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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (48,545)
  • Engineering General  (9,884)
  • transformation
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The changing geography of morbidity and mortality in post-communist Poland (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: disease ; health ; morbidity ; mortality ; pollution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract In general, the health of Poles improved markedly in the thirty years after the Second World War, but there was some deterioration after 1989 before improvement resumed. Only in the case of cancer is there an upward trend and so Poles are now healthier than they have been at any time in the past. However there are sharp regional variations well exemplified by the incidence of tuberculosis, where there appears to be some correlation with poorer housing and atmospheric pollution. High death rates in Lodz (consistently the highest in the country at the voivodship level between 1989 and 1996), may also be linked with environmental pollution as well as the ageing of the population. Variations between town and country are small, but Poland shows up in a poor light when compared with other European countries. These are important issues for the administration and financing of the welfare services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007127431508
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computational procedure for joining separate map sheets (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 253-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: map sheets ; GIS ; seamless spatial database ; transformation ; computational procedure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Map sheets have been often used as a basic spatial unit for managing spatial data produced from paper maps. This often results in incompatibility between adjacent map sheets, because spatial objects do not cross the boundaries smoothly and even the boundaries themselves do not match their neighbors exactly. To solve the problem this paper proposes a computational procedure for joining separate map sheets to obtain seamless spatial data. Line objects digitized separately in different map sheets are considered, which are frequently used to represent road networks, gas pipelines, and boundaries of polygon objects. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) extraction of end nodes, (2) detection of matching nodes, and (3) transformation of the map sheet. Each step goes interactively so that unexpected errors can be avoided by human observation. To test the validity of the procedure, map sheets are combined containing the road network data of Tokyo 23-ku area, Japan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014224325346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Socioeconomic transformation in rural Romania through the eyes of experts: Demographic and social issues (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: demography ; experts ; rural ; Romania ; rural development ; social issues ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is no standard model of transformation for post- socialist countries and each country encounters specific problems rooted in the geographical characteristics of the areas concerned. The human resources are of the greatest importance because it really matters how people (especially the decision-makers) perceive system change and continually reformulate their expectations and strategies; so investigations into the views of people caught up in the transformation can provide a deeper understanding of the background to structural change. Working the national, regional level and local levels in Romania, experts were asked to consider the advantages and disadvantages arising out of the transformation, the most important problems and constraints for future rural development and the policies needed. The paper examines the responses on demographic and social issues. It emerges the most detailed responses were supplied by local-level representatives while respondents at the regional level steered a middle course between the need to address local problems and the prime importance of stimulating the Romanian economy so as to generate resources for welfare programmes (with the latter issue the overriding concern of interviewees at national level). There was general agreement on the importance of foreign investment and European integration for economic development, with local actors taking only small steps in line with the existing opportunities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007120608735
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of batridene (2000)
    Springer
    Chemistry of natural compounds 36 (2000), S. 137-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8388
    Keywords: 1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-2,2′-dinaphthylidene-8,8′-dibarbituric acid ; transformation ; DMSO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transformations of 1,1′,6,6′,7,7′-hexahydroxy-3,3′-dimethyl-5,5′-diisopropyl-2,2′-dinaphthylidene-8,8′-dibarbituric acid (batridene) in DMSO are studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02236415
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metal resistance in Pseudomonas strains isolated from soil treated with industrial wastewater (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conjugation ; metal resistance ; plasmid DNA ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metal concentrations in soil treated with industrial wastewater of Aligarh City (U.P.), India were determined. The analysis of test samples revealed high levels of Fe, Zn, Ni and Cu. A total of 45 Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from soil and were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. MICs of Hg2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, and Zn2+ for each isolate were determined. Eighty percent of the strains isolated from soil harboured resistance to copper, whereas 73.3% of the isolates exhibited resistance to cadmium, 71.1% to chromium and zinc and 48.8% to mercury. A maximum MIC of 200 μg/ml for mercury and 1600 μg/ml for other metals was observed. Metal resistance was found to be plasmid mediated as evidenced by transformation studies. Further, the transmissible nature of chromium resistance was confirmed by conjugation. Agarose gel electrophoresis using the miniprep method for plasmid isolation revealed that these isolates harboured plasmids of molecular weights (45 & 47 kb) using EcoRI and HindIII digests of λDNA and undigested λDNA as standard markers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008905902282
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of DNA/gold particle preparation technique, and particle bombardment device, on the transformation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; transformation ; particle bombardment ; particle gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Immature embryos of the spring barley variety GoldenPromise, were bombarded with three different particledelivery systems and both transient and stabletransformation examined. In addition, a range oftechniques for the preparation of the DNA coated goldparticles was examined. Fertile transgenic barleyplants were obtained using three particle preparationtechniques which differed in the amount of gold andDNA used for each bombardment. However, only one ofthe particle delivery systems, the PDS 1000/He device,appeared to be effective in yielding transformedbarley plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003700300235
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards genetic transformation in the monocot Alstroemeria L. (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cell suspension ; monocotyledon ; selection ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The successful application of plant biotechnology to Alstroemeria improvement will largely depend on the availability of an efficient regeneration/transformation system. Regeneration in Alstroemeria is accomplished from nodular embryogenic callus initiated from zygotic embryos. Histological studies of embryogenic callus initiation from 4-weeks old cultured ovules revealed that the outermost layers of the protoderm of the embryogenic nodules divided to form either a new nodule or aproembryo. Transient gene expression after particle bombardment of nodular embryogenic callus was optimized using DNA of pAHC25. The highest β-glucuronidase expression was found when the GUS gene was under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter, the target tissue was placed 5 cm below the microcarrier launch assembly and when the rupture disc-breakage point was between 650–900 psi. Kanamycin blocked regeneration of somatic embryos, however, did not block growth of nodular embryogenic callus. With phosphinothricin both callus growth and regeneration were blocked. Bombardment of nodular embryogenic callus with DNA of pAHC25 combined with selection on medium containing phosphinothricin resulted in putative transgenic chimeric. Friable calli were selected from nodular embryogenic callus and used to initiate suspensions. These cell suspensions were subjected to transformation by particle bombardment using DNA of pAHC25 and resulted in a stable transformed friable callus line after selection based on luciferase activity. Even after 2 years of maintenance this callus line was luciferase positive and the Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis demonstrated the presence of the introduced gene in this friable callus line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003979423469
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid transformation and regeneration of alfalfa (Medicago falcata L.) via direct somatic embryogenesis (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 31 (2000), S. 155-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: alfalfa ; cell division cycle ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two simple, rapid and efficient protocols for theregeneration of transformed tetraploid lines ofalfalfa (Medicago falcata L.) have beendeveloped and compared. Leaf explants fromembryogenic lines 47/1-150 and 47/1-5 were inoculatedwith Agrobacterium tumefaciens containingconstructs carrying the nptII selectable markergene and promoter:gusA gene fusions under thecontrol of the CaMV 35S or Arabidopsis cdc2a,CycB1 and CycA2 promoters. In the firstregeneration system (the MSH system), inoculated leafexplants were incubated on MS medium supplemented with2,4-D and kinetin and then subcultured onto plantgrowth regulator-free MS medium in order to inducedirect somatic embryogenesis. In the secondregeneration system (the B5h system), the inoculatedexplants were incubated on B5h medium to induceindirect production of somatic embryos viaembryogenic callus. In both systems, an effectivekanamycin selection regime was employed and wasmaintained when the embryos were subcultured onto arecovery medium (Boi2Y) to promote further embryodevelopment. The use of Boi2Y medium was particularlyimportant for shortening the regeneration time andpromoting a higher frequency of healthy plantletproduction from the somatic embryos. The maturesomatic embryos were finally transferred to plantgrowth regulator-free MS medium for plantletformation. Transgenic plantlets were produced within10–14 weeks in the MSH system and 12–16 weeks in theB5h system. The MSH system appears to be the fastesttransformation system reported for leguminous speciesto date. Confirmation of transformation was obtainedusing a re-callusing assay on kanamycin and subsequentSouthern blot hybridisation and PCR analysis. Theability to induce expression of GUS activity in leafexplants containing the cell division cycle genepromoter:gusA constructs by 2,4-D treatment alsoproved to be a reliable indicator of transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006306909722
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Molybdenum on the High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Thin Foils of Fe–20Cr–5Al at Very High Temperatures (2000)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 53 (2000), S. 561-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe–Cr–Al alloy ; oxidation ; molybdenum ; breakaway oxidation ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Thin foils of Fe–20Cr–5Al alloys are susceptible to breakawayoxidation once the aluminum content of the substrate has fallen below somecritical value. The combined addition of 0.1 wt.% lanthanum and 0, 1, or 2wt% molybdenum has a beneficial effect on the high-temperature oxidation ofsuch foils. Lanthanum has the well-known reactive-element effect on adhesionof the protective alumina scale, thereby increasing the time to onset ofbreakaway oxidation, while, for alloys containing molybdenum, breakawayoxide spreads relatively slowly over the specimen in comparison to alloysthat contain no molybdenum. In particular, molybdenum-containing alloys areable to develop a protective Cr2O3 layer at the breakawayoxide–substrate interface. Conversely, molybdenum-free alloys form aninternal-oxide zone in the substrate adjacent to this interface, rather thana Cr2O3 layer, so breakaway oxide spreads rapidly. A martensitic phase isobserved in the substrate adjacent to the breakaway oxide formed on Fe–20Cr–5Al–La specimens, which means that theα-phase has transferred to the γ -phase at the temperature ofthe oxidation test (1150°C). Conversely, α-phase is retained inthe molybdenum-containing alloy, even after breakaway takes place, sincemolybdenum, which is a strong ferrite former, is enriched in the alloyadjacent to areas of breakaway oxide. The diffusion rate of chromium isslower in the γ than in the α-phase so a continuouschromium-rich oxide layer, which is effective in inhibiting breakawayoxide from spreading, cannot be established at the breakawayoxide–substrate interface for the molybdenum-free alloys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004689211302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors involved in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer into Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 195-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: conifers ; salgareño pine ; tissue culture ; transformation ; transient gene expression ; uidA expression ; vir gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cotyledons from dissected sterile embryos of salgareño pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco) were inoculated with different disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains harbouring the binary vector p35SGUSint. The transient expression of a β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) was studied, using a histochemical staining procedure. Nineteen days after inoculation, the activity of β-glucuronidase was detected in epidermal and subepidermal layers of cotyledonary explants. The EHA105 strain harbouring a disarmed agropine-type Ti-plasmid (pTiBO542) was the most effective for gene transfer of the uidA gene. The effects of exudates and extracts from 0-day-old embryos on induction of vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens were also examined. The results of this study showed that salgarño pine embryo exudates contain a substance(s) that induce vir gene expression, in similar way to that observed with 100 μM acetosyringone (AS).All these findings suggest that T-DNA processing and transfer might take place when Agrobacterium infects suitable tissues of salgareño pine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003946131356
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metamorphosis of a Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenoma to Cushing's Disease (2000)
    Springer
    Pituitary 3 (2000), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7403
    Keywords: Cushing's disease ; silent ; pituitary ; tumour ; macroadenoma ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Silent pituitary adenomas occur in 25–40% of all clinically apparent pituitary tumours. However, the subsequent development of florid Cushing's disease in a patient with a previous non-functioning tumour is extremely rare. We describe a 47 year-old woman presenting initially with a large, invasive and recurrent, non-functioning pituitary tumour. Histopathologic study of the initial tissue did not stain for any hormones. Six years after the initial presentation, she manifested florid ACTH dependent Cushing's syndrome. A recurrent invasive pituitary macroadenoma necessitated a third transphenoidal surgery. The resected specimen, in this instance, revealed positive staining for ACTH, FSH, prolactin, and growth hormone on immunocytochemistry. An incomplete response to surgical, radiation and medical therapy necessitated a bilateral adrenalectomy to control the hypercortisolism, which resulted in remarkable clinical improvement. We also review five previous case reports from the revision literature of similar transformations from non-secreting pituitary adenomas to Cushing's disease. This subset of patients may represent yet another entity in the widening spectrum of Cushing's syndrome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009961925780
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Floral Spray Transformation Can Efficiently Generate Arabidopsis (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 471-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; floral spray ; SOD ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, floral spray and floral dip were used to replace the vacuum step in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene into Arabidopsis. The transgene was constructed by using a CaMV 35S promoter to drive a rice cytosolic CuZnSOD coding sequence in Arabidopsis. The transgene construct was developed in binary vectors and mobilized into Agrobacterium. When Arabidopsis plants started to initiate flower buds, the primary inflorescence shoots were removed and then transformed by floral spray or floral dip. More than 300 transgenic plants were generated to assess the feasibility of floral spray used in the in planta transformation. The result indicates that the floral spray method of Agrobacterium can achieve rates of in planta transformation comparable to the vacuum-infiltration and floral dip methods. The floral spray method opens up the possibility of in planta transformation of plant species which are too large for dipping or vacuum infiltration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026522104478
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient Production of Transgenic Cassava Using Negative and Positive Selection (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 405-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Manihot esculenta ; transformation ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; mannose ; hygromycin ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to improve the efficiency of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) transformation, two different selection systems were assessed, a positive one based on the use of mannose as the selective agent, and a negative one based on hygromycin resistance encoded by an intron-containing hph gene. Transgenic plants selected on mannose or hygromycin were regenerated for the first time from embryogenic suspensions cocultivated with Agrobacterium. After the initial selection using mannose and hygromycin, 82.6% and 100% of the respective developing embryogenic callus lines were transgenic. A system allowing plant regeneration from only transgenic lines was designed by combining chemical selection with histochemical GUS assays. In total, 12 morphologically normal transgenic plant lines were produced, five using mannose and seven using hygromycin. The stable integration of the transgenes into the nuclear genome was verified using PCR and Southern analysis. RT-PCR and northern analyses confirmed the transgene expression in the regenerated plants. A rooting test on mannose containing medium was developed as an alternative to GUS assays in order to eliminate escapes from the positive selection system. Our results show that transgenic cassava plants can be obtained by using either antibiotic resistance genes that are not expressed in the micro-organisms or an antibiotic-free positive selection system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026509017142
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two types of new algorithms for finding explicit analytical solutions of nonlinear differential equations (2000)
    Springer
    Applied mathematics and mechanics 21 (2000), S. 1423-1431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear differential equations ; transformation ; algorithm ; analytical solution ; O175.29
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The idea of AC=BD was applied to solve the nonlinear differential equations. Suppose that Au=0 is a given equation to be solved and Dv=0 is an equation to be easily solved. If the transformation u=Cv is obtained so that v satisfies Dv=0, then the solutions for Au=0 can be found. In order to illustrate this approach, several examples about the transformation C are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459221
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transgenic Trifolium repens with foliage accumulating the high sulphur protein, sunflower seed albumin (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: inheritance ; Rubisco small subunit promoters ; sonication ; sulphur nutrition ; sunflower albumin ; transformation ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract With the aim of increasing the rumen-protected level of the sulphur amino acids cysteine and methionine in Trifolium repens, we introduced the coding sequence of the sunflower seed albumin (SSA) into T. repens by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The SSA gene was modified such that the protein would be localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Four different T-DNA constructions all containing the SSA gene driven by either the promoter of a gene encoding the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) from Arabidopsis thaliana (A ssu), the promoter of the gene encoding the small subunit of Rubisco of Medicago sativa (L ssu), or the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S), were transferred to T. repens cv. Haifa. Transgenic T 0-plants and inter-transgenic hybrids were analysed for the level of SSA accumulation in the leaves by western blotting. The highest observed level of SSA accumulation was 0.1% of total extractable leaf protein. We observed that the promoter had a substantive effect on the level of SSA accumulation with A ssu〉CaMV35S〉L ssu. Results from the inter-transgenic hybrids showed that the capacity to synthesise SSA was inherited. However the level of SSA accumulation in the leaves generally appears not to be additive with extra transgenic loci. During this work, we attempted to improve the efficiency of A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of T. repens using the SAAT-method (Sonication Assisted Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation) on cotyledons of T. repens. T-DNA transfer was in general not enhanced by sonication compared to traditional A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Furthermore, Southern blot analyses of plants regenerated from the same cotyledon after A. tumefaciens treatment and under selection, indicated that multiple shoots were usually derived from the same transformation event. We concluded from these results that only one plant from each A. tumefaciens-treated cotyledon should be taken to avoid transgenic clones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008967409302
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of the tropane alkaloid-producing medicinal plant Hyoscyamus muticus by particle bombardment (2000)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 9 (2000), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Hyoscyamus muticus ; particle bombardment ; transformation ; tropane alkaloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report an efficient whole plant transformation system for Hyoscyamus muticus, an important medicinal plant of the Solanaceous family. We developed a system using a plasmid carrying the nptII and gusA genes, which was delivered into leaf explants by particle bombardment. Ten percent of bombarded leaf explants formed kanamycin-resistant callus, from which putative transgenic plants were recovered. The nptII gene conferring kanamycin resistance was found to be incorporated into the genome of all transgenic plants screened. Over 50% of the kanamycin resistant plants showed strong expression of the non-selected gusA gene. The majority of transgenic plants reached maturity, could be self pollinated, and produced fertile seed. A simple and efficient whole plant transformation system for this medicinal plant is an important step in furthering our understanding of tropane alkaloid production in plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008912330067
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced forskolin production in genetically transformed cultures of Coleus forskohlii by casein hydrolysate and studies on growth and organisation (2000)
    Springer
    Biotechnology letters 22 (2000), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6776
    Keywords: casein hydrolysate ; Coleus forskohlii ; forskolin ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Casein hydrolysate at 2.0 g l−1 significantly enhanced forskolin content (2.3 mg g−1 cell dry wt) in a rhizogenic tumourous line, GCO-RCH-2 of Coleus forskohlii. In rooty teratoma line, RC-ST-2/4, forskolin content enhanced to 1.7 mg g−1 cell dry wt in presence of 2.5 g l−1 casein hydrolysate. Unlike untransformed calli and rhizogenic/root cultures, all the forskolin yielding transformed cultures of C. forskohlii have been maintained for over 5 years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005618307074
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agrobacterium-mediated sorghum transformation (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 44 (2000), S. 789-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; sorghum ; transformation ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to genetically transform sorghum. Immature embryos of a public (P898012) and a commercial line (PHI391) of sorghum were used as the target explants. The Agrobacterium strain used was LBA4404 carrying a `Super-binary' vector with a bar gene as a selectable marker for herbicide resistance in the plant cells. A series of parameter tests was used to establish a baseline for conditions to be used in stable transformation experiments. A number of different transformation conditions were tested and a total of 131 stably transformed events were produced from 6175 embryos in these two sorghum lines. Statistical analysis showed that the source of the embryos had a very significant impact on transformation efficiency, with field-grown embryos producing a higher transformation frequency than greenhouse-grown embryos. Southern blot analysis of DNA from leaf tissues of T0 plants confirmed the integration of the T-DNA into the sorghum genome. Mendelian segregation in the T1 generation was confirmed by herbicide resistance screening. This is the first report of successful use of Agrobacterium for production of stably transformed sorghum plants. The Agrobacterium method we used yields a higher frequency of stable transformation that other methods reported previously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026507517182
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bringing “The Dead” to Life: Reading James Joyce (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied psychoanalytic studies 2 (2000), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3459
    Keywords: James Joyce ; “The Dead” ; fiction ; reading ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The author offers a personal reading of James Joyce's “The Dead.” She focuses on how the sounds of the language are used to portray the main character's deadness and his beginning to come to life once the barriers to inner self and self-knowledge are broken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010193724350
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in lipid and protein constituents of rafts and caveolae in multidrug resistant cancer cells and their functional consequences (2000)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 17 (2000), S. 253-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: Cancer ; caveolae ; caveolin ; cholesterol ; glucosylceramide ; multidrug resistance ; rafts ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The carcinogenic process involves a complex series of genetic and biochemical changes that enables transformed cells to proliferate, migrate to secondary sites and, in some cases, acquire mechanisms that make cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy. This phenomenon in its most common form is known as multidrug resistance (MDR). It is usually mediated by overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or other plasma membrane ATPases that export cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy, thereby reducing their efficacy. However, additional adaptive changes are likely to be required in order to confer a full MDR phenotype. Recent studies have shown that acquisition of MDR is accompanied by up-regulation of lipids and proteins that constitute lipid rafts and caveolar membranes, notably glucosylceramide and caveolin. These changes may be related to the fact that in MDR cells a significant fraction of cellular P-gp is associated with caveolin-rich membrane domains, they may be involved in drug transport and they could have an impact on drug-induced apoptosis and on the phenotypic transformation of MDR cancer cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026553626537
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of the factors influencing Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 185-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; transformation ; pea ; Pisum sativum L. ; PCR analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Factors influencing the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of pea were tested using highly efficient, direct regeneration system. The virulence of three Agrobacterium strains (octopine LBA 4404, nopaline C58C1 and succinamopine, hypervirulent EHA 105) clearly varied giving 1 transgenic plant per 100 explants for LBA 4404, 2.2 for C58C1 and 8.2 for EHA 105. To test the efficacy of selection agents we used the hypervirulent EHA 105 strain carrying pGPTV binary vector with one of four different selection genes: nptII, hpt, dhfr or bar. The mean number of transgenic, kanamycin-resistant plants for two cultivars tested was 4.2 per 100 explants and was slightly higher than the number of phosphinothricin-resistant plants (3.6 plants per 100 explants). The proportion of transgenics among kanamycin-selected plants was also higher than among phosphinothricin-resistant plants (35% and 28% respectively). There was no regeneration on hygromycin or methotrexate media (transformation with hpt and dhfr genes). Acetosyringone had no apparent influence on efficiency of transformation with hypervirulent EHA 105 strain, however it did affect the rate of transformation when moderately virulent C58C1 was used. Recovery of transgenic plants was enhanced after application of 5-azacytidine. The presence of integrated T-DNA was checked by PCR and confirmed by Southern hybridization. T-DNA was stably transmitted to the next generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009679908948
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus in transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) expressing an antisense nucleocapsid gene sequence (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: antisense DNA ; co-transformation ; nucleocapsid gene ; pathogen-derived resistance ; somatic embryogenesis ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines transgenic for the antisense nucleocapsid (N) gene of a Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) strain isolated from peanut were generated by microprojectile-mediated transformation of repetitive somatic embryos of cultivars VC1 and AT120. The selectable marker (hygromycin resistance) and the N gene were on separate plasmids. A total of 207 VC1 and 120 AT120 hygromycin-resistant lines were produced. Of all the VC1 plants recovered 71% were cotransformed with the N gene (N+), but all plants were sterile. For AT120, 48 of the transgenic cell lines converted into plants. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening showed 15 of the lines were transgenic for the N gene (N+), and two of these lines were fertile. A field test was conducted in 1998 at Ashburn, GA, using seeds from each fertile line, along with segregated and non-transgenic controls. Plants from four randomly selected field plots were examined for symptoms and analyzed by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and PCR at 10 and 14 weeks after planting. At 14 weeks, 76% of the N+ plants were symptomless, while 2% were severely symptomatic or dead. In contrast, only 42% of the plants lacking the N gene were symptomless and 50% were severely symptomatic or dead. Northern blot analysis of selected field-resistant plants detected transgene RNA, and the transcript level appeared undiminished after viral exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009649408157
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect- and herbicide-resistant transgenic eucalypts* (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 307-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: bar ; cry3A ; Eucalyptus ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis containing both the insecticidal cry3A gene and the bar gene (conferring tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium) have been produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of seedling explants. Transgenic plants from two lines tested were resistant to first instars of chrysomelid beetles that are important pests of commercial Australian eucalypt plantations. Both lines also exhibit tolerance to the broad-spectrum herbicide Liberty® at 6 l/ha (1.2 kg active ingredient per hectare), twice the field application rate. Transgenic insect- and herbicide-resistant eucalypts like these are likely to provide better insect and weed control options in plantations, particularly during the vulnerable establishment phase, provided that any adverse ecological impacts of releasing transgenic trees into the environment can be assessed and minimized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676214328
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) with a bacterial gene for choline oxidase (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 501-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: choline oxidase ; glycinebetaine ; Japanese persimmon ; salt tolerance ; transformation ; woody plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report describes the first successful genetic engineering of tolerance to salt in an agriculturally important species of woody plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the codA gene of Arthrobacter globiformis. This gene encodes choline oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycinebetaine. The binary plasmid vector pGC95.091, containing a kanamycin-resistance gene (nptII), a gene for β-glucuronidase (gusA) and the codA gene in its T-DNA region, was used with a disarmed strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, EHA101, to transform Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. `Jiro') by the leaf disk transformation method. The pRS95.101 plasmid that included only nptII and gusA in the T-DNA region was used as a control. We selected eight transgenic lines with one or two copies of the T-DNA after transformation with pGC95.091 (PC lines) and three lines after transformation with pRS95.101 (PR lines). The eight PC lines produced choline oxidase and glycinebetaine whereas neither was found in untransformed `Jiro' and in the control PR lines. Transgenic plants grew normally, resembling wild-type plants both in vitro and ex vitro. The activity of photosystem II in leaves of the transgenic Japanese persimmon plants under NaCl stress was determined in terms of the ratio of the variable (F v) to the maximum (F m) fluorescence of chlorophyll (F v/F m). The rate of decline in (F v/F m under NaCl stress was lower in the PC lines than in the control PR lines. These results demonstrated that genetic engineering of Japanese persimmon, which allowed it to accumulate glycinebetaine, enhanced the tolerance to salt stress of this plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026513831290
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generation of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for constitutive accumulation of an Aspergillus phytase (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: heterologous protein accumulation ; phytate phosphorus digestibility ; phytase ; phytic acid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Aspergillus niger phytase-encoding gene (phyA) has been constitutively expressed in wheat. Transgenic wheat lines were generated by microprojectile bombardment of immature embryos, using the bar-Bialaphos selection system. The bar and the phyA gene expression were controlled by the maize ubiquitin-1 promoter. To ensure secretion and glycosylation of the microbial phytase, an expression cassette was designed (Ubi-SP-Phy) where an α-amylase signal peptide sequence was inserted between the promoter and the phytase coding region. A similar cassette was constructed without the signal peptide sequence (Ubi-Phy). Five lines of fertile wheat transformed with the Ubi-SP-Phy were generated and two lines with the Ubi-Phy construct. The inheritance of the phyA gene was monitored through three generations. Western blotting of leaf and seed derived protein revealed the presence of an immunoreacting polypeptide of the size expected for the Aspergillus phytase. Up to 25 days after pollination, the heterologous phytase was exclusively present in the pericarp-seed coat-aleurone fraction. Thereafter, it accumulated in the endosperm in amounts exceeding that found in the seed coat and aleurone. The phyA mRNA and derived protein could at no stage be detected in the embryo. The Ubi-SP-Phy transgenic seeds exhibited up to 4-fold increase of phytase activity while up to 56% increase was found in Ubi-Phy plants. It is concluded that a functional Aspergillus phytase can be produced in significant amounts in wheat grains. This may be of relevance for improving the phytate-phosphorus digestibility when wheat grains are used for non-ruminant animal feed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009690730620
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern with bacterial codA gene enhances its tolerance to salt stress (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 489-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Choline oxidase ; glycinebetaine ; transformation ; Brassica juncea ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The codA gene for biosynthesis of glycinebetaine from Arthrobacter globiformis was used for transforming Brassica juncea cv. Pusa Jaikisan (which lack any means to synthesize glycinebetaine) through Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The stable insertion of the codA gene in the shoots obtained on medium with kanamycin and hygromycin was confirmed by PCR analysis of the nptII gene. Southern hybridization with a codA probe further demonstrated its successful integration. Immunoblot analysis revealed the presence of choline oxidase demonstrating that the bacterial codA gene had been successfully transcribed and translated. The seeds of transgenic lines showed enhanced capacity to germinate under salt stress as compared to that of the wild type. Further, the seedlings of transgenic plants that expressed codA gene showed significantly higher growth than that of the wild type under salt stress conditions. These results demonstrated that the introduction of a biosynthetic pathway for glycinebetaine into Brassica juncea significantly enhanced their salt tolerance. Hence, homozygous genotypes of selected transformed lines can be exploited for improving the salt tolerance of the desirable cultivars of Brassica juncea through breeding programmes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026542109965
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transforming Self and Society: A "Critical Appreciation" Model (2000)
    Springer
    Systemic practice and action research 13 (2000), S. 475-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9295
    Keywords: reflection ; transformation ; self-society dynamics ; critical systems thinking ; systemic intervention ; critical self-reflection ; ideology-critique ; critical appreciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract This paper sets out to uncover some relationships between reflection, discourse and action. By challenging and synthesizing some polemical arguments concerning the creation, maintenance, and transformation of self and society, a model of self-society dynamics that operates through reflection, discourse, and action is developed. The model of self-society dynamics brings together aspects of self-reflection and ideology-critique (explored in the paper), which it is suggested are required for any intervention (transformative action) to be grounded in locally meaningful ways. By creating a dialog community in which self- and group assumptions can be subjected to validation through discourse, it is proposed that a dynamic balance between individual needs and broader societal aims may be achieved. If individuals can be open to such discourse (i.e., they can become critically self-reflective), then it is argued that possibilities for achieving sustainable change will be significantly enhanced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009541430809
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphism in Polyamide of Dytek®-A and Dodecanedioic Acid (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1133-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: branched diamine ; melting ; polyamides ; polymorphism ; transformation ; WXRD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Our X-ray work of Dytek®-A, 2-methyl-pentamethylenediamine, containing polyamides shows polymorphism, whereas the polyamides with linear diamines do not. The polyamide of Dytek®-A and dodecanedioic acid, MPMD-12, is singled out for discussion and compared with the unbranched analogs of polyamides 6,12 and 5,12. Due to the presence of the -CH3 side group in the 2-position of the diamine, the polyamide MPMD-12 exhibits two stable crystal conformations. The new δ polymorph is not seen in linear polyamides 6,12 and 5,12. Studies by DSC polyamide MPMD-12 clearly illustrates at least two crystal forms, γ and δ, coexisting over a wide temperature range, and the isolation of each phase is possible by controlling temperature and time. The DMA modulus in the temperature region between the glass transition (or alpha relaxation) and melting transition shows strong dependence on the thermal history as demonstrated in a study of crystallization kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010105028316
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Modular Vector for Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007686408369
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban development in East Germany — specific features of urban transformation processes (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: housing market ; suburbanisation ; transformation ; urban development ; urban renewal ; East Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse the main characteristics of post-socialist urban development in East Germany, especially the differences compared to urban development in other East and Central European countries. In spite of the many similar problems and processes in urban development, specific features of East Germany are characterised by the rapid growth of suburbia, especially in the first phase of transition, by the proceeding activities of urban renewal and revitalisation, and by a lower level of social polarisation and socio-spatial segregation as compared to other post-socialist countries. Important conditions for urban development in East Germany exist in special support programmes, high subsidies and other financial transfers as well as in engaged planning conceptions of the local authorities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007016912703
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wnt Signalling in Mammalian Development and Cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer and metastasis reviews 18 (1999), S. 215-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7233
    Keywords: transformation ; tumour ; Frizzled ; Dishevelled ; glycogen synthase kinase-3β
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wnt signalling is involved in a variety of mammalian developmental processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, through which they contribute to the development of tissues and organs such as the limbs, the brain, the reproductive tract and the kidney. Wnts are secreted ligands that control cell processes via at least two pathways, one of which, the ‘canonical’ Wnt signalling pathway, operates through the cytosolic stabilisation of a transcriptional co-factor, β-catenin. This is achieved by downregulating the activity of a β-catenin turnover complex. Evidence from tumour expression studies, transgenic animals and in vitro experiments suggests that inappropriate activation of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway is a major feature in human neoplasia and that oncogenic activation of this pathway can occur at many levels. Inappropriate expression of the Wnt ligand and Wnt binding proteins have been found in a variety of human tumours. Further downstream, dysregulation of the β-catenin turnover complex, by loss of the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli or Protein Phosphatase 2A proteins, or by activating mutations of β-catenin, has been found in several tumour types, and is believed to be a key step in neoplastic progression. Transcriptional targets of the Wnt pathway include the cellular oncogenes cyclin D1 and c-myc. Activation of the Wnt signalling pathway by various means can therefore be a primary cause in oncogenesis, affecting cell proliferation, morphology and contact inhibition, as well as co-operating with other oncogenes in multistep tumour progression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006369223282
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REMI (Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration) and its Impact on the Isolation of Pathogenicity Genes in Fungi Attacking Plants (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; transformation ; plant disease ; recombination ; plant pathogenic fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development of molecular techniques for phytopathogenic fungi aims at the identification of fungal genes whose products are essential for successful infection of the host plant. Initial approaches have relied on isolating candidate genes and generating null-mutations by homologous recombination. Unfortunately, the results of this strategy have not been overly successful. This has led to a search for alternatives which allow an unbiased identification of pathogenicity genes. One method, which has proved successful in several systems, is a tagging mutagenesis procedure termed restriction enzyme mediated integration (REMI). In this mini-review we describe this procedure and review its features and results of its use when applied to the identification of fungal genes required for disease development in planta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008757414036
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic transformation of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by municipal digester sludge (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: abiotic ; biological ; cell-free extract ; chloroethane ; dechlorination ; 1,1-dichloroethane ; 1,1-dichloroethene ; digester ; methanogenic ; transformation ; 1,1,1-trichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic transformations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (DCA), and chloroethane (CA) were studied with sludge from a lab-scale, municipal wastewater sludge digester. TCA was biologically transformed to DCA and CA and further to ethane by reductive dechlorination. TCA was also converted to acetic acid and 1,1-dichloroethene (11DCE) by cell-free extract. 11DCE was further biologically converted to ethene. This pathway was confirmed by transformation tests of TCA, DCA and CA, by tests with cell-free extract, and by chloride release during TCA degradation. With cell-free extract, acetic acid accounted for approximately 90% of the TCA transformed; tests with live cells indicate that the fraction of TCA transformed by this pathway decreased with lower biomass. The dechlorination of DCA to CA and CA to ethane was not stoichiometric. A high rate of TCA removal was observed under the experimental conditions. The results indicate that removal of TCA in anaerobic digestion should be complete, but DCA and CA could persist in a normally operating digester.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008336103968
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotransformation of cholesterol by Micrococcus species mediated by plasmid DNA (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 411-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Electroporation ; Micrococcus species ; steroid biotransformation ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A steroid-biotransforming strain RJ6 was identified as Micrococcus roseus. This bacterium has a 10 kb plasmid pMQV10. Curing mediated through cultivation of the culture with a low concentration (200 ng/ml) of mitomycin C is described. Loss of cholesterol degradation (chol+) and streptomycin resistance (Smr) phenotypes as a consequence of the loss of plasmid indicate the extrachromosomal location of these two genes in this strain. An electroporation procedure was developed for transformation of cured strain of Micrococcus (RJC6) by plasmids. Frequency of greater than 105 transformants/μg DNA was achieved, which is 100-fold higher than the standard transformation procedure that yielded 5.3×103 transformants/μg DNA in the same strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008990910303
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of gene transfer in bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; conjugation ; DNA ; evolution ; gene transfer ; transduction ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of genetic information by transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria occurs frequently in nature. These diverse gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria are the result of evolution and are not linked to reproduction as in eukaryotic organisms. In this review, gene transfer in bacteria will be considered from an evolutionary perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008830914223
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selectable marker-free transgenic plants without sexual crossing: transient expression of cre recombinase and use of a conditional lethal dominant gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 223-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: conditional lethal dominant gene ; Cre/loxP ; Nicotiana tabacum ; site-specific recombinase ; transformation ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic tobacco plants were produced that contained single-copy pART54 T-DNA, with a 35S-uidA gene linked to loxP-flanked kanamycin resistance (nptII) and cytosine deaminase (codA) genes. Retransformation of these plants with pCre1 (containing 35S transcribed cre recombinase and hygromycin (hpt) resistance genes) resulted in excision of the loxP-flanked genes from the genome. Phenotypes of progeny from selfed-retransformed plants confirmed nptII and codA excision and integration of the cre-linked hpt gene. To avoid integration of the hpt gene, and thereby generate plants totally free of marker genes, we attempted to transiently express the cre recombinase. Agrobacterium tumefaciens (pCre1) was cocultivated with leaf discs of two pART54-transformed lines and shoots were regenerated in the absence of hygromycin selection. Nineteen of 773 (0.25%) shoots showed tolerance to 5-fluorocytosine (5-fc) which is converted to the toxic 5-fluorouracil by cytosine deaminase. 5-fc tolerance in six shoots was found to be due to excision of the loxP-flanked region of the pART54 T-DNA. In four of these shoots excision could be attributed to cre expression from integrated pCre1 T-DNA, whereas in two shoots excision appeared to be a consequence of transient cre expression from pCre1 T-DNA molecules which had been transferred to the plant cells but not integrated into the genome. The absence of selectable marker genes was confirmed by the phenotype of the T1 progeny. Therefore, through transient cre expression, marker-free transgenic plants were produced without sexual crossing. This approach could be applicable to the elimination of marker genes from transgenic crops which must be vegetatively propagated to maintain their elite genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006184221051
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of transgenic orchid plants with hygromycin selection by particle bombardment to protocorms (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 58 (1999), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: ß-glucuronidase ; dendrobium ; hygromycin phosphotransferase ; orchid ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protocorms of orchid (Dendrobium hybrid) were transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a helium-pressured PDS 1000 particle gun. Gold particles coated with plasmid DNA containing ß-glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (Hpt) marker genes were used. Potentially transformed tissues were identified by active growth on MS medium supplemented with 50mg l-1 hygromycin. After 4–6 months of continuous selection, 15 hygromycin-resistant lines were recovered. Integration of transgenes into the genome of the transformed protocorms and plantlets were confirmed by GUS histochemical assay and Southern blot hybridization. The transgenic protocorms have gone through propagation for more than 8 months and maintained their transgenic characters. These results indicate that we have established a system for orchid transformation in a relatively high frequency and the transgenes are stably expressed in the transgenic plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006334605947
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of state transition mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by fluorescence video imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 61 (1999), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; LHC II phosphorylation ; mutagenesis ; Photosystem II redox control ; state 2 to state 1 transition ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms adapt to varying light conditions by changing the distribution of light energy between Photosystem II (PS II) and photosystem I (PS I) during so-called state transitions. To identify the genes involved in this process, we have exploited a simple chlorophyll fluorescence video-imaging technique to screen a library of nuclear mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for colonies grown on agar plates that are disturbed in their ability to regulate light energy distribution between PS I and PS II. Subsequent modulated fluorescence measurements at room temperature and 77 K fluorescence emission spectra confirmed that 5 mutants (0.025% of total number screened) were defective in state transitions. [32P]orthophosphate phosphorylation experiments in vivo revealed that in one of these mutants, designated stm1, the level of LHC II polypeptide phosphorylation was drastically reduced compared with wild type. Despite WT levels of PS I and PS II, stm1 grew photoautotrophically at reduced rates, compared with WT especially under low light conditions, which is consistent with an important physiological role for state transitions. Our results highlight the feasibility of video imaging in tandem with mutagenesis as a means of identifying the genes involved in controlling state transitions in eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006229308606
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mini binary vector series for plant transformation (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 711-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; binary vector ; T-DNA ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A streamlined mini binary vector was constructed that is less than 1/2 the size of the pBIN19 backbone (3.5 kb). This was accomplished by eliminating over 5 kb of non-T-DNA sequences from the pBIN19 vector. The vector still retains all the essential elements required for a binary vector. These include a RK2 replication origin, the nptIII gene conferring kanamycin resistance in bacteria, both the right and left T-DNA borders, and a multiple cloning site (MCS) in between the T-DNA borders to facilitate cloning. Due to the reduced size, more unique restriction sites are available in the MCS, thus allowing more versatile cloning. Since the traF region was not included, it is not possible to mobilize this binary vector into Agrobacterium by triparental mating. This problem can be easily resolved by direct transformation. The mini binary vector has been demonstrated to successfully transform Arabidopsis plants. Based on this mini binary vector, a series of binary vectors were constructed for plant transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006201910593
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimisation of procedures for microprojectile bombardment of microspore-derived embryos in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 57 (1999), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: biolistics ; gene expression ; haploid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the PDS-1000/He Biolistic® Particle Delivery System, the microprojectile travel distance, rupture disk pressure and DNA/gold particle concentrations were assessed in order to optimise short and longer-term β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression in microspore-derived embryos of wheat. The effects were also evaluated of using sterile filter paper to support explants and treatment with a high osmoticum medium (0.2 M mannitol/0.2 M sorbitol or 0.4 M maltose). In the optimised procedure, wheat microspore-derived embryos (MDEs), were placed on filter paper and incubated on medium containing 0.4 M maltose, for 4 h pre- and 45 h post-bombardment. Five μl pAHC25 (0.75 mg ml-1 in TE buffer) was precipitated onto 25 μl gold particles (60 mg ml-1 in sterile water), using 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M) and 50 μl CaCl2 (2.5 M). The particles were centrifuged and resuspended in 75 μl absolute ethanol prior to the preparation of 6 macrocarriers. A microprojectile travel distance of 70 mm, a rupture pressure of 1300 p.s.i., and a vacuum of 29′′ Hg were employed. Maltose at 0.4 M in the support medium was the most important factor influencing GUS activity in bombarded tissues. GUS activity, 1 day post-bombardment, reached 52 ± 17 GUS-positive foci/MDE (mean ± s.e.m, n=3), with 17 ± 4 foci/MDE at 15 days, giving a 3.0-fold increase (p〈0.05) compared to expression in MDEs bombarded on medium without a high osmoticum treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006384525513
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sorption Kinetics and Transformation of DDT in Sediment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: DDT ; kinetic ; organic pollutant ; sediment ; sorption ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The overall objective of this study was to investigate the sorption kinetics of DDT in sediment under similar experimental conditions employed in corresponding toxicity studies for bentic organisms. A batch of aerated Schoonrewoerdse Wiel sediment, initially spiked with DDT, was sampled over a period of seven days. Concentrations of DDT, DDD and DDE were determined in both the solid and the solution phase in the sediment/water system after separation by centrifugation. It was found that the extractable amount of DDT decreased with increasing contact time. This can partly be explained in terms of transformation of DDT into DDD. Furthermore, the present applied extraction procedure seems to be less effective with increasing contact time, indicating an increase in binding strength of DDT with the sediment material. Finally, on the basis of DDT, DDE and DDD concentrations in both the solid phase and the solution phase, partition coefficients were calculated, which appeared to be independent of the contact time. This points at a very rapid equilibrating between DDT in pore water and in the extractable forms adsorbed at the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005087429581
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides in the Atmosphere; The Results of an International Workshop (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric fate ; atmospheric transport ; deposition ; emission ; long-range transport ; pesticides ; registration ; remote area ; risk assessment ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Health Council of the Netherlands organised an international workshop on the fate of pesticides in the atmosphere and possible approaches for their regulatory environmental risk assessment. Approximately forty experts discussed what is currently known about the atmospheric fate of pesticides and major gaps in our understanding were identified. They favoured a tiered approach for assessing the environmental risks of atmospheric dispersion of these chemicals. In the first tier a pesticide's potential for emission during application, as well as its volatilisation potential should be assessed. Estimates of the former should be based on the application method and the formulation, estimates of the latter on a compound's solubility in water, saturated vapour pressure and octanol/water partition coefficient. Where a pesticide's potential for becoming airborne exceeds critical values, it should be subjected to a more rigorous second tier evaluation which considers its toxicity to organisms in non-target areas. This evaluation can be achieved by calculating and comparing a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By applying an extra uncertainty factor the PNEC can be provisionally derived from standard toxicity data that is already required for the registration of pesticides. Depending on the distance between the source and the reception area, the PEC can be estimated for remote areas using simple dispersion, trajectory type models and for nearby areas using common dispersion models and standard scenarios of pesticide use. A pesticide's atmospheric transport potential is based on factors such as its reaction rate with OH radicals. It should be used to discriminate between those compounds for which only the risks to nearby ecosystems have to be assessed, and those for which the risks to remote ecosystems also have to be determined. The participants were of the opinion that this approach is, in principle, scientifically feasible, although the remaining uncertainties are substantial. Further field and laboratory research is necessary to gain more reliable estimates of the physico-chemical properties of pesticides, to validate and improve environmental fate models and to validate the applicability of standard toxicity data. This will increase both the accuracy of and our confidence in the outcome of the risk assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238703698
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Institutional transformation at South African universities: Implications for academic staff (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 275-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Keywords: academic staff ; curriculum change ; equity ; governance ; staff development ; student needs ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In South Africa the restructuring of the higher education system and the transformation of higher education institutions are located within the country's broad political and socio-economic transition to democracy. This paper focuses particularly on institutional transformation, and pays attention to the implications of the process of transformation for academic staff. The following five interlinked and interdependent issues characterizing institutional transformation in South African higher education are identified: democratising the governance structures of institutions increasing access for educationally and financially disadvantaged students restructuring the curriculum focusing on developmental needs in research and community service redressing inequalities in terms of race and gender. Although the overall effect of institutional transformation is experienced rather negatively by many academic staff members, the paper concludes that academics have to be empowered by means of staff development to remain active partners in the transformation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003768229291
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Airflow and temperature distribution in two-dimensional drying bins (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 36 (1999), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Keywords: flows in porous media ; transformation ; heat transfer ; drying bins ; conformal mapping.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of a drying or cooling store aims to provide an even airflow distribution, when aerated, for preservation purposes. The airflow in some curved bottom bins are studied in this paper. The flow is modelled, using Darcy's law. A generalized Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is employed to reduce the problem of computing streamlines and isobars of airflow to solving a single nonlinear equation for the flow angle along the wall. Corresponding to different bin shapes, a few computed streamlines and isobars of airflow are presented, showing the effect of changing bottom geometries on the air flow. Heat transfer in such bins is also investigated. Based on an analysis of the far field of airflow, finite-height bins are considered. Analytical solutions of the heat conduction equation in terms of streamlines and isobars are obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004488010532
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-Term Transformation and Redistribution of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Arid-Zone Soils: II. Incubation at the Field Capacity Moisture Content (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 221-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arid-zone soils ; field capacity ; fractionation ; heavy metals ; kinetics ; redistribution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformation of added Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, in two arid-zone soils incubated in the field capacity moisture regime for one year, were studied. The heavy metals were fractionated into six empirically defined fractions using a selective sequential dissolution (SSD) protocol optimized for arid-zone soils. Each of these fractions was named based on the major soil component targeted for dissolution during the specific SSD step, but it is not assumed that they are mineralogically and chemically totally specific. The transformations of the metals in the two soils incubated at the field capacity regime were compared with those at the moisture saturation regime (Han and Banin, 1997). An initial fast stage of transformation of the soluble metals from the exchangeable (EXC) fraction to the less labile fractions (the carbonate (CARB) fraction for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu, and the organic matter (OM) fraction for Cr, and to some extent Cu and Ni) occurred during the fractionation and within one hour after addition. This was followed by a second stage, involving long-term transformation processes of all metals: added Cd was transferred from the EXC into the CARB fraction; added Cr was transferred from the CARB to the OM fraction and Pb was transferred very slowly to the easily reducible oxide (ERO) fraction. Added Cu, Ni and Zn were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the ERO fraction and to some extent OM and RO fractions. In Part I of this series, we reported that during incubation in the saturated moisture regime, Zn and Ni were transferred mainly into the RO and OM fractions. Cadmium, Cr and Pb underwent the same transformation pathways during the slow long-term process, with slightly different rates, in both water regimes. At low levels of addition, the incubated soils moved over one year towards a distribution similar to that of the native soil. At higher levels, the soils still remained removed from the quasi-equilibrium which characterized the native soil, even at the end of one year of incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005006801650
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expansive Visibilization of Work: An Activity-Theoretical Perspective (1999)
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 8 (1999), S. 63-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Keywords: activity theory ; action ; transformation ; expansive learning ; intervention ; visibilization ; health care ; medical records
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Work is commonly made visible along two dimensions: the linear and the socio-spatial. Both are limited to depicting work in terms of relatively discrete actions. Activity theory introduces the crucial distinction between collective activity systems and individual actions. Expansive visibilization of collective activity systems offers a powerful intervention methodology for dealing with major transformations of work. The linear and the socio-spatial dimensions of work actions are seen in the broader perspective of a third, developmental dimension of work activity. Four steps are identified in a cycle of expansive visibilization, combining activity-level visions and action-level concretizations. The cycle is examined in detail as it unfolded in an intervention study at a children's hospital in Finland. It is concluded that expansive visibilization, driven by contradictions and seeking to reconceptualize the object and motive of work, is not a straightforward process which can be neatly controlled from above. Coherent analytical explanation and goal-setting may come only after the creation and practical implementation of innovative solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008648532192
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial male sterility in transgenic tobacco carrying an antisense gene for alternative oxidase under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: alternative oxidase ; antisense ; male-sterility ; tapetum-specific promoter ; tobacco ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria is the terminal oxidase of the cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway and is encoded by a nuclear gene. A 1 kb genomic fragment including exon 3 of the alternative oxidase was amplified by PCR from the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. This fragment was connected to a tapetum-specific promoter in the antisense orientation and then introduced into tobacco. The pollen viability in three transgenic plants ranged from 2% to 60%. The reduced pollen viability cosegregated with the transgene in a selfed progeny. Immunolocalization of alternative oxidase protein in the immature flower bud section indicated that expression of alternative oxidase protein in tapetum of the transgenic plant was much lower than that of the non-transformant. The histological observation and protein gel-blot analysis showed that the development of pollen grains in the transgenic plant did not progress after the degradation of the tapetum, and the amount of alternative oxidase in pollen grains of the transgenic plant became lower than that of the non-transformant. These results suggested that the alternative oxidase activity in the tapetum has a significant effect on the pollen development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606601521
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of the endospermous legume guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and analysis of transgene transmission (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ; β-lactamase inhibitor ; sulbactam ; transformation ; transgene stability ; transgenic guar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A procedure for transformation of the large-seeded endospermous legume guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and a study on transmission of the transgenes to offspring generations are presented. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a T-DNA construct harbouring a β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) and a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (nptII), maximum transformation frequencies of cotyledonary explants were obtained using 145 mg/l kanamycin sulfate as selective agent. Carbenicillin and cefotaxime, used for the elimination of Agrobacterium after co-culture, displayed considerable toxicity to guar tissues but replacing most of these β-lactams by the non-phytotoxic β-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam as well as addition of thidiazuron and silver thiosulfate increased transformation frequencies up to 10-fold in total. The presence of the transgenes in the primary transformants was demonstrated by genomic DNA analysis of GUS-positive shoots. Chimaeric plants (5–10%) were identified by GUS analysis at the flowering stage and were discarded. Analysis of the R1 offspring from 17 independent transformants showed that in 41% of those, the uidA gene(s) was expressed and stably inherited consistent with Mendelian genetics. This was also found for the R2 and R3 generations of single copy transformants. On the other hand, a large proportion (47%) of the primary transformants gave R1 offspring in which 100% of the plants were GUS-negative. Analysis of these plants by PCR revealed that, at least, most of the transgene sequences were absent, suggesting that they had not been transmitted from the parent transformants. This occurred at similar high frequencies (40–50%) irrespective of the estimated copy number of the transgenes. Thus, major parts of the transgenes, even when present in multiple copies, displayed aberrant transmission, at a high frequency, in the process of going from the primary transformants to the first offspring generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602722423
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Bar Gene Confers Herbicide Resistance in Transgenic Lettuce (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Lactuca sativa ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; bialaphos ; phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to bialaphos, a broad-spectrum herbicide, was introduced into Lactuca sativa cv. Evola by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. tumefaciens strains 0310 and 1310, both carrying the bialaphos resistance (bar) and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) genes, were used for transformation. Primary transformants were selected on kanamycin sulphate-supplemented shoot regeneration medium. Integration of both transgenes was confirmed by non-radioactive Southern hybridisation. The hypervirulent plasmid ToK47 in A. tumefaciens strain 1310 generated multiple insertions of T-DNA in some transgenic plants; the absence of pToK47 (strain 0310) resulted in single gene inserts in all plants tested. Resistance to glufosinate ammonium was observed in axenic seedlings grown on medium supplemented with the herbicide at 5 mg l−1 and in glasshouse-grown plants sprayed with the compound at 300 mg l−1. Stable expression of the bar gene was observed in R2 generation plants. The kanamycin resistance of R1 seedlings was observed by germinating seeds on medium supplemented with 200 mg l−1 kanamycin sulphate. The presence of NPTII protein and PAT enzyme activity were demonstrated by ELISA and PAT enzyme assay respectively. Transgenes segregated in a Mendelian fashion in some plant lines in the R1 generation; herbicide resistance also segregated in the expected ratio in the R2 generation in most transgenic lines. This study confirmed that an agronomically important transgene can be integrated and stably expressed over several generations in lettuce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008891216134
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia Emeric ex Loiseleur) (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 335-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; ß‐glucuronidase ; lamiaceae ; lavandin ; neomycin phosphotransferase II ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lavandin (Lavandula x Emeric ex Loiseleur) is an aromatic plant, the essential oil of which is widely used in the perfume, cosmetic, flavouring and pharmaceutical industries. The qualitative or quantitative modification of its terpenes‐containing essential oil by genetic engineering could have important scientific and commercial applications. In this study, we report the first Agrobacterium tumefaciens‐mediated gene transfer into lavandin. The transformation protocol was optimized by lengthening precultivation and cocultivation periods and by testing five different bacterial strains. We obtained transformed callus lines at a frequency of 40–70 with strains AGL1/GI, EHA105/GI and C58/GI. Transgenic shoots were regenerated from these kanamycin resistant calli and rooted on selective medium with 150 mg l-1 kanamycin. The final percentage of transgenic plants obtained varied from 3 to 9, according to the strain used, within 6 months of culture. The presence of the introduced β‐glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II genes was shown both by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Transgene expression was investigated using histoenzymatic β‐glucuronidase assays, leaf callus assays and RT‐PCR. Results showed that both β‐glucuronidase and neomycin phosphotransferase II genes were expressed at a high level in at least 41 of the transgenic plants regenerated. This efficient transformation strategy could be used to modify some genetic traits of lavandin (flower colour, pathogens resistance) and to study the biosynthesis of the major monoterpene components of its essential oil (linalool, linalyl acetate, camphor and 1,8‐cineole).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008948113305
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple method for plasmid mediated transformation of different Bacillus species (1999)
    Springer
    Biotechnology techniques 13 (1999), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6784
    Keywords: Bacillus ; plasmids ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple and easy method for the introduction of plasmid DNA into different species of Bacillus was developed. The method involves the suspension in a transformation buffer of nutrient agar grown cells in their late exponential phase and the addition of unpurified plasmid DNA. Transformants were obtained at a frequency of about 103 to 105 stable transformants per μg of plasmid DNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008941007983
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A promoter from sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus drives transgene expression in banana and other monocot and dicot plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 1221-1230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: constitutive expression ; GFP ; GUS ; Musa ; ScBV ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 1369 bp DNA fragment (Sc) was isolated from a full-length clone of sugarcane bacilliform badnavirus (ScBV) and was shown to have promoter activity in transient expression assays using monocot (banana, maize, millet and sorghum) and dicot plant species (tobacco, sunflower, canola and Nicotiana benthamiana). This promoter was also tested for stable expression in transgenic banana and tobacco plants. These experiments showed that this promoter could drive high-level expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in most plant cells. The expression level was comparable to the maize ubiquitin promoter in standardised transient assays in maize. In transgenic banana plants the expression levels were variable for different transgenic lines but was generally comparable with the activities of both the maize ubiquitin promoter and the enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The Sc promoter appears to express in a near-constitutive manner in transgenic banana and tobacco plants. The promoter from sugarcane bacilliform virus represents a useful tool for the high-level expression of foreign genes in both monocot and dicot transgenic plants that could be used similarly to the CaMV 35S or maize polyubiquitin promoter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006125229477
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in morphology, cytoskeleton, and substrate dependence of proliferation after transfection of immortalized rat embryonic fibroblasts with E7 gene of type 16 human papilloma virus (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: human papilloma virus ; transformation ; actin ; fibronectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transfection of rat embryonic fibroblasts with E7 gene of type 16 human papilloma virus changed the cytoskeleton and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in two clones of transformed cells. Cell morphology and substrate-dependent proliferation were also changed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02432813
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transformation of pasta wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) with high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes and modification of dough functionality (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 377-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ; pasta wheat ; transformation ; seed protein modification ; flour quality improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Particle bombardment has been used to transform three cultivars (L35, Ofanto, Svevo) and one breeding line (Latino × Lira) of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). These varieties were co-transformed with plasmids containing selectable and scorable marker genes (bar and uidA) and plasmids containing one of two high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit genes (encoding subunits 1Ax1 or 1Dx5). Ten independent transgenic lines were recovered from 1683 bombarded scutella (transformation efficiency thus 0.6%). Five lines expressed either subunit 1Dx5 or 1Ax1 at levels similar to those of endogenous subunits encoded on chromosome 1B. To identify the effects of the transgenes on the functional properties of grain, three lines showing segregation for transgene expression were used to isolate sibling T2 plants which were null or positive for the transgene product. Analysis of these plants using a small-scale mixograph showed that expression of the additional subunits resulted in increased dough strength and stability, demonstrating that transformation can be used to modify the quality of durum wheat for bread and pasta making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681321708
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  • 55
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 60-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290113
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  • 56
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    Extrem saure Seen in Deutschland (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 98-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seen mit Wasser, so sauer wie verdünnte Essigsäure, so sauer wie manche Kraterseen, gibt es solche Seen in Deutschland? Ja, sie gibt es, und zwar sogar recht zahlreich in den alten und vor allem in den neuen Bundesländern. Alle diese Seen sind künstlicher Natur und treten im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbau von Bodenschätzen auf. Durch diesen Vorgang werden tiefere Schichten des Deckgebirges belüftet und mit Wasser versorgt, so daß eine chemische und vor allem mikrobiologische Oxidation von reduzierten Schwefelkver bindungen (Sulfiden) einsetzen kann. Dieselben Vorgänge laufe auch auf und in den Abraumhalden ab. Sulfide sind sehr häufige Begleiter von Braun- oder Steinkohlevorkommen. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Wasserkontaminationen im mitteldeutschen und Lausitzer Raum ist in der Tat mit der Braunkohleförderung verbunden. Ferner sind die meisten, abbauwürdigen Metallvorkommen ebenfalls in sulfidischen Erzen zu finden, so daß deren Abbau zu denselben Oxidation führt, die international als Als Mine Drainage bezeichnet werden.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290206
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 117-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290208
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    Blaue Liste (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 118-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die Vielfalt des Lebens zu beschreiben, zu verstehen und zu bewahren gehört zu den wichtigsten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Dies ist mittlerweile auch auf allen Ebenen, regional, national wie international, erkannt und wird prioritär behandelt. Senckenberg ist in Deutschland eines der größten Institute, das diese Aufgabe mit neuem Schwung angeht. Die dabei entwickelte Infrastruktur steht getreu den Grundsätzen der “Blaue-Liste-Finanzierung” dem ganzen Land zur Verfügung.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290209
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    Kontrazeption beim Mann (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 110-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Als Fertilitätsrate bezeichnet man die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau in ihrer Lebensspanne. Wenn Zu- Oder Abwanderung in einer Population gering sind, läßt eine Fertilitätsrate von 2,0 eine konstante Bevölkerungszahl erwarten. Bei der Entwicklung der Erdbevölkerung beobachtet man in den industrialisierten Ländern derzeit keinen Anstieg. Die Fertilitätsrate liegt in den USA bei 2,1 und in Europa durchschnittlich bei 1,4. Mit 1,2 und 1,15 haben Italien und Spanien dabei die weltweit niedrigsten Fertilitätsraten. Somit ist örtlich sogar ein Bevölkerungsrücksgang zu erwarten. Auch in ostasiatischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südasien und in afrikanischen Ländern wie China und Korea hat sich der Bevölkerungszuwachs verlangsamt. In Südlich der Sahara finden wir jedoch nach wie vor relativ hohe Gebeurtenraten. Im westafrikanischen Nigeria liegt die Fertilitätsrate bei 6,3. Für Indien und Pakistan werden Werte von 3,5 und 5,6 angegeben. Es gibt also noch viele Regionen mit einer hohen Fertilitätsrate. Manche Wissenschaftler gehen sogar davon aus, daß sich die Zahl entsprechender Staaten eher noch erhöhen wird ‘7’. Deshalb weichen auch die Schätzungen voneinander ab, bei welcher Bevölkerungszahl Wachstumsstillstand eintreten wird. Viele Demographen gehen davon aus, daß sich die Erdbevölkerung bis zum Jahr 2050 bei 10 Milliarden stabilisieren wird ‘9’. Andere schätzen, daß danach ein weiterer Ansteig auf etwa 12 Milliarden menschen zu erwarten ist ‘7’. Der Rückgang der Geburtenzahlen in den industrialisierten Ländern wurde mit kontrazeptiven Maßnahmen erzielt, die uns schon lange zur Verfügung stehen und die gut eingeführt sind. Auf den ersten Blick Sch eint es somit aus bevölkerungspolitischer Sicht auf dem Gebiet der Kontrazeption keinen zwingenden Bedarf für Neuentwicklungen zu geben. Dennoch sind Forschungsaktivitäten im Gang, die auf eine pharmakologische Kontrazeption beim Mann gerichtet sind. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden neben den traditionellen Möglichkeiten, die dem Mann zur Kontrazeption offenstehen, der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund und der Entwicklungsstand einer “Pille für den Mann” vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290207
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  • 60
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    Biologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. V 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290213
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    Chemie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. X 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290215
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    Interdisziplinäres (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XIII 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290217
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    Transgene Pflanzen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 130-130 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290302
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    Anwendung der „Grünen Gentechnik“ ohne ökologische Risiken? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Generell ist der Markt für gentechnisch veränderte Pflanzen und daraus hergestellte Produkte in den letzten Jahren gewachsen. In Deutschland zeigen sich indessen eher verhaltene Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklung ‘3’. Die wirtschaftliche Entfaltung der Gentechnik und Biotechnologie ist in Deutschland noch gering. Als ein Maß für den Entwicklungsstand der Gentechnik in der Pflanzenzüchtung ‘2’ und damit unter anderem auch deren Auswirkung auf die Futter- und Lebensmittelproduktion kann die Anzahl von Freisetzungsvorhaben mit gentechnisch veränderten Organismen (GVO) gelten. Von den rund 1300 Freisetzungsvorhaben im Bereich der EU entfallen 90 auf Deutschland. Im Vergleich zu den anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten rangiert Deutschland damit auf dem siebenten Platz.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290305
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    Die historische Seite (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 247-249 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Goethes eigenständige Untersuchungen zur Pflanzenchemie verknüspfen seine botanischen Studien mit seinen Arbeiten zur Farbenlehre. Bereits im Sommer 1796 begann er unter dem Einfluß von Alexander von Humboldt, die Wirkung des Lichts auf Pflan zen zu untersuchen. Zwanzig Jahre später protokollierte er die Experimente mit Pflanzenextrakten in seinem Notizbuch. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen wurden erst als nachgelassene Schriften 1906 veröffentlicht.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290408
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 255-255 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290410
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    Blaue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 256-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Asbstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290411
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290101
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    Der weite Weg der europäischen Waldbäume (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 12-17 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die heutigen Wälder, die man in Europa vorfindet, waren nicht immer dort. VOr 22000 Jahren - im Hochglazial - gab es nur im Mittelmeergebiet die klimatischen Voraussetzungen für das Wachstum von Bäumen. Allerdings waren dies meist keine dichten Wälder, sondern Steppen mit einzelnen Baumgruppen. Das bedeutet jedoch, daß die heute in Europa wachasenden Bäume während der letzten 12000 Jahre - also seit dem Ende der letzten Eiszeit - nach Mittel- und Nordeuropa eingewandert sein müssen. Am Beispiel der Waldbäume Eiche (Quercus), Hainbuche (Carpinus), Fichtet (Picea) und Tanne (Abies) soll diese Einwanderung aufgezeigt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290104
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    Aus der Redaktion (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 55-55 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290109
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    Mikroorganismen reinigen Abwasser von giftigen Quecksilberverbindungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 44-53 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Quecksilber und seine Verbindungen haben trotz ihrer Giftigkeit vielfältige medizinische und industrielle Anwendungen. Die Nutzung des Quecksilbers durch den Menschen hat jedoch erhebliche Umweltbelastungen, insbesondere quecksilberbelastete Abwässer und Böden, zur Folge, die auch mit physikalisch-chemischen Sanierungsverfahren nicht befriedigend beseitigt werden können, da die Verfahren häufig teuer oder nicht spezifisch genug sind. Mikroorganismen haben im Laufe ihrer Evolution einen Mechanismus entwickelt, um Quecksilberverbindungen zu entgiften. Er beruht auf den Aktivitäten von zwei durch das mikrobielle mer-Operon codierten Enzymen, Quecksilberreduktase und Quecksilberlyase, die in der Lage sind, Organoquecksilberverbindungen und ionuisches Quecksilber in metallisches Quecksilber zu überführen. Die mikrobielle Quecksilberreisistenz kann eingesetzt werden, um quecksilberhaltige Abwasserströme mittels eines einfachen, umweltfreundlichen Verfahrens zu reinigen.Innenansicht einer Chlor-Alkali-Elektrolyseanlage zur Gewinnung von Chlor und Natronlauge nach dem Amalgamverfahren. Bei diesem Prozeß wird auch heute noch in großem Umfang Quecksilber eingesetzt. In den Elektrolysezellen dieser Halle befinden sich insgesamt etwa 50 Tonnen Quecksilber.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290108
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    Rätsel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 58-58 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290111
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    Bioberuf (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 59-60 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290112
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    Tagungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 61-61 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290114
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 1/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 153-153 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290115
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    Gelatinöses Zooplankton - materialsparende Leichtbauweise im Ozean (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 90-97 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die fossile Überlieferung aus den letzten präkambrischen Jahrmillionen deutet darauf hin, daß gelatinös organisierte Formenj, also quallenähnlich gebaute Organismen, die das marine Pelagial (den freien Wasserkörper des Meeres) besiedelten ‘3’. Was sie dort vorfanden war jedoch wenig labensfreundlich. Zwar wimmelte das Meer von bakterien und Protozoen, aber im wesentlichen waren die riesigen Wasserräume leer und unbesiedelt. Crustaceen und andere Organisationsformen waren - wenn die Befunde stimmen - noch in der Entwicklungsphase beziehungsweise noch nicht zu der pelagischen Lebensweise übergegangen. Wie überlebten die quallenförmigen Organismen in dieser Umwelt, und warum leben sie noch heute in allen Bereichen des Meeres, von der Flach- bis in die Tiefsee, von den Polen bis zu den Tropen? Der pelagische Lebensraum beinhaltet Tausende von Arten, die viel “höher” organisierten Gruppen angehören, die schneller und kräftiger sind. Wieso wurden die gelatinösen Plankter nicht in irgendeine skurrile Nische gedrängt oder über die Konkurrenz völlig ausgeschaltet? Mögliche Antworten auf diese Fragen finden wir in der Gegenwart.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Schädlich oder umweltverträglich: Müllheizkraftwerk-Schlacke - ein Zankapfel zwischen Ökologie und Ökonomie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nach dem Grundsatz “Vermeiden geht vor Wiederverwertung oder Recycling und letzteres vor Ablagerung auf einer Deponie”, schreibt das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz 3 zwingend die Wiederverwertung von Wertstoffen vor. Schlacke aus Müllheizkraftwerken (MHKWs) wird vom Gesetzgeber als ein Wertstoff klassifiziert und unterliegt damit dem Wiederverwertungszwang. Verwendung findet die MHKW-Schlacke im Straßenbau als Ersatz für Sand und als Versatzmaterial in au fgelassenen Bergwerken. Während der letztere Verwendungszweck relativ unumstritten, wenn auch sehr teuer ist, stößt der erstere auf herbe Kritik seitens ökologisch orientierter Gruppen, insbesondere wegen des hohen Schwermetallgehalts der MHKW-Schlacke. Dieses geschieht unbeschadet der Tatsache, daß der Einsatz von Schlacke als Baumaterial starken Einschränkungen unterliegt, die insbesondere einen Kontakt der Schlacke mit Grundwasser und Niederschlägen und damit eine Elution ausschließen ‘6’. In Zukunft dürfte die Schlackeproblematik noch mehr als bisher Gegenstand umweltpolitischer Disku ssion sein, da ab dem Jahre 2005 alle herkömmlichen Hausmülldeponien für unverbrannten Restmüll de facto geschlossen werden. Dieses wird zwangsweise zu einer vermehrten Verbrennung von Restmüll und somit zu einer verstärkten Schlackeproduktion führen. Damit erhebt sich erneut die Frage nach der Wiederverwendung von Schlacke und damit nach ihrer Umweltverträglichkeit. Als sowohl ökonomisch als auch ökologisch vertretbare Alternativen stehen bislang nur neue kostengünstige Formen der Deponierung im Raum. Der folgende Artikel befaßt sich mit dem Pro und Contra der Wiederverwendung von MHKW-Schlacke aus Sicht der Pflanzenphysiologie und gibt eine Übersicht über die Streßfaktoren, denen Pflanzen bei der Kultur auf Schlacke ausgesetzt sind.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290204
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290210
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    Bioberuf (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 125-125 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290211
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 2/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 126-126 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290212
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    Physik (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. VIII 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290214
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    Pharmazie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. XI 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290216
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290301
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  • 84
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    Die historische Entwicklung der Pflanzenzüchtung in Deutschland: das Beipiel der Öpflanze Raps (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 132-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Für einen landwirtschaftlichen Anbau in Deutschland ist die Entwicklung von traansgenen Sorten beim Winterraps zur Zeit am weitesten gediehen, weshalb das Thema Gentechnik für diese Pflanzenart besondere Aktualität besitzt. Überdies erfolgt die züchterische Sortenentwicklung bei jeder Kulturpflanze prinzipiell in denselben Schritten. Es erscheint hilfreich, sich diese an einem erfolgreichen Beisiel zu vergegenwärtigen, will man die neuen Methoden der Biotechnologie mit den bisher in der Pflanzenzüchtung gebräuchlichen vergleichen und sachgerecht bewerten.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290303
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  • 85
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    Nachweis gentechnischer Veränderungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 158-166 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Gentechnikspezifische rechtliche Vorgaben sind beim Herstellen von gentechnisch veränderten Pflanzen (GVP), Arbeiten mit GVP und dem Vermarkten von GVP einzuhalten. Diese reichen von der Anmeldung oder Genehmigung der gentechnischen Arbeit in einer gentechnischen Anlage, der Dokumentation der Arbeiten, bis zu den erforderlichen Genehmigungen von Freisetzungen oder des Inverkehrbringens der GVP.Die Einhaltung der gesetzlichen Vorgaben erfordert ebenso wie die praktische Überwachung geeignete Nachweisverfahren. Nach einer kurzen Darstellung der gesetzlichen Etikettierungsvorschriften für gentechnisch veränderte Organismen sollen diese Verfahren hier vorgestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290306
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  • 86
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    Begleitforschung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 184-187 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290309
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  • 87
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    Blue Liste Institute (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 189-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290311
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  • 88
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    Für Ihre Dokumentation von Nr. 3/99 Biologie in unserer Zeit (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 192-192 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290312
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  • 89
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    Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau und biologische Vielfalt (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Vielfalt in allen Erscheinungsformen kennzeichnet schon die unbelebte und in noch stärkerem Maße die belebte Natur. Dagegen drängt die Nutzung von Naturkräften durch den Menschen, insbesondere in ihren weiter entwickelten und technisierten Formen stets auf Vereinfachung. So werden landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen bei ein- bis mehrjähriger Nutzung im Regelfall in Reinkultur angebaut, ganz im Gegensatz zur standorttypischen Artenvielfalt eines natürlichen Pflanzenbestandes. Lediglich die verbliebene Unkrautflora erinnert dann and die ursprüngliche Artenvielfalt einer Pflanzengesellschaft. Es kommt hinzu, daß sich landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau auf nur wenige anbauwürdige Kulturpflanzenarten konzentriert. Weltweit nimmt das Ackerland etwa 10 % der Landoberfläche der Erde ein, die mit nur etwa 30 Kulturpflanzenarten von überregionaler Bedeutung bestellt werden. Allein 37,4% davon sind dem Anbau von nur dreif für die Ernährung der Menschheit besonders bedeutsamen Arten (Weizen, Resi und Mais) gewidmet. In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig sogar 33% der Landoberfläche als Ackerland genutzt. Von den insgesamt etwa 14 bei uns häufiger anzutreffenden Kulturpflanzenarten besetzen die drei dominierenden Arten (Winterweizen, Mais und Wintergerste) dabei 48% der Anbaufläche. Landwirtschaftlicher Pflanzenbau wird also generell artenarm betrieben.Die zweite Ebene bilogischer Vielfalt im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau stützt sich auf die mehr oder weniger regelmäßige Folge verschiedener in Reinkultur angebauter Kulturpflanzenarten. Bozogen auf die Gesamtfläche eines Betriebes order die Feldflur einer Gemeinde ergibt sich dann noch immer ein abwechslungsreiches Gesamtbild verschiedener Aussaat-, Blühund Erntezeiten. Für artenreiche Fruchtfolgen lassen sich darüber hinaus viele, für die Bodenbewirtschaftung vorteilhafte Argumente anführen. Die hohe Schlagkraft der vollmechanisierten Betriebe und die beliebige Verfügbarkeit von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Verbindung mit artunterschiedlichen Ertrags- und Preisrelationen haben jedoch auf intensive bewirtschafteten Betrieben in günstigen Lagen zu einer oft drastischen Reduktion der Pflanzenproduktion (auf den Anbau von nur noch drei, manchmal sogar nur zwei Arten) geführt, von denen der jeweils höchste Beitrag zur Deckung der Betriebskosten erwartet werden kann.Inzwischen hat sich jedoch die Erkenntnis durchgesetzt, daß die Aufrechterhaltung “biologischer Diversität” ein wesentliches Element zur Sicherung der “Nachhaltigkeit” der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenproduktion darstellt. Dies hat in der Konferenz von Rio (1992) im Rahmen der Agenda 21 zum Abschluß einer “Konvention über Biologische Vielfatl” geführt, der auch die Bundesrepublik Deutschland beigetreten ist.Mit dem Begriff biologische Vielfalt werden in dieser Konvention nicht nur Naturschutzverpflichtungen zur Sicherung des Erhalts bedrohter Tier- und Pflanzenarten übernommen, sondern es geht zu einem wesentlichen Teil auch um die 3. Ebene der biologischen Vielfalt in Form der genetischen Vielfalt innerhalb der für die Welternährung grundlegend bedeutsamen Kulturpflanzenarten. In diesem Zusammenhang soll hier gefragt werden, ob mit der Einführung transgener Nutzpflanzen neben ihrem wirtschaftlichem Nutzen auch Risiken für die biologische Vielfatl verbuden sind.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290308
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    Farbcodiertes 3D-Sehen-Experimente mit der „ChromaDepth„-Brille (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 200-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Es ist schon erstaunlich: Man setzt sich eine einfache Brille auf, die als “Gläser” zwei farblose Folien enthält, und schon spielt die räumliche Sehwelt verrückt. Farbige Felder in bunt gemusterten Flächen springen in der Wahrenhmung auf uns zu, und andere weichen zurück. Betrachtet man eine Person vor dunklem Hintergrund, die einen roten Pullover and eine blause Hose anhat, so sieht man die obere Hälfte viel näher als die untere. Und noch verrückter: Ähnlich wei bei Michael Endes “Scheinriese” Tur-Tur ‘1’ nimmt der Tiefeneindruck zu, je weiter man sich von dem betrachteten Objekt entfernt. Wie kommt dieser Effekt zustande?Das Grundprinzip der ChromaDepth-Brille (C3DTM glasses), die von der Firma Chromatek in Georgia/USA hergestellt wird, ist die Farbdispersion: Rotes Licht wird durch das Gitter der brillenfolie stärker seitlich abgelenkt (gebeugt) als blaues Licht (Abbildung 1). Das dies für beide Augen gegensinnig erfolgt, ergeben sich Bildunterschiede zwischen rechtem und linkem Auge; Disparitäten, die das Sehsytem im Gehirn wie gewohnt als Raumtiefe deutet(Farbtiefeneffekt, Abbildung 2) Deshalb seiht man mit der ChromaDepth-Brille bunt gemusterte Flächen räumlich, genauer formuliert: Setzt man die Brille auf, so springen die Bilder, die wir mit unseren beiden Augen sehen, etwas aufeinander zurote Bildteile mehr, blaue weniger, Die Folge ist: Vor dunklem hintergrund erscheinen rote Flachen näher als blaue. Vor hellem Hintergrund ist es genau umge Kehrt: Rot erscheint hinter Blau. Das Ausmaß der wahrogenommenen Tiefe ist beträchtlich. So scheint der rote Fleck eines Laser-Pointers, auf eine vier Meter entfernte weiße Wand fällt, 110 Zentimeter vor dieser Wand in der Luft zu schweben. Im einzelnen kan der Sachverhalt sehr kompliziert sein. Auch wenn wir meinen, eine bestimmte Farbe zu sehen, handelt es sich in Wirklichkeit meist um ein kompliziertes Gemisch verschiedener Wellenlängen, die alle mit der ChromaDepth-Brille auseinan-dersortiert werden und ganz unerwartete Tiefenstaffelungen erzeugen können.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290403
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    Wie können Pflanzen eine Selbstbefruchtung vermeiden? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 218-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Scheinbar hat es Vortelie, Zwitter zu sein. Die Erstbesiedlung neuer oder gestörter lebensräume wird durch die Möglichkeit zur Selbstbefruchtung vereinfaht oder bei Abwesenheit von Sexualpartnern sogar erst möglich. Aus einem einzigen Samen einer selbstbestäubenden Pflanze kann sich bei gleichzetig hoher Reproduktionsrate, schnell eine große Population aufbauen. Viele kleine Brassicaceen (Kreuzblülter), wie etwa die Ackerschmalwand Arabidopsis thaliana, sind dafür gute Beispiele. Doch uneingeschränkte Selbstbefruchtung hat offensichtliche Nachtelie. Ungünstige Mutationen häufen sich im Genom an, und die durch Durchmischung des Erbgutes bewirkten heterosiseffekte entfalten sich nicht. Daher finden sich in etwa der Hälfte aller pflanzenfamilien Arten, bei denen Selbstbefruchtung (Autogamie) ausgeschlossen ist ‘5’. Verbreitete Mechanismen, die eine Allogamie (Frembdefruchtung) begünstigen, sind unterschiedliche Reifezeitpunkte und -orte der weiblichen und mänlichen gameten auf einer Pflanze oder die Diözie (Zweihäusigkeit), bei der weibliche und männliche Gameten auf unterschiedlichen Individuen gebildet werden. Weiterhin gibt es eine Vielzahl morphologischer Barrieren, die das zufällige Bestäuben mit dem eigenen Pollen behindern und Pflanzen häufig an Tiere als Pollenüberträger von Blüte zu Blüte binden. “Echte” selbstinkompatible pflanzen können den eigenen Pollen oder den der “näheren Verwandtschaft” erkennen und abn der Befruchtung hindern, sie sind aber nicht etwa steril, wie der früher gebrächliche Begriff Selbststerilität nahelegte, da sie fertile Gameten bilden. Erkannt wurde das Phänomen schon 1764 von Köreuter für die Königskerze Verbascum phoenichicum, doch die erste eingehende Analyse und Zusammen fassung dieser Daten und eigener Befunde erfolgte später (1867) durch Charles Darwin. Er erkannte als erster, daß die beobachtete Unfruchtbarkeit durchaus als “Begabung” angesehen werden kann.Viele landwirtschaftlich genutzte Arten sind heute selbstkompatibel, weil im Laufe ihrer Kulturgeschichte die Selbstinkompatibilitäts- Mechanismen verlorengegangen sind oder bewuß darauf verzichtet wurde. Dies hat gute Gründe: Einer davon ist vor allem eine Ertragssteigerung durch die ungehinderte (Selbst-) Befruchtung. Allerdings ist mit solchen Pflanzen die Produktion von Hybridsaatgut zur, “Handarbeit” des Züchters geworden. Im Zeitalter teurer menschilcher Arbeitskraft hat daher jede Art von Pollensterilität nicht zu unter schätzende wirtschaftliche Bedeutung gewonnen. Die (Rück-) Übertragung eines funktionierenden Selbstinkomatibilitätssystems auf kulturpflanzen erscheint hier als ein Lösungsweg, insbesondere da solche Pflanzen weiterhin fertilen Pollen produzieren könnten, also nicht steril wären. Allerdings ist man heutzutage noch zu weit von einem umfassenden Verständnis der natürlichen Selbstinkompatibilitäts Systeme entfernt, um deren übertragung auf selbstkompatible Methoden, erreichen zu Können.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290405
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    Wissenschaft (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 250-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290409
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  • 93
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    Das wachsende Auge - ein optisches System mit Autofokus (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Nur bei wenigen Wachstumsprozessen wird eine so groß Genauigkeit gefordert und erreicht wie bei der Abstimmung der Augenlänge auf die Brennweite von Linse und Hornhaut. Wenn das Auge um nur ein Prozent zu lang ist, besteht bereist eine Kurzsichtigkeit (Myopie) von fast einer Dioptrie (dpt). Dabei fällt die Sehschärfe in der Ferne auf etwa ein Drittel. ab. Ist das Auge daggen zu kurz (Weitsichtigkeit-Hyperopie), so kann man zwar in der Ferne meist noch gut sehen, aber die Arbeit in der Nähe wird schwierig, weil mehr Akkommodation aufgebracht werden muß. Die hat nichts mit der “Alterweitsichtigkeit” (Presbyopie) zu tun, wo zwar der Bau des Auges normal ist, aber der altersbedingte Verlust der Akkommodation scharfes Sehen in der Nähe unmöglich macht.Beim Menschen, einigen Afen und Vögeln erreicht die Abbildungsgüte im Bereich der Stelle des schärfsten Sehens (Fovea) die Grenze der physikalischen Möglichkeiten. Nicht optische Schwächen oder Ungenauigkeiten im Bau des Auges, sondern die Lichtbeugung an der Pupille, die zwangsläufig aus den Welleneigenschaften des Lichtes folgt, begrenzen weitere Auflösung. Es ist schwer vorstellbar, wie diese Genaukeit erreicht werden kann, wenn nicht eine Steuerung des Wachstums durch einen rückgekoppeltn Regelkreis erfolgt, der sein Fehlersignal aus dem Netzhautbild entnimmt. Bis vor wenigen Jahren herrschte dennoch die Meinnung vor, daß das Augenlängenwachstum weitgehend genetisch bestimmt ist. Inszwischen ist aber durch Experimente mit brillentragenden Hühnern und Affen gezigt worden, daß “normale” Seherfahrung tatsächlich Voraussetzung für genaues Wachtsum ist. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt, ber bisherige Ergebnisse lassen Schlüsse über mögliche Ursachen von Kurzsichtigkeit zu.
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    Experimentelle Einsichten. Grundpraktikum zur Pflanzenphysiologie. Von Ulrich Kustschera. Quelle &Meyer Verlag, Wiesbaden 1998. 160 Seiten, 125 Abb., 7 Tab., DM 3680. ISBN 3-8252-2026-5 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 257-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290412
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    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290501
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    Verschwendung oder Sparsamkeit? - Über den Umgang der Blütenpflanzen mit ihrem Pollen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 268-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290503
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    Exoten der Nordsee (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 286-291 
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    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kein Schiff überquert sden Ozean ganz ohne blinde passagiere. Muscheln undAsseln bohren sich in Holzplanken. Algen und Seepocken heften sich mi Unterwasserbereich an die Schiffsrümpfe. Planktische sporen und Larven gelangen in das Ballastwasser, das jedes moderne Schiff zur Stabilisierung mit sich führt ‘1 und 3’. Je größer und schneller ein Schiff ist, desto, besser ist dies für die unbeachteten Tramper der Weltmeere. Wer solch eine lange Seereise überlebt, ist auch widerstands- und anpassungsfähig genug, um sich an neuen Küsten zurechtzufinden (Abbildung 2). Günstige Gelegenheiten zur Mitreise ergeben sich auch, wenn Austern oder andere Meerestiere für die Weiterzucht an ferne Küsten versandt werden. Solch ein Handel hat weltweit zugenommen, ebenso wie der interkontinentale Schffsverkehr. Diese Entwicklung führte dazu, daß mehr und mehr Arten zu Bewohnern weit voneinander entfernter Küsten wurden. Der mensch half die natürlichen Ausbreitungsbarrieren zu überwinden und leitete eine Globalisierung der Lebensgemeinschaften an den Küsten ein. - Welchen Umfang aber hat dies im Bereich der Nordsee angenommen? - Welche ökologischen Konsequenzen ergeben sich? - Kann und soll dieser Trend aufgehalten werden? - Diese brisanten Fragen stellen sich weltweit für die Meeresküsten und ebenso auch für die Süßwasser und das Land ‘11-13’.
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    Induzierbare VerteidigungsmechanismenHerrn Prof. Dr. Klaus Heckmann zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet. (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 292-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zu en vielen Schutz- und Verteidigungsstrategien, die von den Organismen entwickelt wurden, um dem Gefressenwerden zu entgehen, Zählen ein sperrigerwerden der Individuen, die Bildung von Panzern, Stacheln und Dornen, das Produzieren und Speichern von schwerverdaulichen Stoffen und Giften, aber auch die Entwicklung eines komplexen verhaltensrepertoires zur Vermeidung von Freßfeinden ‘8’. Bis zur dieses Jahrhunders glaubte man, daß die der Verteidigung dienenden Maßnahmen dauerhaft seien, also im Laufe der Evolution entstanden sind und im Verlauf ddes Lebens eines Individuums zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zur Ausprägung, gelangen, unabhängig von der gerad herrschenden Bedrohung. Heute wissen wir, daß neben einer solchen kionstitutiven Verteidigung in vielen Organismengruppen auch induzierbare Verteidigungsmechanismen existieren, welche nur dann wirksam werden wenn Freßfeinde im Biotop in größerer Dchte auftreten und somit eine ernstzunehmende Bedrohung darstellen. Das Spektrum induzierbarer Feindabwehrmechanismen ist der Palette der kionstitutiven Abwehrmaßnahmen dabei durchaus sehr ähnlich. Der entscheidende Unterschied ist jedoch der, daß der bedrohte Organismus erst auf ein bestimmtes Signal hin von seinem genetisch festgelegten Schutzmechanismus Gebrauch macht. Dadurch werden die Kostenfür die Feindabwehr minimiert. Neben physikalischen Signalen (wie Licht und Temperatur), welche dem Organismus indirekt Auskunft über den Grad einer aktuellen Bedrohung geben können, spielen von den Freßfeinden abgegebene chemische Signale (Kairomone) eine entscheidende Rollen als Auslöser der induzierbaren Verteidigungsmechanismen. An der Aufklärung der chemischen Natur der Kariomione wird zur Zeit intenxiv gearbeitet.
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    Fremdgehen mit Folgen. Untersuchungen zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten von Kohlmeisen mit Hilfe des DNA-Fingerprinting (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 301-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Früher wurden über 90% aller Vogelarten als monogam klassifiziert, also als in Einehen lebend ‘5’. Manhatte zwar auch schon damals vereinzelt beobachtet, daß es bei einem Teil dieser Arten manchmal zu Kopulationen mit anderen Individuen als dem Paarpartner kommen kann, maß diesem Verhalten jedoch keine größere Bedeutung bei. Man dachte vielmehr, daß es sichhierbei um eine Art krankhaftes Verhalten handele. Dises Ansicht änderte sich erst, als verschiedene Methoden von Elternschaftsnachweissen gezielt auch bei Vögeln angewenden wurden, um damit Jungtiere zu identifizieren, die aus solchen “Fremdkopulationen resultieren”. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß die Häfigkeit dieses Verhaltens aufgrund der wenigen Beobachtungen stark unterschätzt worden war und daß bei einer beeinduruckenden Zahl von Vogelarten mit einem monogamen paarungsssytem Jungtiere zu finden sind, die nicht von dem Männchen abstammen, welches die Brut versorgt ‘1’.Die Untersuchungsergebnisse werfen eine Reihe weiterführender evolutionsbiologischer Fragen auf. So stellt sich unter ande rem die Frange nach dem Anpassungswert, halb des Paarbundes. Während der Nutzen f¨r die Männchen auf der hand zu liegen scheint, sie können durch, “Fremdkopulationen” die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen erhöhen, ist der evlutionsbiologische Vorteil für die Weibchen nicht nämlilck durch Ko pulationen außerhalb des Paarbundes normalerweise nicht die Anzahl ihrer Nachkommen steigern. Sie erhöhen durch Kopulationen mit einem anderen Männchen allenfalls die genetische Variabilität ihree Nachkommen.Ein weiterer Fragenkomplex ergibt sich durch den Umstand, daß brutpflegende Männchen vermeiden sollten, für Jungtiere zu sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen. Dises Erwartung basiert darauf, daß Brutpflege gewöhnlich mit Kosten (Enegie und Zeit) verbunden ist: Wenn die Männchen für Jungtiere sorgen, die nicht von ihnen selbst stammen, dann reduzieren sie auf längere Sicht ihren eingene Fortpflanzungserfolg.Im fogenden Aufastz soll versucht werden, die beiden genannten Fragenkomplexe beispielhaft an Untersuchungsergebnissen zum Paarungsverhalten von Kohleisen zu vertiefen. Dabei soll zunächst gezeigt werden, wie mit Hilfe moderner molekulargenetischer Methoden, namentlich dem DNA-Fingerprinting, das Fortpflanzungsverhalten einer Vogelart analysiert werden kann, um dann anschließend auf die eben genannten evolutionsbiologisch relevanten Aspekte einzugehen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290507
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interview (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 29 (1999), S. 309-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seit 1989 organisieren die beiden Zoologen Prof. Dr. H. K. Schminke aus Oldenburg und Prof. Dr. W. Westheide aus Osnabrück im Sommer einwöchige Intensivkurse zur Vermittlung taxonomisch-ökologischer Kenntnisse über einheimische Tiergruppen. BIUZ wollte mehr über diese Kurse und ihre Ziele wissen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960290510
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