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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We study performance and scaling of the Berlin Quantum Chromodynamics Program (BQCD) on the SGI Altix 4700 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ). We employ different communication methods (MPI, MPI with two OpenMP threads per process, as well as the shmem library) and run the MPI version on the two types of nodes of that machine. For comparison with other machines we made performance measurements on an IBM p690 cluster and a Cray XT4.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von Remeshing-Verfahren um die Berücksichtigung von nicht-mannigfaltigen Dreiecksvernetzungen und Merkmalskantenzügen erweitert. Die betrachteten Verfahren arbeiten im Wesentlichen lokal. Daher können die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Erweiterungen, die nicht-mannigfaltige Kantenzüge und Merkmalskantenzüge betreffen, separat beschrieben werden. Dabei wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, beide Arten von besonderen Kantenzügen aufgrund ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten einheitlich zu behandeln. Dieser besteht zum einen darin, eine Korrespondenz zwischen Kantenzügen auf der Eingabe- und der Ausgabefläche zu erhalten, indem die Remeshing-Operationen auf den Kantenzügen in entsprechend eingeschränkter Weise verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird beschrieben, wie die Abtastdichte der Kantenzüge dynamisch an die Abtastdichte der Umgebung angepasst werden kann, um für weitgehende Isotropie in der Nähe von Merkmalskantenzügen zu sorgen.
    Description: A unified approach for consistent remeshing of arbitrary non-manifold triangle meshes with additional user-defined feature lines is presented. The method is based on local operations only and produces meshes of high regularity and triangle quality while preserving the geometry as well as topology of the feature lines as well as the input mesh.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces a novel streamline seeding technique based on dual streamlines that are orthogonal to the vector field, instead of tangential. The greedy algorithm presented here produces a net of orthogonal streamlines that is iteratively refined resulting in good domain coverage and a high degree of continuity and uniformity. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient, and it naturally extends to curved surfaces.
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie zur Platzierung von Stromlinien vorgestellt. Hierzu werden zusätzliche duale Stromlinien verwendet, die --im Gegensatz zur üblichen Definition-- orthogonal zum Vektorfeld verlaufen. Der vorgestellte Greedy-Algorithmus berechnet ein Netz aus orthogonalen Stromlinien, welches iterativ verfeinert wird, was zu einer guten Abdeckung der Domäne und einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung der Stromlinien führt. Es handelt sich um einen einfach zu implementierenden und effizienten Algorithmus, der direkt auf gekrümmten Oberflächen anwendbar ist.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In dieser Diplomarbeit wird untersucht, wie auf der Basis von Literaturreferenzen ein Zitationsgraph durch ein automatisches Verfahren aufgebaut werden kann. Zur Lösung des Problems werden Probabilistische Relationale Modelle herangezogen. Eine problemspezifische Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es, dass bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zitationsgraphen mit Hilfe eines Inferenzverfahrens aufgelöst werden können. Zur Evaluierung des Verfahren werden Experimente auf dem Cora-Datensatz durchgeführt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Diplomarbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The diploma thesis presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexity.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Arbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The report presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexit
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Berlin als Stadtstaat ist Kommune und Land der Bundesrepublik zugleich und Standort vieler renommier-ter Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen. In enger Zusammenarbeit der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen mit dem IT-Dienstleistungszentrum Berlin (ITDZ, ehemals Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik), der für die Behörden Berlins zuständigen Einrichtung, wurde seit 1993 ein landeseigenes Glasfasernetz mit einer derzeitigen Länge von 856 km Glasfaserkabel (je Kabel bis zu 144 Einzelfasern) zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Wissenschaft und Verwaltung errichtet und weiter ausgebaut. 1994 erfolgte der offizielle Start des Berliner Wissenschaftsnetzes BRAIN (Berlin Research Area Information Network), als durch einen Beschluss des Senats von Berlin die Nutzung des landeseigenen Glasfasernetzes durch die Wissen-schaftseinrichtungen festgeschrieben wurde. Bereits 1995 wurden durch die Wissenschaftseinrichtungen auf diesem Glasfasernetz die ersten sieben Anschlüsse in ATM-Technik (Classical BRAIN-ATM) in Betrieb genommen, 1999 wurden anschließend auch erste Strecken in Ethernet-Technik (Classical BRAIN-GE) betrieben. Diese heterogenen Netze mit unterschiedlichen Netzgeräten wurden dezentral von den Netzadministratoren der beteiligten Einrichtungen nach globalen Absprachen betreut. Die dezentrale Administration erschwerte das Management und die Erweiterungen der Gesamtnetze. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Erfahrungen vereinbarten die Berliner Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, ein technisch neues Verbundnetz in Gigabit-Ethernet-Technik mit einheitlichen Geräten und einem zentralen Netzwerkmana-gement aufzubauen und zu betreiben. Seit November 2003 betreibt BRAIN auf dem landeseignen Glasfasernetz ein auf MPLS-Technik basie-rendes Gigabit-Ethernet-Netz, das „BRAIN-Verbundnetz“, mit den Diensten LAN-to-LAN-Kopplung der Einrichtungen, regionaler IP-Verkehr, Übergang zum Verwaltungsnetz und WiN-Backup. Das BRAIN-Verbundnetz löste die dezentral betreuten Vorläufernetze komplett ab. Von den derzeit 27 BRAIN-Teilnehmern nutzen 24 Einrichtungen an 53 in der Stadt verteilten Standorten die Dienste des BRAIN-Verbundnetzes, 18 Standorte sind mit 1000 Mbit/s und 35 Standorte mit 100 Mbit/s angeschlossen. Für verteilte Standorte einer Einrichtung besteht zudem die Möglichkeit, diese über dedizierte Fasern oder Bandbreiten miteinander zu vernetzen. Seit dem 2. Quartal 2007 wird im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts der Nutzen eines zentral gemanagten Fibre Channel-Netzwerks "BRAIN-SAN" ermittelt, um Möglichkeiten einer verteilten Datenhaltung der Berliner Hochschulen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen zu schaf-fen. Zusätzlich zu den vorgenannten Diensten nutzt der DFN-Verein die BRAIN-Struktur für die Verbindun-gen der X-WiN-Kernnetzknoten in Berlin und Potsdam untereinander und für Zugangsleitungen zu den Anwendern. Mit Stand 2007 nutzt das Berliner Wissenschaftsnetz BRAIN vom landeigenen Glasfasernetz 2100 km Einzelfasern und verbindet insgesamt 43 Einrichtungen (BRAIN-Teilnehmer und DFN-Anwender) aus Wissenschaft, Bildung und Kultur mit 129 Standorten. Der Betrieb von BRAIN wird im wesentlichen durch seine Nutzer finanziert. Das Land Berlin trägt aller-dings pauschal die überwiegenden Kosten für die Wartung des Glasfasernetzes, soweit es vom ITDZ be-reit gestellt wird. Zentrales Planungs- und Steuerungsorgan für BRAIN ist die von der Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wis-senschaft und Forschung eingerichtete BRAIN-Planungsgruppe. Sie besteht aus Mitarbeitern der Rechen-zentren der drei Berliner Universitäten und des ZIB. Nach außen wird BRAIN in rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht treuhänderisch vom ZIB vertreten, die BRAIN-Geschäftsstelle befindet sich ebenfalls im ZIB.
    Description: Berlin as a city state is both local authority and federal state of the Federal Republic, as well as a location of many renowned institutions of research and culture. In close cooperation of the institutions of research with the IT service centre Berlin (ITDZ, the former Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik) - which is the appropriate facility for the authorities of Berlin - a glass fibre network of a total extension of 856 kilome-tres of fibre optics (144 fibres each cable optic) for the common use of research and administration has been established and advanced since 1993. In 1994, when a resolution of the Senate of Berlin laid down the use of the appropriate fibre networks by the research facilities, this was the official beginning of the Berlin Research Area Information Network (BRAIN). The first seven interfaces in this fibre network in ATM technology (Classical BRAIN-ATM) were already established by the research facilities in 1995. In 1999, first systems run in Ethernet technology (Classical BRAIN-GE). These heterogeneous networks with different interfaces have been supported locally by the network administrators of the research facili-ties following global agreements. Management and advancement of the overall networks were encum-bered by these local administrations. Based on the existing experience, Berlin's research facilities agreed on the building and advancement of a technically new integrated network in gigabit Ethernet technology with standardised facilities and a centrally managed network. Since November 2003 the Berlin Research Area Information Network established a Gigabit Ethernet - called “BRAIN Integrated Network” - based on MPLS technology, including LAN to LAN linking of the facilities, local IP traffic, interface to the administration's network and WIN back-up. This BRAIN Inte-grated Network has completely replaced the locally administered predecessor networks. 24 of 27 BRAIN participants use the services of the BRAIN Integrated Network on 53 locations spread all over the city. 18 locations are connected with 1000 Mbit/s and 35 locations with 100 Mbit/s. Moreover, spread locations of a single facility have the possibililty to communicate by dedicated fibres or bandwidths. From the 2nd quarter 2007 within the scope of a pilot scheme, the advantage of a centrally administered fibre channel network "BRAIN-SAN" will be determined in order to accomplish possibilities of a spread data manage-ment of Berlin's universities and research facilities. In addition to the aforementioned services the DFN association makes use of BRAIN's structure for the connection of the X-WiN-core network nodes in Berlin and Potsdam und for access pathways to the us-ers. As from 2007, Berlin's research network BRAIN uses 2100 kilometres of single fibres from the country's fibre glass network and connects a total of 43 facilities (BRAIN participants and DFN users) from re-search, education and culture with 129 locations. The operations of BRAIN are funded basically by its users. However, the country of Berlin bears most of the costs for the maintenance of the glass fibre network, as far as it is provided by ITDZ. Central planning and steering body for BRAIN is the BRAIN planning group, which has been arranged by the administration of the Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. It consists of staff from the computing centres of Berlin's three universities and of ZIB. BRAIN is represented legally and economically on a trust basis by the ZIB, where the BRAIN office is located also.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: For medical diagnosis, visualization, and model-based therapy planning three-dimensional geometric reconstructions of individual anatomical structures are often indispensable. Computer-assisted, model-based planning procedures typically cover specific modifications of “virtual anatomy” as well as numeric simulations of associated phenomena, like e.g. mechanical loads, fluid dynamics, or diffusion processes, in order to evaluate a potential therapeutic outcome. Since internal anatomical structures cannot be measured optically or mechanically in vivo, three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic image data remains the method of choice. In this work the process chain of individual anatomy reconstruction is described which consists of segmentation of medical image data, geometrical reconstruction of all relevant tissue interfaces, up to the generation of geometric approximations (boundary surfaces and volumetric meshes) of three-dimensional anatomy being suited for finite element analysis. All results presented herein are generated with amira ® – a highly interactive software system for 3D data analysis, visualization and geometry reconstruction.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces novel internal and external memory algorithms for computing voxel skeletons of massive voxel objects with complex network-like architecture and for converting these voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry, that is triangle meshes and piecewise straight lines. The presented techniques help to tackle the challenge of visualizing and analyzing 3d images of increasing size and complexity, which are becoming more and more important in, for example, biological and medical research. Section 2.3.1 contributes to the theoretical foundations of thinning algorithms with a discussion of homotopic thinning in the grid cell model. The grid cell model explicitly represents a cell complex built of faces, edges, and vertices shared between voxels. A characterization of pairs of cells to be deleted is much simpler than characterizations of simple voxels were before. The grid cell model resolves topologically unclear voxel configurations at junctions and locked voxel configurations causing, for example, interior voxels in sets of non-simple voxels. A general conclusion is that the grid cell model is superior to indecomposable voxels for algorithms that need detailed control of topology. Section 2.3.2 introduces a noise-insensitive measure based on the geodesic distance along the boundary to compute two-dimensional skeletons. The measure is able to retain thin object structures if they are geometrically important while ignoring noise on the object's boundary. This combination of properties is not known of other measures. The measure is also used to guide erosion in a thinning process from the boundary towards lines centered within plate-like structures. Geodesic distance based quantities seem to be well suited to robustly identify one- and two-dimensional skeletons. Chapter 6 applies the method to visualization of bone micro-architecture. Chapter 3 describes a novel geometry generation scheme for representing voxel skeletons, which retracts voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry per dual cube. The generated triangle meshes and graphs provide a link to geometry processing and efficient rendering of voxel skeletons. The scheme creates non-closed surfaces with boundaries, which contain fewer triangles than a representation of voxel skeletons using closed surfaces like small cubes or iso-surfaces. A conclusion is that thinking specifically about voxel skeleton configurations instead of generic voxel configurations helps to deal with the topological implications. The geometry generation is one foundation of the applications presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 5 presents a novel external memory algorithm for distance ordered homotopic thinning. The presented method extends known algorithms for computing chamfer distance transformations and thinning to execute I/O-efficiently when input is larger than the available main memory. The applied block-wise decomposition schemes are quite simple. Yet it was necessary to carefully analyze effects of block boundaries to devise globally correct external memory variants of known algorithms. In general, doing so is superior to naive block-wise processing ignoring boundary effects. Chapter 6 applies the algorithms in a novel method based on confocal microscopy for quantitative study of micro-vascular networks in the field of microcirculation.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit führt I/O-effiziente Algorithmen und Standard-Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Voxel-Skeletten aus großen Voxel-Objekten mit komplexer, netzwerkartiger Struktur und zur Umwandlung solcher Voxel-Skelette in stückweise-lineare Geometrie ein. Die vorgestellten Techniken werden zur Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer drei-dimensionaler Bilddaten, beispielsweise aus Biologie und Medizin, eingesetzt. Abschnitt 2.3.1 leistet mit der Diskussion von topologischem Thinning im Grid-Cell-Modell einen Beitrag zu den theoretischen Grundlagen von Thinning-Algorithmen. Im Grid-Cell-Modell wird ein Voxel-Objekt als Zellkomplex dargestellt, der aus den Ecken, Kanten, Flächen und den eingeschlossenen Volumina der Voxel gebildet wird. Topologisch unklare Situationen an Verzweigungen und blockierte Voxel-Kombinationen werden aufgelöst. Die Charakterisierung von Zellpaaren, die im Thinning-Prozess entfernt werden dürfen, ist einfacher als bekannte Charakterisierungen von so genannten "Simple Voxels". Eine wesentliche Schlussfolgerung ist, dass das Grid-Cell-Modell atomaren Voxeln überlegen ist, wenn Algorithmen detaillierte Kontrolle über Topologie benötigen. Abschnitt 2.3.2 präsentiert ein rauschunempfindliches Maß, das den geodätischen Abstand entlang der Oberfläche verwendet, um zweidimensionale Skelette zu berechnen, welche dünne, aber geometrisch bedeutsame, Strukturen des Objekts rauschunempfindlich abbilden. Das Maß wird im weiteren mit Thinning kombiniert, um die Erosion von Voxeln auf Linien zuzusteuern, die zentriert in plattenförmigen Strukturen liegen. Maße, die auf dem geodätischen Abstand aufbauen, scheinen sehr geeignet zu sein, um ein- und zwei-dimensionale Skelette bei vorhandenem Rauschen zu identifizieren. Eine theoretische Begründung für diese Beobachtung steht noch aus. In Abschnitt 6 werden die diskutierten Methoden zur Visualisierung von Knochenfeinstruktur eingesetzt. Abschnitt 3 beschreibt eine Methode, um Voxel-Skelette durch kontrollierte Retraktion in eine stückweise-lineare geometrische Darstellung umzuwandeln, die als Eingabe für Geometrieverarbeitung und effizientes Rendering von Voxel-Skeletten dient. Es zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Betrachtung der topologischen Eigenschaften eines Voxel-Skeletts einer Betrachtung von allgemeinen Voxel-Konfigurationen für die Umwandlung zu einer geometrischen Darstellung überlegen ist. Die diskutierte Methode bildet die Grundlage für die Anwendungen, die in Abschnitt 6 diskutiert werden. Abschnitt 5 führt einen I/O-effizienten Algorithmus für Thinning ein. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert bekannte Algorithmen zur Berechung von Chamfer-Distanztransformationen und Thinning so, dass diese effizient ausführbar sind, wenn die Eingabedaten den verfügbaren Hauptspeicher übersteigen. Der Einfluss der Blockgrenzen auf die Algorithmen wurde analysiert, um global korrekte Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse ist einer naiven Zerlegung, die die Einflüsse von Blockgrenzen vernachlässigt, überlegen. In Abschnitt 6 wird, aufbauend auf den I/O-effizienten Algorithmen, ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Mikrogefäßnetzwerken diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: One crucial step in virtual drug design is the identification of new lead structures with respect to a pharmacological target molecule. The search for new lead structures is often done with the help of a pharmacophore, which carries the essential structural as well as physico-chemical properties that a molecule needs to have in order to bind to the target molecule. In the absence of the target molecule, such a pharmacophore can be established by comparison of a set of active compounds. In order to identify their common features,a multiple alignment of all or most of the active compounds is necessary. Moreover, since the “outer shape” of the molecules plays a major role in the interaction between drug and target, an alignment algorithm aiming at the identification of common binding properties needs to consider the molecule’s “outer shape”, which can be approximated by the solvent excluded surface. In this thesis, we present a new approach to molecular surface alignment based on a discrete representation of shape as well as physico-chemical properties by points distributed on the solvent excluded surface. We propose a new method to distribute points regularly on a surface w.r.t. a smoothly varying point density given on that surface. Since the point distribution algorithm is not restricted to molecular surfaces, it might also be of interest for other applications. For the computation of pairwise surface alignments, we extend an existing point matching scheme to surface points, and we develop an efficient data structure speeding up the computation by a factor of three. Moreover, we present an approach to compute multiple alignments from pairwise alignments, which is able to handle a large number of surface points. All algorithms are evaluated on two sets of molecules: eight thermolysin inhibitors and seven HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we compare the results obtained from surface alignment with the results obtained by applying an atom alignment approach.
    Description: Die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen (lead structures) zur Entwicklung optimierter Wirkstoffe ist ein äußerst wichtiger Schritt in der virtuellen Wirkstoffentwicklung (virtual drug design). Die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen wird oft mit Hilfe eines Pharmakophor-Modells durchgeführt, welches die wichtigsten strukturellen wie auch physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften eines bindenden Moleküls in sich vereint. Ist das Zielmolekül (target) nicht bekannt, kann das Pharmakophor-Modell mit Hilfe des Vergleiches aktiver Moleküle erstellt werden. Hier ist insbesondere die gleichzeitige Überlagerung (multiple alignment) aller oder nahezu aller Moleküle notwendig. Da bei der Interaktion zweier Moleküle die "äußere Form" der Moleküle eine besondere Rolle spielt, sollte diese von jedem Überlagerungsalgorithmus, der sich mit der Identifizierung von Bindungseigenschaften befasst, berücksichtigt werden. Dabei kann die "äußere Form" durch eine bestimmte Art von molekularer Oberfläche approximiert werden, die man als solvent excluded surface bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Überlagerung molekularer Oberflächen dar, der auf einer diskreten Repräsentation sowohl der Form als auch der molekularen Eigenschaften mittels Punkten beruht. Um die Punkte auf der molekularen Oberfläche möglichst regulär entsprechend einer gegebenen Punktdichte zu verteilen, entwickeln wir eine neue Methode. Diese Methode ist nicht auf Moleküloberflächen beschränkt und könnte daher auch für andere Anwendungen von Interesse sein. Basierend auf einem bekannten Point-Matching Verfahren entwickeln wir einen Point-Matching Algorithmus für Oberflächenpunkte. Dazu erarbeiten wir u.a. eine effiziente Datenstruktur, die den Algorithmus um einen Faktor von drei beschleunigt. Darüberhinaus stellen wir einen Ansatz vor, der Mehrfachüberlagerungen (multiple alignments) aus paarweisen Überlagerungen berechnet. Die Herausforderung besteht hierbei vor allem in der großen Anzahl von Punkten, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen werden an zwei Gruppen von Molekülen evaluiert, wobei die erste Gruppe aus acht Thermolysin Inhibitoren besteht, die zweite aus sieben HIV-1 Protease Inhibitoren. Darüberhinaus vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse der Oberflächenüberlagerung mit denen einer Atommittelpunktüberlagerung.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 409-410 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 417-434 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During recent years attempts have been made to formulate a viscosity-concentration relationship. The method of Huggins, in introducing a factor k′ as a hydrodynamic correction factor is examined, and in particular the attempts to draw conclusions relating k′ to the thermodynamic properties of the solution. An explanation is offered to correlate the experimental viscosity-concentration relationship and the change of solvent. A possible method for the actual calculation of concentration effects has been applied to the case of a suspension of spherical particles, for which, as a first approximation, a value of 10.6 for the coefficient of the c2 term has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 527-529 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 749-749 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 759-761 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 755-757 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 767-768 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 770-770 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 771-771 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 747-748 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 36
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 751-754 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During a definite polymerization time the rate of uncatalyzed polymerization of styrene may be decreased by the use of activated carbon. The intrinsic viscosities of the polymers formed may be either increased or decreased by the addition of active carbon, depending upon the activity of the carbon sample used.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 405-407 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various mechanisms which have been proposed for the reaction between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide are reviewed. Two of these mechanisms appear equally satisfactory on the basis of present evidence: that of Bray and Gorin, involving formation of tetravalent (ferryl) iron, and that of Haber and Weiss, involving formation ofhydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals. Mechanisms involving these intermediates have been developed for the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the mechanism of Bray and Gorin appears satisfactory, while that of Haber and Weiss leads to certain inconsistencies. A mechanism with ferrous iron and hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals as intermediates is presented, which accounts for the experimental observations in the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron induces the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and various organic compounds; this induced reaction (termed a Fenton reaction) is a chain reaction which is initiated by the active intermediates (ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical) formed in the primary reaction. The determination of hydrogen peroxide by reaction with ferrous iron, if carried out in the presence of various organic compounds (termed promoters), gives incorrect results, due to induced oxidation of the promoters; other compounds, termed suppressors, reduce the extent of this induced oxidation of promoters. It appears that both types of compounds react with ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical to form radicals, which if formed from promoters, reduce ferric iron or hydrogen peroxide, while the radicals formed from suppressors oxidize ferrous iron. These considerations are of particular importance in the determination of organic hydroperoxides. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides and ferrous iron can induce, or initiate, the polymerization of vinyl monomers; this is an example of redox polymerization, which is of considerable practical importance at present.
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  • 40
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 404-404 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 41
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 42
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Cellobiose wird als Glykolsäure-glykosid nach der Azid-methode mit Protein kondensiert. Ferner werden aus Lacto-bionsäure und Proteinen nach der Azid-methode Lacto-bionyl-proteine synthetisiert.
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  • 43
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 223-246 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: 2-Chlorbutadien-1,3 (Chloropren) bildet schon bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit molekularem Sauerstoff ein Peroxyd. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit dieses Peroxyds ist so groß, daß es schwierig ist, peroxydfreies Chloropren herzustellen. Dies gelingt durch sorgfältige Destillation unter reinstem Stickstoff.Die Versuche zur Isolierung des Chloroprenperoxyds ergaben wegen seiner leichten Zersetzlichkeit keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse. Die quantitative Bestimmung des Peroxyds in Chloropren gelingt nach den üblichen Methoden nicht oder nur sehr schwierig. Chloroprenperoxyd oxydiert Antioxydantien, wie z. B. Phenyl-β-naphthylamin, zu gefärbten Produkten. Da Phenyl-β-naphthylamin die weitere Autoxydation des Chloroprens unterbindet, kann auf dieser Grundlage eine photometrische Bestimmung des Peroxyds durchgeführt werden.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffaufnahme von Chloropren bei 0°C wurde volumetrisch gemessen. Die Sauerstoffaufnahme ist ein autokatalytischer, gleichförmig beschleunigter Vorgang. Er wird von Tetralinperoxyd stark beschleunigt, nicht aber von Benzoylperoxyde. Es wurden andere katalytisch wirkende Stoffe und der Einfluß des Lichtes untersucht.Da Chloroprenperoxyd die Polymerisation des Chloroprens auslöst und stark beschleunigt, ist es zweckmäßig, für die Stabilisierung dieser ungesättigten Verbindung solche Stoffe anzuwenden, die nicht nur die Polymerisation, sondern auch die Autoxydation hemmen. Die stabilisierende Wirkung der Antioxydantien wird bei Anwesenheit von Chloroprenperoxyd und Chlorwasserstoff nach einer Induktionsperiode durchbrochen. Dies kann dadurch erklärt werden, daß Phenyl-β-naphthylamin im Falle des Chloroprenperoxyds durch Oxydation, im Falle des Chlorwasserstoffs als Salz unwirksam gemacht wird.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 44
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird ein einfaches Verfahren angegeben, den Transport von Wasser durch Textilfaserschichten zu messen, die einerseits in Wasser tauchen und andererseits an Luft mittlerer relativer Feuchtigkeit grenzen. Proteinfasern transportieren das Wasser langsam, Baumwolle rascher und Viskosekunstfasern sehr rasch.
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  • 45
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 251-280 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wird der Einfluß von Seitenketten auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl Zη von niedermolekularen Estern untersucht. Bei Dicetylmalonestern und Dicetylessigestern hat die Länge der Estergruppe keinen Einfluß auf die Höhe der Viskositätszahl. Bei substituierten Malonsäuredicetylestern resp. Disterylestern ändert sich dagegen die Viskositätszahl mit der Länge der in die CH2-Gruppe substituierten Alkylreste, und zwar ist sie bei kurzkettigen Substituenten kleiner, bei langgliedrigen größer als bei den unsubstituierten Verbindungen gleicher Kettenlänge. Das gleiche Verhalten zeigen β-alkylsubstituierte Stearinsäureester. Es wird weiter versucht, inwieweit das Einsteinsche Viskositätsgesetz in veränderter Fassung zur Klärung dieses Viskositätsverhaltens herangezogen werden kann.
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  • 46
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since the isolation of pectins by the usual technical processes is inevitably bound up with some splitting up the most preserving conditions were ascertained, by which it is possible, to extract sufficient pectin from the pulp of apples. By picking fruits of the most favourable time of fructescence, by eliminating all encymatic activity, by observing the lowest temperatures for extraction and choosing a suitable pH a pectin was obtained, that had undergone scarcely any splitting process. The percentage of methoxyl in that pectin was very nearly the same as that calculated for a completely esterifieated polygalakturonic acid. The molekular weight was determined by measuring the viscosity on a nitrate of that pectin. Here a nitration process was used, that was more preserving than that formerly applied. The values obtained were higher than those obtained so far. The „free pectin“ in apple - juice was found to have a lower molecular weight.
    Notes: Da nach den üblichen technischen Verfahren die Isolierung von Pektinen unvermeidlich mit einem gewissen Abbau verbunden ist, wurden die schonendsten Bedingungen festgestellt, unter denen es noch möglich ist, Pektin aus dem Fruchtfleisch von Äpfeln in ausreichender Menge zu gewinnen. Durch Wahl des günstigsten Reifezustandes, Ausschaltung einer Enzymtätigkeit, Einhaltung möglichst neidriger Extraktionstemperaturen und eines geeigneten pH konnte ein wenig abgebautes Pektin crhalten werden, dessen Methoxylgehalt dem für eine vollständig veresterte Polygalakturonsäure berechneten sehr nahe kommt. Die Molekulargröße wurde viskosimetrisch an einem aus diesem Material gewonnenen Pektinnitrat bestimmt, das nach einer schonenderen Nitrierungsmethode als der bisher üblichen hergestellt war. Die erhaltenen Werte liegen über den bisher beobachteten. Das im Apfelsaft vorhandene „freie Pektin“ wurde als niedriger molekular befunden.
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  • 47
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aus einer Zusammenstellung von Viskositätsmessungen an niedermolekularen Kettenmolekülen mit Doppelbindungen geht hervor, daß die trans-Formen eine höhere und die cis-Formen eine niedrigere Viskosität haben als die analogen gesättigten Verbindungen. Die verschiedene Viskosität von trans-, cis- und gesättigten Verbindungen kann mit der verschiedenen Form und Elastizität der Kettenmoleküle erklärt werden. Maleinsäureester und Maleinsäurepolyester lassen sich mit Brom als Katalysator in die entsprechenden Fumarester umlagern.
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  • 48
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 15-40 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es wurde die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit des Vinylchlorids bei 50° unter Zusatz verschiedener Mengen Benzoylperoxyd als Katalysator untersucht, indem der Umsatz das Molekulargewicht und die Zeitdauer beginnender Trübung durch Ausfallen des Polymerisats bestimmt wurde.Der Umsatz steigt zunächst langsam, dann schneller mit der Zeit an; über 80 - 90% nimmt er nur noch sehr langsam zu, so daß die letzten 1 - 2% praktisch nicht mehr polymerisieren. Mit sinkender Katalysatorkonzentration wird die Reaktion langsamer, derart, daß sich die Umsatzzeitkurven durch Dehnung der Zeitachse proportional der Wurzel aus der ursprünglichen Katalysatorkonzentration zur Deckung bringen lassen. Bis zu 70 - 80% läßt sich der Umsatz durch die Gl. u = (eat  -  1)b gut darstellen, wobei b = 0,1 und a = 0,240 · √c20 zu setzen ist.  -  Gegen Ende der Reaktion ließ sich im restlichen Monomeren Salzsäure nachweisen.Das Molekulargewicht nimmt mit steigender Menge Benzoylperoxyd und Sauerstoff deutlich ab; bei mäßigen Peroxydkonzentrationen wird dieser Effekt in der Streuung der Versuchswerte nicht sichtbar.  -  Die Zeit bis zur beginnenden Trübung ändert sich umgekehrt proportional der Wurzel aus der Katalysatorkonzentration und ist ferner unter reinem Sauerstoff größer, unter Stickstoff kleiner als unter Luft.Der Katalysator verschwindet während der Polymerisation, und zwar in um so stärkerem Maße, je höher seine ursprüngliche Konzentration, und um so weniger, je größer die Menge an Sauerstoff ist.  -  Mit Kaliumpersulfat erfolgt die Polymerisation nur in der wäßrigen Phase.Mit den Beobachtungen im Einklang steht das folgende Reaktionsschema (B = Benzoylperoxyd, M = monomeres Vinylchlorid). Die Hemmung der Polymerisation durch eine Anzahl von dritten Stoffen wurde orientierend, etwas eingehender die durch Styrol untersucht. Schwache Reduktionsmittel, Vinylderivate und einige anorganische Stoffe hemmen die Polymerisation, während chemisch indifferente Stoff sie nicht beeinflussen. Die Hemmung beruht vermutlich auf vorzeitigem Kettenabbruch.
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  • 49
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 78-90 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The determined P2O5-contents of pectin preparations in the ashes originates partly from inorganic and organic accompanying substances (phosphatides), but partly from esterfied pectin chains by H3PO4; an interlocking of the pectin chains by H3PO4-bridges to „Übermolekülen“ must be assumed in the protopectin, which are relatively set back in comparison to the interlocking by polyvalent metal ions over carboxyl groups.
    Notes: Der bei Pektinpräparaten festzustellende P2O5-Gehalt in der Asche stammt teils von anorganischen und organischen Begleitstoffen (Phosphatiden), teils aber auch von Veresterungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4; im Protopektin der Pflanzen hat man Vernetzungen der Pektinketten durch H3PO4-Brücken zu „Übermolekülen“ anzunehmen, die zahlenmäßig jedoch gegenüber den Vernetzungen durch mehrwertige Metallionen über die Karboxylgruppen zurücktreten.
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  • 50
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 156-183 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The investigation of the submicroscopic structure of silk fibroin yields the following results: 1There is no variation of double refraction when changing the medium of imbibition. In contrast to the statement of Ohara no rod double refraction can be found. Therefore, silk fibroin does not represent a composite body in the sense of Wiener's theory. The intrinsic double refraction of silk fibroin for sodium light is 1,5960  -  1,5454 = 0,0506 and for white light (λ = 550 mμ) 0,0514.1In the electron microscope the lack of interfibrillar spaces, which are necessary for a Wiener body can be shown. The fibroin is not individualized into microfibrils of constant diameter (as in cellulose fibres) but breaks into strands of diffcrent size when treated in a blendor.
    Notes: 1Die Untersuchungen von Ohara (1933) über das polarisationsoptische Verhalten des Seidenfibroins wurden einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen und dabei Abweichungen von der Wienerschen Theorie festgestellt.2Die Hauptbrechungsindizes von Fibroinfäden, die 40 Stunden bei 100°C über P2O5 getrocknet worden waren, wurden nach der Immersionsmethode von Becke gemessen und zu für eine Wellenlänge von 589 mμ gefunden. Daraus resultiert eine Doppelbrechung von 0,0506 und für den Schwerpunkt des weißen Lichtes bei 550 mμ eine solche von 0,0514.3Imbibitionsversuche an trockenem und feuchtem Fibroin ergeben eindeutig das Fehlen eines Stäbchendoppelbrechungseffektes. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu den Untersuchungen von Ohara. Der mit Hilfe der Imbibitionsmethode gefundene Wert der Doppelbrechung stimmt mit dem der Immersionsmethode gut überein.4Die Abweichungen von diesem Wert in Wasser und wäßrigen Gemischen als Imbibitionsmedien lassen sich weitgehend mit Hilfe der Quellung erklären.5Durch Quellung und nachfolgende Imbibition kann keine Verstärkung eines etwa nur schwach entwickelten Stäbchendoppelbrechungseffektes erreicht werden.6Elektronenoptische Aufnahmen vermitteln Einblick in den Feinbau des Fibroins, welches aus feinen Fibrillen mit ganz verschiedenen Durchmessern besteht, die sehr fest und dicht gepackt sind.
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  • 51
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 134-155 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die molekulare Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit ist eine additive Eigenschaft für substanzen mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht und ergibt sich mit großer Annäherung aus der Summe der Geschwindigkeiten der verschiedenen Radikale, die das Molekül bilden.Die Übereinstimmung zwischen der experimentell festgestellten Geschwindigkeit und der auf Grund der Geschwindigkeiten der Radikale berechneten scheint besser zu sein als die auf Grund der Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten nach Lagemann und Corry berechneten. Wie schon von diesen Forschern angegeben, liefern die Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse nur für unverzweigte Verbindungen.In den Verbindungen mit niedrigen Molekulargewichten führt die Gegenwart von Verzweigungen in den Molekülen zu einer Erniedrigung der molekularen Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit, die jedoch sehr geringfügig ist (12 Einheiten für die Methyl- und 20 für die Äthylgruppe in anderen Stellungen als  - 1 und  - 2).Für Verbindungen mit hohem Molekulargewicht und unverzweigter Kette stimmt der Wert der grundmolekularen Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit, d. h. bezogen auf die Grundgruppe, mit den auf Grund der Bindungsgeschwindigkeiten und auch mit den auf Grund der Radikalgeschwindigkeiten berechneten überein. Für verzweigte Moleküle ist die Übereinstimmung für die Radikalgeschwindigkeit besser, wobei die Erniedrigung der grundmolekularen Geschwindigkeit infolge der Verzweigungen höher ist im Falle von Verbindungen mit hohem als mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht.Die Bestimmung des Verhältnisses zwischen der experimentellen und berechneten Geschwindigkeit kann ein Mittel darstellen, um Anzahl und Größe der Verzweigungen zu bestimmen. Diesem Verhältnis ist die Bezeichnung „Formfaktor“ gegeben worden.Der Formfaktor ist gleich 1 oder etwas höher für die unverzweigten oder wenig verzweigten Verbindungen mit hohem Molekulargewicht (Paraffine, Polyäthylene, Polyäthylenoxyd, Nylon), niedriger als 1 für die verzweigten Verbindungen: 0,90 im Naturgummi, der eine Methylverzweigung an jedem vierten Kohlenstoffatom in den langen Ketten trägt, und 0,79-0,80 in den Polyisobutylenen mit zwei Methylverzweigungen an jedem zweiten Kohlenstoffatom in der Kette.Niedrigere Werte als der Naturgummi und unwesentlich höhere als die Polyisobutylene weisen die Formfaktoren des Polyalfabutylens und des Polystyrols auf (0,82), die eine äthylische, bzw, eine phenylische Gruppe auf jedes zweite Kohlenstoffatom in der langen Kette besitzen; dies beweist auch einen Einfluß der Länge der Verzweigungen auf den Formfaktor in dem Sinne, daß letzterer um so mehr erniedrigt wird, je größer die Verzweigung ist.Der Einfluß der Häufigkeit der Verzweigungen und ihrer Länge auf den Formfaktor wird beim Polymethylmetakrylat bestätigt, da diese Verbindung den niedrigsten von uns festgestellten Formfaktor aufweist; diese Verbindung besitzt nämlich zwei Verzweigungen an jedem zweiten Kohlenstoffatom der Kette, und zwar eine Methylgruppe und eine methylierte Karboxylgruppe.Die Übereinstimmung der Formfaktoren des Buna und des hydrierten Buna mit dem des Polyalfabutylens ist ein weiterer Beweis, daß die nicht bei niedriger Temperatur ausgeführte Polymerisierung des Butadiens in den Stellungen 1 - 2 oder 2 - 3 und nicht in der Stellung 1 - 4 stattfindet. Dies steht im Einklang mit den kürzlich mitgeteilten Versuchsergebnissen von Hanson und Halverson bei gestrecktem Buna.Der niedrige Formfaktor des Polyvinylisobutyläthers (0,79) kann ein Zeichen für den Einfluß der sekundären Verzweigungen auf den Formfaktor sein.Schließlich bestätigt die Unveränderlichkeit des Formfaktors für alle untersuchten Polyisobutylene mit verschiedenen Molekulargewichten, daß für hochmolekulare Verbindungen die grundmolekulare Ultraschallgeschwindigkeit und demzufolge der Formfaktor vom Molekulargewicht unabhängig ist.
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  • 52
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 4 (1949), S. 194-208 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Par des recherches sur la repartition des longueurs de chaine de la cellulose de hêtre et de pin, degradée par oxydation dans une solution ammoniacale d'oxyde de cuivre, il est montré que, comme dans le coton ou la cellulose de ramie, apparait une homogénisation du degrée de polymerisation entre 400 et 500. Également dans les produits degradés par hydrolyse on peut aussi remarquer cet effect, cependant on ne peut le mesurer quantitativement à cause des anomalies de viscosité. D'après ces constatations il est confirmé qu'il existe également dans les celluloses de bois des liaisons à rupture facile sur une distance d'environ 500 restes glucosiques, qui par action d'oxydants ou d'acides sont coupées beaucoup plus rapidement que les liaisons β-glucosiques. Cette structure periodique est la même pour toutes les sortes de cellulose jusqu'alors étudiés quant à ces liaisons a rupture facile, cependant les vitesses de rupture sont differentes. Des clichés obtenus au microscope electronique prouvent que ces liaisons sont ordonnées dans les plans perpendiculairs à l'axe de la fibre.
    Notes: Durch Untersuchung der Kettenlängenverteilung von oxydative in Kupferoxydammoniaklösung abgebauten Buchen- und Fichtencellulosen wird gezeigt, daß ebenso wie bei Baumwoll- und Ramiecellulosen eine Vereinheitlichung bei Polymerisationsgraden zwischen 400 und 500 eintritt. Auch bei hydrolytisch abgebauten Produkten ist dieser Effekt zu bemerken, läßt sich jedoch wegen der Viskositätsanomalien nicht quantitativ auswerten. Aus den Befunden wird geschlossen, daß auch in Holzcellulosen im Abstand von ca. 500 Glucoseresten Lockerstellen vorhanden sind, die durch Oxydationsmittel und Säuren erheblich schneller gespalten werden als die β-glucosidischen Bindungen. Diese periodische Struktur ist für alle bisher untersuchten Cellulosearten im Abstand der Lockerstellen identisch, jedoch unterschieden durch das Verhältnis der Spaltungsgeschwindigkeiten. Aus elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wird geschlossen, daß die Lockerstellen in Ebenen senkrecht zur Faserrichtung angeordnet sind.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 763-765 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 56
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductance of a series of salts made by the addition of n-butyl bromide to 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers (1.5 to 90 mole per cent vinylpyridine) has been measured in dioxane (∊′ = 2.2), ethylene dichloride (∊′ = 10.2), and a series of nitromethane-dioxane mixtures (16.0 ≤ ∊′ ≤ 39.4). Three independent arguments deduced from the data show that ionic association under the influence of interionic electrostatic forces must occur in solutions of polyelectrolytes in such a way that a certain average fraction of the counter ions accompany the large polycation and contribute nothing to conductance. First, the conductance at fixed copolymer composition and fixed salt concentration decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Second, at a given counter ion concentration in a given solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing pyridonium content of the chain. Third, for a given salt and solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing salt concentration at a rate much slower than that characteristic of simple electrolytes.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 135-144 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The method for the evaluation of the percentage crystallinity in cellulose preparations from x-ray intensity measurements, previously described in detail (J. Appl. Phys., in press) is reviewed briefly and new material presented consisting of crystallinity percentages between 8% and 70%. Cotton, flax, and ramie possess equal crystallinity (70%) and so do the majority of rayons, independent of their degree of orientation and including cuprammonium and Lilienfeld rayons. Cellulose acetates saponified under varying conditions also yield almost the same value as rayon (40%). The New product Fiber G (du Pont) holds an exceptional position with 53% crystalline substance. In the series of native celluloses, wood pulp has about 65%, Valonia 65-70%, and bacterial cellulose about 40%. By dry grinding of rayon, a powder was obtained containing only slightly less than 10% crystalline substance, which on recrystallization in water, yields 2 product having the same crystallinity as rayon. The difference between the heats of wetting of the criginal and the recrystallized powder affords additional support of the results obtained.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 483-513 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
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  • 66
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 176-199 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Es werdenn für cine Reihe von Erscheinungen bei Lösungen mit Fadenmolekülen, wie die künstliche Doppelbrechung, die Viskosität, den Depolarisationsgrad des molekularen Streulichtes, die Abhängigkeit vom Polymerisationsgrad und von der Form (Stäbchenform und statistische Grenzfälle) angegeben. Ferner werden Methoden zur Untersuchung von Verzweigungen und zur Betimmung der Mikroform mitgeteilt.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 401-403 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The osmotic pressures of two samples of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide (average D. P. 730 and 1900) were measured in 93% ethanol in the concentration range 0.02-0.20 g./100 cc. The osmotic pressures were higher than those of the corresponding parent polymers, due to partial dissociation of bromide ions. Because of the low dielectric constant ( ε′ = 28) of the solvent and the high concentration of positive charge in the polycations, however, a large fraction of the bromide ions (≥ 95%) were bound by electrostatic attraction to the cations and contributed neither to osmotic pressure nor to conductance. Unlike neutral polymers, the ratio (osmotic pressure over concentration) increases with dilution, due to increasing dissociation with dilution. Addition of an excess of a simple one-one electrolyte (lithium bromide) almost completely suppressed the dissociation of the polysalt and gave osmotic pressures of the same order of magnitude as those of the neutral polymers. The resulting curves were linear, with a considerably smaller slope than for the parent polymer. Combining the results on osmotic pressure with conductance data, the transference numbers of the polycations were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.52 for degrees of polymerization 730 and 1900 respectively. The conductance of lithium bromide is decreased by the addition of these polyelectrolytes, possible due to the association of an excess of anions to the polycations under the influence of their electrostatic fields.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurement of the infrared absorption spectrum of the lowmolecular liquid polymer formed at room temperature from gaseous isobutene using BF3 as a catalyst and D2O as a cocatalyst indicates that the dominant end groups in the final polymer are (CH3)3C and , and that the cocatalyst D2O undergoes partial conversation to H2O during reaction. These results substantiate the mechanism advanced by Polanyi and others, namely: (a) initiation through formation of the trimethyl carbonium ion by acceptance by isobutene of a proton (or deuteron) from the catalyst-cocatalyst complex, and (b) termination by explusion of a proton from a methyl group to the anionic complex fragment, with corresponding catalyst regeneration, i.e.:
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 13-36 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus has been constructed which enables one to follow continuously the formation of monomer during degradation in vacuum. Experimental results are presented on the degradation of fractionated and unfractionated polystyrene over a range of temperatures from 340-400°C. in vacuum. A mechanism has been proposed which accounts satisfactorily for the apparent zero-order reaction and for the dependence of the rate of degradation on chain length. This mechanism allows one to estimate relative number average molecular weights and the number of weak points per original chain. The influence of a platinum surface on degradation has been indicated. The degradation of poly-alpha-methylstyrene has been investigated over a range of temperatures from 281 to 363°C. in vacuum. The mechanism of the degradation of branched polymer chains has been discussed. The degradation of cross-linked polystyrene containing various amount of m-divinylbenzene has been studied at 364°C. in vacuum. The reaction shows long induction periods depending on the amount of m-divinylbenzene and on the presence of benzoyl peroxide during polymerization. The degradation of polyethylene shows this polymer to be more heat resistant than polystyrene. Various grades of different average molecular weight have been investigated over a range of temperatures from 375 to 436°C. in vacuum. The energy of activation has been found dependent on chain length. A mechanism has been suggested to account for the observed experimental results.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Quantum yields for the inactivation of crystalline swine pepsin have been determined as a function of pH at 2537 A. The quantum yield is near a minimum at pH 4.08, at which point a value of 0.0019 was found, rises rapidly above pH 6, and shows a slight maximum near pH 2.7. The maximum is more pronounced with polychromatic light. The quantum yield (at pH 2.01) was found to be the same with either hemoglobin or casein as a substrate. Urea had no effect on the quantum yield although urea alone, 7 M, inactivates pepsin at an appreciable rate. Urea and light denaturation do not modify the absorption spectrum of pepsin in the same way. The data of Gates has been recalculated; it shows an increase of quantum yields with decreasing wave length. It has been concluded, from experiments with model substances, that inactivation can occur by the absorption of a quantum by any aromatic group in pepsin.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A relationship between tack temperature and molecular weight has been deduced and illustrated with polyvinyl acetate polymers. Provided the molecular weight is high enough to prevent cohesive failure, the adhesion of polyvinyl acetate to cellulose and aluminum is independent of molecular weight. The influence of humidity on adhesion of polymers to cellulose is shown. The influence of polymer composition on adhesion is illustrated with copolymers of vinyl acetate and methyl vinyl ketone and with styrene and methyl vinyl ketone. Above a mole fraction of ketone of 0.8, adhesion increases rapidly. The interdependence of tack temperature and composition on adhesion is exemplified with ethylene - vinyl chloride copolymers. A temperature dependence of adhesion is cited for copolymers containing maleic acid.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A number of equations are suggested for estimating intrinsic viscosity from one measurement of relative viscosity at a convenient concentration. Experimental data illustrate the validity of the equations.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 91-91 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 219-220 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 224-224 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 515-522 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the light transmission of polythene has been measured. On raising the temperature of a sheet of polymer the light transmitted increases steadily at an increasing rate until the sample becomes glass clear at the melting point (ca. 112°C.). On cooling from the melt the specimen becomes very opaque a few degrees below the melting point, then becomes much more transparent and thereafter the light transmission decreases as temperature falls, the transmission-temperature curve approximating to the curve for rising temperature. Changes in the spherulite structure of polythene film on heating and cooling have been observed under the microscope and recorded on a cinéfilm. Decay of spherulites on heating is seen not to occur by the reverse of the process by which they are formed from the melt, and the light transmission results are discussed in relation to the spherulitic structure of the polymer.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 533-537 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 84
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 146-163 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Die Polystyrole unterscheiden sich von anderen Vinylpolymeren dadurch, daß sie in guten Lösungsmitteln dem Staudingerschen Viskositätsgesetz gehorchen, wobei allerdings der Wert der Km -Konstante von den bei der Polymerisation vorliegenden Bedingungen abhängt. Die hierfür geltenden Beziehungen werden an Hand eines umfangreichen, aus zahlreichen Arbeiten entnommenen Materials geklärt.In schlechten Lösungsmitteln verhalten sich Polystyrole genau so wie andere Vinylpolymere (etwa zahlenmäßig übereinstimmend mit den Polyisobutylenen). Es gilt dann für sie die Gleichung von W. Kuhn.Zur Deutung der verschiedenen Km -Wurde bisher eine Verzweigung der Kettenmoleküle angenommen. Anknüpfend an Überlegungen von W. Kern und M. L. Huggins wird eine andere Deutung vorgeschlagen, die darauf beruht, daß jedes Monomere in einer 1- oder einer d-Form addiert werden kann. Bei tiefer Temperatur entstehen Kettenmoleküle mit alternierenden 1- und d-Bindungen, welche in guten Lösungsmitteln ziemlich steif und daher nur schwach geknäult sind. Bei höheren Temperaturen entstehen d-d- (bzw. 1-1-)Gruppierungen, die zu scharfen und starren Winkelungen der Kettenmoleküle Anlaß geben und dadurch die Km -Konstante herabsetzen. - Bei peroxydischer Polymerisation treten außerdem Verzweigungen auf.
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 210-216 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Verbindungen zwischen Glucose und Eiweißstoffen lassen sich durch Kondensation der letzteren mit Tetracetyl-1-cyanato-d-glucose oder bequemer mit d-Glucose-1-cyanamid gewinnen. Der Umsatz mit d-Glucose-1-cyan-amid ist proportional dem Lysingehalt des Proteins und führt sehr wahrscheinlich zu d-Glucose-guanido-proteinen.
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  • 86
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    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 200-209 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Oxy-cellulose wird nach der Azid-methode an Eiweißstoffe gebunden. In ihrer Kettenlänge nicht abgebaute Cellulose wird über ihre Glykolsäure-äther nach der Azid-methode mit Proteinen kondensiert. Es werden zwei Typen von Stoffen erhalten. Bei den kohlenhydratarmen ist jedes Cellulosemolekül von mehreren Proteinmolekülen umgeben. Bei den kohlenhydratreichen treffen mehrere Cellulosemoleküle auf jedes Proteinmolekül.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 3 (1949), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Durch Verestern von Gummi arabicum und Kuppeln nach der Azid-methode an Proteine wurden Arabicyl-proteine erhalten. Diese sind bei pH 7,5 - 8 gut löslich in Wasser, enthalten erhebliche Mengen an Polysaccharid und können bei pH 6 - 6,5 ausgefällt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Les bâtonnets d'une solution colloidale de vanadium pentoxyde ont été appliqués sur un porte-objet en verre. L'examen au microscope électronique de la surface, d'aprés la méthode d'emprinte polystyrol-silice, montre les bâtonnets séparés, dont la forme et la grandeur sont quelque peu défigurées.
    Abstract: A thick layer of a sol of vanadium pentoxide with thread-like particles has been put on a glass slide. The electron-microscopic examination by means of the polystyrenesilica-replica-method shows the single threads in the surface of the dried layer. Only this method reproduces form and size of the threads somewhat distorted.
    Notes: Vanadinpentoxydstäbchen wurden aus einem Sol in dicker Schicht auf Glas aufgetragen. Die Oberfläche des Belages wurde nach dem Polystyrol-Quarzabdruckverfahren elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Stäbehen sind einzeln sichtbar. Das Abdruckverfahren gibt aber die Stäbchengröße und -gestalt etwas verzerrt wieder.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 359-376 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization reaction which occurs when butene vapor is mixed with boron trifluoride gas has been studied under various conditions. It has been found that this polymerization occurs only if a third component, or cocatalyst, is present. The function of the cocatalyst has been investigated, and the mechanism of the polymerization reaction is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 538-538 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 543-544 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 545-554 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Legumin of green peas and horse beans was dissolved in solutions of several salts and the viscosity and reducing capability of these solutions was determined. The amounts of iodine required for titration (reducing capability) are dependent on the pH of the solution and on the temperature; between pH 5.0 to 5.8 and +5° to +25° the titration values are almost constant. By comparing several neutral salts it was found that in the cases of sodium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, calcium chloride and magnesium nitrate the reducing capability and intrinsic viscosity of legumin both are low; however, in the case of potassium thiocyanate both values are high. No denaturation takes place in solutions containing 2-30% ethyl- or propylic alcohol and calcium chloride or like salts. Sodium salicylate causes denaturation; the intrinsic viscosity and reducing capability of legumin in these solutions is high. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate has a strong peptizing action on legumin and denaturates it. After a mild deamination of legumin with nitrous acid only slight differences in viscosity and reducing capability could be observed. The solutions containing much propylic alcohol and salt grew in time more and more viscous, if the concentration of legumin was high, but remained of the same viscosity when the concentration of legumin was low. It was concluded that in these cases the high viscosity of legumin is due not to unfolding of the compact coils of native legumin, but to the interaction of the particles with the molecules of the solvent and to subsequent structuration. Loosening and transformation in more elongated particles may be assumed in the cases with thiocyanate, salicylate, and the detergent.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
    Additional Material: 14 Tab.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 639-664 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene, weighing about 25 to 50 mg., were pyrolyzed in a vacuum of about 10-6mm. of mercury in a specially designed apparatus at temperatures ranging between 300 to 475°C. The volatile products of pyrolysis were separated into four fractions: (IV) gaseous, volatile at -196°; (IIIA) liquid, at -75°, (IIIB) liquid, at 25°; and (II) waxlike fraction, volatile at the temperature of pyrolysis. The gaseous fraction was analyzed in the mass spectrometer and was found to consist in all cases of CH4. The liquid fraction, IIIA, was analyzed similarly and was found to give a mass spectrum characteristic for any given polymer. A molecular weight determination of the waxlike fraction by the micro freezing point-lowering method, showed it to vary from 543 to 739, depending on the polymer from which the fraction was obtained. It is shown that the method of pyrolytic fractionation of high molecular weight polymers, in conjunction with mass spectrometer analysis of the more volatile fractions, can serve as a means of identifying the polymers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) is a poor promoter, but an effective modifier, in the GR-S recipe, as was concluded from unreported intrinsic viscosity measurements. High molecular mercaptans are good promoters but very poor modifiers. In recipes containing mercaptans as promoters, dixie acts like a retarder until a conversion of 30% is attained. After this conversion the rate becomes normal. It is found that at a conversion of 30% most of the dixie has been dissipated. Bis-isopropyl xanthogen can be determined polarographically. A procedure is given for the polarographic determination of dixie and the determination by amperometric titration of mercaptan when both dixie and mercaptan are present in a GR-S latex. Disappearance curves of dixie and of mercaptans are given when both modifiers are present in the original charge.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photochemical reactions of trimeric and tetrameric phosphonitrilic chlorides with some hydrocarbons are described. Soluble and insoluble photoreaction products are formed. From the soluble fraction, distillable phenyl- and decahydronaphthyl-phosphonitrilic chlorides were separated; the indistillable and deposit fractions were also found to contain high percentages of carbon and hydrogen. This shows that successive substitution of the chlorine atoms by radicals, R, of the solvents, R—H, had taken place.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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