Bibliothek

Ihre E-Mail wurde erfolgreich gesendet. Bitte prüfen Sie Ihren Maileingang.

Leider ist ein Fehler beim E-Mail-Versand aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es erneut.

Vorgang fortführen?

Exportieren
Filter
  • 1985-1989  (39)
  • 1975-1979  (23)
  • 1965-1969  (11)
  • 1960-1964  (6)
  • 1920-1924
  • Catalysis
  • Free radicals
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 9 (1989), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Schlagwort(e): Rheumatoid factor ; IgG ; Free radicals ; Gamma globulin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Alteration of IgG by oxygen-derived free radicals has been implicated in an in vivo process which renders IgG autoantigenic and leads to the production of rheumatoid factor (RF) and the perpetuation of inflammation, as in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study the impact of UV irradiation on IgG was investigated as well as the ability of RF to bind to UV-altered gamma globulin. Inhibition studies of the binding of 125I aggregated human gamma globulin (AHG) to RF-coated sepharose beads show that UV-irradiated IgG is able to bind RF to the same extent as AHG. Binding studies to 125I-C1q proved that UV-irradiated IgG could bind the first complement component, but also that the complement system could be activated as illustrated by the C3a generation. These results support the hypothesis that free radical damage to gamma globulins plays a role in the chronicity of the inflammatory reaction in RA.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome ; Calcium ; Free radicals ; Keratinocyte cell cultures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Cell cultures of keratinocytes, established from four Hermansky-Pudlak, syndrome (HPS) homozygotes yielded low membrane-associated thioredoxin reductase activities compared with normal healthy adult controls. This low activity has been shown to be caused by a special sensitivity of the enzyme to calcium. 45Calcium has been used to compare the kinetics for the transport and bioaccumulation of this regulatory cation in keratinocyte cultures of a kindred with HPS (i.e., one HPS homozygote, one HPS obligate heterozygote, one normal family member, and healthy adult controls). The results show that both HPS-homozygous and-heterozygous cells bind more extracellular calcium than noncarriers of this genetic defect, and HPS homozygous cells appear to have a defective calcium transport system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 281 (1989), S. 362-365 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Dithranol ; Platelet activating factor ; Prostaglandins ; Histamine ; Free radicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of different pharmacological substances on dithranol-induced irritative dermatitis were studied in mice. Pretreatment of the animals with a specific platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, BN 52021, significantly reduced the ear swelling in a dose-dependent manner. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the antihistamine clemastine, and the antioxidant superoxide dismutase also proved to be effective in the reduction of the dermatitis. The results provide evidence of the coinvolvement of PAF, prostaglandins, histamine, and reactive oxygen radicals in dithranol-induced irritative dermatitis in mice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Schlagwort(e): Cataract ; Free radicals ; Multiple organ failure ; Oxygen ; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy ; Respiratory distress syndrome, adult ; Stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The early involvement of free radicals in the evolution of life may explain their ubiquitous presence and vital physiological role. Imbalance between protection against free radicals and their generation, explains the likely association of various diseases with toxic oxygen species. An elaborate defence system against oxygen-free radicals exists. The effects of oxidative stress are manifold. Direct demonstration of oxygen radicals in intact biological systems is difficult. Frequently, effect-related measurements are used in this respect. The clinical conditions adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure, reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sugar cataract are discussed and the role of oxygen radicals in the aetiology of these diseases are described.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of plastic surgery 12 (1989), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 1435-0130
    Schlagwort(e): Orgotein ; Superoxide dismutase ; Free radicals ; Ischemia-reperfusion ; Inflammation ; Burns ; Catalase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Free radicals are incriminated as being responsible for cellular lesions during irradiation, inflammatory phenomena, and the syndrome of ischemia followed by reperfusion. These 3 processes are of interest to plastic surgeons. It would be useful to protect the tissue from the free radicals during irradiation for breast cancer with a view to secondary reconstruction in tissue of unproved quality. Limiting the inflammatory phenomena in burned patients would also be helpful. The ischemic reperfusion syndrome occurs in flap surgery, in microsurgery and during all surgical procedures which involve clamping pedicles. Finally shock, which causes an ischemic reperfusion syndrome over the entire organism, also favors the formation of free radicals and it is interesting to consider the possibility of combating the free radicals in the shock accompanying extensive burns. Among the enzymes destined to fight these radicals, superoxide dismutase was the first to be discovered and is the best known, since it has been the subject of numerous animal experiments and many applications in humans. Currently it seems more efficient than other substances in combating ischemic type lesions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 122 (1989), S. 533-535 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Triphenylmethyl radicals ; ESR measurements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sterically Hindered Free Radicals, XIX. - Stable 4,4′,4″-Trisubstituted Triphenylmethyl RadicalsThe title radicals (4-R—C6H4)3C. (1), R = F, Cl, Ph, OMe, NO2, tBu, OEt, SMe, CN, CF3, have been prepared, the latter four for the first time, and the ESR spectra have been recorded. aoH, amH, and apR are listed. The intensities of the ESR signals remain constant within the accessible range of -30 to + 100°C. Within this range these radicals are kinetically stable and do not dimerize like other trityls by, e.g., α,p-, α,o-, α,α -recombinations.
    Notizen: Die Titelradikale (4-R—C6H4)3C· (1), R = F, Cl, Ph, OMe, NO2, tBu, OEt, SMe, CN, CF3, wurden dargestellt, davon die vier letzten erstmalig, und mittels ESR-Spektroskopie vermessen. aoH, amH und apR werden angegeben. Die ESR-Signale bleiben im gesamten zugänglichen Temperaturbereich - 30 bis + 100°C in ihrer Intensität unverändert. Daraus folgt, daß alle diese Radikale im genannten Temperaturbereich kinetisch stabil sind, also nicht wie andere Trityle zu Dimerisierungen, etwa α,p-, α,o-, α,α-, neigen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 7
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Metallo-ene reaction ; Ene reaction ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Metallo-ene reactions, hardly recognized until very recently, have experienced a breathtaking development when applied in an intramolecular sense. Efficient regio- and stereoselective magnesium-ene cyclizations have served as a cornerstone for numerous syntheses of structurally diverse natural products (e.g., sesquiterpenes of marine or plant origin, alkaloids, fragrances, insect defense compounds, and a fungitoxin). A brilliant example is the synthesis of the elusive odorant (+)-khusimone which outshines 20 years of work in the field of tricyclovetivane synthesis. Palladium-, platinum-, and nickel-catalyzed versions of the metallo-ene reaction are in a comparatively early stage of exploration, but, nevertheless, reveal intriguing potential. Hence an almost 100% stereospecific C—O→C—;Pd-→ C—C chirality transfer permits simple and selective, cis- or trans-annelation processes. The mild cyclization conditions are compatible with various functional groups, such as nitrogen moieties, which offer interesting perspectives for the preparation of heterocycles (e.g., alkaloids) difficult to obtain by other methods. Carbon monoxide insertion reactions of the cyclized σ-metal intermediates were shown to afford annelated cyclopentanones and cyclopentenones with concomitant stereocontrolled formation of four carbon-carbon bonds. These and other observations, highlighted in this article, provide a platform for further extensions and applications of this powerful method in organic synthesis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 135-145 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Reaction mechanisms ; Heterogeneous catalysis ; C-H activation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Heterogeneous catalysis is changing from an empirical art to an exact science. The various methods for the analysis of solids and surfaces, constantly refined by materials science and surface science, seem to be almost unlimited. The increasing availability of atomic resolution microscopy as well as synchrotron radiation allows the characterization of catalyst particles, surface structures, surface processes and surface intermediates. We have learned to determine the surface structure sensitivity of catalytic reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic data of catalytic reactions are now determined routinely. Isotopic exchange and labeling experiments provide information about reactant-catalyst interactions. How much have we learned through these techniques about the nature or mechanism of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions? The following article attempts to summarize the progress and the problems encountered in mechanistic studies of C—H bond formation and activation in a hydrogen atmosphere as an example for the present state of the understanding of reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 708-715 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Solid ion conductors ; Ion conductors ; Heterogeneous catalysis ; Conducting materials ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The electrochemical measurement of oxygen activity using ion-conducting solid electrolytes (λ-sensors) has become widely known, at least since the application of three-way catalysts in the postcombustion of exhaust gases from spark-ignition engines. However, the use of solid ion conductors is not limited to control devices. There are various other potential applications and numerous problems which can be studied: the formation of oxides in the course of catalytic reactions on metal surfaces, the improvement of selectivity and yield of catalytic reactions, such as the epoxidation of ethylene on silver catalysts and, finally, the cogeneration of electrical energy during oxidation reactions, such as the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 1173-1192 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclization ; Allylic alkylation ; Alkylation ; Synthetic methods ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The history of ring systems in organic chemistry parallels their synthetic accessibility. Transition-metal-catalyzed cyclizations offer a new opportunity to create carbo- and heterocyclic compounds with great facility. Among these methods, allylic alkylations catalyzed by palladium have proven unusually productive because of the extraordinary chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity and the continuing possibility for the development of enantioselectivity. The rules for ring closure differ from those for non-transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. A major benefit is the ability to generate medium (eight-, nine-, ten-, and eleven-membered) and large rings in preference to normal (five-, six- and seven-membered) rings. With the appropriate substrate, efficient macrocyclizations are possible under conditions of normal concentrations. A second major benefit derives from the complementary stereochemistry of the metalcatalyzed substitution (net retention of configuration) compared to non-metal-catalyzed reactions (inversion of configuration). Further, the requirement for the substrate to conform to the transition-metal template may impose a stereochemical preference in the intermediate that ultimately translates into the thermodynamically less stable organic product regardless of the stereochemistry of the starting material. While more work has focused on carbocyclic synthesis, the possibilities for heterocyclic synthesis are just beginning to be tapped. In addition to forming heterocycles by C—C bond formation, use of a heteroatom as a nucleophile has already proven effective for oxygen and nitrogen, with other nucleophiles awaiting investigation. New dimensions for cyclization via allylic alkylation arise by generating the requisite π-allylpalladium intermediates by methods other than palladium(0)-initiated allylic ionizations. In addition, metals other than palladium will clearly expand the possibilities, but as yet remain untapped.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 28 (1989), S. 969-980 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Stereoselectivity ; Reaction mechanisms ; Synthetic methods ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The regio- and chemoselectivities of free radical reactions are often high and largely predictable; systematic studies have now shown that the stereoselectivity of free radical reactions can also be directed. Examples involving five- and six-membered cyclic radicals will be used to show how steric and stereoelectronic effects influence the diastereoselectivity of reactions of cyclic radicals with olefins. The temperature, the solvent, and the nature of the radical scavenger used also play a role, so that, if the correct reaction conditions are used, the stereoselectivity of reactions for cyclic reactants can be very high. Lower stereoselectivities are often observed for reactions between acyclic radicals and acyclic alkenes. However, preliminary experiments have indicated that under certain conditions such systems can also react in a stereoselective manner.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 119 (1988), S. 583-589 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Alkynes ; Catalysis ; Dinitrogen complex ; Nitriles ; Pyrimidine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Der Komplex [CoH(N2)(PPh 3)3] katalysiert Oligomerisations- und Cyclisierungsreaktionen von Alkinen unter milden Bedingungen. Die Cyclotrimerisierung von Propinsäureethylester ergibt die drei möglichen Isomeren von Tricarbethoxybenzol; Phenylacetylen reagiert hauptsächlich zu linearen Dimeren (vor allemtrans-PhC≡CCH=CHPh) und Trimeren; lineare Dimere herrschen auch bei 3-Hexin vor, während 1-Octin (mit langer Alkylkette) vorwiegend zu 2-Octin isomerisiert wird. In allen Fällen werden ebenfalls höhere Oligomere gebildet. Außer bei Propinsäureethylester entstehen ebenfalls in geringer Menge hydrierte Dimere (z. B.trans,trans-PhCH=CHCH=CHPh aus Phenylacetylen). Eine neue Art von Cocyclisierungsreaktion mit einem Nitril (NCMe) scheint bei der Bildung (in geringer Ausbeute) von 4,6-Dimethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidin aus Phenylacetylen vorzuliegen. Alkinole reagieren unter den Versuchsbedingungen nicht.
    Notizen: Abstract The complex [CoH(N2)(PPh 3)3] catalyses oligomerization and cyclization reactions of alkynes under mild conditions. Hence, alkyne cocyclotrimerization to benzene derivatives was mainly observed for ethyl propiolate, affording the three possible isomers of tricarbethoxybenzene; phenylacetylene undergoes mainly linear dimerization totrans-PhC≡CCH=CHPh and trimerization; linear dimers are also the predominant products from 3-hexyne, but 1-octyne (with a long chain) undergoes mainly isomerization to 2-octyne; higher oligomers are also usually formed. Except for ethyl propiolate, hydrogenated dimers are detected in low yields (e.g.trans,trans-PhCH=CHCH=CHPh from phenylacetylene), whereas 3-hexene is formed in considerable yield from 3-hexyne. A novel type of cocyclization reaction with a nitrile (NCMe) appears to occur with phenylacetylene to give (although in low yield) 4,6-dimethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine. Alkynols are unreactive under the chosen conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 280 (1988), S. 137-139 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Vitiligo ; Calcium ; Free radicals ; Keratinocyte cultures
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 45Ca2+ has been used to measure the kinetics for the uptake, efflux, and “steady state” of this regulatory cation in keratinocytes grown from the involved and uninvolved skin of one donor (JM) with vitiligo. Cells grown from uninvolved skin yielded a very rapid uptake and efflux of this isotope before reaching “steady state”. A similar profile has been found for keratinocytes from normal healthy adult controls. However, cells established from vitiliginous skin showed a slow uptake of 45Ca2+ before reaching the same “steady state” as the controls. 45Ca2+ efflux has not been observed in vitiliginous keratinocytes. Furthermore, vitiliginous keratinocytes yielded a higher concentration of extracellular bound 45Ca2+ compared with keratinocytes from uninvolved skin. Since Ca2+ has been found to be an allosteric inhibitor of membrane-associated thioredoxin reductase, this defect in Ca2+ transport may explain the proposed breakdown in free radical defense in vitiligo. These findings may also shed some more light on the etiology of this disorder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 14
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Schlagwort(e): Radiolabeled free fatty acids ; Free radicals ; Myocardial metabolism ; Allopurinol ; Superoxide dismutase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In a canine model of reversible global ischemia, the residual quantity of 123I was assessed following a bolus injection of 15-p-(123I)-iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid (123I-IPPA). This technique was used to assess changes in free fatty acid metabolism following the utilization of three cardioplegic formulations. Cardioplegic arrest was initiated with Tyers' iso-osmolar (IO) solution (Group A); IO+superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Group B) and IO+allopurinol (Group C). Pre and post operative scanning were completed with 2–5 mCi 123I-IPPA. Clearance was assessed by IPPA time activity curve analysis generating t 1/2 (half lives in min) for the early and late phases of the curve. The assessment between groups demonstrated that the elimination of 123I-IPPA products (early phase) was faster from the lateral wall in groups B and C versus group A (14±12 min, 13±9 min and 24±10 min, respectively). The elimination of IPPA (late phase) was also faster from the lateral wall in groups B and C when compared to group A (240±270 min, 132±85 min and 416±238 min). Examining the changes between control and postoperative values for each area of the left ventricle within each group demonstrated no significant, changes for groups B and C. Group A, however, demonstrated significantly increased t 1/2 values for the lateral wall (early and late phases) and the apical wall (late phase). From this study it can be concluded that following 2 h of reversible global ischemia and reperfusion, the assessment of turnover of 123I-IPPA can be used to differentiate the effectiveness of various cardioplegic formulations. It appears that cardioplegic solutions supplemented with allopurinol and SOD (groups B and C) may be better able to protect myocardial fatty acid metabolism compared to Tyers' iso-osmolar solution (group A).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 2 (1988), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; dehydrogenation ; hydrosilane ; disilane ; platinum complex ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Dimethylphenylsilane was catalytically dehydrogenated and condensed in the presence of platinum complexes to give 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-diphenyl-disilane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 643-660 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Electrocatalysis ; Chain catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Parallel to organic electrocatalysis, the field of organotransition metal electrocatalysis has developed explosively since 1980. The theoretical and experimental foundations established by Feldberg in 1971 (ECE mechanism) have been applied, using fast electrochemical techniques, to various organometallic reactions such as isomerization, ligand exchange, chelation, decomplexation, and CO insertion and extrusion. Most of the work performed to date concerns ligand exchange reactions of N-donors and P-donors in mononuclear compounds, initiated by oxidants (or anodes) and of carbonyls and P-donors in clusters, initiated by reducing agents (or cathodes). The preparative aspects of electrocatalysis have already been impressively developed in cluster chemistry and indicate that the technique is extremely useful. This review first delineates the principles and characteristics of electrocatalysis applied in organotransition metal chemistry, and then, after outlining the choice of efficient initiating reagents, goes on to describe the systems up to August 1986.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 661-678 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon dioxide ; C1 synthetic unit ; Transition metals ; C-C coupling ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The carbon dioxide molecule has been of limited importance as a synthetic unit in organic chemistry. When it is coordinated to transition metals, however, completely new possibilities arise; CO2 can bond to metal complexes in a variety of ways and can enter into insertion and coupling reactions, or become catalytically attached to other substrates. The formation of C—C bonds between carbon dioxide and unsaturated hydrocarbons under conditions of homogeneous catalysis makes available new synthetic routes to industrially interesting organic compounds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 1127-1144 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organometallic compounds ; Surface chemistry ; Carbonyl ligands ; Metal oxides ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Metal carbonyls react on metal oxide surfaces to give a wide range of structures analogous to those of known compounds. The reactions leading to formation of surface-bound metal carbonyls are explained by known molecular organometallic chemistry and the functional group chemistry of the surfaces. The reaction classes include formation of acid-base adducts as the oxygen of a carbonyl group donates an electron pair to a Lewis acidic center; nucleophilic attack at CO ligands by basic surface hydroxyl groups or O2⊖ ions; ion-pair formation by deprotonation of hydrido carbonyls to give carbonylate ions; interaction of bifunctional complexes with surface acid-base pair sites such as [Mg2⊕O2⊖]; and oxidative addition of surface hydroxyl groups to metal clusters. The reactions of surface-bound organometallic species include redox condensation and cluster formation on basic surfaces (paralleling the reactions in basic solution) as well as oxidation of mononuclear metal complexes and oxidative fragmentation of metal clusters by reaction with surface hydroxyl groups. Most supported metal carbonyls are unstable at high temperatures, but some, including osmium carbonyl cluster anions on the basic MgO surface, are strongly stabilized in the presence of CO and are precursors of catalysts for CO hydrogenation at 550 K.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 19
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Rhenium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Homogeneous catalysis as the major industrial outlet of organometallic basic research has been enjoying great benefit from organotransition metal species that promote bond forming between hydrocarbon fragments. Most of the commercially important processes that serve to produce large-volume organic feedstock chemicals such as linear α-olefins (Shell Higher Olefins Process), linear aldehydes (hydroformylation), acetaldehyde (Wacker-Hoechst), acetic acid (Monsanto), adiponitrile (DuPont hydrocyanation of butadiene) operate at low-valent metal centers. It is thus hardly surprising that by far the most part of organometallic research during the past few decades has been directed towards an understanding and the improvement of these catalytic reactions as well as towards the related stoichiometric chemistry. As a matter of consequence, our present knowledge on high-valent organotransition metal compound is comparatively shallow, nor do we know much about the chemical relationship and interconvertability of high and low oxidation states within a given class of compounds. In this article I want to point out some ostensibly challenging perspectives of future organometallic research by describing a novel class of high oxidation state organorhenium compounds as well as by speculating on possible generalizations for other transition metals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 20
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Heterogeneous catalysis ; Solid-state reactions ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Heterogeneous catalysts are generally assumed to be multiphasic and multicomponent; many of them are, and this is one of the resons why disentangling the factors that govern their mode of action is so difficult. But there is a large class of heterogeneous catalysts where the solid is monophasic and where the activity may be envisaged as being dispersed in a spatially uniform fashion throughout its bulk. This is true both of zeolites and many other microporous catalysts on the one hand, and of certain mixed metal oxides, where the non-stoiohiometry is inextricably mingled with the catalysis, on the other. By recognizing this broad classification numerous operational advantages follow: the performance of existing catalysts and the design of those yet to be prepared can be placed on a rational footing; moreover, the myriad techniques of solid-state chemistry and physics, often regarded as inapplicable to the subtle and special problems of surface chemistry, are seen to be of direct relevance as probes for the structure and properties of proven uniform heterogeneous catalysts as well as for the synthesis and development of new ones. This review, which draws analogies with and lessons from the chemistry of enzyme catalysts, focuses largely on the catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons over zeolites, clays, microporous AlPO4 and a wide range of metal oxides.
    Zusätzliches Material: 32 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 27 (1988), S. 226-246 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Zeolites ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Zeolites have proved to be valuable technical catalysts in petrochemistry and in oil processing. The characteristic properties of zeolites, such as acidity, shape-selectivity and thermal stability also enable them to be used for highly selective synthesis in the fields of chemical intermediates and fine chemicals. This interesting area of application has grown continuously in recent years. The present article summarizes the various standard types of reaction involved in organic syntheses which can be catalyzed by zeolites; these include, inter alia, electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions, isomerization of double bonds and carbon skeletons, as well as addition, elimination and hydrogenation reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 22
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organonickel compounds ; Polymerization ; Hydrogenation ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: One hundred years of organonickel chemistry have generated a wealth of new knowledge and a history of examples of accidental discoveries which have finally led to industrial applications. The historical development is associated with the names of Mond, Sabatier, Reppe and Ziegler and, with the methods and techniques available today, many of the original discoveries and unsolved problems are attracting renewed attention. For example, 70 years were to go by before a synthesis first conceived by Sabatier could finally be realized. The path leading from nickel-catalyzed hydrogenation to highly enantioselective homogeneous catalysts is one of the contributions to organonickel chemistry which is described here.
    Zusätzliches Material: 19 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 120-125 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Fungal melanins ; Humic acid ; Infrared analysis ; Free radicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Humic acid-type polymers (melanins) synthesized in culture media by the fungi Aspergillus glaucus, Eurotium echinulatum, Hendersonula toruloidea, Stachybotrys atra and Aspergillus sydowi were analysed for elemental composition, functional group content, infrared (IR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) properties. Results were discussed in comparison with range values referred for soil humic acids. The fungal polymers showed significant differences in carboxyl and nitrogen content and C/H atomic ratios, reflecting a different degree of condensation (aromaticity) among the various samples. IR analysis gave evidence of: (a) the predominant aromatic character of melanins from A. glaucus, E. echinulatum and H. toruloidea; (b) the high content of aliphatic and olefinic components of S. atra melanin; (c) the typical presence of amide bonds in the nitrogen-richest melanins from A. sydowi and H. toruloidea; and (d) the generally low amount of free carboxyl groups, which often appeared involved in hydrogen bonds. ESR spectra showed that all the melanins studied contained appreciable concentrations of organic free radicals of prevailing semiquinonic nature and of the same order of magnitude commonly measured in humic acids from soil and other sources. The free electron concentration was shown to be directly related to the C/H atomic ratio and to the degree of aromaticity shown by IR analysis. This indicated that the highest free radical content in the melanins from E. echinulatum and A. glaucus was associated with the highest presence of condensed aromatic structures. Humic acid-type polymers synthesized by soil fungi may, therefore, contribute to the total free radical content of soil humic substances and play important roles in all reactions involving free radicals in soils and related environments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Schlagwort(e): Fatigue ; Free radicals ; Lipid peroxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The possibility that plasma levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) are altered by exercise has been examined. The presence of MDA has been recognized to reflect peroxidation of lipids resulting from reactions with free radicals. Maximal exercise, eliciting 100% of maximal oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2 max}}} } $$ ) resulted in a 26% increase in plasma MDA (P〈0.005). Short periods of intermittent exercise, the intensity of which was varied, indicated a correlation between lactate and MDA (r 2=0.51) (p〈0.001). Blood lactate concentrations increased throughout this exercise regimen. A significant decrease (10.3%) in plasma MDA occurred at 40% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2 max}}} } $$ . At 70% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2 max}}} } $$ plasma MDA was still below resting values, however the trend to an increase in MDA with exercise intensity was evident. At exhaustion, plasma MDA and lactate were significantly greater than at rest. These results suggest, that exhaustive maximal exercise induces free radical generation while short periods of submaximal exercise (i.e. 〈70% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{ 2 max}}} } $$ ) may inhibit it and lipid peroxidation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 25
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrosilylation ; Acetylene ; Trichlorosilane ; Silica ; Rhodium ; Ruthenium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Gas-phase hydrosilylation of acetylene by tri-chlorosilane catalyzed in a continuous flow apparatus by rhodium and ruthenium phosphine complexes immobilized on the silica via mercapto, phosphine, amine and nitrile ligands has been studied. GLC analysis of the reaction products showed vinyltrichlorosilane to be accompanied by products of double hydrosilylation of acetylene and the redistribution of trichlorosilane followed by the hydrosilylation and hydrogenative hydrosilylation of acetylene with dichlorosilane. A scheme for this complex competitive-consecutive reaction was proposed. The yield and selectivity of vinyltrichlorosilane can be much improved under special reaction conditions, e.g. rate flow of the particular substrates, temperature, given catalyst and others. Kinetic measurements carried out in the range of 115-140°C allowed us to evaluate the activation energy, Ea, for the vinyltrichlorosilane synthesis, which varied between 20.5 and 27.6 kJ mol-1 for the selected rhodium and ruthenium supported complexes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 190-203 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Homogeneous hydrogenation ; Hydrogenation ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; Stereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Stereochemical control is a major concern in the application of homogeneous catalysis to organic chemistry. In this context, the directed hydrogenation of olefins employing cationic rhodium or iridium catalysts has considerable potential, for very high selectivity can be attained under mild reaction conditions. The only requirement is a polar functional group in proximity to the double-bond which remains bound to the metal during the catalytic cycle and thereby controls the Stereochemical course of hydrogen delivery through the constraints of chelation. The substituent is most frequently a hydroxy group OH but can also be an ester, amide or carbamate group; other groups remain to be scrutinized. In cyclic compounds, directed hydrogenation can lead to face-selectivity, and the polar substituent may be in the β-, γ-, or δ-position to the double-bond. Acyclic stereoselection ensues with β- or γ-substituents in appropriate compounds, and the configuration of reduced product is predictable on the basis of simple rules. The application of optically active rhodium complexes leads to useful kinetic resolution procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): EPR spectroscopy ; Automotive microparticle sources ; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ; Environmental chemistry ; Catalysis ; Photoelectron spectroscopy ; Microparticles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In the last fifteen years the necessity for efficient environmental protection has become generally accepted. However, before practical measures can be taken, a comprehensive assessment of the present environmental situation should be made, taking into consideration the risks involved in as well as the positive effects of any planned environmental changes - whether natural or man made. This clearly calls for close cooperation between the various scientific disciplines. For example, the treatment of exhaust fumes from motor vehicles has been of primary importance in measures taken to restrict the recent damage caused to woodland areas. The introduction of 3-Way-Catalyst technology has been regarded as a viable countermeasure. The following report is intended to describe a method for examining some side effects of catalyst usage. Accordingly, the chemical composition of microparticles emitted from combustion motors through the use of catalysts will be examined and some possible changes in the environment caused by such particles will be briefly considered. As in the area of research into catalysts for industrial synthesis a knowledge of the surface structure of such particles, i.e. the boundary layer between emission product and environment, is necessary in the investigation into their effects. Consequently, a surface sensitive technique from solid state physics, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) has found novel use in the area of environmental analysis. In the following report emphasis will be placed on the description of measurement techniques and the interpretation of the results obtained. After a critical consideration of the experimental methods, examples from two different series of measurements on diesel and Otto motors equipped with soot filters or 3-way-catalysts respectively, will be given. Hopefully, this report will also stimulate establishment of the use of EPS in environmental research techniques.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 26 (1987), S. 170-189 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Zwitterions ; Diradicals ; Quantum chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A knowledge of the geometries at which excited molecules return to the electronic ground state (S0) is essential for the understanding of the structures of photoproducts. Particularly good candidates are geometries corresponding to local minima on the S1 (lowest excited singlet) and T1(lowest triplet) surfaces, as well as S0-S1 conical intersections (funnels). Given sufficient effort, such geometries can nowadays be found numerically for small enough molecules. Still, it is interesting to ask whether more approximate, but also more general, statements can be made concerning the geometries at which the S0 and S1 surfaces closely approach each other. Since many of these are biradicaloid geometries, it is logical to examine the properties of biradicals and related species at some length. After reviewing the two-electron two-orbital model for molecules at biradicaloid geometries, we formulate the conditions under which the S0 and S1 surfaces touch. The results obtained for the simple model are supported by ab initio large-scale configuration interaction (CI) calculations for the twisting of ethylene in the polarizing field of a positive charge and for the twisting of charged double bonds and π-donor-to-π-acceptor single bonds, and by similar calculations for “push-pull” perturbed cyclobutadienes, some of which are predicted to have nearly degenerate S0, S1, and T1 states. The likely consequences of these results for the detailed description of the mechanisms of cis-trans isomerization, the formation of twisted internal charge-transfer (TICT) states, proton translocation, and possibly of the initial step in vision, as well as for the understanding of the regiospecificity of singlet photocycloaddition, are summarized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 1 (1987), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Brooke rearrangment ; Iridium ; Palladium ; Platinum ; Complexes ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The complexes [IrH(CO)(PPh3)3], trans-[IrCI(CO)- (PPh3)2], [RhH(PPh3)4], [Pd(PPh3)4], [Pt(trans-stilbene)(PPh3)2] and [Pt(η3-CH2-COCH2)-(PPh3)2] catalyse the rearrangement of Me3SiCH2C(O)CH2Cl to CH2=C(OSiMe3)-CH2Cl.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 117 (1986), S. 617-619 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Photochemistry ; Supported platinum complex
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Ultraviolettbetrahlung des siliziumverknüpften Komplexes Pt(C2O4)L 2 [L=(H3CO)3Si(CH2)2PEt 2] ergab eine [SiO2]-L 2Pt-Spezies, die die Hydrosilierung von Olefinen katalysiert oder unter Bildung eines Oberflächen-Dicarbonylkomplexes 2 CO addiert.
    Notizen: Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of the silica attached complex Pt(C2O4)L 2, [L=(H3CO)3Si(CH2)2PEt 2], yields a [SiO2]-L 2Pt species that catalyzes olefin hydrosilation or adds 2 CO to yield a surface dicarbonyl complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 31
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Dinitrogen complexes ; Ethyldiazoacetate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die Komplexetrans-[Mo(N2)2(dppe)2] (dppe=Ph 2PCH2CH2PPh 2) reagieren mit NN=CHCOOEt in benzolischer Lösung zuPh-N=N-CH3 als organischem Hauptprodukt. Andererseits wird bei der Bestrahlung vontrans-[W(N2)2(dppe)2] inTHF-Lösung in der Gegenwart von Ethyldiazoacetat das PhosphazenPh 2P(N2CHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(N2CHCOOEt)Ph 2 gebildet; in feuchter Lösung erleidet die Phosphazen-Bindung eine teilweise Hydrolyse und die Phosphonium-Spezies [Ph 2P(NHNCHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(NHNCHCOOEt)Ph 2]2+ scheint gebildet zu werden.
    Notizen: Abstract Complextrans-[Mo(N2)2(dppe)2] (dppe=Ph 2PCH2CH2PPh 2) reacts with NN=CHCOOEt in benzene solution to afford benzene-azomethane,Ph-N=N-CH3, as the main organic product. However, the phosphazene speciesPh 2P(N2CHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(N2CHCOOEt)Ph 2 is formed by irradiating aTHF solution oftrans-[W(N2)2(dppe)2] in the presence of ethyldiazoacetate; in moist solution, the phosphazene bonds undergo a partial hydrolysis, and the phosphonium species [Ph 2P(NHNCHCOOEt)(CH2CH2)P(NHNCHCOOEt)Ph 2]2+ appears to be formed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 8 (1986), S. 300-301 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Schlagwort(e): Anoxia ; Biotransformation ; Calcium paradox ; Doxorubicin ; Free radicals ; Ischemia ; Vitamin E
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 33
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Cholesterol homeostasis ; Receptors ; Catalysis ; Nobel lecture ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 25 (1986), S. 508-524 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Cross-coupling ; Organotin compounds ; Electrophilicity ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; C-C coupling ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The cross-coupling of organotin reagents with a variety of organic electrophiles, catalyzed by palladium, provides a novel method for generating a carbon-carbon bond. Because this mild, versatile reaction is tolerant of a wide variety of functional groups on either coupling partner, is stereospecific and regioselective, and gives high yields of product, it is ideal for use in the synthesis of elaborate organic molecules. When the coupling reaction is carried out in the presence of carbon monoxide, instead of a direct coupling, carbon monoxide insertion takes place, stitching the two coupling partners together and generating a ketone.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 25 (1986), S. 960-970 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Phase-transfer catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The development of Phase Transfer Catalysis (PTC) represents a major step forward in the employment of many organic reactions and renders them very convenient and useful processes. These reactions involve the application of nucleophiles in general, anions and bases in particular, in reactions carried out in a water-organic solvent system. They can be performed both in the laboratory and on an industrial scale. The ease of application of PTC processes is the main reason for their increasing utilization in industry. An outstanding achievement of this technique is the employment of aqueous bases in reactions which traditionally would otherwise require a strong base in a nonaqueous medium. The classical procedures that require severe anhydrous conditions, expensive solvents and dangerous bases such as metal hydrides and organometallic reagents are now replaced by aqueous solutions of, e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxides (PTC/OH processes). In contrast to the extensive synthetic applications of PTC/OH systems, the detailed mechanisms of these processes have been the subject of a great deal of controversy and various mechanisms have been suggested. However, it would seem that our knowledge concerning the mechanistic aspects of such reactions has now reached the stage where it can be used to advantage in synthesis planning. A better understanding of the various factors which influence the reaction would undoubtedly help to optimize PTC/OH processes such as to enable higher yields in shorter reaction times at lower temperatures. The importance of, inter alia, the catalyst will be pointed out and it is highly recommended that such catalysts be always available in the laboratory, for the range of organic reactions that they can efficiently, conveniently and safely catalyze is vast indeed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 24 (1985), S. 553-565 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Organomercury compounds ; Synthetic methods ; Organotin compounds ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: C—C bond formation is one of the most important synthetic steps in the construction of organic molecules. In the last few years it has been increasingly achieved by radical addition to alkenes. In such reactions the adduct radicals have to be trapped by an donor subsequent to the C—C bond formation in order to prevent polymerization. This task can be accomplished with organotin and organomercury hydrides, the use of which has led to new synthetic methods. The occurrence of radical chain reactions in which reactions take place between radicals and nonradicals is decisive for the success of the synthesis. In these cases small amounts of radical initiators suffice and numerous functional groups may be used in the C—C bond-forming reactions. The yields and selectivities of these radical reactions are often very high.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 37
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organocobalt compounds ; Pyridines ; Catalysis ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The cocyclization of alkynes with cyano compounds using organocobalt catalysts of the type [YCoL] has evolved into a versatile and technically useful method for synthesizing pyridine and its derivatives. An important advance came with the realization that the organo group Y remains attached to the cobalt throughout the catalytic cycle. This opened up the possibility of optimizing the catalyst by varying the controlling ligand Y.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 38
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organomagnesium compounds ; Magnesium hydrides ; Hydrides ; Hydrogen storage ; Catalysis ; Organolithium compounds ; Lithium hydrides ; Energy storage ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A recent development in homogeneous catalysis is the discovery of catalysts that are active for the lithiation of 1-alkenes to alkenyllithium compounds and lithium hydride as well as for the hydrogenation of lithium and magnesium under mild conditions. The catalytically prepared magnesium hydride is highly reactive and adds to 1-alkenes to give diorganomagnesium compounds and can also be used in the preparation of, for example, silane and “active” magnesium. The use of metal hydrides in hydrogen storage is discussed: hydrogenation/dehydrogenation experiments show that the catalytically prepared magnesium hydride (which can be doped with a second metal) can be used as a high-temperature hydrogen storage material.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 24 (1985), S. 283-295 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Allylpalladium compounds ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The use of transition-metal complexes as homogeneous catalysts for the production of organic chemicals is of considerable industrial significance. Although palladium complexes have not attained the same importance as, for example, those of rhodium or cobalt, palladium is nonetheless one of the most versatile metals for synthetic organic purposes. An understanding of the role played by the metal in these reactions is essential for their optimal utilization. This necessarily entails a detailed study of the chemistry of the palladium-carbon bond. In this article we concentrate on η3-allylpalladium complexes, which are frequently involved as intermediates in the Pd-catalyzed transformations of dienes. The study of their behavior gives a deeper insight into the individual steps of a catalytic cycle.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 29 (1979), S. 95-99 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): ESR ; Radiation ; Free radicals ; Enamel ; ENDOR
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary An asymmetric ESR signal and an outer doublet signal centered atg=2.00 produced in human tooth enamel by X-irradiation have been studied over a temperature range from liquid helium temperature to 380° K. The line shape of the asymmetric signal for an enamel crystallite is Lorentzian at room temperature. The temperature dependence of the integrated intensity of the asymmetric signal suggests that the signal follows a singlet-triplet model with the exchange interaction of 0.022 eV. Below about 60° K the asymmetric signal becomes broad as the temperature is decreased. The ENDOR line of the asymmetric signal shows that there exists interaction between the centers and protons. The temperature dependence of the integrated intensity of the double signal is analogous to that of the asymmetric signal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 41
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Donor-acceptor systems ; Substituent effects ; Free radicals ; Radicophiles ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 100 yers old Wurster's salts have long been recognized as compounds with redical cations. Their unusual stabilization derives partly form capto-dative (cd) substitution. This principle is now discussed as one factor of radical stabilization and it is applied to simple methine derivatives. cd-Substitution has synthetically useful applications: cd-substituents on a carbon atom allow its selective dehydrodimerization. Olefines with geminal and thus cross-conjugated cd-substituents are “radicophilic” and permit twofold carbon radical addition. cd-Substituted olefines are useful antioxidants, polymerization inhibitors and are promising agents in the control of biological radical reactions. Generally, many reactions of cd-substituted molecules appear to involve radicals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 18 (1979), S. 421-429 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Triphase catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Triphase catalysis (TC) has recently been introduced as a unique form of heterogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and each of a pair of reactants are located in separate phases. Based on this concept, new synthetic methods have been developed for aqueous phase-organic phase reactions using a solid phase catalyst. Although it is only at an early stage of development, TC shows considerable potential for practical use. Our mechanistic understanding of these highly complex catalytic systems is at present very limited and detailed examination will be required before their relationship to phase-transfer, micellar, and interfacial catalysis becomes clear.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 18 (1979), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): C-C coupling ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; Silanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reagent hydrosilane/carbon monoxide opens up new possibilities for organic synthesis. Four cases will be discussed: 1. The reaction of olefins with hydrosilane (trialkylsilane) and carbon monoxide in the presence of Co, Ru, and Rh complexes leads to enol silyl ethers having one more carbon atom that the olefins. 2. Cyclic ethers underto carbonylative ring opening to ω-siloxyaldehydes when reacted with hydrosilane and carbon monoxide in the presence of Co2(CO)8 as catalysts 3. Aldehydes are catalytically converted into the next higher α-siloxyaldehydes or 1,2-bis(siloxy)alkenes depending on the reaction conditions used. 4. The reaction of alkyl acetates proceeds in various ways depending on the nature of the alkyl group; enol silyl ethers or alkenes are optained.-Mechanisms of these Co2(CO)8 catalyzed reactions using hydrosilane and carbon monoxide are discussed in which HCo(CO)n or R3SiCo(CO)nL function as catalytically active agents. With these species there are four types of catalytic cycles.-The synthetic possibilities of these catalytic reactions have still not been fully explored.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 18 (1979), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Homolysis ; Free radicals ; Anchimeric effect ; Neighboring-group effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Radical reactions of the type R1—a—b—R2→•a—b—R1 + •R2 are feasible if the new bond formed between b and R1 is considerably stronger than the old bond between a and R1. Furthermore, both the radical fragments formed must be resonance stabilized. An example of this reaction type is the thermolysis of benzyl trimethylsilylmethyl ethers, in which the trimethylsilyl group (with empty orbitals) migrates to the oxygen atom (with lone pairs). Assumption of a cyclic reactive intermediate with pentacoordinated silicon explains the observed intramolecular nature and the negative entropy of activation of such homolyses.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Low temperature ashing ; Enamel ; Bone mineral ; Gas trapping ; Free radicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Low temperature ashing by excited gas (LTA) causes crystallographic and paramagnetic alterations of the human bone and tooth enamel mineral. On the one hand, LTA induces variations of thea lattice parameter. These variations depend upon the nature of the gas used, but are little affected by its degree of excitation. Trapping of gas molecules in the crystal structure is demonstrated. On the other hand, LTA produces two preponderant paramagnetic centers in bone and enamel samples at 20°C. Their inorganic origin is clearly indicated. One of the two radicals has been identified as O3 − (g1=2.002, g2=2.010, g3=2.016) and the other as CO 3 3− (g‖=1.996, g⊥=2.003). Variations of thea lattice parameter and trapping of paramagnetic gas species do not seem to be directly related.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Bone mineral ; Calciphylaxis ; Calcinosis ; ESR ; Free radicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The evolution of the mineral constituents of subcutaneous calcinosis induced in rats by topical calciphylaxis was studied by the method of quantitative chemical analysis, and after treatment with excited gases by electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis. Chemical data show that the genesis of the subcutaneous calcinosis does not significantly alter the concentration of Ca, P, F, CO3, Mg, and Fe in the mineral phase of the femoral bone of calciphylactic rats. In the calcinosis an important increase of the fluoride concentration is noticed in function of the time after challenging. There is also a high concentration of Mg2+ ions in the early stages of the experimental calcification. Iron injected for the challenging is continuously present in the calciphylactic tissue after this treatment. This suggests that subcutaneous calcinosis might be a means of fixing certain heavy metal ions. After treatment with excited gases, the proportions of the trapped CO3 3− and O3 − radicals are of the same order of magnitude in calciphylactic tissue after 12 days and observations in bone mineral. These suggest that after 12 days the mineral of the calciphylactic tissue has a crystalline state close to that of bone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 47
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Electron paramagnetic resonance ; Free radicals ; Matrix isolation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract With some special adaptations the technique of matrix isolation followed by detection through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can also be used for the measurement of atmospheric radical concentrations. A light weight cryogenic sampling device has been constructed. It uses condensation of atmospheric CO2 or H2O at 77 K for matrix formation and trapping of the radicals. The sampler has been flown on a balloon for stratospheric sampling. First data on stratospheric, HO2 and NO2 at 32 km altitude have been obtained on a flight on 8 August 1976 and will be reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): ESR ; Apatites ; Radiation ; Free radicals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Free radicals generated in synthetic apatitic calcium phosphates by X-ray radiation were investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Among the species stable enough at −188° C to be identified were hydrogen atoms, phosphate radicals, and oxygen anion radicals. The ESR spectra were markedly dependent on the specific surface of the mineral. Oxygen radicals dominated the spectra of low specific surface samples while phosphate radicals were the predominant species at higher specific surfaces. Our studies suggest that the oxygen radicals are more stable in the bulk of the crystal while the hydrogen atoms and the phosphate radicals are stabilized at or near the crystal surface. It was concluded that the surface species are potentially capable of serving as probes of biologically relevant mineral-organic interfaces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 49 (1978), S. 161-181 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Schlagwort(e): ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 49 (1978), S. 161-181 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Schlagwort(e): ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 51
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Oxygenation ; Alkanes ; Synthetic methods ; Superacidic systems ; Catalysis ; Magic acid ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Owing to the ready availability of the starting materials, the functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons for preparing chemical intermediates and products represents an attractive goal. The possibility of converting alkane in a controlled way into alcohols, ketones etc., i.e. to oxyfunctionalize them, is particularly challenging. After a short account of previous methods used for the oxidation of alkanes, particular emphasis will be given to recently developed reactions of alkanes with oxygenating agents in superacidic media.
    Zusätzliches Material: 16 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 17 (1978), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Pyridines ; Alkynes ; Nitriles ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Soluble organocobalt catalysts permit selective formation of substituted pyridines under mild conditions in a single step: mono-, di-, and trisubstituted pyridines can be obtained at will in high conversions and high yields from nitriles and alkynes. Polynuclear derivatives such as bipyridines can also be prepared by this method.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 53
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): 4-Dialkylaminopyridines ; Amino pyridines ; Acylation ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Pyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis of 4-dialkylaminopyridines can be accomplished in two steps starting from pyridine. Compared to pyridine, these derivatives are approximately 104 times more active when used as acylation catalysts. Dialkylaminopyridines are being used with ever-increasing frequency for acylation reactions which proceed either incompletely or not at all in pyridine. This article reviews the various possible applications of 4-dialkylaminopyridines in terpene, steroid, carbohydrate and nucleoside chemistry as well as in the transformation of amino acids into α-acyl aminoketones and polymerization of isocyanates. In addition, N-substituted 4-dialkylaminopyridinium salts can be used for the transfer of sensitive groups to nucleophiles in aqueous medium. The exceptional catalytic effect of these derivatives, even in non-polar solvents, is due, in part, to the formation of high concentrations of N-acylpyridinium salts which are present in solution as loosely-bound, highly reactive ion pairs.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 17 (1978), S. 657-670 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Polymeric catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The present-day position in the field of polymeric catalysts is outlined. The following selected groups of polymeric catalysts are discussed: synthetic hydrolases, immobilized enzymes, phase-transfer catalysts, nucleophilically active bases, polymers with conjugated π-systems, photosensitizers, polymers as carriers for catalytically active metals or ions, and immobilized homogeneous catalysts. Polymeric catalysts have the following valuable properties: insoluble polymeric catalysts are readily separable from reaction solutions and can often be re-used without loss of activity; a hydrophobic matrix protects the organometallic active center from deactivation by oxygen and water; by fixation of finely divided metals on an ion exchanger, multistage reactions may be effected successively in one reactor. Polymeric carriers may influence the catalytic properties; for example, in the case of immobilized enzymes on polyionic carriers the pH of the activity maximum may be shifted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Entropy ; Binding energy ; Enzyme catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Why are enzyme-catalyzed reactions so much faster than uncatalyzed reactions, and why are enzymes so specific? What is the effect of mere approximation of enzyme and substrate, and what is the influence of the strain energy? Attempts to answer these questions have led to comparisons between entropy changes in intermolecular and intramolecular reactions, and to determinations of the intrinsic energy of the bond arising by non-covalent interaction between enzyme and substrate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 493-505 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Phase-transfer catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) has grown into a versatile preparative method in the last few years. The most notable new developments include the use of crown ethers as phase-transfer catalysts and the introduction of solid-liquid PTC. Some representative examples have been selected from the large number of new PTC reactions and some of them are summarized in tables.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Titanium tetrachloride ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Titanium tetrachloride can accelerate numerous organic reactions. Valuable syntheses of, e.g., allyl sulfides, amides, enamines, and ketones are based upon transformations of functional groups with TiCl4. Particular mention should also be made of carbon-carbon linkage with TiCl4 which permits the synthesis of hydroxy ketones and carbonyl compounds of the Michael adduct type. TiCl4 reduced in situ is suitable for the reduction of chloroarenes or the linkage of two aldehyde molecules to give an alkene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Evolution ; Enzyme catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new function derived from kinetic data, the efficiency function, can be used to quantify the efficiency of a catalyst. For freely diffusing species the maximum efficiency is unity. The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase has an efficiency of 0.6 and is thus almost a perfect catalyst. The efficiency of the acetate ion as catalyst for the same reaction is 2.5 × 10-11. This increase in catalytic efficiency is discussed in terms of three types of evolutionary improvement: the uniform binding of the substrate to the enzyme, changes in the internal thermodynamics of the bound states, and more effective catalysis of elementary steps. These concepts are illustrated for triose phosphate isomerase.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Theoretical chemistry accounts 42 (1976), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Schlagwort(e): McLachlan method ; Free radicals ; Radical anions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A recent modification to the McLachlan method is corrected. This modification, when correctly applied to odd alternant hydrocarbons, reproduces McLachlan's results instead of improving their agreement with experiment. The modification is irrelevant and erroneous for radical anions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 15 (1976), S. 586-592 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Environmental chemistry ; Automotive exhaust gases ; Exhaust gases ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides can be simultaneously transformed into inoffensive substances on multifunctional catalysts. Consisting of noble metals or base metal oxides deposited on an inert support, these catalysts can be used in monolithic form or as granular packings. Compared with other methods of automotive exhaust detoxification, multifunctional catalysts are distinguished by incurring fuel savings.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 15 (1976), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Catalysis ; Analytical methods ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Catalyzed reactions are becoming increasingly improtant in analytical chemistry, and especially in trace analysis. The acceleration of a particular reaction (indicator reaction) promoted by the catalyst provides information about the catalyst concentration. Substances which lower or raise the activity of a catalyst (inhibitors or activators, respectively) can likewise be determined in this way. The course of a reaction is usually monitored by physical measuring techniques. Various methods of conducting these kinetic-catalytic studies are discussed in this article. - Use of catalyzed reactions for end point detection in volumetric analysis is also feasible.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 14 (1975), S. 783-789 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Aminyl radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Recent interest in aminyl free radicals, especially in their electronic structure, has led to many investigations in this area. This report reviews the main features of the generation of aminyls, their reactivity, and electronic properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 8 (1969), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Transition metals ; Oxidation ; Hydrocarbons ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The way in which dissolved transition metal compounds affect the liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons is demonstrated for compounds of cobalt, copper, and manganese. Kinetic investigations on model systems and comparisons with the non-catalyzed reaction show that the catalysts participate in all the oxidation steps.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 36-44 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Photolysis ; Iodoaromatic compounds ; Dehydrobenzene ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Under appropriate conditions, the photolysis of iodoaromatic compounds yields derivatives of biphenyl and phenanthrene, as well as organometallic compounds. Ring closures of o-terphenyls to triphenylenes and of benzanilides to phenanthridones are described. The formation of dehydrobenzene (benzyne) on photolysis of 1,2-diiodobenzene in solution has been established. The photolysis of various substituted iodoaromatic compounds or of substances such as CH3I, ICN, ICH3, COOH, or RC≡CI, provides a general method for the generation of a large variety of free radicals in solution. The potential uses of photochemically initiated exchanges of iodine in ArI for 131I, Li, D, Cl, or Br are noted.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 507-519 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Radical reactions ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Free radicals can be produced in the gas phase and then condensed together with the molecules of an inert gas; they can also be generated and trapped in isolated sites in rigid solids. IR and ESR spectra of trapped radicals provide information concerning their structure and chemical properties. The techniques employed for producing and studying radicals are reviewed and a number of recent IR and ESR investigations of trapped radicals are discussed. The last part of the article deals exclusively with the applications of the rotating cryostat to the study of the ESR spectra and reactions of trapped radicals at low temperatures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 34-40 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Spin density distribution ; 2,4,6-Triphenylphenoxyl ; Free radicals ; EPR spectroscopy ; Phenoxyl ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The distribution of the unpaired electron over the oxygen and the 24 carbon atoms in the free 2,4,6-triphenylphenoxy radical was determined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and quantum-mechanical approximation methods. The hyperfine splitting was evaluated with the aid of the spectra of triphenylphenoxyls deuterated in some or all of the substituent phenyl groups. The results of the quantum-mechanical approximations were checked by recording the ESR spectra of triphenylphenoxyls labeled with 13C in positions 1,2,3, or 4 of the central ring. The spin density distribution permits a first discussion of the 17O-coupling constants of correspondingly labeled triphenylphenoxyl and other organic free radicals.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 790-798 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Ziegler-Natta catalysts ; Catalysis ; Polymerization ; Polyethylene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cp2TiCl2 and Cp2TiEtCl (Cp = cyclopentadienyl, Et = ethyl), in combination with aluminum alkyls, have been studied as model catalyst systems for the polymerization of ethylene in toluene. The activity of these systems resides in the presence of a complex molecule involving an alkylated Ti(IV) and an alkylated Al species, linked together by chlorine bridge bonds. The environment of the Ti is of octahedral symmetry with one vacant site available for the coordination of ethylene. The bridged Al-alkyl causes a destabilization of the Ti-alkyl bond (“trans effect”), thus rendering it active for polymerization. The reduction Ti(IV) → Ti(III), inevitable in these systems, involves the irreversible change from octahedral to tetrahedral symmetry with loss of the catalytic activity. Polymerization and reduction are supposed to occur at the same catalyst site. Magnetic methods (susceptibility and EPR) as well as the kinetics of polymerization were used in the investigation of these catalyst systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 6 (1967), S. 124-133 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Allyl halides ; Catalysis ; Nickel ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Allyl compounds react with carbon monoxide, or with carbon monoxide and acetylene, in the presence of tetracarbonylnickel as catalyst. These catalysts are involved also in coupling reactions and addition reactions of activated olefins and ketones. Reactions of this type can be used for the preparation of unsaturated aliphatic acids, esters, nitriles, hydrocarbons, alicyclic ketones, keto acids, keto esters, diketones, lactones, phenols, and other compounds. The reactions proceed via π-allylnickel complexes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 6-15 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Radical reactions ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The paper describes the application and limitations of magnetic methods to the problems of free-radical chemistry (detection and quantitative investigation of the free-radical state, relationships between structure and free-radical formation, “distribution” of the unpaired electron, detection of mesomeric C, O, N, P, As, and Sn radicals, g-factors, triplet states, and hyperfine structure). The problem of the diradical is described, and the paper closes with a discussion of the “Selwood effect”.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Polyamides ; Fibers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The formation of free radicals during the process of drawing of spun fibers was observed for the first time with two polyoxamides. The fibers turn red, and an ESR signal can be detected. Both, color and ESR absorption are not permanent. The decrease in the intensity of the ESR absorption and the change in the optical reflectance with time, as well as the dependence of the decoloration on temperature were investigated. The action of high-energy radiation on the polyoxamides also leads to a red coloration and gives rise to ESR signals. It is concluded that the red color is due to free radicals associated with the oxamido group.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 71
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Butadiene ; Oligomers ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A number of new catalyst systems based on transition-metal compounds have been developed for the oligomerization and co-oligomerization of butadiene. These catalysis promote dienylations and the formation of other C—C linkages, and make possible the synthesis of new open-chain and cyclic compounds from butadiene.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Promotors ; Catalysis ; Ammonia synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An attempt is made to give a phenomenological description of the relationships between the catalytic activity and the distribution of the promotors in the reduced ammonia catalyst. Investigations were carried out on series of catalysts whose compositions were gradually brought closer to that of technical ammonia catalysts by the addition to iron of one new activator (Al2O3, K2O, CaO, MgO, SiO2) at a time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 4 (1965), S. 856-867 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): EPR spectroscopy ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The more recent applications of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to organic chemistry include the investigation of triplet states, donor-acceptor complexes, short-lived free-radical intermediates, and reaction kinetics. The principles of the theoretical calculations required to obtain the maximum information from EPR spectra are outlined for free radicals containing π-electron systems. EPR intensities, line widths, hyperfine splitting, and g factors permit the determination of free-radical yields, ionic charges, rotation frequencies in rotamers, electron density distributions, electronegativities, intramolecular torsion angles, solvent effects (resulting from hydrogen bonding), and π-orbital energies. - The production of free radicals with the aid of initiation reaction in flow systems, by irradiation, and by electrolysis seems particularly promising.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 525-538 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Radical reactions ; Free radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In the present article an attempt is made to summarize the steric requirements and the influence of neighboring groups which determine the course of intramolecular radical reactions. Steroids are used as substrates for these reactions, since here the spatial arrangement of the ring members and the distances between substituents are largely fixed. Furthermore, intramolecular free-radical reactions are of practical importance in steroid chemistry in connection with substitution at non-activated carbon atoms. Almost all the reactions discussed begin with the formation of an oxygen radical by oxidation of an alcohol with lead tetraacetate or by homolysis of the corresponding hypoiodite.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 602-608 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Radical reactions ; Sulfur ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Organic free radicals of monovalent sulfur have not been hitherto observed in solution or in melts. Steric hindrance and resonance stabilization, which are responsible for the stability of the triarylmethyl, diphenylnitrogen, and phenoxyl radicals, are apparently insufficient to stabilize the organic free radicals of monovalent sulfur in such concentrations that they can be detected by current physical methods. - It was only in 1963 that aminopolysulfur radicals (R2N—Sn—S·) were detected in solution, and arylsulfur radicals (Ar-S·) and phenylselenium radicals were isolated at ca. -180°C. - Organically bound sulfur can be stabilized in the free-radical state if association of the radicals is prevented by fixing in a crystal lattice (“cystine radical”), by repulsion between radical ions (sulfinium salts), or by freezing-in (arylsulfur radicals).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 76
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Proton transfer ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The proton occupies a special position as a promoter and mediator in chemical reactions occurring in solution. Many reactions in organic chemistry are catalysed by acids or bases; likewise, most enzymes contain active groups which promote acid-base catalysis. To understand the reaction mechanisms involved, it is necessary to identify the elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps has become possible only with the development of new methods for studying very fast reactions. The present paper reviews the information obtained in this type of investigation. The result is a relatively complete picture of the elementary proton transfer mechanisms and a comprehensive description of the modes and laws of acid-base and enzymatic catalysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Coordination modes ; Catalysis ; Cyclooctatetraenes ; Reppe chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The relationship between the structure and the catalytic activity of nickel(II) complexes in the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene by the method of W. Reppe is discussed. The cyclotetramerization of acetylene takes place within labile Ni(II)-acetylene π-complexes. Inhibition tests have made it probable that four molecules of acetylene are grouped around the nickel ion in the transition state, in a configuration which favors the formation of the eight-membered ring.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Schlagwort(e): Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
Schließen ⊗
Diese Webseite nutzt Cookies und das Analyse-Tool Matomo. Weitere Informationen finden Sie hier...