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  • 1960-1964  (1,860)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,637)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (223)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ovarian follicular development in the pregnant hamster (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Follicular activity in the ovary of the pregnant hamster is divided into two periods. During the first eight days (corresponding to the duration of pseudopregnancy) an average of 11 follicles per ovary from 277 to 553 μ are present. From day 10 to 16 of pregnancy, the ovary contains 22 follicles ranging from 277 to 600 μ and larger. The day after parturition, atresia destroys all large multilayered and vesicular follicles.Hamsters injected with human chorionic gonadotropin on day 4 of pregnancy ovulated ten ova, whereas similary treated day 12 animals ovulated 35 eggs. No cyclic follicular activity corresponding to the length of the estrous cycle occurred during gestation. On the contrary, a constant increment of small follicles took place throughout pregnancy.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480412
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mucosal enzymes in the cecum of conventional and germfree mice (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 591-597 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the cecal mucosa and the topographic distribution of certain mucosal enzymes were compared in conventional and germfree mice to investigate the phenomenon of cecal enlargement observed in germfree animals. The cecal mucosa is predominantly non-villous in the conventional, but has a villous structure in the germfree mice. Alkaline phosphatase, in the conventional mice, is present in the striated border of a limited number of the epithelial cells lining the cecum; in the germfree mice almost all these epithelial cells show enzymatic activity. Acid phosphatase is more abundant in the epithelial cells and macrophages of the cecal mucosa of the conventional than of the germfree animals. Both groups show similar monoamine oxidase and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase activity. The reduction of the villi, and the decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity in the conventional mice point to an involution of the mucosa as an absorptive organ. Barka ('63) has suggested that acid phosphatase may have a defensive function; its increase in the conventional animal would support this interpretation. The two oxidative enzymes studied apparently are not influenced by the intestinal flora.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480410
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of endocrine gland extirpations on the size of nucleoli in rat hypothalamic neuronsSupported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 599-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the object of investigating the so-called “feed-back” mechanism whereby hormones from the various endocrine glands presumably influence the hypothalamus in its regulation of the hypophyseal tropic hormones, the effect of hypophysectomy, ovariectomy, thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy and adrenal medullectomy on the nucleolar size of neurons in 16 hypothalamic nuclei was studied. A total of forty-five female albino rats was used. The nucleoli were measured under oil by means of a Cooke AEI image splitting eyepiece. For every rat 50 nucleoli in each of the 16 hypothalamic nuclei was measured, a total of 36,000 measurements. Hypophysectomy was found to affect all of the nuclei either after a short period (5 days) or after 60 days. Ovariectomy (20 days) caused nucleolar size changes in six nuclei, thyroidectomy (30 days) in eight, adrenalectomy (14 days) in all of the nuclei and adrenal medullectomy (30 days) in all of the nuclei. The results indicate that the absence of the various hormones does affect the activity of hypothalamic neurons as determined by nucleolar size changes. The use of the present methods also appears to “localize” centers for specific activities in the hypothalamus in some instances (e.g. ovariectomy) but not in others (e.g. adrenalectomy).
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480411
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The gross morphology of the arterial supply to the trachea, primary bronchi, and esophagus of the rabbitSupported by American Cancer Society grant T-144A; United States Public Health Service grant no. HE 04-846-04-CV; and a grant from the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 611-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The gross arterial blood supply to the trachea, primary bronchi, and esophagus of six normal domestic rabbits has been studied by the use of injection techniques followed by careful in situ dissections. Several patterns are described with more variation being apparent on the left side.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480413
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new sealing compound for museum jars (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 631-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A plastic sealing compound for museum jars is described. It has the consistancy of toothpaste and is applied in a similar manner directly to the museum jar from a tube. No catalyst or mixing is required. Moisture in the air cures the plastic in 12-24 hours. After the extruded “rope” is applied, the lid is placed on the jar and the jar set aside for the cure. After cure any excess can be trimmed with a scalpel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480416
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490101
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saimiri sciureus as an experimental animalOpinions or conclusions contained in this report are those of the authors. They are not to be construed as necessarily reflecting the view or the endorsement of the Navy Department. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 615-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Recent Primate research projejcts utilizing the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) established the need for basic biological data concerning this animal. Included in this present report are discussions of laboratory maintenance, dietary requirements, and antihelminthic thearpy. Original data on birth weight (90-100 gm) and the gestation period (167 ± 2 days) are recorded. The weight distribution of a colony of adult animals maintained in captivity for a period of three years is included. Fresh organ weights from ten animals obtained at necropsy were recorded for brain, pituitary, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenals, and gonads. Body weight, body length, and the length of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, cecum, and colon were recorded. Determination of hematologic values included erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit determination and differential count of white blood cells. Various blood chemistry values are included. Data on heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature of animals restrained for a 24 hour period are tabulated. Environmental stress and neuroanatomical studies using the squirrel monkey are reviewed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480414
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The time of origin of the parabiotic anastomosisThis investigation was supported by a Public Health Service Fellowship (GPM 19,030) from National Institute of General Medical Sciences and by grant CA-03390 from the National Cancer Institute. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 625-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The course of development of parabiotic anastomosis was followed with respect to time in Holtzman (Sprague-Dawley) parabionts. Comparison of non-irradiated pairs was made to pairs in which one of the partners had received 800 r. The development of the anastomosis was studied by determining the per cent transfer of CR51 labeled erythrocytes (which represented a cellular element) and radio-iodinated serum albumin (which represented a molecular element) from one partner to the other. Erythrocytes were found in the non-injected animal in small numbers at 22 hours after pairing; at 47 hours the rate of transfer became much more rapid. RISA was detected in the non-injected partner as early as five hours after pairing and accumulated steadily thereafter. Irradiation had no effect on the course of development of the parabiotic anastomosis as evidenced by similarity of accumulation rates of Cr51 labeled erythrocytes and RISA when compared to the non-irradiated pairs.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480415
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the early events of cadmium necrosis of the testisSupported by U.S.P.H.S. Research Grant RG-6077. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A light and electron microscopic study of the early changes which occur in cadmium necrosis of the testis of the mouse was made in an effort to identify the site of action of cadmium. Mice were given a single, intraperitoneal injection of 1% CdCl2 at a dosage of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight and then the testes were fixed for light and electron microscopy at various hourly intervals. The earliest changes which were appreciated by light microscopy consisted of an edema of the intertubular spaces, congestion of blood vessels, and an increased amount of granular precipitate in the connective tissue spaces. By electron microscopy the earlies changes were observed in the endothelium of the testicular vascular bed and consisted of a striking and rapid increase in the prevalence of pinocytotic vesticles suggesting an increased interchanges of fluid between the blood and extravascular spaces. All of these changes preceded any appreciable alteration in the cells of the seminal epithelium. The fact that the earliest alterations are observed in blood vessels suggests that the site of action of cadmium in the production of testicular necrosis is upon the endothelium of the vascular bed.A comparative series of animals (frog, pigeon, rooster, armadillo, opossum) was also investigated as to their susceptibility to the toxic effects of cadmium. the results from these species, and other species reported by previous investigators, suggest the generality that cadmium necrosis is a phenomenon common to species possessing scrotal testes and absent from those possessing abdominal testes. The opossum is an exception to this generality. These findings are discussed in relation to the blood supply of the testis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490104
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    H3-thymidine autoradiographic studies on cytokinetic responses to x-ray irradiation and to thio-TEPA in the neural tube of mouse embryosThis investigation was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Co-operative Research from the Ministry of Education in Japan. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: First, using the methods of H3-thymidine autoradiography and counting mitotic index, cytokinetics of the matrix cells were studied in the telencephalon of normal mouse embryos at ten-days-postconcetpion, and various kinetic constants of the matrix cells were determined: Generation time, five hours 20 minutes; mitotic duration, 24 minutes; presynthetic resting time, two hours 36 minutes-one hour 36 minutes; DNA synthetic time, one hour 20 minutes; and post synthetic resting time, one-two hours. Based on this information, effects of two teratogenetic agents, x-rays and thio-TEPA, on the cellular proliferation were analyzed. By x-ray irradiation (200 r) only proliferating matrix cells are damaged in the neural tube, but not neuroblasts. The radiation induces a temporary block of the flow of the matrix cells through the cell cycle at the late t2 period so that the mitotic and DNA synthetic cells subsequently decrease in number. Some of the matrix cells that are captured at t2 period fail to tolerate the block, degenerate and are eliminated from the matrix layer. On the other hand, thio-TEPA, which was proved non teratogenetic to the C. N. S. in this experimental condition, causes a slight prologation of t2 duration, but does not significantly influence the proliferative process in the neural tube.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490105
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of maternal folic acid deficiency on cytologic phenomena in the rat embryoAided by a grant from the National Foundation and N.I.H. grant HD 00109-01. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A purified diet lacking folic acid and containing 20 mg% of the antimetabolite, 9-methyl pteroylglutamic (folic) acid was fed to female Long-Evans rats during days eight and nine of pregnancy. Embryos were removed at autopsy on the tenth day of gestation for study and comparison with embryos from normal control pregnancies.Analysis of mitotic counts revealed that 18.6% of the cells in control embryos were in mitosis in contrast to only 5.7% in PGA-deficient embryos. A disproportionate reduction in anaphase and telophase stages was observed in conjunction with an increased percentage of cell at metaphase. Concomitantly with these mitotic changes a marked reduction in histochemically demonstrable RNA and in numbers of ribosomes as revealed by electron microscopy was observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490106
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
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    Unusual duodeno-pancreatic relationships associated with incomplete rotation of mid-gut loop (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A 79 year-old European female cadaver presented the usual features of second stage arrested mid-gut rotation accompanied by unusual mesenteric attachments and pancreatico-duodenal relationships.The mesentery, whose root extended from the lower pole of the right kidney diagonally across the posterior abdominal wall to end just medial to the left sacroiliac joint, enclosed most of the small bowel and the proximal large bowel. The unusually short duodenum began 2.5 cm to the left of the mid-line and described a 13 cm U loop with an upward concavity in which rested the pancreas; this loop and the related pancreas were enclosed in a persistent, transversely placed mesoduodenum. The common bile duct crossed the anterior surface of the pancreas to open at the greater duodenal papilla 2.5 cm from the pylorus. the main pancreatic duct lay much closer to the anterior than to the posterior aspect of the gland. The lesser duodenal papilla was situated on the posterior wall of the duodenum. The hepatic artery arose in common with the superior mesenteric artery and encircled the pancreas. The pancreatico-duodenal vessels were predominantly distributed upon the posterior aspect of the pancreas and duodenum.It appears that in this specimen the anterior and posterior aspects of the duodenum are transposed, the reversal of surfaces also involving the pancreas. Causative factors are discussed with reference to the literature.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490309
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  • 113
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    Histochemical studies of the human fetal thyroid during the first half of fetal lifeThis work was performed in the Fetal Laboratory at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, and was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant AM 06799-01 HED) and by the Association for Aid of Crippled Children, New York. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 363-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A number of histologic and histochemical techniques have been used to study 42 human fetal thyroids from fresh specimens ranging in crown-rump length from 22 to 201 mm. Three periods of differentiation (colloid production) were defined. The first or precolloid stage was found in fetuses of 22 to 65 mm and consisted of strands of compact epithelial cells separated by loose connective tissue which contained only a few vessels. The early colloid production period from 65 to 80 mm was characterized by the appearance of small accumulations of colloid in the center of the follicles. The blood vessels between follicles increased during this period. In the last period during maturation of the colloid cavities, the spaces between the epithelium were more reduced and almost completely filled with blood vessels. No change in the average cell height was found during differentiation.With differentiation, the nuclei of epithelium became less compact and RNAase-removable cytoplasmic material increased. Also of interest was the marked decrease in glycogen at the time of colloid production.The staining characteristics of the early colloid showed little change during the period studied. The colloid was stained by the following reagents: periodic-acid Schiff, mercury organge, toluidine, ninhydrin-Schiff, Millon's and Sakaguchi's. The larger colloid spaces took slightly more toluidine stain than the smaller ones.The enzyme reaction for alkaline phosphatase was found only in the vascular system, and acid phosphatase was found in the cytoplasm of epithelium and, especially in the differentiated specimens, it was concentrated at the apex of the cell. Lactic and succinic dehydrogenase activity did not seem to change with maturation and was located in the cytoplasm around the nucleus and toward the apex of the cell.Thin rays of colloid-like material were observed to radiate out between cells from early colloid cavities. Based on unpublished electron microscopic data, organ cultures of human thyroid and observations from the developing chick, these spaces probably represent intercellular dilatations which have been filled with colloid from the central cavity. These spaces may be a secondary or safety mechanism which allows the circumference of the follicle to increase in size.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490306
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  • 114
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500101
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  • 115
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    Topography of the nasal glands in rats and some other mammals (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The topography of nasal glands in rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats, and monkeys was studied in osmium tetroxide and PAS-stained whole mounts and ordinary sections. In rats Bowman's glands in the olfactory region were arranged in rows between the branches of the olfactory nerve. Mucous acini were only found on the rat septum in connection with Jacobson's organ, and serous acini were found on the septum posteriorly in the respiratory region, and on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity around the maxillary sinus ostium. No mixed glands were present. All the serous glands discharged their secretion through long excretory ducts into the ostium internum of the vestibule of the nose. In this area rats had 15-20 duct openings on each side. On the basis of considerations regarding airstream and pressure in the vestibule, the hypothesis is advanced that the openings act as small nozzles humidifying the inspired air by their atomized secretion. Since no serous or mucous glands in the rat open on the surface in the nasal cavity proper, it is concluded that the surface mucous sheet is derived exclusively from the goblet cells and Bowman's glands. In the other mammals the opening of the serous glands showed a similar pattern.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500103
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  • 116
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    Actions of betaine, carnitine and choline on the pattern of hepatic liposis in mice fed a high-fat, low-protein dietSupported by grant HE-07318 from the National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Four stocks (C, C-57 Bl, DBA and Swiss albino) of mice were fed a high-fat (28%), low-protein (8%), hypolipotropic diet for 3-480 days. Lipotropic activities of supplements of betaine and carnitine were evaluated. There were no strain-limited hepatic responses to the diet or to the action of the lipotropes. Without lipotropic supplements, parenchymal liposis (sudanophilia of frozen sections) was progressively incremental in all lobular zones for approximately 90 days. Subsquently, lobular liposis decreased and the remaining fat was concentrated in the middle zone within cords of fat-laden cells radiating in a stellate pattern. With choline supplemention, liposis was limited to small amounts of fat within cells that composed the stellate pattern. Betaine displayed a level of lipotropic activity approximating one-half to three-fourths that of choline. The lipotropic activity of carnitine was marginal and inconsistent. The combination of betaine and carnitine demonstrated some synergistic action. No parenchymal hyperplasia was observed. The intralobular reticulum increased in some livers, primarily around the central and intercalated veins, but no lobular distortion resulted.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490411
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  • 117
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    The pelvic and perineal fasciae and their neural and vascular relationships (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 707-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study was based upon a dissection of the pelvic fasciae and associated structures of one hundred and three adult pelves as well as those of three full term fetuses. The perineal fasciae and their neural and vascular relationships were studied in an additional 55 specimens.The uterovaginal fascia, as stated by others, is a well-defined structure. One is usually able, on the basis of a fascial cleft, to distinguish readily between the fascial sheath of rectum proper and the deeper layer of subperitoneal fascia, called by some the presacral fascia. The latter is described, including the relationship of the pelvic autonomics thereto. The relationship of the vesical branches of the pelvic plexus and of the venous plexuses to the terminal ureter are also described.We were able to confirm the presence of a superficial and a deep perineal fascia; the latter forms the inferior boundary of the superficial perineal space proper, as described by others. The relationship of particular nerves (and vessels) to the fascial planes of the perineum follows a definite pattern even when variation from the normal is present.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490414
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  • 118
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    Alterations in submandibular and retrolingual glands following parasympathetic denervation in ratsThis investigation was supported by a research grant from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Alterations in size and structure of submandibular and retrolingual glands of the rat produced by unilateral sectioning of the chorda tympani, or the lingual nerve, or the glandular branch which leaves the lingual and innervates both glands, are described. The glands were studied 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days after nerve section.The weight of the glands increased the first day after nerve section and decreased markedly from then on, reaching 40 to 70% of the initial weight after 16 days. In the glands where the chorda tympani or the lingual nerve were sectioned the increase in weight was attributed to the accumulation of secretion in the acinous cells. After that, a progressive atrophy developed, being more severe in the acini than in the tubes. In the cases where the glandular nerve was sectioned a wide necrosis probably of vascular origin was produced, followed by parenchymatous regeneration.In both cases 16 days after nerve section glands were small, fibrous and with little parenchyma.The role of the parasympathetic nerves in controlling the normal structure of submandibulars and retrolinguals is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500104
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  • 119
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    A rapid exposure of the facial nerve (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 317-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This article describes a rapid exposure of the facial nerve by splitting the parotid gland along the faciovenous plane originally described by Patey and Ranger ('57).Scissors are thrust deep into the gland along the venous plane, and then opened to expose the facial nerve. This has been done in approximately 30 dissecting room subjects.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500313
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  • 120
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    Analysis of the influence of thyroid hormone on prenatal and postnatal maturation of the ratThis investigation was supported by a research grant from the United States Public Health Service, N.I.H. NB-01716 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of hyper- and hypothyroidism on fetal development and on the postnatal maturation of the central nervous system was studied in the rat. Our observations indicated that the development of the rat fetus, as measured by birthweight and skeletal maturation of the newborn animal is not markedly influenced by presence or absence of thyroid hormone during the prenatal stage.Availability of thyroid hormone is a more critical factor with respect to maturation of the nervous system taking place in the postnatal animal.Delay in cerebellar maturation and delay in increase in dry weight of cerebrum and cerebellum were noted in hypothyroid rats. A transitory acceleration of oxygen consumption of these structures during their maturation was also noted in hyperthyroid litters.A more permanent suppression of learning behavior and of the thermoregulating mechanism was observed in young hypothyroid rats deprived of thyroid hormone since birth.It is concluded that requirements for thyroid hormone during development of the rat are limited to a critical period coinciding with the first two to three weeks of postnatal age.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500206
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    Cholinesterase distributions in the rat epididymis and vas deferens after castration and sex hormone treatments (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cholinesterase (ChE) distributions in the epithelial and smooth muscle cells and in the peripheral nervous plexus of the reproductive ducts of the male rat are dependent on male sex hormones. Castration results in establishment of a low maintenance level of apical enzyme activity in the epithelial cells; smooth muscles and the nerve plexus of the vas deferens and cauda epididymidis also show reduced enzyme reactions. Testosterone treatment restores the normal enzyme relations in the epithelium and smooth muscles. Estradiol is partially effective, but reaction intensities do not attain normal distrbutions and proportions. Reductions in relative numbers of ChE positive nerve plexus fibers and their enzyme reactivity, and recession to outer muscle layers occur in castrates, but better recoveries follow after testosterone than after estradiol treatments. The results are interpreted to be in agreement with other data relating to smooth muscle behavior and its neural and hormonal regulation. Epithelial cell differentiation is complete in testosterone treated castrates, but is incomplete in estradiol treated cases, although ChE synthesis and duct growth occurs in the latter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500210
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  • 122
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    Comparative histochemistry of the gastric mucosa: A survey of the common laboratory animals and manThis study was supported in part by grants from the Health Research Council of the City of New York (HRC U1183) and the National Institutes of Health (AN-03497) (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A comparative histological and histochemical study of the gastric mucosa was done with the frog, mouse, rat, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog and man. Enzymatic histochemical studies were done to demonstrate acid phosphatase (PbS and azo-dye methods), thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPP-ase) and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity. Cytoplasmic organelles were stained in some cases by three of the above methods i.e. acid phosphatase (PbS) activity marked the lysosomes, TPP-ase activity marked the Golgi apparatus and NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity marked the mitochondria. The acid phosphatase activity of the four major cell types was markedly different in the various species. The activity shown by both methods in individuals of a given species coincided well except in the rabbit and the dog. TPP-ase activity demonstrated the Golgi region in the surface cells of all species except the guinea pig and the frog. The Golgi zones of zymogen cells showed strong activity only in the cat, while the parietal cell Golgi was not demonstrated in any of the species. NADH2 tetrazolium reductase activity in the parietal cells was strong in all animals except the mouse and the rat where staining was faint. The relationship between the lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus, as demonstrated histochemically in the gastric cells of the nine species, is discussed. The functional significance of these different enzymatic patterns has yet to be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500209
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    Some morphological effects of strychnine on the spinal cord: A light and electron microscopic studyThis research supported in part by Anatomy Training Grant 5 T1 495-04; USPHS Grant NB-00690-1OS1 and USPHS Grant AM-08222-01 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 279-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adult rats, given intracardiac injections of strychnine (2.5 mg/kg), were allowed to convulse for periods of 5 or 35 minutes after which they were perfused with osmium tetroxide using a variation of Palay's method.Light and electron microscopic examinations revealed no discernible changes in the size of the soma or appearance of the nuclei or nucleoli of the neurons of the ventral horn. However, light microscopic studies showed that clustering of the basophilic content was not as well defined as in the control cells. The most conspicuous feature of the treated material was the presence of a peripheral network of clear spaces in the cytoplasm of many of the large neurons.An electron microscopic investigation showed that many neurons exhibited obvious and consistent cytoplasmic differences from control cells. These differences consisted of dilated endoplasmic spaces approximately 0.4 μ in diameter dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and devoid of material of appreciable density. The Golgi complex was more conspicuous and vesicles surrounding the complex appeared to be more numerous following the convulsive periods. These cytological changes were more extensive and prominent after 35 minutes than after five minutes. Mitochondria were comparable in appearance to those of control cells and vesicles of the axosomatic and axodendritic endings did not seem to differ structurally or numerically from those of control tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500310
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    Placental and fetal development during multiple bovine pregnancy. Anatomical and physiological studiesThe investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service research grant GM 10282-03 from the National Institutes of HealthScientific Paper no. 2397, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman, Washington. Project 1695PMS (Equinex) was donated by Ayerst Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y. HCG by Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan. The technical assistance of Mrs. Kaarina Rajakoski is gratefully acknowledged (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 303-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cattle were injected with PMS, bred and slaughtered 3, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after ovulation and the genital tracts dissected. From 30 to 90 days of pregnancy the percentage increase in the weight of single embryos was 85 times as much as the increase in crown-rump length. The volume of amniotic fluid increased 580 times in the second month of pregnancy and increased twice during the third month of pregnancy. The allantochorion did not lengthen between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy. At 30 days of pregnancy there was no significant difference in the crown-rump length or the weight of embryos of singles, twins, triplets, quadruplets or quintuplets. The volume of placental fluid per embryo was higher in singles than in twins and triplets; the volume of placental fluids per embryo decreased further in quadruplets and quintuplets. The weight of the placental membranes per embryo was heavier in singles than in twins, triplets and quadruplets; the weight of membranes was markedly decreased in quintuplets. The effects of overcrowding in utero on the conceptus was more pronounced at 60 days than at 30 days and in quintuplets than in triplets and quadruplets. Anastomosis of vascular supply of allantochorions occurred as early as 30 days of pregnancy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500312
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    Body and organ weights and linear measurements of the adult Mongolian gerbil (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Data were collected from a colony of 49 male and 55 female two-year-old Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). This report gives tables which present data regarding linear measurements of body and organs and absolute and relative organ-weight data. The means, standard deviations, ranges, and coefficients of variation were summarized in the tables. Grossly observed pathological organs were omitted from the study. The tables give information about this species which could be helpful in future laboratory investigations where the body-and organ-weight ranges, variability and linear measurements of this species may be of practical value.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500402
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    Fracture callus formation in young and old mice observed with polarized light microscopyResearch supported by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.Presented in part at the 16th Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society, Boston, November, 1963. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 349-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The organized cartilaginous fibrous system which appears during growth of the fracture callus in traumatized femora was investigated in mice of five, 52 and 78 weeks of age. Histological preparations were stained with toluidine blue O and observed under polarized light using a first order red retardation plate.Development and organization of the cartilaginous fibrous system was similar in animals of all age groups studied, however, its time of appearance was dependent upon the time of appearance of cartilage cells and in association with these cells. Alignment of cartilage cells followed very closely after appearance of the fibrous system. Initial orientation of the fibrous system was almost perpendicular to the bone surface. As the system became more extensive the slope of fiber direction became less acute, pointing towards the fractured end of the shaft. Orientation of the fibrous system is believed to be a consequence of the forces set up during growth of the fracture callus, e. g., the force of the growing cell mass due to postfracture, active cell proliferation of the osteogenic layer of the periosteum and hypertrophy of cartilage cells and the tension placed on the fibrous layer of the periosteum in response to the events taking place below this tissue layer. The importance of the cartilaginous fibrous system is believed to lie in the early temporary support of the fracture fragments and the proper alignment of the cellular elements of the fracture, necessary for proper architectural reconstruction. Formation of the cartilaginous fibrous system was independent of the existing periosteal fibrous system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Fine structure of the seminiferous tubule of the Swiss mouse. I. The limiting membrane, sertoli cell, spermatogonia, and spermatocytesPreliminary results of this investigation were presented by title at the seventy-sixth annual session of the American Association of Anatomists in April, 1963, at Washington, D. C. (Gardner and Holyoke, '63). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 391-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Studies of the ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubule of the Swiss mouse have shown the external limiting membrane to consist of internal and external lamellae enclosing a single layer of flattened cells. Both lamellae contain fibers, probably collagenous, running parallel to the long axis of the tubule. Superficially, a layer of connective tissue cells covers the external lamella. The nucleus of the Sertoli cell is typified by irregularity of size and shape, electron density of the nuclear membrane, and characteristic nucleolus. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria with vesicular cristae, and irregular dense bodies of possible secretory origin. Cytoplasmic processes extend between the germinal cells and in certain areas their surfaces are marked by periodic accumulations of fine granules which present a picture suggestive of desmosomes.Two types of spermatogonia have been noted. One possesses a large spherical nucleus containing finely granular nucleoplasm and scanty cytoplasm. The second is characterized by an ovoidal nucleus containing numerous chromatin clumps and scattered nucleolar fragments. Primary spermatocytes exhibit the intercellular bridges and synaptinemal complexes characteristic of these cells. The spherical nuclei contain densely packed fine granules. The nuclei of secondary spermatocytes often exhibit centrally located clumps of chromatin material. Mitochondria appear vacuolated at low magnifications but high magnification micrographs show them to contain finely membranous cristae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500407
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    Lead acetate as a marker of growing calcified tissues a modified methodThis study was supported in part by Research Grant D-1468 from the National Institute for Dental Research, U. S. Public Health Service. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 435-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of growth of bone and dentin was studied in serial decalcified sections by the use of lead markings. The experimental animals (monkeys and rabbits) received repeated intravenous injections of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. The tissues were decalcified in 1% HCl through which H2S was constantly bubbled. Serial frozen sections were cut at 15-20 μ embedded in 10% gelatin and mounted in polyvinyl pyrollidone. They were placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes and then immersed for the same length of time in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate in order to tone the background tissues. The sections were transferred to distilled water until the tissues became pink. When the desired toning was obtained they were fixed in 5% sodium thiosulphate. The examination of the sections obtained by this method confirmed the data obtained by other vital marking methods. However, much finer detail could be observed due to the sharpness of the lines and the use of relatively thin decalcified sections.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500412
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    The mesonephric-testicular connection in man and some mammalsThis work was supported by U.S.P.H. grants 2G-687 and GM-10210. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a “receptacle”. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete “organ,” the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels.The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications.The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules.The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480102
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    An electron microscopic study of thymic corpuscles in the guinea pig and the mouseThis work was supported by grants Hema C-5375 (C4) and 5 T1 GM-286-04 of the United States Public Health Service. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 29-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thymus of guinea pigs and C3H mice was fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in Araldite or Maraglas, and studied under the electron microscope.Hassall's corpuscles showing the typical concentric, lamellated pattern are observed. Reticular cells form layers around central elements of variable appearance. One or more reticular cells or cystic structures often constitute the centers of corpuscles. Nuclear degeneration, swollen cytoplasm, and intracellular fibrils are characteristic findings. Desmosomes may be quite numerous and may cover a large portion of a cell's surface. Intracellular fibrils are particularly dense at membranous sites and often are apparently unrelated to desmosomes. Reticular cells at the periphery of thymic corpuscles may be contiguous with cells of the cytoreticulum. Many reticular cells contain organelles generally associated with protein synthesis or active transport.Intercellular and intracellular cysts are regularly seen and are frequently related to thymic corpuscles. Some cysts may be manifestations of cell synthesis and storage.The epithelial nature of thymic corpuscles and cysts is evident. Thymic corpuscles may arise by localized collapse of the cytoreticulum.
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    A possible mechanism responsible for the melanocyte distribution of the perineal pigment spot of the mouseSupported by U.S.P.H.S. grants C-592 and 2G-329 to Brown University. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The perineal pigment spot of the C57 Black mouse was examined macro- and microscopically in animals ranging in age from 14 days post-fertilization to 28 days post-parturition. Dendritic pigment-containing cells first become evident in the dermis of the area on the sixteenth day post-fertilization. Throughout later stages of development, these pigmented cells continue to be restricted to the dermis of this area. Since the dopa treatment reveals the presence of a melanin synthesizing system within these cells, they are true melanocytes which have become restricted to this layer of the integument.Histological examination reveals a population of melanocytes in the epidermis and/or hair follicles also. These are rarely found over the center of the area but are seen in increasing numbers laterally from the ventral midline. In contrast, dermal melanocytes are heavily concentrated near the ventral midline but decrease in numbers laterally. There are, therefore, two opposing but complementary gradients of melanocytes in the integument of the pigment spot. This suggests the possibility that a precocious differentiation of the basement membrane in this area during embryonic development inhibits the passage of melanoblasts into the epidermis thereby causing them to be restricted to the dermis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480105
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    Effect of transplacental mitotic inhibitors on the fetal hamster eyeSupported by U. S. Public Health Research grant GM 10210-01. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Congenital malformations of the hamster eye, consisting of microphthalmia and anophthalmia have been noted consistently in the offspring of pregnant hamsters treated with intravenous injections of colchicine, Vinacaleukoblastine (VLB) and Vincristine (VCR) on the eighth day of gestation. In an attempt to compare the mitotic-arresting activity of these three compounds on the lens and retina of the fetal hamster eye, various concentrations of the drugs were injected into pregnant hamsters on the fourteenth day of gestation and the fetuses recovered after three hours. Mitotic counts were done on comparable sections of lens and retinas of the fetuses. Colchicine has the most marked mitosis-inhibiting activity of these three drugs. The most effective mitosis-inhibiting dosage of colchicine also correlates with its most effective teratogenic dose. VLB and VCR do not inhibit mitosis in the fetal hamster eye as markedly as colchicine and their most effective mitosis-inhibiting dosages are equal to or above levels which cause a 95-100% embryonic mortality. It is possible that some common biological mechanism other than inhibition of mitosis may be responsible for the similar teratogenic activity of these compounds. The natural resistance of the golden hamster to colchicine does not appear to be manifest in the developing embryos in utero.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480203
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    Weights and linear measurements of the body and organs of the tiger salamander, before and after metamorphosis, compared with the adult (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Body weight and length, weights of 14 organs and 15 linear measurements are presented from 97 Amblystoma tigrinum melanosticum before metamorphosis and 57 specimens after metamorphosis. These data are compared with similar measurements (previously published) on adult salamanders.Body weight and weights of the digestive tube and its subdivisions, liver, pancreas, spleen, eyeballs and brain are heavier in the larvae. The body weight decreases more than many of the organs and hence the percentage weights of the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gonads, eyeballs and brain are larger, relatively, in the post-metamorphosis salamanders.Since body length is not significantly changed, the percentage lengths are much the same. Length of the digestive tube and its parts, jaw width and the width of the body at pectoral, belly and pelvic regions are all longer in the larvae. The limbs are the only percentage lengths greater in the post-metamorphosis salamanders.All of the weights and all of the linear measurements are significantly correlated with body weight or length, respectively.Four organs show increases in percentage weights at all three periods: gonads, lungs, liver and spleen. Two others have an increase in post-metamorphosis: heart and kidneys. The digestive tube and its parts and the pancreas have a relative decrease at the end of metamorphosis. The eyeballs are relatively largest in the post-metamorphosis, and smallest in the adults.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480204
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    The human fetal thyroid I. Its weight in relation to body weight, crown-rump length, foot length and estimated gestation ageThis work was performed in the Fetal Laboratory at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Copenhagen and in the Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland, and was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant AM 06799-01 HED) and by the Association for Aid of Crippled Children, New York. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The weights of 75 human fetal thyroids were analyzed in relation to crown-rump length, foot length, weight, and estimated gestation age. The ratio of thyroid weight to body weight was lower in the smaller fetuses and gradually increased until the fetus was 70-90 mm in crown-rump length when the ratio attained a value close to that found in the newborn and adult. This period of development when the relative weight of the thyroid becomes constant coincides with the time of appearance of colloid and the onset of ability to concentrate iodine.A comparison of estimated age of fetuses in the Danish material and the formalin-fixed fetuses from the Carnegie Collection shows the Danish fetuses under 40 mm in crown-rump length to be four to six days older than the average given by Streeter. Streeter may have made his average too low and probably the relative ages of the two groups are comparable.
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    The effects of unilateral ovariectomy on follicular maturation in the guinea pig (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A control group of guinea pigs ovulated 3.43 ± 0.41 ova or 1.72 ova per ovary. Unilateral ovariectomy (semispaying) on day 1 resulted in the ovulation of 3.71 ± 0.37 ova from the remaining ovary, whereas after semispaying on days 5 and 10, 2.80 ± 0.12 eggs were ovaluated. Unilateral ovariectomy during days 12, 14 and just prior to ovulation resulted in the same number of ova being ovulated from the remaining ovary as from the initial ovary removed. Semispaying at any day during the cycle did not alter cycle length.At day 1, all follicles from the previous cycle were atretic. At day 5 the current population of follicles were well developed with no atresia present. Ovaries removed on days 5, 10, and 12 had approximately the same distribution of large follicles with atresia appearing in all size ranges. At day 14, the number of large follicles was markedly decreased. However, after semispaying at day 5, the remaining ovary at day 14 had twice the number of Graafian follicles and twice the amount of atresia in these size ranges as the normal day 14 ovary.It is therefore likely that the compensatory response after unilateral ovariectomy in the guinea pig is due to an increase in the rate of proliferation of smaller sized follicles into larger ones. Day 12 seems to be the critical period of the guinea pig cycle. At this time, regression of the corpora lutea occurs, and perhaps of significance, the ability of the animal to compensate for unilateral ovariectomy is also lost.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480207
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    The primary ossification of the human iliumThis work was supported by a grant from the Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In seven human fetuses of C.R. lengths ranging from 38 mm to 100 mm primary ossification of the ilium has been described.In the 38 mm fetus the perichondrium at the caudal border of the ilium in the vicinity of the greater sciatic notch is intensely basophilic and contains osteoblasts. In another 38 mm fetus in the same area new bone is present.In the 50 mm fetus bone has spread cephalad over the internal and external surfaces of the ala of the ilium without invading the underlying cartilage.In the 58 mm fetus pores are present in the bone and through them osteoblasts and vascular elements are invading the disintegrated cartilage to form the primary marrow cavity.In the 66 mm fetus the primary marrow cavity has spread into the ala of the ilium.The whole process is similar to that seen in the primary ossification of the shaft of a typical long bone and follows the sequence described by Streeter ('49).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Observations on the ultimobranchial body in Rana pipiens (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The ultimobranchial body was investigated in 63 specimens of Rana pipiens. The morphology is described for “typical” (unifollicular) glands and those found in animals in poor physiological (“stressed”) condition. The typical follicular epithelium is of a mixed pseudostratified type and includes “elongate” cells which extend from the basement membrane to the free surface. These contain elongated nuclei, prominent terminal lipid droplets and “deltoid bodies” which are triangular, homogeneously staining structures apical or basal to the nucleus. “Isometric” cells do not extend to the basement membrane. They posses intensely staining nuclei, few lipid droplets and no deltoid bodies. The stressed gland is multifollicular and degenerate. Mitochondria, lipid droplets, deltoid bodies and glycogen have been identified and are located in specific areas of the follicular cells. The secretory products within the lumina of the glands have tentatively been shown to contain acid mucopolysaccharides, carbohydrate-protein complexes, mucoproteins, lipid droplets and lipid complexes. These secretions may either represent possible precursors to future secretions or a retention of secretions produced during metamorphosis. The ultimobranchial body has shown no indication of degeneration in the adult.The ultimobranchial body in typical Rana is an active secretory gland which shows no indication of degeneration in normal adult anurans. Furthermore, it responds to fluctuations in environmental conditions as illustrated by its altered structure and varied types of secretion when stressed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480212
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  • 138
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    Histochemical distribution of cholinesterases in the testis, epididymis and vas deferens of the rat (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 231-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Testes, epididymides, and vasa deferentia of rats were examined for the distribution of cholinesterases using the Koelle thiocholine method. Activity of these enzymes was studied from birth to maturity. Acetylcholinesterase appeared first in Schwann cells of the nerve plexus of the vas deferens and auda epididymidis at birth. Epithelial cell pseudo-cholinesterase appears in the vas deferens at four days, and an adult distribution is attained at thirty days. Testis, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, and upper caput epididymidis are mainly negative for cholinesterases. In the remainder of the epididymis, three zones of intense epithelial cell reactivity are preceded by regions of lesser intensity. Smooth muscles of the epididymis are negative, but the vas deferens musculature reacts for pseudo-cholinesterase. The nerve plexus is positive for both acetyl- and pseudo-cholinesterase, and is confined to the corpus and cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The increasing density of the enzyme-positive nerves, and the cholinesterase reaction of the musculature distally suggests a probable inhibitory role in the regulation of smooth muscle function in these regions under normal conditions. The absence of an enzyme-positive innervation and the presence of an enzyme-negative musculature of the caput is correlated with an active rhythmic contractility in this region, which gradually disappears distally.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480213
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  • 139
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    Transuterine migration and spacing of bovine embryos during gonadotropin-induced multiple pregnancyThe investigation was supported in part by P.H.S. research grant GM 10282-01 from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service.Scientific Paper no. 2396 Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington, Project 1695.PMS (Equinex) was donated by Ayerst Laboratories Inc., New York, N. Y. and HCG by Upjohn, Co., Kalamazoo, Michigan. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Unilaterally ovariectomized and intact cattle were injected with 1,500 i.u. gonadotropins to induce superovulation, inseminated at estrus and autopsied 30 to 60 days post ovulation. The allantochorion was dissected in situ and the viability and position of embryos in utero measured. There was no difference between the intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals in the number of corpora lutea. One to ten embryos were recovered per cow; intact animals had more embryos than the ovariectomized ones. One to two embryos migrated per uterine horn; the percentage of transuterine migration was lower in the intact animals than in the ovariectomized ones. In unilaterally ovariectomized and intact animals, a single uterine horn could sustain only one or two embryos. When the uterine horn contained one embryo, the embryo occupied the middle or upper two-thirds of the horn. With the increase of the number of embryos the sites of embryos were unevenly spaced and overcrowded. This phenomenon led to a high rate of fetal mortality especially when the uterine horn contained more than two fetuses and transuterine migration failed to occur. The results are discussed in relation to endocrine mechanisms and species differences as they affect uterine contractions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480210
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  • 140
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    American Association of Anatomists Seventy-Seventh Session University of Colorado School of Medicine March 31, April 1, 2, 3, 1964 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 253-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstracts of papers presented at the 77th meeting of the American Association of Anatomists at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, March 31, April 1, 2, 3, 1964.The abstracts are listed in alphabetical sequence by senior author in four lists as follows: papers presented from platform, papers read by title, demonstrations and motion picture demonstration abstracts.Names of authors who are guests of the Association are marked with an asterisk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480214
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  • 141
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    An experimental study of cerebral lesions produced by the balloon cannula method of stereoencephalotmy (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method is described for making simple balloon cannulas. These may be inserted into the depths of the brain of the experimental animal and inflated, resulting in the production of a permanent destructive lesion characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis of the parenchyma, elements of the stroma being preserved peripherally. In time, a smooth, well-defined membrane delineates the oval shaped cavity resulting in a sharply punched-out lesion. A reversible lesion cannot be produced by this technique. Such lesions may have further clinical or experimental value. The local application of radioactive isotopes to specific areas of the brain under controlled situations permitting withdrawal of solutions may be possible by this method.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490103
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  • 142
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    An improved method for evaluating osteogenesis in vitroSupported in part by a grant from the Squibb Institute for Medical Research and by the United States Public Health Service grant no. GPD-16, 196. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven-day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo, over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants.The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo.In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490107
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  • 143
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    Malformations induced in the mouse by thalidomideThis investigation was supported in part by grant Ca-06673-01 from the National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Pregnant mice of Swiss ICR/Ha and the A/St and the C3H/He inbred strains were given thalidomide by oral intubation for four or five days beginning six or seven days postconception. Congenital anomalies including skeletal malformations were induced with doses of 31 to 250 mg of thalidomide per kg of body weight. Skeletal malformations of the long bones, head and trunk were seen in radiographs; soft tissue malformations were limited to structural malformations of the brain, seen in histological preparations.Because of the relatively small number of Swiss and C3H mice used, no attempt was made to discern the severity or pattern of malformations presented by each strain.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490113
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    Comparative observations of the hearts of mongrel and Greyhound dogsSupported (in part) by U.S.P.H.S. institutional grants to The Hahnemann Medical College and Temple University of School of Medicine. Also (in part) by U.S.P.H.S. Grant He-7047-2CV. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of 40 racing Greyhounds and 60 mongrel dogs provided comparative data on the respective components of the canine electrocardiogram. Additional data revealed that the Greyhound had a heart weight  -  body weight ratio of 1.25 gm, a heart rate of 115 beats per minute, a systolic blood pressure of 254 mm of Hg, and a diastolic pressure of 139 mm of Hg. These findings in an athletic animal are compared with similar observations in untrained animals. The significance of this basic information is presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490202
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  • 145
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    Electron microscopy after rapid freezing on a metal surface and substitution fixationThis investigation was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (G-21531). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A method for rapid freezing is described in which use is made of the good heat conducting properties of silver. The freezing was accomplished by bringing the tissue in contact with a polished silver surface at the temperature of liquid nitrogen either at atmospheric or reduced pressure. Helium gas flowing over this surface prevented the condensation of water or air on the silver. After freezing the tissue was placed in a substituting solvent. The best results were obtained with 2% osmium tetroxide in acetone at -85°C. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved in a narrow surface layer only.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490307
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  • 146
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    Thymus gland fractionation and thymocyte lysis (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Methods are described for the isolation of two separate fractions from guinea pig thymus gland; i.e., Hassall's corpuscles and stromal segments. Hassall's corpuscles are relatively dense epithelial aggregates sedimentable at low centrifugal acceleration, while the lighter stromal segments remain in the supernatant fluid. Solubilization of the thymocytes, effected by high-speed homogenization in hypertonic glycerol, is unaccompanied by visible gelation or nuclear residue. Glycerol-sensitivity resembles radiation-sensitivity in many respects.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490310
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  • 147
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    The mesonephric duct in female camel fetuses (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 443-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mesonephric duct was studied in female camel fetuses (Gärtner's duct). All fetuses were well developed, aged from two to three months. The female internal genital organs were sectioned at 10 μ and stained with hematoxylin-eosin or Van Gieson's stain.In camel fetuses, the duct is usually lined with one layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelium which may be ciliated. Degeneration and cavitation occur in the lower vaginal part, which finally obliterates the previous structure, or changes it to many layers. These two processes occur in succession at different levels of the vaginal portion and are not uniform stages along the whole duct. The appearance of the duct is variable at different levels and at the same level in different ducts. The two ducts may leave the submucosa superiorly and enter the musculature of the vagina at different levels. No glands opening into the mesonephric duct were observed. The upper (mesosalpingeal) part is smaller in caliber than the lower and seems to be immune to the obliteration and cavitation mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490313
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  • 148
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    Books received (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 485-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490318
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  • 149
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    The pharyngeal pouches of the dogA portion of a dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology at Kansas State University, Manhattan. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 475-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The four pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal grooves, and closing membranes of the dog form in an antero-posterior sequence but the encroachment of head mesoderm which results in obliteration of the closing membranes occurs in a posteroanterior sequence. No pharyngeal clefts are formed. The anlage of the auditory tube arises as a dorso-lateral extension from the dorsal surface of the first pharyngeal pouch and expands into an elongated tube directed toward the developing ear. The second pharyngeal pouch develops into a distinct tonsillar sinus dorso-lateral to the base of the tongue. The palatine tonsil extends into the tonsillar sinus, and both become covered by a fold of epithelium. The third pharyngeal pouch extends medially toward the developing thyroid after contacting the cervical sinus. The distal tip of the third pouch differentiates into Complex III which transforms into parathyroid III and thymus III. The distal tip of the fourth pharyngeal pouch, Complex IV, also extends in a medial direction after contacting the cervical sinus. Complex IV transforms into parathyroid IV and the ultimobranchial body.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490317
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  • 150
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    Procurement and use of turtle embryos for experimental proceduresThis work was supported in part by a research grant from the National Science Foundation, GB-1481. The library facilities of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts were used for preparation of this manuscript. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 577-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Procedures for experiments on the embryo of the turtle are described. Methods of obtaining the gravid females, their handling, and preoperative preparation of the egg are described. The actual operation can be carried out much as it is done on the chick embryo. Post-operative care is described. Survival can be satisfactory. Hazards of the procedure are discussed and means of controlling them indicated. Most of the experiments were done with embryos of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. A few experiments were done with embryos of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, and of the soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx spiniferus. The embryos of the painted turtle promise to be well suited to use for experimental studies. The soft-shelled turtle is not such a promising form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490403
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  • 151
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    Experimental heart-block in the chick embryoStudy was made possible by NIH grant HEO-3565-06. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: While studying the electrocardiograms of developing hearts it was noted that an adult type ECG could not be obtained in an embryonic heart which could not be blocked with digitalis. The need to know more about heart-block was obvious. Intact embryos of 36 to 120 hours were floated on to glass plates and treated with digoxin-Tyrode solution. Before 36 ± hours no dissociation of beat could be produced. The heart just stopped. At 40 ± hours a conal block followed by a midventricular block appeared. At 42 ± hours conal and midventricular blocks were followed by the first appearance of AV block. It was intermittent. At 47 ± hours conal block jumped to an incisive AV block. Midventricular block was rare. At 72 hours conal and then AV block occurred. Combinations such as four atrial to two ventricular to one conal beat could be readily produced while blood circulated.Electrocardiograms and cinephotomicrographs were taken of 72 and 96 hour hearts. Most striking was the fact that the typical Wenckebach phenomenon of adult heart-block could be duplicated, i.e., an increase of PR interval preceding AV block followed by a shorter PR interval which again gradually increased preceding AV block. This sequence was repeated over and over. An explanation of these events is offered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490205
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    Lymphocyte formation in the thymus of the embryonic chickSupported by research grants HE-04061-05 (HEM) and 1 SO1 FR-05109-01 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 191-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Embryonic thymus provides a distinct advantage over the definitive thymus because the earliest formation of lymphocyte and lymphocytic precursors can be observed in a relatively simple and uncomplicated situation. Special cytological techniques combined with light, phase, and electron microscopy have been performed in this investigation involving over 150 chick embryos between 5 and 18 days of embryonic development.Sequential cytological changes in the development of the thymus into an active lymphocytopoietic organ indicate that lymphoblasts develop by the gradual proliferation and transformation of “undifferentiated” epithelial cells comprising the primordial thymus. Lymphoblastic transformation begins on the seventh day of embryonic development in the chick and is characterized by increased cytoplasmic and nucleolar basophilia and chromatin condensation. “Undifferentiated” epithelial cells undergo two distinct lines of differentiation between the seventh and tenth days: into lymphoblasts and into stellate reticular-epithelial cells which constitute the organ parenchyma. All stages of lymphocytic maturation may be observed by 10-11 days as the thymus assumes a predominately lymphocytic character. Absence of lymphocytes or lymphocytic precursors in the connective tissue surrounding the embryonic thymus before and during the period of initial lymphoblastic transformation; presence of a continuous basement membrane surrounding the developing thymus; and absence of cells passing through this membrane during this phase of development indicate that the lymphocytic elements appearing in the embryonic thymus parenchyma are of epithelial rather than mesenchymal derivation. Although a contribution of mesenchymal elements to the lymphocytic population via vascular invasion and lobular formation in later stages of thymic development is unlikely, this question cannot be answered at this time. In spite of functional immunological distinctions between the lymphocytes of the chick thymus and bursa of Fabricius, the similarity of origin of the lymphocytic elements of these lympho-epithelial organs is apparent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490204
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  • 153
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    The ultrastructure of megakaryocytes and blood platelets in the rat spleenSupported in part by research grants from the National Institutes of Health A-131 (C9) and from the Upjohn Company. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 251-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The cytoplasm of the megakaryocyte in the rat spleen possesses three zones, the perinuclear, intermediate and marginal. The perinuclear zone is characterized by the presence of Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. These organelles are found also in the more voluminous intermediate zone which in addition exhibits platelet granules and an extensive development of vesicles from smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum to form demarcation membranes by coalescence. The marginal zone is almost devoid of the organelles and inclusions present elsewhere. Shedding of platelets appears to occur by extension of a paired demarcation membrane from the intermediate zone to the cell membrane and subsequent separation of its lamellae so that all of the essential organelles and inclusions of the intermediate zone may be included within the platelet. In addition, platelets contain vesicles which are probably pinocytotic in nature. Platelets are sometimes engulfed by the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490208
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  • 154
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    Studies of muscle fibers of the tensor tympani of the cat (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 279-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The tensor tympani muscle of the cat has been studied using histological and electrophysiological techniques. Histological studies revealed the presence of striated and smooth muscle fibers. The striated muscle fibers could be classified structurally as “Fibrillenstruktur” and “Felderstruktur” fibers, suggesting that both “fast” phasic and “slow” tonic fibers were present. Histochemical studies showed that some of the smaller (25-40 μ) Fibrillenstruktur fibers possessed relatively large end-plate receptor areas which stained heavily for acetylcholinesterase. The membranes and cytoplasm of even smaller diameter fibers (9-25 μ) stained for acetylcholinesterase, similar to its distribution in muscle spindles of other muscles.Intracellular recordings showed that there were two distribution peaks of the resting membrane potentials  -  one at 40-50 mV, the other at 70-80 mV. When the nerve to the tensor tympani was stimulated by single square wave pulses, small junctional potentials (40 mV) followed by an after-hyperpolarization, were recorded only from fibers with low resting membrane potentials  -  presumably slow Felderstruktur fibers. Large (70-90 mV) potentials which showed overshoot of zero potential, and which were preceded by initial long depolrizing potentials, were recorded from fibers with large resting membrane potentials. These fibers, which showed occasional spontaneous activity were presumably smooth muscle fibers. Potentials similar to those recorded from fast muscle fibers in other muscles were also occasionally recorded.It was concluded that the cat tensor tympani possessed slow and fast striated muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and possible some embryonic type muscle fibers.
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  • 155
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    The microscopic anatomy of the hymen (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The hymen at different stages of life from birth to menopause was examined under the microscope. Each section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Van Gieson, Best's carmine, Orcein, PAS, Mallory's and modified Wilder technique. The modified Bodian's technique was used to stain the nerve fibers and the nerve cells.The main bulk of the hymen is formed of fibrous connective tissue, partly elastic and partly collagenous fibers. Both surfaces are covered by stratified squamous epithelium which lacks any evidence of cornification. The epithelium is thicker at the attached edge. Glycogen granules are equally present on the vaginal and on the vulvar surface.The connective tissue papillae are more numerous and more branching at the free edge and on the vaginal surface. There is no trace of glandular or muscle element.The hymen is not richly supplied with nerve fibers. No nerve cells and fibers are present at the free edge of the hymen. Nerve cells are bipolar, small in size, oval, spindle or kidney shaped. The terminal nerve fibers penetrate the epithelium in between the connective tissue papillae.In the newborn the hymen is vascular and the epithelium is thick. During pregnancy the epithelium is very thick and very rich in glycogen. At menopause the epithelium is thin and certain areas are cornified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490213
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    Composition of trabecular and cortical bonePortion of the work was done at the U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, California, supported by the U.S.N. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Task MR 005.08-1200, Subtask I. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 325-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A technique was devised for obtaining marrow-free trabecular bone so that the trabecular and cortical bone composition of dog, steer, monkey and man could be studied. Vertebral body was cut in the frontal plane into slices 2 mm thick with an electric band saw. The cortical bone encrircling each slice was trimmed off with a cleaver, leaving intact a lacy slice of trabecular bone. The marrow substance was washed away by fine and powerful jets of tap water obtained from an adjustable nozzle. Marrow washing was discontinued when no trace of red color was visible on holding the slice in front of a strong light source.The quantities of water, volatile inorganic, organic and ash fractions in cortical bone was alike for all species. Likewise, the trabecular bone fractions of each was quantitatively similar. In general, density and amount of ash in cortical bone was higher than that in trabecular bone. The water and ash:organic ratio were higher in trabecular than in cortical bones.Ratios of trabecular to cortical ash for the bones in an entire dog skeleton were also determined. Based on this, volume or mass of the various bone fraction may be estimated when the weight of the ash for any particular bone is known.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490303
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    Histochemical characteristics of mucopolysaccharides in salivary and exorbital lacrimal glands (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 333-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Comparison of results obtained by S35O4= autoradiography with those from histochemical staining methods and evaluation of the effect on the staining resulting from prior sialidase digestion, methylation, methylation and saponification, or sulfation, substantiates the selectivity of some procedures for sialomucin and others for sulfomucin. These two types of mucopolysaccharide may be differentiated by the high iron diamine-alcian blue or aldehyde fuchsin-alcian blue sequences or comparison between staining with the alcian blue pH 2.5-PAS sequence and staining with the alcian blue pH 1.0-PAS method. These techniques reveal that some rodent or lagomorph salivary glands form sialomucin alone, others apparently only sulfomucin, whereas a number produce both types of acid mucopolysaccharide either in different mucous cells throughout the gland or in the same cell.Differences in affinity for basic dyes, periodate reactivity, and susceptibility to elimination of basophilia by methylation or enzymatic digestion are evident among both the sulfo- and the sialomucins in different glands. After brief saponification the sialomucin in rat sublingual glands becomes sialidase digestible and gains alcohol resistant metachromasia.Several serous or seromucous glands secrete neutral mucopolysaccharides; others secrete polysaccharides containing sulfate or sialic acid groups whose affinity is masked for some but not for other basic dyes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490304
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    The proliferative activity of the adrenal cortex using a radioautographic technic with thymidine-H3Supported by a research grant (04921) from National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, U.S.P.H.S. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proliferative activity of the adrenal cortex was studied following injections of thymidine-H3. Normal male Long-Evans rats had less activity than comparable animals of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Of the Long-Evans rats killed at different hours of the day, those injected with thymidine-H3 at 6 P.M. and killed six hours later had the greatest activity. Normal male rats 35 to 73 days of age had almost all activity in the glomerulosa and outer fasciculata of the cortex. This activity was greatly increased two or three days after injecting colchicine, compound 48/80, or carbon tetrachloride. Such stressing agents did not cause any increase in activity during the first 24 hours. Three days after carbon tetrachloride a considerable increase in proliferative activity occurred in the inner zona fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal of female rats during diestrus. Male rats killed 28 to 40 days after injecting thymidine-H3 showed no evidence of centripetal migration of cells into the reticularis during that time. The absence of centripetal migration and the marked responsiveness of the inner fasciculata and reticularis of female animals after stressing agents supports the zonal theory of function in the adrenal cortex.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Chorio-allantoic membrane touch preparationsThis investigation was carried out during the tenure of an Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung fellowship, at the Tropeninstitut, Hamburg, Germany ('58-'60). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple method for separating the ectodermal (chorionic) and entodermal (allantoic) layers of the chorio-allantoic membrane has been devised. It consists of placing, unfolded, a membrane fragment on a rubber balloon filled with water; air is blown briskly upon the membrane by means of a rubber bulb until its shiny surface becomes dull; following this, a glass slide is applied on it, surface to surface, and then it is suddenly taken off, whereby the desired epithelial layer becomes attached to the glass surface. The microscopic observation of the layers thus individualized shows, on frontal view, their histological architecture, and the characteristic structural details of the constituent cells (cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasmic inclusions, mitochondria, stages in mitotic cell division, etc.).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490312
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  • 160
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    Epiphyseal ossification and shaft elongation in human metatarsal bonesThis work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 449-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Measurements of the lengths of the shafts of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals have been made on serial standarized radiographs of white Australian children. A statistical analysis showed that, in the boys, there were no real differences between the rates of elongation of the shafts during periods when the corresponding epiphyses became radio-opaque and those that occurred during earlier or later periods. There was a statistically significant tendency in the girls for rate of elongation of metatarsals to be more rapid before radio-opaque changes in epiphyses were noted than after.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490314
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    Addendum (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 458-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490316
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  • 162
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    American Association of Anatomists. Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting, University of Colorado School of Medicine, March 31, April 1, 2, 3, 1964. Proceedings, Officers and List of Members (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 493-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490319
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  • 163
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    The connective tissue framework of the femur in mice of different agesResearch supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.Presented in part at the 1st International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, in Paris, August 31, 1960. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 559-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490402
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    Glomerular localization of intravenous Alcian blueThis work was supported by grant no. GM RG 9666 McManus, Public Health Service and a Biological Stain Commission Fellowship, and by an Institutional grant from the American Cancer Society. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 605-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anatomical and histological picture following intravenous injections of several concentrations of aqueous solutions of Alcian Blue has been described. Alcian Blue granules can be found in all cases within the reticulo-endothelial cells of the body in lungs, spleen, liver and bone marrow and in the kidney.The greatest concentration of the dye is found within the renal glomeruli. It is in such concentration as to enable one to see individual glomeruli with the 10 × magnification of the dissecting microscope. On high power (950 ×) the dye can be seen as granules within the endothelial cells and podocytes of the glomerulus, as well as in the cells of the glomerular stalk. No Alcian Blue has been identified within the macula densa.Certain difficulties due to the solubility of the dye in sections are mentioned. Present means of meeting them are covered. Also discussed are follow-up studies being undertaken and possible implications of the procedure.
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    Histochemical study of morphogenesis and teratogenesis of the palate in mouse embryos (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 691-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aggregation of acid mucopolysaccharides in normal palates and cleft palates in mouse embryos was studied by various histochemical methods. An “index of staining intensity” was introduced as a mean numerical value derived from the visual grading of all sections of each litter. Animals were killed at 20 different points of gestation period, from thirteenth to seventeenth day. In this manner a composite staining intensity  -  time table could be obtained for both experimental groups. The observed data seem to indicate some correlation between the concentration of acid mucopolysaccharides in palatine shelves and the competence of embryonic mechanism of palate closure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490412
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    The histochemical distribution of β-galactosidase activity in the ovary and female genital tract (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 699-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In the female genital system of the rat the only organ to give a strong histochemical reaction for β-galactosidase with the post-coupling technique is the ovary, where strong staining occurs in the corpora lutea, the interstitial cells and some of the macrophages. In the uterus and vagina the relatively weak reaction is restricted to the epithelia, and is reduced by ovariectomy. During pregnancy the decidua shows marked activity, but in the portions of the uterus which are not involved in placentation the reaction is still restricted to the epithelium. The mucified vaginal epithelium of late pregnancy is moderately reactive. In the rabbit ovary the activity is strong, with intense staining in interstitial cells; in the ovaries of the guinea pig and monkey it is much weaker.Though β-galactosidase is considered to be mainly lysosomal, its ovarian distribution differs in some respects from the distribution of acid phosphatase. The relative intensities of the ovarian and uterine reactions in the rat, as shown histochemically, do not appear to correspond with biochemical findings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490413
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    The growth promoting effects of damage in the damaged and contralateral kidneys of the mouseThis investigation was supported by grant G-13945 from the National Science FoundationThe authors wish to thank Mrs. Carol Ogle for her expert assistance (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Damage produced by the multiple insertion of a needle into a mouse kidney results, in two days, in the stimulation of mitotic activity around the damaged areas, and in the cortex of the contralateral kidney. The mitotic activity in the contralateral kidney cortex approximates that seen after unilateral nephrectomy.Evidence is presented which suggests that the loss of kidney mass associated with the damage is not the cause of the increased mitotic activity in the damaged or contralateral kidneys. The release of stimulatingsubstances from the wound is probably required. This is in contrast to growth produced by unilateral nephrectomy where the loss of kidney mass is the initiating factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500102
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  • 168
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    The effects of transection of the nerve trunk on the perineural epithelium with special reference to its role in nerve degeneration and regeneration (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 35-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Detailed histological and histochemical studies were made on the effect of transection on the perineural epithelium of the peripheral nerves of rat and cat. Histologically and histochemically it has been shown that the perineural epithelium does not undergo any change in the proximal as well as in distal segments of these transected nerves and is maintained as seen in the untransected nerves. These studies also show that the capsule of the muscle spindle is made up of a continuation of the perineural epithelium and maintains its histological structure, as well as its enzyme equipment. Electronmicroscopic evidences are given for the normal maintenance of this epithelium in the regenerating nerve. The only structure which does not show any change when a nerve is transected is the perineural epithelium. It has been pointed out that the perineural epithelial tube plays an important role in conducting the regenerating axons within the neurilemmal tube to the proper sensory and motor endings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500105
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    Histochemical studies on phosphorylase and uridinediphosphoglucose-glycogen transferase in decidual cells of the ratThe investigation was supported by a USPHS grant no. AM08029-01 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Adult virgin females were made pseudopregnant by cervical stimulation and four days after stimulation the uteri were traumatized with a thread. The animals were autopsied 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after trauma. Frozen sections of the deciduomata were sectioned on the cryostat. For the identification of phosphorylase the sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg glucose-1-phosphate (G-1-P), 10 mg muscle adenylic acid, 15 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 5.8), 25 units of insulin and 5 mg of glycogen. To demonstrate uridinediphosphoglucose (UDPG)-glycogen transferase sections were placed in the substrate containing 50 mg UDPG, 10 mg glycogen, 20 mg Versene, 10 mg G-6-P, 14 ml distilled water, 10 ml 0.2 M tris buffer (pH 7.4) and 1 ml absolute alcohol. Following incubation for one hour at 37° the sections were treated with either Lugol's or Gram's solution until the color developed. A positive response for phosphorylase was a blue-black color while a red-purple color indicated UDPG-glycogen transferase. The periodic-leucofuchsin technique was used to identify glycogen and hemotoxylin and eosin sections were studied for general morphology.Glycogen and phosphorylase were observed in the decidual cells. However, the enzymatic activity was not as intense or as extensive as the polysaccharide. UDPG-glycogen transferase activity was observed in only two of the 50 deciduomata studied. On the basis of the present observations it may be suggested that the important pathway for glycogen synthesis in the decidual cells is from G-1-P by the action of phosphorylase and not from UDPG by the action of UDPG-glycogen transferase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500208
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    In vivo measurements of capillaries of frogs, mice, and puppiesSupported by: USPHS Grant no. HE-04846-04 (CV), Grant no. T-144A from the American Cancer Society and a grant from the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 141-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensions of capilaries in various tissues, in vivo, in frogs, mice, and pups. Capillaries were measured in the web, strap muscles of the neck, mesentery and bladder of frogs, and in the mesentery of mice and pups. The light source was a fused quartz rod transilumination apparatus. In all cases the exposed tissues were kept moist by a continuous flow of Ringer's solution over their surfaces.The mean values found for the tissues of the frog are web 11.94 μ, skeletal muscle 11.30 μ, mesentery 11.97 μ, and bladder 11.40 μ. The mesenteric capillaries of the mice and pups had a mean value of 4.64 μand 7.36 μ respectively.Difficulties encountered during the course of observation included vibrations of the optical equipment, movement of the tissue under the microscope, fogging of the objective lens, and the determining of which of the microscopic vessels were “capillaries.”A statistical analysis of the data indicates that the variance in the measurements recorded on the capillaries of a single animal is greater than the variance from animal to animal.
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    Calculation of cranial capacity from linear dimensions (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Physical anthropological and x-ray linear measurements of length, breadth and height of 28 dried skulls were made. The means and variances of these measurements were calculated and are given in tables. Next, the cranial capacity of these skulls was measured with mustard seeds (this method was validated using water measured skull) and the means and variances are given separately for males and females. Two formulae: (1) Lee's - Males, 0.365 (L × B × H) + 359.34; Females, 0.375 (L × B × H) + 296.40. (2) Spheroid-π/6 (L × B × H) were applied to calculate cranial capacity (in milliliters) from the linear anthropological and radiological dimensions (in centimeters). The results of the volumes thus obtained were compared to each other and to the control volume of the respective skulls. It was concluded that both the Lee's and Spheroid formulas for calculating the volume showed acceptably small difference from the respective control values. However, the Lee's method gave closer to control volumes for anthropological measurements whereas the Spheroid method gave closer to control volumes for x-ray measurements.
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    Comparative anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongues of pigmy and common marmosetsTo the memory of late Dr. Tsunetaro Fujita, Emeritus Professor of University of Tokyo.This paper was read at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Primate Researches, November 17-18, 1963, Inuyama. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Macroscopic and neurohistological observations of the tongues of the pigmy and common marmosets are described. On the dorsum, there are three circumvallate papillae arranged in an inverted V-shape. Through the magnifying glass the foliate papillae with a few clefts are found anterior to the attachment of the glossopalatine fold. The fungiform papillae can be seen with a lens. The vallate papillae are supplied with abundant nerves. The taste buds are located only in the lateral non-cornified wall of the papilla, closely associated with the subgemmal nerve plexus. The lingual glands of the serous type are present deep in the muscle of this region. The ganglion cells composing the ganglion are located inside and below the papilla. The foliate papillae consist of a few furrows with many taste buds and are supplied with abundant nerves and a few ganglion cells. The serous glands are not plentiful. Infiltration of the lymphoid cells in the foliate papilla region should be regarded as the lingual follicle of the primitive type. The fungiform papillae are supplied with abundant nerve fibers which terminate free and are furnished with many taste buds having an embryonic appearance. The papillae are comparable to those of the human fetal or newborn tongue. The “sublingua” is a rudimentary structure having neither sensory nerves nor taste buds. The ganglion cells lying on the nerve fiber bundles in the apical region probably are cells migrating from the submandibular ganglion. No apical glands of Nuhn are present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500416
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    Glycogen synthetase in the rabbit tongue and uterusThis investigation was supported by the National Science Foundation, (NSF-G-21377). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 148 (1964), S. 503-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: UDPG-glycogen synthetase was studied in the uterus of ovariectomized and ovariectomized-hormone treated rabbits and in the tongue. Following the biochemical technic of Leloir and Goldenberg it was not possible to demonstrate the enzyme in the uterus of the ovariectomized or ovariectomized treated animals. However, in the tongue the enzyme was present. The data from this study along with previous histochemical studies indicates that the glycogen in the uterine muscle is not synthesized through the UPDG pathway, but is synthesized from G-1-P by the action of phosphorylase. Since UDPG-glycogen synthetase can be demonstrated in the tongue a difference seems to exist in glycogen synthesis between the smooth muscle of the uterus and skeletal muscle of the tongue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091480308
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    Ectopic glomeruli in the human and animal kidney (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ectopic glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules were found in the kidneys of the rat, cat, dog, rabbit and ferret and in the human full-term fetus. They lay in the connective tissue around the main intrarenal vessels and deep to the pelvic mucosa. Their afferent arterioles were long and gave branches to the pelvic mucosal plexus, while their efferents supplied the pelvic mucosa and the medulla, or one or the other of these tissues. In the rabbit the ectopic glomeruli often produced small cysts in the pelvic septum. Degenerating ectopic glomeruli were occasionally found and in the dog the majority of them showed this change. In the adult human kidney, aglomerular arteries supplied both the pelvic mucosa and the medulla and it is suggested that such arteries are the result of degeneration of ectopic glomeruli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490102
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    Fine structure of the guinea pig adrenal cortexSupported in part by U.S.P.H.S. Grant A-5079 from the National Institutes of Health and Grant DT-8 from the National Institute of Dental Research. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 73-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The adrenal cortex of the male guinea pig has been examined with the electron microscope. Many of the cells of the zone glomerulosa possessed bizarreshaped nuclei with frequent cytoplasmic invaginations. The internal structure of the mitochondria was entirely cristaform, the cristae being spaced at reasonably regular intervals. A rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum was present in this zone only. The outer fasciculata showed an abundance of lipid in droplet from. The mitochondrial internal structure of this zone was predominantly cristaform, but the cristae were aggregated in clumps instead of being evenly spaced. Smooth-surfaced cytoplasmic vacuoles were frequent. The inner fasciculate and the reticularis were generally similar. They differed from the above zones in that little lipid was present in droplet form and by the presence of a profusion of smooth-surfaced cytoplasmic vacuoles which were interpreted as being homologous with the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria of the inner fasciculata were irregular in shape, while those of the reticularis were larger and more regular. In all zones of the cortex, the vascular channels were lined with an endothelium separated from the parenchymal cell by a space which was frequently seen to contain fibrils as well as fibroblast-like cells.
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  • 176
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490201
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  • 177
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    A light and electron microscopic study correlating the chromaffin reaction and granule ultrastructure in the adrenal medulla of the Syrian hamsterThis research supported by Anatomy Training Grant 2G-459 (C2), USPHS Grants AM-08222-01, and NB-01148-07. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The medullae from the right adrenal glands of hamsters given one or three injections of reserpine were prepared for electron microscopy by fixation in buffered osmic acid while the contralateral left glands were fixed in formol-dichromate for light microscopic determinations of the chromaffin reaction. The adreno-medullary cells of these animals were compared with cells of untreated hamsters in order to determine if catecholamine loss was accompanied by changes in the electron opaque cytoplasmic granules.Ten and 15 hours following one reserpine injection (1 mg/kg) the chromaffin reaction was positive, whereas after 20 hours the reaction was negative, reflecting a catecholamine reduction. The negative chromaffin reaction was accompanied by alterations in granule ultrastructure. The dense central core of the granules was less electron opaque compared with those of control medullary cells. The decreased density likely reflected a catecholamine loss since the opaque appearance of the granules is attributed to the presence of the amines. Following three injections (1 mg/kg daily; three days) the chromaffin reaction was negative and most granules had disappeared from the cytoplasm. The results give evidence that, after limited reserpine injections (1 mg/kg; one injection), catecholamines can be released from the medullary cells without granule disappearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490207
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  • 178
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    Visceral heterotaxy with malformed heart. Similar findings in a child and a puppyThis work was aided by a grant from the Heart Association of Erie County. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A cyanotic child and a newborn puppy were found to have a complicated cardiac malformation of essentially identical design. There was situs inversus of the cardiac chambers, hypoplasia of the anatomic left heart with transposition of the great vessels, pulmonary atresia, patent ductus arteriosus and drainage of all pulmonary veins into the anatomic right atrium. There was situs inversus totalis with pivotal levocardia in the child and dextrocardia in the puppy.The patient was markedly improved by a systemic-pulmonary arterial anastomosis indicating the feasibility of palliative surgery in spite of the servere cardiac abnormality.The association of visceral heterotaxy with an identical complicated malformation of the heart in the human and canine species appears to indicate a common developmental deviation and thus is considered to be of teratologic significance.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490211
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  • 179
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    A re-evaluation of the mastoid region of contemporary and fossil man (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study points out a heretofore unrecognized range of variation in the mastoid area, between modern and ancient man. The mastoid region of modern man was re-investigated and found to present a very different picture from fossil man. A trend was noted in modern man toward the enlargement of the mastoid process, the eruption of the juxtamastoid process in the digastric fossa and the absence of a pronounced occipitomastoid crest. The conditios were considerably differnt in Neanderthal man. In this group the area consisted of a small mastoid process, a spacious digastric fossa with no intervening juxtamastoid process and an occipitomastoid crest which exceeded or at least equaled, the projection of its mastoid process.This additional data emphasizes the cranial differences between modern man and Neanderthal man and suggests that the region should be re-evaluated in light of this new data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490108
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  • 180
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    Macrophages in post-secretory mammary involution in miceThis investigation was supported (in whole) by Public Health Service Grants A-2693 (M. and N.) and HE-07318 from the Natinal Heart Institute. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 99-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Vital staining by trypan blue was used to demonstrate macrophages within involuting (post-secretory), lactating and resting mammae of mice. Involution was produced by removal of the nursing young on the eighth day post-partum when maximal lactation was present. The number of macrophages in involutin mammae was not significantly greater than that found in the rsting glands of mice receiving comparable injections of dye. Macrophages (coarse, granular accmulations of trypan blue in cytoplasm) in involutin mammae were congregated around and within atrophic alveoli and small ducts, while in lactating and resting mammae they were located primarily in the areolar stroma. Plasma cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils were increased during involution, but the limited leucocytic response did not indicate that a significant inflammatory reaction was active in the process of involution. Difuse parenchymal staining, indicating cellular injury or death, was limited to the epithelium of necroptic ducts and alveoli of involuting glands. Granular deposits of dye, as in macrophages or renal tubular epitelium, were not seen in the resting, lacating or involuting mammary parenchyma.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490110
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    Changes induced by sustained pressure in the knee joint articular cartilage of adult rabbitsSupported by U. S. Public Health Service Research Grants GM-04433-08, A-2343 (C1) and a James Hudson Brown Memorial Fund Grant of Yale University School of Medicine. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 113-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The right knees of rabbits were rigidly fixed with metal clamps midway between full flexion and full extension. After six dayas the knees of six were preserved while clamped. Twenty other rabbits were sacrificed after 16 days. Ten received colchicine on the eighth, eleventh and fifteenth day following clamp application. Their knees were preserved after clamp removal. The femoral and tibial articular cartilages subjected to pressure for six days were extremely compressed but viable. In knees clamped for 16 days the changes found were related to the amount of knee movement present at autopsy. Where it was small but easily detectable the cartilages were normal. Where there was no movement the cartilage was dead. Where it was only slight variable cartilage changes were found ranging from surface abradement, Matrix swelling, enlargement of lacunae and chondrocytes, increased number of cells per lacuna, and an occasional chondrocyte in mitosis, to an extensive matrix alteration resulting in the disappearance of lacunae, chondrocytes released from the confines of lacunae and interspersed among a meshwork of fine collagen fibers, and a few released chondrocytes in mitosis. The most extensive change was where the cartilage defect area was occupied by a mass of proliferating richly-cellular tissue. The knee articular cartilage changes of this experiment are compared with those occurring during pregnancy in the pubic symphyseal cartilage of mice.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490111
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    Cadmium-induced injury of the rat testisThis research project was supported in part by the N.I.H. General Research Support Grant, and in part by the Ernest L. Woodward Fund, of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 135-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It is well known that cadmium chloride administered as single, subcutaneous, sub-toxic doses selectively damages the rat testis, producing irreversible injury of the germinal epithelium and temporary damage to the interstitial tissue.Studies reported here demonstrate that: (1) this injury represents an ischemic necrosis secondary to rapid production of intertubular edema (4 to 6 hours), increased intratesticular pressure, with or without associated hemorrhage, and ultimate interference with testicular blood supply and drainage - not unlike injury following testicular artery ligation; (2) as dosage is progressively reduced to approximately one-sixth that employed by most investigators, interstitial tissue is unaffected and ischemic necrosis is supplanted by a non-necrotic degeneration of the germinal epithelium closely resembling, in its histopathology and irreparability, that occurring after vitamin E deficiency; (3) oral administration of vitamin E has no protective effect, and testes of rats critically depleted of E show no increased susceptiblity to cadmium.Observations on the nature and distribution of tubular injury, and on the vasculature of the testis and epididymis, suggest that the unusual sensitivity of the testis to cadmium is related to unique features of its vasculature; namely, the pulseless, semistagnant flow of blood in the intratesticular course of the testicular artery, which permits cadmium to alter capillary endothelium permeability, causing edema and pressure effects leading to acute anoxia at higher levels of dosage, and diminishing degrees of anoxia with decreasing dosage levels. Comparable morphological features of the proximal segment of the caput epididymis make it likewise susceptible to cadmium injury.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490112
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    Studies on the innervation of the stapedius muscle of the catSupported by the John C. and Edward Coleman Memorial Fund, Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center and State of Washington Initiative 171 Funds for Research in Biology and Medicine. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A study of nerve-muscle relations and fine innervation patterns is reported for the stapedius muscle of the cat. Gross relations of the muscle to its associated nerves and other middle ear structures are shown by illustrations. Histologic features of innervation are studied with the Bodian silver method. the thiocholine technique, and iron hematoxylin and osmic acid stains.The muscle is richly supplied by 3 to 4 facial nerve branches in which no axons are found above 8 μ and the majority are unimodally grouped at 2-4 μ. The auricular nerve of the vagus does not penetrate the muscle. Three to four distinct zone is of fasciculi are found whose muscle fibers are 14-20 μ in diameter. Each zone is supplied by primary nerves whose branches do not exhibit terminal overlap or multiple innervation of muscle fibers. Short terminal axons lead to motor and plates from all intramuscular nerve branches. Nerve branches and motor end plates are confined to the basal third of the muscle. Sensory endings are not detected within the muscle or its tendon. It is estimated that each motor neuron supplies no more than five muscle fibers but more probably three or less.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490114
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    Effect of size of intracellular ice on consumption of oxygen and nuclear alteration of mouse kidney cellsThis work was supported by research grant GM-6418 from the National Institutes of Health. Part of this research was presented at the Seventy-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (Anat. Rec., 145: 286, 1963). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 591-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Large intracellular ice formations are assumed to be more damaging than small ones. Nuclear alteration, such as pycnosis, generally is considered a reflection of reduced vital cellular functions. Evidence is presented which shows, on the basis of rate of oxygen consumption, that survival of kidney cells is greater after the formation of large rather than small intracellular ice artifacts, and that nucelar alteration such as pycnosis does not indicate the degree of damage to a vital function, their respiratory activity. Findings agree with those based upon autotransplantation of skin (Anat. Rec., 144: 171-191, '62). It is suggested that mitochondria are one of the cellular sites of freeze-thaw injury and that the mechanism of freezing injury may differ in nucleus and ctyoplasm.Microscopic appearance of ice artifacts formed in cells of mouse kidney slices after slow (1.5° and 3.0°C/min) and rapid (19° and 38°C/sec) freezing to -75° and -196°C was preserved by the author's freeze-drying method. Control (unfrozen) and frozen-thawed slices were fixed in Bouin's fluid and processed routinely for study of microstructure. Oxygen consumption of parallel groups of control and frozen-thawed slices was measured by the conventional Warburg manometric technique. The data revealed that: (1) the size of intracellular ice artifacts was 5 to 17 times larger in slices frozen at slow than at rapid rate; (2) Q02 of cells in slowly frozen tissue slices (average of 21% of control Q02) was significantly greater than rapidly frozen cells (average of 9% of control Q02); (3) Nuclear pycnosis, crenation and vacuolation were more extensive in cells which were frozen slowly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490405
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    The ultrastructure of human embryonic myocardiumThis work was supported by United States Public Health Grant no. HE-0664 (HEP). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 623-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Human embryonic myocardial tissues ranging from eight to eighteen weeks of development were prefixed and dissected in buffered formaldehyde, postfixed in buffered OsO4 and processes for Epon embedding. At these stages of development the myocardial cells contain an abundance of sarcoplasm with a sparse random distribution of myofibrils that frequently appear branched. The A, I and Z bands exhibited in the adult myocardial cells are also observed in these stages of development. However, the M line is only slightly apparent, while no H band was observed. The mitochondria are not arranged in parallel arrays as found in the adult, but appear to be randomly distributed throughout the interfibrillar sarcoplasm. An array of tubules, cisternae and vesicles that comprise the sarcoplasmic reticulum is also distributed throughout the interfibrillar sarcoplasm. In some areas this tubular system appears as vesicles with small dense granules along its outer surface, while in other areas it appears smooth. The distribution and orientation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is far less pronounced in the embryonic stages examined in this study than that reported for the adult myocardium. Dense granules (150 to 350 Å) appear as clusters or aggregates of granules in the sarcoplasm and are similar to the glycogen granules described by other investigators. The intercalated disc is observed at the junction of two opposing cells and occurs with less frequency than the intercalated disc in the adult myocardium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490408
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    Myocardial fiber size and capillary-fiber ratio in the right and left ventricles of the ratSupported by a grant from the Life Insurance Research Fund (G62) and by USPHS Training Grant HTS 5136 and Career Development Award (5-K3-GM-15,457) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Histological techniques were used to obtain fiber counts, capillary counts, fiber diameters, and capillary-fiber ratios in the adult rat heart. Based on measurements of 3,600 fibers in six rats, the means and standard deviations of the fiber diameters for the left and right ventricles were 11.8 ± 4.8 and 11.5 ± 4.3 μ respectively. The corresponding capillary-fiber ratios were 0.92 ± 0.23 and 0.90 ± 0.33. The differences between the right and left ventricles were not statistically significant. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the reproducibility of the results. The frequency distribution of the fiber diameters was found to be unimodal in both right and left ventricles suggesting that only one group of fiber sizes is involved. It was found that fiber counts could be used as an indication of fiber size under ordinary conditions provided that the total number of fibers counted is over 200.
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    A comparative histochemical study of interstitial tissue and follicular atresia in the mammalian ovary (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 411-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution and origin of interstitial tissue has been studied in various mammalian ovaries with histochemcal techniques for lipids. The interstitial tissue contains sudanophilic droplets of different sizes consisting of phospholipids, triglycerides and cholesterol and its esters; the lipids are comparatively unsaturated.The granulosa of normal follicles contains heterogeneous lipid bodies of various sizes composed of unsaturated phospholipids. With the start of atresia these lipid bodies also develop neutral fats (triglycerides). Besides the heterogeneous lipid bodies, another type of sudanophilic lipid droplets of atresia, consisting of triglycerides, cholesterol and its ester and little phospholopids, are formed in the granulosa cells. When the number of these lipid droplets is sufficiently increased, the heterogeneous lipid bodies disappear from the atretic follicles. The theca of such atretic follicles hypertrophies and persists to form the interstitial tissue whereas the granulosa cells, along with the lipid droplets, regress and disappear.In the rat ovary, the interstitial tissue occurs as scattered patches of various sizes that are derived from the theca of atretic preantral and antral follicles. Most of the lipid droplets of the interstitial tissue are mobilized from the preovulatory rat ovary. All of the bat ovary is occupied by interstitial tissue except for the cortex; the tissue is formed in the same way as in the rat. In the cat ovary, the interstitial tissue is sparsely scattered between the follicles and originates from the theca and adjacent stromal cells of normal and atretic follicles. In the dog ovary the interstitial tissue has a similar origin and also arises from invaginations of germinal epithelium. In the opossum ovary the interstitial tissue is present in the form of sparsely scattered patches of cells which arise from the theca of large preantral follicles. A few lipid bodies, consisting of unsaturated phospholipids, appear in the interstitial tissue.
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    Some electron microscopic observations on the lamina propria of the gut, with comments on the close association of macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophilsSupported in part by a research grant (NB 02145) from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. A preliminary report was given to the American Society for Cell Biology (Deane, '63b). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 453-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study has been made of the constituents of the lamina propria of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the mouse. This layer is highly cellular in the intestines, less so in the stomach. The connective tissue cells are often crowded together without detectable fibers or ground substance between.Below the basement (boundary) membrane of the epithelium attenuated fibrocytes form an almost continuous layer. The appearance of a fibroblast in mitotic division is described.In the connective tissue spaces are abundant plasma cells, macrophages, undifferentiated cells and eosinophils. The fine structure of each is described and illustrated.Particularly evident is the frequency with which plasma cells lie in direct contact with macrophages and with eosinophils. In some instances, vesicles of similar appearance occur in apposed plasma cell and macrophage, suggestive of exchange of material.These close relations of macrophages, plasma cells, and eosinophils are discussed in terms of the role each plays in the defense of the organism against foreign antigens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490315
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    Masthead (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490401
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    On the innervation of the blood vessels in the human footThis study was supported (in whole) by United States Public Health Service Grant NB-08179-05, Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 587-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: With the aid of a Zeiss operation microscope, a dissection was made of the nerves to the blood vessels of the dorsum and sides in the two feet of the cadaver of an adult man. No obvious vascular nerve issued from the saphenous nerve. The terminations of the dorsal metatarsal and interdigital arteries and veins over the two medial thirds of the dorsum of the foot were supplied by extremely thin nervelets which originated chiefly from the medial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. The sural nerve issued conspicuous filaments to the lateral interdigital and metatarsal blood vessels, to the lateral calcaneal arteries and to the talo-calcaneal region. These findings provided a firmer anatomical basis for the interruption of the vascular nerves of the dorsum and sides of the foot by blocking with analgesic agents or by crushing the superficial peroneal, sural and saphenous nerves above the ankle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490404
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    Focal radiation, a method for inducing structural modifications in the immature rat brainThis report is based on work performed at the University of Rochester Atomic Energy Project, Rochester, New York under Contract no. W-7401-Eng-49 with the United States Atomic Energy Commission. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 609-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A new and relatively simple technique for conducting developmental neurology experiments is described. This technique consists of subjecting rats less than four days in age to a collimated source of external beta radiation that can be directed to selected parts of the brain. Use of this method yields the following advantages: (1) the size relationships of the parts of the brain can be altered, (2) bilateral asymmetry of the cerebrum, and/or cerebellum can be produced, (3) chronic functional defects which develop as the rat develops can be obtained, (4) the experimenter may selectively destroy any site in the brain provided that it is superficial enough, and (5) foci of epilation appear on the scalp and serve as markers. The limitations of this method are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490407
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    Cell morphology in tissue underlying skin graftsThis research supported in part by USPHS Grants AM-08222-01, NB-00690 and 5 TI 459. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 149 (1964), S. 651-669 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Host tissue underlying skin homografts and isografts was removed 4 to 8 days after grafting and fixed in osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. The skin homograft bed was composed of a dense mass of cells, with bundles of collagenous fibers interspersed. Two types of large, elongated cells with elongated nuclei were commonly seen, one characterized by extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and the other by masses of free ribosomes. The former corresponds to descriptions of fibroblasts and the latter resembles a lymphoid cell but is considerably larger than those seen in peripheral blood. These two cell types contain most of the ribosomes present in the graft bed. Numerous macrophages and neutrophils were present also. The skin isograft bed was similar except that no large elongated cells with masses of free ribosomes were found. The cell types identified with the electron microscope correspond to the cell types proposed earlier on the basis of light microscope radioautography with thymidine-H3. It is suggested that the elongated, hypertrophied, lymphoid cell, rather than the macrophage, is responsible for homograft rejection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091490409
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    Regeneration and growth of quantitatively transplanted mammary glands of normal female mice Most of the experiments reported here were done at Yale during author's tenure of the Anna Fuller Postdoctoral Fellowship, and the data in this paper were reported in part at the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Anatomists in Chicago, Illinois, March 24, 1961 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 221-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: One hundred twenty-two of 225 accurately located and measured mammary segments were transplanted successfully into the isologous female mice, and intact or castrated male host mice treated with estrogen and progesterone pellets. Five of 42 segments that had ligatures placed to determine the orientation of the segment were also recovered. Fewer grafts were recovered from intact male hosts than from castrated male or intact female hosts. The lengths of transplants ranged from less than 0.2 mm to 3.0 mm. Transplants that were 0.6 mm long grew most frequently. Transplants obtained from different portions of any one mammary gland or from any mammary glands were recovered at comparable rates. The fourth mammary gland-free fat pads, the pararenal fat pads, the mesometrial fat layers and subcutaneous areas were used as transplantation sites. The ultimate size of the regenerated transplants was determined by the amount of adipose tissue in the transplantation site and the hormonal environment, but not by the original size of the transplant. Mammary transplants obtained from all portions of ducts, even from quiescent glands of a 734-day-old mouse, or grafts which had been ligated with silk or hair, showed equal capability of regeneration. All successful transplants responded to either endogenous or exogenous hormones in a manner comparable to the hosts' own mammary glands, and lactated at parturition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500303
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    Responses of lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” in the nodes proximal to parenteral injectionsThe work reported in this paper was supported in part by United States Atomic Energy Commission Contract No. AT(30-1)-901 with the New England Deaconess Hospital (NYO-901-2), and by United States Public Health Service Grant C-2322 (C). (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 67-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Variable numbers of small lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” have been shown to occur regularly in lymph nodes from normal animals. The present studies were carried out in explanation of these cells.Mice were injected subcutaneonsly or intraperitoneally with physiologic saline or isotonic glucose, and with solutions of various organic substances in glucose. The draining nodes were fixed at various intervals thereafter, and unstained sections were examined by light and polarized microscopy.These lymphocytes increased after all of the injections. The increments were moderate and of short duration after injections of saline and glucose alone, and the nuclei were morphologically similar to those found in the controls with the techniques employed. The increments were greater and more protracted after injections of most of the organic substances, and the morphology of the nuclei in polarized light differed from that of the normal. The effect on the morphology was influenced, in part, by the degree of solubility of the organic substance and the duration of exposure of the cells to it.The conclusion is drawn that lymphocytes with “atypical nuclei” represent response to lymph drainage, in general, while modifications of their characteristic nuclear morphology are indicative of specific biologic responses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500107
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    The diameters of the cerebral arteries of the human fetusBased upon a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science, June, 1961. The author gratefully acknowledges the advice and encouragement given by Dr. Ernest Gardner, Dr. Maurice Tatelman and Dr. Ronan O'Rahilly. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Ninety-eight fetal specimens of the circulus arteriosus cerebri and adjacent arteries were injected with a mixture of latex and barium sulphate and dissected after fixation in formalin. Measurements of the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery were carried out and the measured diameters were compared to those of the other arteries at the base of the fetal brain. The diameters of the internal carotid artery were symmetrical and increased approximately linearly with fetal size from 0.7 mm for a fetus of 15.5 cm crown rump length to 2 mm in a specimen with 37.2 cm crown rump length. In one specimen, the intracranial part of the right internal carotid artery was smaller than the left. This was associated with an anomaly of the arterial circle. Twenty-one circles were symmetrical and complete. The most significant differences between adult and fetal diameters were in the posterior part of the circle, the circular part of the posterior cerebral artery showing a relatively smaller average diameter (0.34 of the diameter of the internal carotid artery) than that described for adult specimens (0.47) while the posterior communicating arteries were of similar diameter (approximately 0.27) in both adults and fetuses. In three cases one posterior communicating artery was absent. No berry aneurysms were found upon inspection with a hand lens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500108
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    A reliable and easily sectioned epoxy embedding mediumThis work was supported by grants from the United States Public Health Service (HE-05827-03 and RG-7115)Presented in part at the fall meeting of the Louisiana Society for Electron Microscopy, New Orleans, Louisiana, September 23, 1963 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sections for electron and light microscopy were easily prepared from mixtures of Dow Epoxy Resins 332 and 732 (D.E.R. 332 and D.E.R. 732) cured with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) and DMP-30. The most useful formula contained 46.7% D.E.R. 332, 20% D.E.R. 732, and 33.3% DDSA, plus 2% DMP-30. Stronger sections were derived from a preparation containing 31.6% D.E.R. 332, 15.8% D.E.R. 732, and 52.6% DDSA, plus 2% DMP-30. Harder resins were made by reducing the amount of D.E.R. 732 incorporated in the mixtures. When prolonged infiltration was required polymerization was slowed by substituting DMP-10 in place of the more reactive DMP-30. Compressed sections were easily restored to their proper size by the vapors of chloroform, dichloroethylene or xylene. The sections were strong enough to withstand intense electron beams on bare 150 mesh copper grids. The inherent contrast was good without staining, but additional contrast was obtained by brief treatment with aqueous solutions of lead or uranyl salts. Sections for light microscopy could be stained by water soluble basic dyes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500204
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    A simple, infrahyoid, parapharyngeal method of hypophysectomy in the rabbitThis investigation was supported by P.H.S. Research Grants, nos. 2G-881 and A-4394 and by N.S.F. Grant no. GB-652 (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An infrahyoid, parapharyngeal method of hypophysectomy in the rabbit has been developed. This method is easily learned and the operation can be performed in less than an hour. Complete removal is verified by examination of the sellar contents either with a dissecting microscope or histologically by fixation, embedding and serial sectioning. The operative mortality is about 10%. No hormonal supplements are required postoperatively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500109
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    Studies on the fate of lymphocytes II. Intravenous injection of labeled thymic lymphocytes into homologous rats and isologous miceThis investigation was supported in part by Grant no. H-6257 from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Suspensions of thymic lymphocytes, 60-80% of which had been labeled in vivo with H3-thymidine, were injected intravenously into 54 homologous rats and 22 isologous mice. Radioautographs2 of blood and of tissues were analyzed. The cells rapidly disappeared from the blood, although less rapidly in the isologous than in the homologous systems. A large fraction was still present in the tissues during the first post-injection day. In the first hour many were arrested in the lung, some of which were later redistributed to other organs. At later intervals the spleen contained the greatest concentration, followed by lymph nodes and bone marrow. Cells were found occasionally in the duodenal mucosa, in mice only, and in no case did they reach the thymus. A few survived in both rats and mice for as long as seven days.Only one labeled cell was seen in mitosis. There was evidence of transformation to erythroblasts in the liver, spleen and bone marrow; to myelocytes in the bone marrow; and to macrophages in the spleen. Label from some of the cells dying in the liver apparently was reutilized by the Kupffer cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500202
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  • 199
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    The extent of cardiac muscle in the great veins of the dog (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The extent and arrangement of cardiac muscle in the great veins of adult dogs of both sexes was investigated. Cardiac muscle was found for varying distances in the venae cavae and pulmonary and azygos veins in all animals. The average distances which the muscle extended into these vessels in the beagles were: 1.88, 0.859, 0.525, and 0.622 cm. Similar measurements in the poodle were: 1.35, 0.705, 0.764, and 0.690 cm and in the shepherd: 3.05, 1.36, 1.22, and 0.926 cm. Both the venae cavae and pulmonary veins contained circular, spiral and longitudinal muscle bundles. The cardiac muscle was continuous from the superior venae cavae into the wall of the azygos vein and appeared to occupy the medial layer of the wall in all instances. Elastic and white fibrous connective tissue extended between the muscle bundles and appeared to invest the tapered muscle fibers in some places.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500306
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    Histochemical studies on developing mast cellsThis work has been supported by United States Public Health Service Grant 5 T1-459-04. (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 150 (1964), S. 265-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By means of a new staining procedure (using a mixture of Astra blue and safranin O), studies on the polysaccharides of the mast cell granules were made in adult and embryonic connective tissues of the rat. According to their staining reactivity toward these dyes, it was found that, in the adult tissues, mast cells can be classified into three groups: (1) Astra blue positive mast cells, or “blue” cells; (2) safranin positive mast cells, or “red” cells, which are the most numerous cells; (3) intermediate forms, which exhibit affinity for both dyes, or “mixed” cells. In the embryo, mast cells appear first on the fifteenth-sixteenth day of development as small round cells, the cytoplasm of which contains flakes of Astra blue positive material; rapidly, this material becomes granular, and on the twenty-first day (just before birth), a large mast cell population exists in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the embryo, containing only cells of the “blue” type. Eight to 15 days after birth, “red” and “mixed” cells are visible. Progressively, the mast cell population becomes of the adult type. It is thought that these variations in the staining reactivity correspond to the evolution of the cell: the “blue” forms are the younger cells and the “red” forms are the adult mast cells. This is probably related to a progressive increase of the number of strong acidic groups which are present in the polysaccharidic molecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091500308
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