged by its thermal stability. The molecular structure of the protonated complex is not the same as the neutral form. Study of the kinetics of the reaction of the protonated complex with formaldehyde suggests that the amino group of cytosine is involved in hydrogen bonds which hold the polynucleotide strands together.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 415-444 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The protein sequences now known have been reconstructed as a kind of intriguing logical-mathematical puzzle using information about fragments of the molecules. We wish to show that the reconstruction can be done systematically by repeating a series of elementary operations on these same data governed by a set of well-defined rules. The completely automatic reconstruction of polymer sequences by a high speed digital computer using these operations and rules is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of the renaturation of DNA molecules is examined on the basis of the bimolecular interaction of Gaussian chain polymers. In the nucleus formation by hydrogen bonding in segment-segment interaction, two types of interchain interaction, that is, one between complementary chains and one between noncomplementary chains, and one noncomplementary intrachain interaction are considered to be, in competition. Several previously observed characteristics of the renaturation process are displayed by this simple model. In particular it accounts for the dependence of the extent of renaturation on the heterogeneity, molecular weight, and radius of gyration of DNA, and of the ratios of the reaction rates between complementary and noncomplementary segments. Among these variables the ratio of reaction rates has shown to have a quite specific value, as high as the order of 104, which favors the complementary-strand interaction. This very great bias in favor of complementary strand interaction emphasizes that the renaturation phenomena displays the same character of biological specificity that is associated with enzyme-substrate interaction or antigen-antibody interaction. Moreover, since DNA is a good example of a one-dimensional system, it seems to provide a suitable clue for pursuing the analysis of pattern recognition at the macromolecular level.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 463-481 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polymerization of DL-β-Phenylalanine N-carboxy anhydride adsorbed on polysarcosine dimethylamide has been studied further. This unusual reaction, which is analogous kinetically to reactions catalyzed by enzymes, was called the “chain-effect.” For polymerization of N-carboxy anhydrides by this mechanism it is necessary that the initiating polymer should possess an adsorption site and a terminal base group. The effect is shown to occur with simple compounds such as amino acid dimethylamides but not with poly-L-proline due to the inability of this polymer to adsorb the anhydride. From a study of the reaction of block copolymers of L-proline and sarcosine with DL-β-phenylalanine it is concluded that the relative positions of the adsorption site and terminal base group do not greatly influence the reaction rate, but the accessibility of the adsorption sites is an important factor determining the reactivity of polysarcosine dimethylamides of various degrees of polymerization (n). At high values of n the polymer exists in a coiled form and only those sites close to the terminal base group participate in the reaction. Initial rate studies give a detailed description of the early stage of the chain-effect polymerization. With these data and by use of analog computer techniques the complete reaction has been studied. It is concluded that the poly-DL-β-phenylalanine block produced is not permanently attached to the polysarcosine chain by hydrogen bonds during its formation but that an equilibrium exists between the polysarcosine and the poly-DL-phenylalanine blocks.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Del Re's method for the study of saturated compounds has been adapted so as to deal with the σ-framework of conjugated molecules. This modified procedure is used in evaluating the σ-contribution to the dipole moments of the nucleic bases and of the A-T and G-C base pairs and also to the free energy change in the tautomeric, equilibria of the bases. Associated with an appropriate Hückel method for evaluating the π-contribution, the results obtained predict a small resultant moment for A-T versus a large moment for G-C. The energy calculations predict the keto and amino forms of the bases to be the most stable forms and cytosine to be the most easily involved in tautomeric shift to the rare form.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Temperature jump measurements employing optical rotation to follow transients show an upper limit of 10μsec. on the half time of the helix-random coil relaxation in poly-α, L-glutamic acid. No relaxations are observed under conditions where the polymer exists in completely helical or completely random coil form. Assuming that the helix-coil transition can be described kinetically as a pure growth process, expressions for the relaxation time are derived for three special cases. A comparison is made between the rate of the helix-coil transition and the rate of imide proton exchange.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 501-501 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 561-574 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Numerical calculations have been done on the exciton spectrum of a schematic model of a linear polymer. The model consists of a random sequence of two kinds of subunit whose energy levels and transition moments are almost, but not quite, the same. The orders of magnitude of parameters are taken from DNA, but the full helical geometry has not been considered. Results are given for the density of energy levels, the dipole transition strength per unit energy, and the distribution of excitation energy along the polymer in individual states. A number of localized exciton states were found.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 59
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 60
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A calculation based upon Gorin's equation for the electrophoresis of a rigid cylinder is used to compare the available results of electrophoresis and membrane equilibrium experiments on DNA. The distribution of chloride ions across a membrane impermeable to DXA is considered. For a reasonable choice of parameters, agreement within about 2% is obtained between the values calculated from electrophoresis and the results of membrane equilibrium studies over a twenty-fold range of NaCl concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Light-scattering, sedimentation, viscosity, and reducing power measurements have been carried out on a sample of native dextran from Leuconostoc mesenteriodes B-512. The results are discussed in relation to the structure, polydispersity, and branching of the polysaccharide. The effect of different solvents on the behavior of native dextran has been studied. The molecular weight of the dextran remains unchanged in all the solvents used, while the radius of gyration shows a significant increase in some of them (concentrated salts, urea, and glucose solutions); in water-methanol solutions the radius of gyration slightly decreases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The statistical mechanical theory of the helix-coil transition of DNA has been recently discussed by one of the authors, who considered an assembly of DNA molecules with a Markoff distribution of nucleotide sequences. The present communication improves upon the above mentioned theory by introducing approximate normalization factors for the unnormalized statistical weights of finding a given molecule of the assembly in a given microscopic state.
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  • 63
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 103-103 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 64
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of small quantities of metal ions on the electrophoretic mobility of calf thymus DNA in solutions maintained at 0.2 ionic strength with weakly interacting (CH3)4N+ ions yields information about interactions occurring in a region very close to the polymer chain. By means of this technique, it is demonstrated that the binding order to DNA is Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 K+ for the alkali metal ions and Mn++ 〉 Mg ++ 〉 Ca++ for the divalent ions studied. The quantitative details are compared to earlier work on the long-chain polyphosphates. Close agreement between the two systems is obtained indicating that an intrinsic property of individual phosphate groups is being observed and that minor discrepancies probably arise from secondary factors. Three types of stability constants representing the binding of alkali metal ions to DNA are calculated and although differing in absolute magnitude, they all satisfactorily represent the result that the order of interaction is Li+ 〉 Na+ 〉 K+ with respective relative strengths of 1.5 : 1 : 0.8.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 2 (1964), S. 113-121 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Birefringence relaxation times on removing the electric field characterize the rigidity of a flexible linear macromolecule structure. Electrical birefringence investigation of DNA solutions supports this view. This principal regularities displayed by relaxation times of electric birefringence decay curves in solutions of chain macromolecules are considered.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1919-1919 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 67
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1903-1918 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate of crosslinking of concentrated gelatin solutions in water has been measured by means of a gelation timer. Some effects of temperature, pH, crosslinking agent, and gelatin concentration have been measured. The crosslinking agents have varied from fast-acting chrome alum, glutaraldehyde, and a carbodiimide to slow-acting mucobromic acid and dialdehyde starches. Detailed crosslinking mechanisms are discussed for dimethylol urea, mucobromic acid, and several dialdehyde crosslinking agents. Some effects of urea and other additives on the dimethylol urea crosslinking rate are described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1921-1939 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method of curing phenolic novolac resins by means of cyclic formals under the catalytic influence of strong acids is given. It was proved that the formals react with the novolac molecules to form a highly crosslinked resite structure. As a practical consequence of this novel curing process it is possible to use the new resins at low or contact pressures in molding operations. The physical properties of the end products in general resemble those of the standard phenolic casting resins.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1941-1947 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The analysis of a stationary, rotationally symmetric liquid jet which leads to an expression for the average normal stress at the exit of a capillary tube is reexamined with particular attention to the effect of surface tension. The limiting case of a nearly cylindrical jet is compared with the analysis presented by Gavis and Middleman.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1889-1901 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between biaxial stress-rupture behavior and polymer morphology has been investigated for a series of compression-molded disks of linear polyethylene. Rupture data were obtained over a range of temperatures on polymers of several melt indices that had been solidified at two rates. Two failure mechanisms were observed: one at high stress levels, which was ductile; the other at low stress levels, which was brittle. The stress level at which the mechanism changed from ductile to brittle decreased as the measurement temperature increased, as the melt index of the polymer increased, and as the rate or solidification decreased. It was shown that initial pressurization of the disks causes the formation of microscopic surface fissures along spherulite boundaries as well as within individual spherulites. The extensive growth of these fissures at high stress levels sufficiently raises the stress on the sound portions of the polymer to cause large-scale macroscopic drawing of the spherulites. At low stress levels the initially formed fissures grow by a localized drawing process at their ends. A macroscopic crack forms by a chance coalescence of a number of individually growing fissures. This process is more rapid in disks of polymer that form large spherulites when cooled slowly from the melt. The spherulite size in disks of polymer of low melt index is much smaller under the same conditions of cooling and is less sensitive to the cooling rate than in disks of polymer of high melt index. Annealing of rapidly cooled disks whose microstructure contains relatively small spherulites reduces the stress at which the failure mechanism changes without appreciably altering the spherulite size. Oxidation of the polymer also reduces the transition stress.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many derivatives of phenyl salicylate turn yellow when they are exposed, in solution, to ultraviolet light. This limits their usefulness as ultraviolet stabilizers for plastics. Evidence is presented to support the postulation that the yellowing is due to the formation, by a photochemical ortho rearrangement, of a derivative of 2,2′-dihydroxybenzo-phenone. Aromatic salicylates, such as 2,6-dialkylphenyl salicylate, in which the ortho rearrangement is blocked, are found to be nonyellowing stabilizers, although less effective than the better yellowing varieties, such as p-octylphenyl salicylate. Loss of stabilizer by volatilization, either in compounding or during subsequent exposure, is shown to be an important factor in limiting the effective performance of the stabilizer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1985-1989 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new method for hydroxyl analysis is described in which excess toluene diisocyanate is reacted with a hydroxy compound, preferably in the presence of a catalyst, and the unreacted isocyanate is determined with dibutylamine reagent. The method is particularly applicable to polyethers intended for urethane foam preparation. It is rapid, is accurate, and has the added advantage of including such impurities as would be expected to consume isocyanate during a foam preparation.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Determinations of the degree of chemical crosslinking and crosslinking efficiency values E (i.e., the number of sulfur atoms combined in the network per chemical crosslink present) have been used in conjunction with the chemical probes triphenylphosphine and sodium di-n-butyl phosphite to establish the structural features of sulfur links in vulcanizate networks derived from a variety of accelerated natural rubber-sulfur systems, from a cis-1,4-polyisoprene-TMTD-zinc oxide system, and from natural rubber and ethylene-propylene rubber crosslinked with a dicumyl peroxide-sulfur system. The triphenylphosphine converts polysulfide links into monosulfide and, to a lesser extent, disulfide links. The values of E′, i.e., the number of sulfur atoms combined in the network per chemical crosslink present after triphenylphosphine treatment are, therefore, a measure of the extent of main-chain modification in the network by cyclic monosulfide groups and/or pendant groups of the type: —Sx—Accel. (where x ≥ 1 and Accel. is an accelerator fragment). Sodium di-n-butyl phosphite cleaves di- and polysulfide crosslinks but leaves monosulfide and carbon-carbon crosslinks intact, and thus determination of the degree of chemical crosslinking before and after treatment with this reagent yields estimates of these two different classes of crosslinks. The combined results indicate that the efficiency of utilizing sulfur for crosslinking and, therefore, the structural complexity of the derived networks are very sensitive to the nature of the vulcanizing system (type and relative concentrations of crosslinking agent, accelerator, and activator) and vulcanizing conditions (time and temperature of cure). In general, the proportion of crosslinks which are di- and/or polysulfidic decreases with increasing cure time, and for the accelerated sulfur systems the structural complexity of the network increases with cure time, especially at higher vulcanizing temperatures and with low concentrations of fatty acid activator.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2049-2065 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small particles (ca. 700 A.) in an SB-R latex can be agglomerated (aggregation and coalescence) to the large size and heterogeneous distribution required for fluid high solids latex. This agglomeration is promoted by high molecular weight materials such as polyvinyl methyl ether (PVM). The mechanism of this agglomeration has been investigated. The effects of controlled variations in the amounts of PVM, electrolyte, soap and latex solids content were determined using statistically designed experiments. The agglomeration was found to differ from Smoluchowski kinetics in that it could best be described by the relationship: (1/n) = (1/n0) + at - bt2 where n = particle number, t = time and a and b are constants. The agglomeration rates were about 1011 to 1012 times slower than the theoretical Smoluchowski rapid coagulation rate. Increases in PVM, soap, and latex solids increased the agglomeration rate. The agglomerations were self-limiting and reached equilibria the level of which increased with increases in PVM and decreased with increases in soap. Regression equations relating the effects of the controlled variables on the agglomeration rate and the equilibria states are derived and presented graphically. The particle size distribution of the final latex was significantly correlated, with that expected from theoretical collision theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2029-2048 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A. new theory for the acid-base properties of fibers is presented, resembling those for polyelectrolytes, and based on the normal titration of the charged groups of the fibers and the energy needed to remove the protons from the fiber to the solution, against the electrostatic, osmotic, and affinity differences. The acid titration equation for a poly-ampholyte fiber is: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm pH} = {\rm p}K_0 ^\prime - \log [{{\left( {1 - \alpha } \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {1 - \alpha } \right)} \alpha }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \alpha }] - \left( {{{0.4343} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{0.4343} {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}}} \right)[\chi F + \tau \bar V_{\rm H} + \Delta \mu _{\rm H}^{\rm o} ] $\end{document} where pK0′ is the intrinsic dissociation constant of the titration groups in the fiber, α is the degree of dissociation, χ is the electrostatic potential of the fiber, τ the osmotic pressure, V̄H the partial molar volume of the hydrogen ion, and ΔμHo the difference of standard chemical potential in the fiber and the solution. In all cases examined, the osmotic term proved to be negligible. The electrostatic potential was calculated as suming it to be uniform over the fiber. For wool, pK0′ is independent of salt concentration but varies linearly with degree of dissociation, indicating that two pK's are operating, pKq = 3.585 for paired groups and pKp = 4.855 for nonpaired groups at 0°C., present in equal proportions. Titrations of wool with sulfuric acid and a wide range of strong monobasic acids also obey the theory, and values of the anion affinities in general agreement with those given by Gilbert and Rideal are found. The acid titration of native ox-hide collagen gave a constant value of pK0′ = 4.0. For nylon, the value of pK0′ is, to a first approximation, independent of degree of dissociation and salt concentration, in agreement with the theory.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2067-2093 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Undrawn nylon was found to be susceptible within a few days to degradation in wet or humid conditions at temperatures between 50 and 90°C. Model N-substituted amides, although not affected by these conditions, were attacked by hydrogen peroxide solutions. The degradation proceeded principally by rupture of the bond between the nitrogen of the amide and the carbon of its α-methylene group, consequent upon oxidation at this carbon. Unsubstituted primary amide, carboxyl, and aldehyde endgroups were formed, together with ammonia by hydrolysis of the oxidized amide. The bond between the α and β carbons of an N-methylene chain also suffered breakage, giving formic acid and carbon dioxide. The former could also arise by rupture of any initially produced N-formyl or N-formoyl amides. The appearance of lactic acid from butylacetamide showed that oxidation could proceed along the N-alkyl chain. Fragments of suitable size broken from the main chain of nylon became water-soluble and relatively stable to further attack by air or oxygen. These pieces essentially retained the nylon structure, but possessed two carboxylic ends and an average molecular weight of less than 600. A maximum oxygen uptake of about 30 moles per mole of original amide was calculated, corresponding to complete conversion into these soluble fragments. Significant degradation did not occur for many months at 60°C. in dry conditions or in solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline, a process which has been patented. The latter was considered to function by chelating heavy metals into an inactive form and inhibiting peroxide formation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 77
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2095-2115 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic mechanical loss measurements were made on fibers at large tensile strains which caused nonlinear viscoelastic behavior. Measurements on fibers from polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon 66, nylon 4 and an experimental polymer led to seven energy loss peaks for each sample in the temperature range of 120-350°K. The peaks were evenly spaced in temperature at intervals of 30-35°K. rather than at unequal temperature intervals of approximately 100-150°K. normally observed under conditions of linear viscoelastic behavior. In every case, the array of evenly spaced peaks occurred only at temperatures below the glass transition temperature. The temperatures at the energy loss peaks were virtually independent of crystallinity and molecular orientation and were interpreted in terms of polymer molecular structure. The data could be explained only by a single mechanism, common to all polymers, which could operate in a quantized manner, e. g., diffusional motion of molecular chain segments. To account for the constant temperature spacing between peaks of a given sample, it was necessary to assume that the rate controlling step in the energy loss process is the return of a displaced segment to equilibrium. Calculations from the experimental data indicated that peaks at higher temperatures stem from displaced molecular segments which experience high potential energy barriers and which have to be excited to higher skeletal vibrational energies to overcome the barrier. Precedence for this interpretation is provided by Tanaka and Ishida, who have associated molecular vibrations with the well-known β loss peaks in polymers.
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  • 78
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 2461-2461 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 79
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties of two cast and two extruded solid rocket propellants were studied at 25°C. and 50% R.H. over a range of failure times from 0.005 to 2500 sec. The effects of temperature were also investigated at the highest rate and at 0.1 in./in./min. over a range of -60 to 80°C. The results indicate that both temperature and rate of loading greatly affect the tensile properties of double-base propellants.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compounds other than peroxides may be used to enhance the self-extinguishing action of organic bromine compounds on polystyrene. The addition of certain chloramides or nitrosoamines converts some bromide-containing polystyrene compositions from flammable to instantly self-extinguishing. Two effective chloramides were N,N-dichlorotoluene sulfonamide or N,N′-dichloro-N,N′-diphenyl urea but they were of limited value because of hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture. The more effective nitrosoamines were N-nitroso-N-methylaniline, N-nitrosocarbazole and N-nitroso-diphenylamine. An undesirable characteristic of the three compounds is their inhibition of polymerization of styrene. The interaction of a nitrosoamine and an aliphatic bromine compound is apparent from the evolution of nitrogen, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide. If the minimum temperature for gas evolution falls in the range of about 145-180°C. in a prescribed simple test, the nitrosoamine and bromine compound may be used for rendering polystyrene self-extinguishing.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of radiation-induced graft polymers of cotton cellulose, while retaining the fibrous nature and high molecular weight of the cellulose, depended primarily on the radiochemical yields of cellulose reactions and of graft polymerization reactions. Yields of the initial major molecular changes in cellulosic polymer indicated that, in the case of scission of the molecule and carboxyl group formation, chain reactions were not initiated by radiation; however, in the case of carbonyl group formation chain reactions were initiated but quickly terminated. Generally, experimental procedures, used in graft polymerization reactions, were: (1) simultaneous irradiation reactions, that is, application of monomers or solutions of monomers to cellulose or chemically modified celluloses, then irradiation; and (2) post-irradiation reactions, that is, irradiation of cellulose or chemically modified celluloses, then after removal from the field of radiation, contacting the irradiated cellulose with monomer. Some of the most important factors influencing the radiochemical yields of graft polymerization reactions of styrene and acrylonitrile onto cellulose were: concentration of monomer in treating solution; solvent; ratio of monomer solution to cellulose; prior chemical modification of cellulose; and absence of oxygen, particularly in post-irradiation reactions. Experimental data were presented, and the direct and indirect effects of Co60 γ-radiation on these reactions were discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 723-734 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The aerobic and anaerobic stress relaxation of unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizate networks has been examined before and after treatment with triphenylphosphine, a reagent which converts polysulfidic crosslinks into di- and monosulfide crosslinks. This treatment reduces the rate of anaerobic stress relaxation and makes the network more susceptible to protection by zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate against aerobic stress relaxation. Aerobic stress relaxation of the network after treatment with triphenylphosphine remains nonautocatalytic, indicating that it still contains the precursor of an antioxidant, and crosslinking continues to occur during aging, showing that the presence of polysulfide groups is not a sole prerequisite for such network formation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 83
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 707-721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile fatigue failure of a gum vulcanizate of noncrystallizing SBR can be accounted for by the growth of small flaws initially present in the rubber. Fatigue of crystallizing natural rubber was shown in Part I to be attributable to the same cause. Cut growth results are interpreted in terms of the tearing energy theory of Rivlin and Thomas. SBR exhibits cut growth under both static and dynamic conditions; in each case the rate is approximately proportional to the fourth power of the tearing energy. Variation of the dynamic cut growth rate with frequency can be explained by the summation of a timedependent static component of growth and a cyclic component not dissimilar to that occurring in natural rubber. Fatigue failure, under both static and dynamic conditions, is predicted from the cut growth results. These predictions are found to account quantitatively for experimentally observed fatigue lives when a suitable value is assumed for the initial flaw size. Fatigue lives at different temperatures correlate well with cut growth results obtained by Greensmith and Thomas over the same temperature range. The results are compared to those obtained previously for natural rubber, and possible reasons for the differences in fatigue behavior of crystallizing and noncrystallizing rubbers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 84
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 747-754 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination of PVC has been examined on some samples prepared by fractionation of a commercial PVC, and some other samples obtained by polymerization at different temperatures. The results disagree with the concept of a continuous dehydrochlorination from one side to the other of the chain, that necessitates initiating structural anomalies in the macromolecule itself.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 735-745 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus is described for measuring the flow rate of cellulose xanthate solutions at known pressure gradients across spinning jets. It is shown that the jet hole behaves more like a capillary than an orifice in its effect on flow and that similar relationships exist for flow through spinning jet holes and a narrow pipe characterized by an equation of the form Q = Apb, where b has a value of approximately 1.5 for the high rates of shear strain found in spinning jets and 1.4 for the lower rates found in the pipe. A fundamental approach shows a similar discontinuity when comparing the relation between apparent viscosity coefficient and rate of shear strain, between low and high rates of shear. Experimental results are given for the effect of certain chemical factors in viscose solutions and the effect of spinning jet hole size, on the flow rate/pressure gradient curve.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Burst tests on thin wall circular cylinders of aluminum, brass and magnesium alloys, mild steel and polymethylmethacrylate plastic are described in which stress and strain are measured at impact velocities of 14-31 ft./sec. The apparatus consists of an hydraulic cylinder and piston assembly attached to the inside of the specimen, with a falling weight producing a pressure pulse. Measurement problems inherent in the technique are analyzed: e.g., local instability leading to blister formation. An increasing amount of uniform deformation occurs in the specimen as strain rate is increased.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Techniques for studying brittle fracture over a strain rate range of 10-7-101 in./in./sec. and at temperatures from 75 to 1800°F are discussed. Techniques for achieving a uniaxial tensile stress in prismatic bars via a reflected stress wave method at strain rates up to 103 in./in./sec. at room and elevated temperatures are presented. Results of the aforementioned effects in flexure, and experimental verification of the stress-time-position history for the stress wave loading technique are presented along with applicable theoretical explanations. Applications of the above techniques to a broader spectrum of brittle and semi-brittle materials are described.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 119-140 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The standardization of notched Izod impact test data to normalized values of foot pounds per inch of notch is based on the assumption of a 1:1 increase in breaking strength with increasing notch width. This assumed relation is not supported by experimental tests on commercial thermoplastics. As notch width was increased from 1/8 to 1/4 to 3/8 to 1/2 in., nine of ten thermoplastics tested showed a decrease in normalized impact strength. Each material appears to show a characteristic loss in breaking strengths as the notch width increases. A technique developed for calibration of pendulum impact testers has been used to examine the variation of impact breaking strength in relation to the total kinetic energy of the hammer. Experimental tests show practically no change in impact strengths up to values that take 2/3 of the available hammer energy. Experimental work on the comparison of the impulse transferred by the hammer during breaking with impulse curves photographed by the Autographic Impact test show very good agreement for catastrophic breaks and fair agreement for plastic type breaks. The reduction in recorded impulse is attributed to the degrading of the sample during the plastic portion of the breaking cycle. The peak force of thermoplastics as measured by the Autographic Impact test increases as the temperature decreases from 100°C. or above to 0°C. Over the same temperature range flexural tests on small cantilever samples of these thermoplastics show the same thermal dependence for the flexural yield or permanent distortion stress. Plots of the impact peak forces and flexural yield stress at corresponding temperatures give a linear correlation. Each thermoplastic material exhibits a unique relation for this correlation between impact yielding and flexural yielding. This correlation between the impact and flexural tests over the range of temperatures is the first known experimental indication of a direct relation between impact properties and standard physical tests.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1497-1497 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1667-1676 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic data for vulcanization of rubber with sulfur, accelerated with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) are presented. The decrease in concentration of sulfur and MBT during vulcanization under various conditions of temperatures have been determined with a precise amperometric method developed by the authors. The order of reaction for disapperance of sulfur was found to be unity. The energy of activation and frequency factor were 28.8 kcal./mole and 4.0 × 1013, respectively. The kinetics of disapperance of MBT was also first-order, and the rate of reaction, energy of activation, as well as frequency factor were much lower than those for the disapperance of sulfur. The consumption of sulfur proceeded as long as any free sulfur was present in the sample, indicating that the consumption of MBT is closely tied up with the disapperance of sulfur. It was found that about 133 atoms of sulfur were consumed for the disappearance of one molecule of MBT. The mechanism of ring opening involving an attack by the accelerator radical as proposed by Gordon is supported by the present investigation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1677-1689 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties of bisphenol A polycarbonate films were measured as a function of temperature from +25 to -180°C. The tensile properties at a given temperature were determined from the measured true stress-true strain behavior of the polycarbonate films by means of a photographic strain recording technique. The temperature dependence of the following tensile properties is presented: the yield stress, the fracture stress, the strain to yield, the cold-drawing strain, the fracture strain, and the strain-hardening rate.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 971-983 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When well oriented and crystallized high density polyethylene film was redrawn, slip deformation and twin deformation, the mode of which depends upon the redrawing angle to the original drawn structure, could be observed. When the redrawing angle is very small, single slips, the direction of which is [001] to the original drawn structure, and homogeneous deformation bands attached to them are usually observed. The [001] directions of slipped and unslipped regions are slightly at an angle to each other. As the redrawing angle approaches a right angle, kink bands can be observed. From these results we may conclude that the structure of this drawn polyethylene film is very similar to that of a single crystal or metal.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The faint emission of light by various classes and types of polymers when heated in the presence of oxygen, oxyluminescence, was studied by means of a photomultiplier tube and sensitive microammeter. Among the polymers with a carbon-carbon backbone, the polymers having the greater number of tertiary carbon atoms generally showed greater intensities of luminosity. Polystyrene was a notable exception to this generalization. The shape of the luminosity versus time curves varied with the type of polymer. It was also found that the emission of light did not stop instantly when the oxygen atmosphere was replaced by an inert gas, but rather followed an exponential type of decay. The rate of decay appeared to be different with different types of polymers. The intensities of luminescence and the times required to reach maximum or steady state luminescence were compared with oxygen uptake data for various polymers. In general there was a qualitative, but not necessarily quantitative correlation between the luminous intensities and polymer stabilities in the presence of oxygen.
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  • 94
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1691-1698 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetic and formic acids and acetone are products of the oxidation of propylene and ethylene polymers and copolymers. The two- and three-carbon products can be accounted for as the result of intramolecular attack by radicals, leading to β-oxidation. A high proportion of scissions in polypropylene involves multiple intramolecular attack.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1763-1776 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The insolubilization of polyvinyl alcohol by potassium dichromate on exposure to light has been investigated. Ultraviolet spectrometry shows that secondary hydroxyl groups are oxidized to ketone groups but insolubilization is attributed to crosslinking of polymer chains by co-ordination of alcohol groups to “nascent” chromic ions formed by reduction of the dichromate. Exposure to air saturated with water vapor eliminates the carbonyl absorption maxima from the ultraviolet spectrum of polyvinyl alcohol film but the spectrum can be restored by heating: this phenomenon is independent of the crosslinking reaction.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1751-1762 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An instrumented tensile impact test which allows a load time curve to be obtained coincident with the energy to rupture values has been applied to the examination of a series of linear polyethylene homopolymers and copolymers of varying molecular weight and thermal history. The effect of test specimen geometry was also investigated. A morphological examination of these resins indicated a strong dependence of spherulite size on molecular weight, and to a much lesser degree on molding conditions; it appeared to be independent of comonomer. The overall crystallinity, as determined by both x-ray and density methods, and crystallite perfection was increased by a slower crystallization rate, but was independent of molecular weight. The tensile impact strength (energy to rupture) was found to increase with molecular weight, and decrease on the introduction of comonomer. But the effect of thermal history gave rise to results which bore no clear-cut relation to molecular and morphological parameters. The value of the instrumented tensile impact test is shown by the fact that these apparent anomalies can now be resolved by separating the elastic and plastic portions of the deformation. An increased level and perfection of crystallinity results in higher load bearing properties accompanied by a reduction in duration of impact. It is primarily the duration, rather than the peak load, which is affected by molecular weight. The main effect produced by changing from a type L (long) tensile impact specimen to a type S (short) was to reduce considerably the duration of the plastic region while simultaneously raising the maximum elastic load; this is thought to be associated with a more localized deformation and therefore a higher rate of strain.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1787-1799 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have prepared some nitroalkyl acrylates and methacrylates by a method involving alcoholysis, and investigated their polymerizability. 2-Nitrobutyl acrylate (NBA) was extensively studied. The especially purified NBA monomer has good polymerizability without inhibiting radical polymerization and gives a thermally stable polymer. From copolymerization experiments with styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile, the Q and e values of NBA were estimated to be 0.47 and 0.85, respectively. The copolymerization behavior of NBA with some polyglycol dimethacrylates and unsaturated polyesters are comparable to those of n-butyl acrylate. This monomer has little tendency to polymerize with organometallic initiators, but some polymers obtained are found to be crystalline. The polar and steric effects of the nitro group situated on the ester side chain are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 98
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1801-1812 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High resolution electron microscopy of sodium lignin sulfonates revealed a granular microstructure of spherical particles of diameters ranging from 30 to 90 A. The weight average particle weight, Pw was computed from the dimensions measured on the electron micrographs and the density of lignin. For a fraction of intermediate molecular weight, the particle diameter derived from Pw was 64 A., in fair agreement with a value of 49 A. computed from the sedimentation equilibrium molecular weight. A high molecular weight fraction contained, in addition to the granular moiety, larger structures which appeared to be aggregates of the granules. The particle weight distribution for the high molecular weight fraction was similar to the distribution of sedimentation constants previously found for alkali lignins. The spherical shapes for both the granules and the aggregates was in accord with the compact spherical configuration previously proposed for lignin sulfonates in aqueous solution.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1813-1824 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The water sorption by adult and embryonic native and insoluble collagen was investigated, along with that of calfskin gelatin. Greater sorption was obtainable with the collagen fractions than with gelatin, but the technique could not distinguish the fractions themselves. The suggestion is made that the greater sorption by collagen over gelatin and differences in apparent wettability between the adult and embryonic insoluble collagen might be explained by the formation of helical grooves with aging. Density measurements of the collagen fractions indicate that collagen becomes more crystalline with aging. This also applied to the insoluble collagen. These results are consistent with the view that differences in collagen solubility are due to differences in molecular ordering. The density of the insoluble collagens and gelatin passes through a maximum at 3-4% sorbed water. The phenomenon is explained on the basis of water bridges comprised of a single water molecule double hydrogen bonded to closely aligned chains. A discussion is presented in this connection. A calculation based on the density yields a molecular volume of 4.32 × 10-19 cm.3 For tropocollagen. This is in agreement with the molecular dimensions and consistent with the idea that collagen is formed from an aggregation of the monomer.
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  • 100
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 1077-1087 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of mastication on stress relaxation of raw rubber was studied in the range of 20-120°C. The stress relaxation time became shorter with increasing mastication, and the modulus also decreased. The modulus decreased with increasing temperature of measurement. Moreover, it is found that mastication caused the solution viscosity of rubber to decrease, and on heating an intermolecular reaction and cleavage of molecules by oxidation appeared to occur at the same time.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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